{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:56:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-29", "title": "Soil Properties, Crop Production And Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Organic And Inorganic Fertilizer-Based Arable Cropping Systems", "description": "Organic and conventional farming practices differ in the use of several management strategies, including use of catch crops, green manure, and fertilization, which may influence soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions and productivity of agroecosystems. An 11-yr-old field experiment on a sandy loam soil in Denmark was used to compare several crop rotations with respect to a range of physical, chemical and biological characteristics related to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) flows. Four organic rotations and an inorganic fertilizer-based system were selected to evaluate effects of fertilizer type, catch crops, of grass-clover used as green manure, and of animal manure application. Soil was sampled from winter wheat and spring barley plots on 19 September 2007, 14 April 2008 and 22 September 2008, i.e. before, during, and after the growth season. The soils were analyzed for multiple attributes: total soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, microbial biomass N (MBN), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and levels of potential ammonium oxidation (PAO) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). In situ measurements of soil heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration and nitrous oxide emissions were conducted in plots with winter wheat. In April 2008, prior to field operations, intact soil cores were collected at two depths (0\u20135 and 5\u201310 cm) in plots under winter wheat. Water retention characteristics of each core were determined and used to calculate relative gas diffusivity (DP/Do). Finally, crop growth was monitored and grain yields measured at harvest maturity. The different management strategies between 1997 and 2007 led to soil carbon inputs that were on average 18\u201368% and 32\u201391% higher in the organic than inorganic fertilizer-based rotations for the sampled winter wheat and spring barley crops, respectively. Nevertheless, SOC levels in 2008 were similar across systems. The cumulative soil respiration for the period February to August 2008 ranged between 2 and 3 t CO2\u2013C ha\u22121 and was correlated (r = 0.95) with average C inputs. In the organic cropping systems, pig slurry application and inclusion of catch crops generally increased soil respiration, PMN and PAO. At field capacity, relative gas diffusivity at 0\u20135 cm depth was >50% higher in the organic than the inorganic fertilizer-based system (P < 0.05). Crop yields in 2008 were generally lower in the low-input organic rotations than in the high-input inorganic fertilizer-based system; only spring barley in rotations with pig slurry application and incorporation of a catch crop prior to sowing obtained grain yields similar to levels achieved in the system where inorganic fertilizer was applied. These results suggest that within organic cropping systems, both microbial activity and crop yields could be enhanced through inclusion of catch crops. However, the timing of catch crop incorporation is critical.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "microbial biomass", "Nutrient turnover", "inorganic fertilizer", "15. Life on land", "potential ammonium oxidation", "Air and water emissions", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "denitrifier enzyme activity", "Soil biology", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/Life", "13. Climate action", "potential mineralizable nitrogen", "catch drop", "gas diffusivity", "11. Sustainability", "Former LIFE faculty"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-022-00773-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:56:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-16", "title": "Soil compaction raises nitrous oxide emissions in managed agroecosystems. A review", "description": "Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions with the highest warming global potential. It is widely recognised that traffic and animal-induced compaction can lead to an increased potential for N2O emissions by decreasing soil oxygen supply. The extent to which the spatial and temporal variability of N2O emissions can be explained by soil compaction is unclear. This review aims to comprehensively discuss soil compaction effects on N2O emissions, and to understand how compaction may promote N2O emission hotspots and hot moments. An impact factor of N2O emissions due to compaction was calculated for each selected study; compaction effects were evaluated separately for croplands, grasslands and forest lands. Topsoil compaction was found to increase N2O emissions by 1.3 to 42 times across sites and land uses. Large impact factors were especially reported for cropland and grassland soils when topsoil compaction\uffe2\uff80\uff94induced by field traffic and/or grazing\uffe2\uff80\uff94is combined with nitrogen input from fertiliser or urine. Little is known about the contribution of subsoil compaction to N2O emissions. Water-filled pore space is the most common water metric used to explain N2O emission variability, but gas diffusivity is a parameter with higher prediction potential. Microbial community composition may be less critical than the soil environment for N2O emissions, and there is a need for comprehensive studies on association between environmental drivers and soil compaction. Lack of knowledge about the interacting factors causing N2O accumulation in compacted soils, at different degrees of compactness and across different spatial scales, limits the identification of high-risk areas and development of efficient mitigation strategies. Soil compaction mitigation strategies that aim to loosen the soil and recover pore system functionality, in combination with other agricultural management practices to regulate N2O emission, should be evaluated for their effectiveness across different agro-climatic conditions and scales.Conservation tillage is an attractive practice in organic farming; however, it requires more trafficking for weed management than conventional tillage. This scenario can lead to soil compaction below the tillage working depth. However, it is not clear whether long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage practices impair soil functions. Therefore, this study investigated whether long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage causes soil compaction and impairs water retention, gaseous exchange capability and microbial activity of the soil below the tillage working depth. A long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (16\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) organic farming experiment consisting of conservation tillage (VST, shallow tillage to 7\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) and conventional tillage (MP, mouldboard ploughing to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) was conducted on a sandy loam soil. Soil penetration resistance (PR), saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC), water retention, gaseous exchange properties and microbial activity were determined in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. The PR did not significantly differ between the tillage treatments at any depth; however, VST recorded 30%\uffe2\uff80\uff9363% higher PR values in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. Among the measured soil properties, only microbial activity could yield a statistical difference between the two tillage practices. The water retention behaviour, plant available water capacity, SHC and relative gas diffusivity were very similar under both tillage treatments. The mean effective air\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled porosity (E\uffe2\uff80\uff90AFP) at pF 1.5 was 21% lower under VST than that under MP; however, the difference was reduced to 3% at pF 2. At field capacity, the E\uffe2\uff80\uff90AFP was approximately 14%\uffe2\uff80\uff94above the critical limit (10%) for plant growth\uffe2\uff80\uff94under both tillage practices. Air permeability was 76% and 57% higher under VST at pF 1.5 and 1.7, respectively, compared with MP. The microbial activity was 56% lower (p\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89.04) under VST than that under MP. Likewise, 31%, 65% and 34% higher microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, respectively, were observed under MP compared with VST. These results indicated that despite higher penetration resistance, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage did not limit water retention and aeration capability of soil in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. However, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage may induce vertical stratification of organic matter and microbial activity, which have implications for crop production. This paper assesses the effect of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term contrasting tillage practices on topsoil structural characteristics critical for nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and carbon sequestration across a pedoclimatic gradient. The hypotheses tested are that: (i) aeration is greater in the topsoil of ploughed (to 0.20\uffe2\uff80\uff930.30\uffe2\uff80\uff89m depth) than in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till soils and (ii) the effect of tillage practice on soil functionality depends on the context, and thus varies between sites with different pedoclimatic conditions. We evaluated the topsoil characteristics of seven long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term tillage experiments, spread along a 2600\uffe2\uff80\uff90km transect in Europe. A total of 576 soil cores (100\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm 3 ) were sampled from 0 to 0.10 and 0.10 to 0.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89m depths in mouldboard\uffe2\uff80\uff90ploughed and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage treatments after harvest. The soil water content at \uffe2\uff88\uff9230, \uffe2\uff88\uff9260, and \uffe2\uff88\uff92100\uffe2\uff80\uff89hPa matric potential was measured as well as air permeability ( k a ) and relative gas diffusivity ( D s /D o ) at \uffe2\uff88\uff92100\uffe2\uff80\uff89hPa, from which soil bulk and gas transport characteristics were derived. Despite large variations in the characteristics among sites, tillage did significantly affect the characteristics across sites. The degree of compactness was less\uffc2\uffa0and total pore volume was greater\uffc2\uffa0in the ploughed than in the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till treatments. Still, thresholds indicating suitable conditions for root growth were largely met under both practices. The ploughed soils showed vertical stratification, with a better aeration of the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.10\uffe2\uff80\uff89m soil layer compared to the 0.10\uffe2\uff80\uff930.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89m layer. No differences were observed between the ploughed 0.10\uffe2\uff80\uff930.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89m and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till layers, which were attributed to soil settlement after ploughing. While the D s /D o at 0.10\uffe2\uff80\uff930.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89m depth was favourable for promoting N 2 O emissions, the water\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled pore space was below suggested thresholds. Impacts of tillage on soil structural and functional characteristics were both significant and generalisable but also deviated locally. For example, D s /D o and k a generally increased with the air\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled pore volume ( \uffce\uffb5 a ), yet sites with greater \uffce\uffb5 a did not necessarily have higher D s /D o and k a . Existing models explaining D s /D o and k a with \uffce\uffb5 a were fitted to the measured data and performed best when both depths and tillage practices were assessed altogether. Despite the limited differences at \uffe2\uff88\uff92100\uffe2\uff80\uff89hPa, anoxic conditions may in reality prevail for a longer period under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till than ploughing.