Residual herbicides used in the production of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] and corn (Zea mays L.) are often detected in surface runoff at concentrations exceeding their maximum contaminant levels (MCL) or health advisory levels (HAL). With the advent of transgenic, glyphosate\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant soybean and glufosinate\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant corn this concern might be reduced by replacing some of the residual herbicides with short half\uffe2\uff80\uff90life, strongly sorbed, contact herbicides. We applied both herbicide types to two chiseled and two no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till watersheds in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation and at half rates to three disked watersheds in a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn/soybean/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) rotation and monitored herbicide losses in runoff water for four crop years. In soybean years, average glyphosate loss (0.07%) was \uffe2\uff88\uffbc1/7 that of metribuzin (0.48%) and about one\uffe2\uff80\uff90half that of alachlor (0.12%), residual herbicides it can replace. Maximum, annual, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentration of glyphosate (9.2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well below its 700 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 MCL and metribuzin (9.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well below its 200 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 HAL, whereas alachlor (44.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well above its 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 MCL. In corn years, average glufosinate loss (0.10%) was similar to losses of alachlor (0.07%) and linuron (0.15%), but about one\uffe2\uff80\uff90fourth that of atrazine (0.37%). Maximum, annual, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentration of glufosinate (no MCL) was 3.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921, whereas atrazine (31.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and alachlor (9.8 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) substantially exceeded their MCLs of 3 and 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Regardless of tillage system, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted atrazine and alachlor concentrations exceeded their MCLs in at least one crop year. Replacing these herbicides with glyphosate and glufosinate can reduce the occurrence of dissolved herbicide concentrations in runoff exceeding drinking water standards.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Rain", "Glycine", "Agriculture", "Drug Tolerance", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plants", " Genetically Modified", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Water Movements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "Ohio"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0540"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0540", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0540", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0540"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ismej.2013.177", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:19:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-10", "title": "Distinct Responses Of Soil Microbial Communities To Elevated Co2 And O-3 In A Soybean Agro-Ecosystem", "description": "AbstractThe concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) have been rising due to human activities. However, little is known about how such increases influence soil microbial communities. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 (eCO2) and elevated O3 (eO3) would significantly affect the functional composition, structure and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities, and that various functional groups would respond to such atmospheric changes differentially. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed 96 soil samples from a soybean free-air CO2 enrichment (SoyFACE) experimental site using a comprehensive functional gene microarray (GeoChip 3.0). The results showed the overall functional composition and structure of soil microbial communities shifted under eCO2, eO3 or eCO2+eO3. Key functional genes involved in carbon fixation and degradation, nitrogen fixation, denitrification and methane metabolism were stimulated under eCO2, whereas those involved in N fixation, denitrification and N mineralization were suppressed under eO3, resulting in the fact that the abundance of some eO3-supressed genes was promoted to ambient, or eCO2-induced levels by the interaction of eCO2+eO3. Such effects appeared distinct for each treatment and significantly correlated with soil properties and soybean yield. Overall, our analysis suggests possible mechanisms of microbial responses to global atmospheric change factors through the stimulation of C and N cycling by eCO2, the inhibition of N functional processes by eO3 and the interaction by eCO2 and eO3. This study provides new insights into our understanding of microbial functional processes in response to global atmospheric change in soybean agro-ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Phosphorus", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "03 medical and health sciences", "Ozone", "13. Climate action", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Sulfur"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.177"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20ISME%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ismej.2013.177", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ismej.2013.177", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ismej.2013.177"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep17514", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:19:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-02", "title": "Productivity And Sustainability Of Rainfed Wheat-Soybean System In The North China Plain: Results From A Long-Term Experiment And Crop Modelling", "description": "AbstractA quantitative understanding of yield response to water and nutrients is key to improving the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems. Here, we quantified the effects of rainfall, fertilization (NPK) and soil organic amendments (with straw and manure) on yields of a rainfed wheat-soybean system in the North China Plain (NCP), using 30-years\uffe2\uff80\uff99 field experimental data (1982\uffe2\uff80\uff932012) and the simulation model-AquaCrop. On average, wheat and soybean yields were 5 and 2.5 times higher in the fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized control (CK), respectively. Yields of fertilized treatments increased and yields of CK decreased over time. NPK\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89manure increased yields more than NPK alone or NPK\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89straw. The additional effect of manure is likely due to increased availability of K and micronutrients. Wheat yields were limited by rainfall and can be increased through soil mulching (15%) or irrigation (35%). In conclusion, combined applications of fertilizer NPK and manure were more effective in sustaining high crop yields than recommended fertilizer NPK applications. Manure applications led to strong accumulation of NPK and relatively low NPK use efficiencies. Water deficiency in wheat increased over time due to the steady increase in yields, suggesting that the need for soil mulching increases.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Glycine max", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Models", " Biological", "Article", "Crop Production", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life Science", "Humans", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17514"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep17514", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep17514", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep17514"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep26856", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:19:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-26", "title": "Soil Water Balance And Water Use Efficiency Of Dryland Wheat In Different Precipitation Years In Response To Green Manure Approach", "description": "AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture is conventionally cultivated followed by two to three months of summer fallow in the Loess Plateau. To develop a sustainable cropping system, we conducted a six-year field experiment to investigate the effect of leguminous green manure (LGM) instead of bare fallow on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and the soil water balance (SWB) in different precipitation years in a semi-arid region of northwest China. Results confirmed that planting LGM crop consumes soil water in the fallow season can bring varied effects to the subsequent wheat. The effect is positive or neutral when the annual precipitation is adequate, so that there is no significant reduction in the soil water supplied to wheat. If this is not the case, the effect is negative. On average, the LGM crop increased wheat yield and WUE by 13% and 28%, respectively, and had considerable potential for maintaining the SWB (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) compared with fallow management. In conclusion, cultivation of the LGM crop is a better option than fallow to improve the productivity and WUE of the next crop and maintain the soil water balance in the normal and wet years in the Loess Plateau.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Glycine max", "Rain", "Vigna", "Water", "Agriculture", "Plant Transpiration", "15. Life on land", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Soil", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yangyang Li, Pengwei Yao, Dabin Zhang, Weidong Cao, Suiqi Zhang, Zhao Na, Yajun Gao, Yajun Gao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep26856", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep26856", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/ber2005373", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:19:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-09-29", "title": "Relationships Of Intercropped Maize, Stem Borer Damage To Maize Yield And Land-Use Efficiency In The Humid Forest Of Cameroon", "description": "AbstractStem borers are the most important maize pests in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Field trials were conducted in the long and short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 to assess the level of damage and yield reductions caused by stem borers in monocropped maize and in maize intercropped with non-host plants such as cassava, cowpea and soybean. The intercrops were planted in two spatial arrangements, i.e. alternating hills or alternating rows. All intercrops and the maize monocrop were grown with and without insecticide treatment for assessment of maize yield loss due to borer attacks. The land-use efficiency of each mixed cropping system was evaluated by comparing it with the monocrop. The temporal fluctuation of larval infestations followed the same pattern in all cropping systems, but at the early stage of plant growth, larval densities were 21.3\uffe2\uff80\uff9348.1% higher in the monocrops than in intercrops, and they tended to be higher in alternating rows than alternating hills arrangements. At harvest, however, pest densities did not significantly vary between treatments. Maize monocrops had 3.0\uffe2\uff80\uff938.8 times more stems tunnelled and 1.3\uffe2\uff80\uff933.1 times more cob damage than intercrops. Each percentage increase in stem tunnelling lowered maize grain yield by 1.10 and 1.84 g per plant, respectively, during the long and short rainy season in 2002, and by 5.39 and 1.41 g per plant, respectively, in 2003. Maize yield losses due to stem borer were 1.8\uffe2\uff80\uff933.0 times higher in monocrops than in intercrops. Intercrops had generally a higher land-use efficiency than monocrops, as indicated by land-equivalent-ratios and area-time-equivalent-ratios of >1.0. Land-use efficiency was similar in both spatial arrangements. At current price levels, the net production of mixed cropping systems was economically superior to controlling stem borers with insecticide in monocropped maize. The maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93cassava intercrop yielded the highest land equivalent ratios and the highest replacement value of the intercrop. At medium intensity cropping this system is thus recommended for land-constrained poor farmers who do not use external inputs such as fertilizer and insecticides.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Manihot", "Glycine max", "Rain", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "Humidity", "Moths", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Host-Parasite Interactions", "Trees", "Larva", "Animals", "Biomass", "Cameroon", "Seasons"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christian Nolte, A. Chabi-Olaye, Christian Borgemeister, Fritz Schulthess,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2005373"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Entomological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/ber2005373", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/ber2005373", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/ber2005373"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/10256010108033279", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:19:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-07-07", "title": "The Effect Of Soil Temperature And Moisture On Organic Matter Decomposition And Plant Growth", "description": "The effect of soil temperature and moisture on plant growth and mineralisation of organic residues was investigated using 15N-labelled soybean residues and temperature-controlled tanks in the glasshouse. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with: three soil temperatures (20, 26 and 30 degrees C), two soil moisture regimes (8% (-800 Kpa) or 12% (-100 Kpa)), soybean residues added (enriched at 1.82 atom % 15N excess) or no residues; and either sown with ryegrass or not sown. Pots were sampled six weeks after planting and 15N-enrichment and delta13C of the plant and soil fractions were determined. Soil inorganic N was also periodically measured. Available inorganic N increased significantly with addition of residues and generally decreased with increasing temperature. Plant dry matter decreased significantly with increase in soil temperature and increased with increasing moisture. Root-to-shoot ratio declined with increased temperature and moisture. Percentage nitrogen derived from residues (%Ndfr) increased linearly with increased temperature and moisture. Delta13C decreased linearly with increasing temperature and decreasing moisture status. There was a significant correlation between transpiration and dry matter production, but there was no correlation between water use efficiency and delta13C. The results suggest that C: N ratio of the root material effects the root turnover and in turn the water supply capacity of the root system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Isotopes", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Glycine max", "Secale", "Temperature", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plant Roots", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Austria", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R C Hood", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010108033279"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Isotopes%20in%20Environmental%20and%20Health%20Studies", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/10256010108033279", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/10256010108033279", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/10256010108033279"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/1574-6941.12018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-26", "title": "Acidobacterial Community Responses To Agricultural Management Of Soybean In Amazon Forest Soils", "description": "This study focused on the impact of land-use changes and agricultural management of soybean in Amazon forest soils on the abundance and composition of the acidobacterial community. Quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) assays and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene were applied to study the acidobacterial community in bulk soil samples from soybean croplands and adjacent native forests, and mesocosm soil samples from soybean rhizosphere. Based on qPCR measurements, Acidobacteria accounted for 23% in forest soils, 18% in cropland soils, and 14% in soybean rhizosphere of the total bacterial signals. From the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Bacteria domain, the phylum Acidobacteria represented 28% of the sequences from forest soils, 16% from cropland soils, and 17% from soybean rhizosphere. Acidobacteria subgroups 1-8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 22, and 25 were detected with subgroup 1 as dominant among them. Subgroups 4, 6, and 7 were significantly higher in cropland soils than in forest soils, which subgroups responded to decrease in soil aluminum. Subgroups 6 and 7 responded to high content of soil Ca, Mg, Mn, and B. These results showed a differential response of the Acidobacteria subgroups to abiotic soil factors, and open the possibilities to explore acidobacterial subgroups as early-warning bioindicators of agricultural soil management effects in the Amazon area.", "keywords": ["DNA", " Bacterial", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Glycine max", "Agriculture", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "15. Life on land", "Acidobacteria", "Trees", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "international", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "Rhizosphere", "Brazil", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/FEMS%20Microbiology%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/1574-6941.12018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/1574-6941.12018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/1574-6941.12018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-02", "title": "Elevated Co2 And Temperature Increase Soil C Losses From A Soybean-Maize Ecosystem", "description": "AbstractWarming temperatures and increasing CO2 are likely to have large effects on the amount of carbon stored in soil, but predictions of these effects are poorly constrained. We elevated temperature (canopy: +2.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C; soil growing season: +1.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C; soil fallow: +2.3\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C) for 3\uffc2\uffa0years within the 9th\uffe2\uff80\uff9311th years of an elevated CO2 (+200\uffc2\uffa0ppm) experiment on a maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean agroecosystem, measured respiration by roots and soil microbes, and then used a process\uffe2\uff80\uff90based ecosystem model (DayCent) to simulate the decadal effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on soil C. Both heating and elevated CO2 increased respiration from soil microbes by ~20%, but heating reduced respiration from roots and rhizosphere by ~25%. The effects were additive, with no heat\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0CO2 interactions. Particulate organic matter and total soil C declined over time in all treatments and were lower in elevated CO2 plots than in ambient plots, but did not differ between heat treatments. We speculate that these declines indicate a priming effect, with increased C inputs under elevated CO2 fueling a loss of old soil carbon. Model simulations of heated plots agreed with our observations and predicted loss of ~15% of soil organic C after 100\uffc2\uffa0years of heating, but simulations of elevated CO2 failed to predict the observed C losses and instead predicted a ~4% gain in soil organic C under any heating conditions. Despite model uncertainty, our empirical results suggest that combined, elevated CO2 and temperature will lead to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term declines in the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Zea mays", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13378"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13378"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ppl.70252", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-04-30", "title": "Differential xylem phytohormone export from dry and wet roots during partial rootzone drying is independent of shoot\u2010to\u2010root transport in soybean", "description": "AbstractDifferent phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.The impact of management on global warming potential (GWP), crop production, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in irrigated agriculture is not well documented. A no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) cropping systems study initiated in 1999 to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential in irrigated agriculture was used in this study to make trace gas flux measurements for 3 yr to facilitate a complete greenhouse gas accounting of GWP and GHGI. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O were measured using static, vented chambers, one to three times per week, year round, from April 2002 through October 2004 within conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till continuous corn (CT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CC) and NT continuous corn (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CC) plots and in NT corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CB) plots. Nitrogen fertilizer rates ranged from 0 to 224 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Methane fluxes were small and did not differ between tillage systems. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased linearly with increasing N fertilizer rate each year, but emission rates varied with years. Carbon dioxide efflux was higher in CT compared to NT in 2002 but was not different by tillage in 2003 or 2004. Based on soil respiration and residue C inputs, NT soils were net sinks of GWP when adequate fertilizer was added to maintain crop production. The CT soils were smaller net sinks for GWP than NT soils. The determinant for the net GWP relationship was a balance between soil respiration and N2O emissions. Based on soil C sequestration, only NT soils were net sinks for GWP. Both estimates of GWP and GHGI indicate that when appropriate crop production levels are achieved, net CO2 emissions are reduced. The results suggest that economic viability and environmental conservation can be achieved by minimizing tillage and utilizing appropriate levels of fertilizer.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Colorado", "Time Factors", "550", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "630", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Gases", "Organic Chemicals", "Agricultural Science", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mosier, Arvin R., Halvorson, Ardell D., Reule, Curtis A., Liu, Xuejun J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0232"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0232", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0232", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0232"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-27", "title": "Comparative Losses Of Glyphosate And Selected Residual Herbicides In Surface Runoff From Conservation-Tilled Watersheds Planted With Corn Or Soybean", "description": "Residual herbicides regularly used in conjunction with conservation tillage to produce corn ( L.) and soybean [ (L.) Merr] are often detected in surface water at concentrations that exceed their U.S. maximum contaminant levels (MCL) and ecological standards. These risks might be reduced by planting glyphosate-tolerant varieties of these crops and totally or partially replacing the residual herbicides alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin with glyphosate, a contact herbicide that has a short half-life and is strongly sorbed to soil. Therefore, we applied both herbicide types at typical rates and times to two chisel-plowed and two no-till watersheds in a 2-yr corn/soybean rotation and at half rates to three disked watersheds in a 3-yr corn/soybean/wheat-red clover ( L.- L.) rotation and monitored herbicide losses in surface runoff for three crop years. Average dissolved glyphosate loss for all tillage practices, as a percentage of the amount applied, was significantly less ( \u2264 0.05) than the losses of atrazine (21.4x), alachlor (3.5x), and linuron (8.7x) in corn-crop years. Annual, flow-weighted, concentration of atrazine was as high as 41.3 \u03bcg L, much greater than its 3 \u03bcg L MCL. Likewise, annual, flow-weighted alachlor concentration (MCL = 2 \u03bcg L) was as high as 11.2 and 4.9 \u03bcg L in corn- and soybean-crop years, respectively. In only one runoff event during the 18 watershed-years it was applied did glyphosate concentration exceed its 700 \u03bcg L MCL and the highest, annual, flow-weighted concentration was 3.9 \u03bcg L. Planting glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean and using glyphosate in lieu of some residual herbicides should reduce the impact of the production of these crops on surface water quality.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Glycine", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Medicago", "Water Movements", "Water Pollution", " Chemical", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2016.01.0036", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-24", "description": "Nitrous oxide (N2O), produced primarily in agricultural soils, is a potent greenhouse gas and is the dominant ozone\uffe2\uff80\uff90depleting substance. Efforts to reduce N2O emissions are underway, but mitigation results have been inconsistent. The leguminous perennial kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) (KC) can grow side\uffe2\uff80\uff90by\uffe2\uff80\uff90side with cash crops in rotational corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine max L.) systems. With biological nitrogen fixation, KC provides land managers an opportunity to reduce external fertilizer inputs, which may diminish problematic N2O emissions. To investigate the effect of a KC living mulch on N2O emissions, automated soil chambers coupled to a N2O analyzer were used to measure hourly fluxes from April through October in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (CS) rotation. Emissions from the KC treatment were significantly greater than those from the conventional CS treatment despite the fact that the KC treatment received substantially less inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. A seasonal tradeoff was observed with the KC treatment wherein emissions before strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage were reduced but were surpassed by high losses after strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and postanthesis. These results represent the first reported measurements of N2O emissions from a KC\uffe2\uff80\uff90based living mulch. The findings cast doubt on the efficacy of KC for mitigating N2O loss in CS systems. However, if KC reduces nitrate leaching losses, as has been reported elsewhere, it may result in lower indirect (offsite) N2O emissions.
Core Ideas
Kura clover living mulch increased total N2O emissions.
Nitrogen scavenging by the kura clover living mulch may have reduced spring N2O emissions.
Emissions in the kura clover treatment were affected by soil disturbance and plant stress.
Corn and soybean yield were only marginally affected by kura clover living mulch.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicago", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.01.0036"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2016.01.0036", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2016.01.0036", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2016.01.0036"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070739", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-25", "title": "Intercropping Competition Between Apple Trees And Crops In Agroforestry Systems On The Loess Plateau Of China", "description": "Agroforestry has been widely practiced in the Loess Plateau region of China because of its prominent effects in reducing soil and water losses, improving land-use efficiency and increasing economic returns. However, the agroforestry practices may lead to competition between crops and trees for underground soil moisture and nutrients, and the trees on the canopy layer may also lead to shortage of light for crops. In order to minimize interspecific competition and maximize the benefits of tree-based intercropping systems, we studied photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by measuring photosynthetically active radiation, net photosynthetic rate, soil moisture and soil nutrients in a plantation of apple (Malus pumila M.) at a spacing of 4 m \u00d7 5 m on the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that for both intercropping systems in the study region, soil moisture was the primary factor affecting the crop yields followed by light. Deficiency of the soil nutrients also had a significant impact on crop yields. Compared with soybean, peanut was more suitable for intercropping with apple trees to obtain economic benefits in the region. We concluded that apple-soybean and apple-peanut intercropping systems can be practical and beneficial in the region. However, the distance between crops and tree rows should be adjusted to minimize interspecies competition. Agronomic measures such as regular canopy pruning, root barriers, additional irrigation and fertilization also should be applied in the intercropping systems.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Arachis", "Light", "Glycine max", "Science", "Q", "R", "Water", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Trees", "Soil", "Malus", "Medicine", "Humans", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070739"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070739", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070739", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0070739"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-09-29", "title": "Carbon Sequestration Efficiency Of Organic Amendments In A Long-Term Experiment On A Vertisol In Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982-2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate \u200a=\u200a0.16 Cinput -0.10, R\u200a=\u200a0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.", "keywords": ["Carbon Sequestration", "China", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Swine", "Science", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "2. Zero hunger", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "13. Climate action", "Potassium", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Daozhong Wang, Xisheng Guo, Zibin Guo, Keke Hua,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108594"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0108594"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0184198", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-01", "title": "Portfolio optimization for seed selection in diverse weather scenarios", "description": "The aim of this work was to develop a method for selection of optimal soybean varieties for the American Midwest using data analytics. We extracted the knowledge about 174 varieties from the dataset, which contained information about weather, soil, yield and regional statistical parameters. Next, we predicted the yield of each variety in each of 6,490 observed subregions of the Midwest. Furthermore, yield was predicted for all the possible weather scenarios approximated by 15 historical weather instances contained in the dataset. Using predicted yields and covariance between varieties through different weather scenarios, we performed portfolio optimisation. In this way, for each subregion, we obtained a selection of varieties, that proved superior to others in terms of the amount and stability of yield. According to the rules of Syngenta Crop Challenge, for which this research was conducted, we aggregated the results across all subregions and selected up to five soybean varieties that should be distributed across the network of seed retailers. The work presented in this paper was the winning solution for Syngenta Crop Challenge 2017.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Models", " Statistical", "Glycine max", "Science", "Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Uncertainty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Portfolio optimisation", "Yield prediction", "Midwestern United States", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Seeds", "Medicine", "Regression Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "data analytics", "Weather", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184198"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0184198", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0184198", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0184198"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1385/bter:93:1-3:249", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-17", "title": "Effect Of The Application Of Selenium On Selenium Content Of Soybean And Its Products", "description": "Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of the application of selenium on the selenium content of soybean and its products in two counties with selenium-deficient soil. Selenium-enriched soybean was produced by the application of sodium selenite and Se-enriched fertilizer. The selenium contents of soybeans, soybean protein and okra were determined by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the selenium contents of soybean, soybean protein, and okra were significantly increased by the application of sodium selenite and selenium-enriched fertilizer. Foliar application of selenium provided a higher efficiency for increasing the selenium content of soybean than soil application. Significant differences were found in that soybean cultivars exhibited different accumulation of selenium. There was no remarkable difference in soybean yield, soybean protein, and lipid between selenium and control. The selenium-enriched protein derived from selenium-enriched soybean could be used as a functional ingredient and soybean okra as a selenium-enriched feed for animals for increasing selenium intake.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Selenium", "03 medical and health sciences", "Glycine max", "Fertilizers", "Selenium Compounds", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Licheng Chen, Qiuhui Hu, Fangmei Yang, Genxing Pan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1385/bter:93:1-3:249"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biological%20Trace%20Element%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1385/bter:93:1-3:249", "name": "item", "description": "10.1385/bter:93:1-3:249", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1385/bter:93:1-3:249"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:21:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-08-08", "title": "Soil Attributes Under Different Crop Management Systems In An Amazon Oxisols", "description": "Soil biological properties have a high potential for use in assessing the impacts of crop systems. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of cropping systems on the biological attributes of an oxisol in the Amazonian state of Para. The treatments consisted of approximately 20-year-old secondary vegetation, recovered pasture, no-tillage systems (NT) maintained for 4 and 8 years after planting with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.), and conventional tillage (CT) systems every 2 years after planting with rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean. The microbial biomass to nitrogen ratio was higher in the NT system (0.68 mg kg\u20131), and the NT system had greater microbial NT8. Thus, the contributions of organic matter from straw improved the soil quality in these areas. The total organic carbon (TOC) content was greater in the secondary forest and CT areas (46.7 and 48.0 mg kg\u20131, respectively), potentially due to the higher amounts of organic matter and organic matter mineralization in these areas. However, the largest TOC stocks were observed in the pasture, which corresponded with greater carbon storage (63.5 Mg ha\u20131). By contrast, the no-till systems were not efficient for storing C, with concentrations of 5.0 and 5.3 Mg ha\u20131 in NT-4 and NT-8, respectively. These results may reflect the short period that these systems were adopted and the vast microbial activity that was observed in these areas, with microbial quotients of 8.03 and 10.41% in NT-4 and NT-8, respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "carbon stock", "no-tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oryza sativa", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Amazon region", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lopes, Elessandra Laura Nogueira, Fernandes, Antonio Rodrigues, Teixeira, Renato Alves, Sousa, Edna Santos de, Ruivo, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.03914"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bragantia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1678-4499.03914"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-26", "title": "Carbono Da Biomassa Microbiana Em Solo Cultivado Com Soja Sob Diferentes Sistemas De Manejo Nos Cerrados", "description": "O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o carbono da biomassa microbina de solo, cultivado com soja em diferentes sistemas de manejo. Os sistemas de manejo foram semeadura direta, uma gradagem, subsolagem e duas gradagens, realizadas num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo argiloso. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em cinco profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm) e em quatro \uffc3\uffa9pocas (antes do preparo do solo, 30 dias ap\uffc3\uffb3s a germina\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o, flora\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o e ap\uffc3\uffb3s a colheita da soja). Foram coletadas, tamb\uffc3\uffa9m, amostras de solo na mesma profundidade e na mesma \uffc3\uffa9poca, em uma \uffc3\uffa1rea de vegeta\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o nativa (Cerrado sensu strictu), adjacente ao experimento. A subsolagem apresentou os maiores valores de carbono aos 30 dias ap\uffc3\uffb3s a germina\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o (865,7 mg kg-1 de solo). Este valor foi reduzido para 80,3 mg kg-1 de solo na flora\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o. Os valores de carbono na semeadura direta mantiveram-se mais est\uffc3\uffa1veis, principalmente na camada de 0-20 cm. As camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm apresentaram diferen\uffc3\uffa7a na maioria das \uffc3\uffa9pocas estudadas e das demais camadas. A subsolagem mostrou o menor valor do carbono org\uffc3\uffa2nico do solo, ap\uffc3\uffb3s a colheita da soja. N\uffc3\uffa3o houve correla\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o entre a rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o carbono da biomassa microbiana/carbono org\uffc3\uffa2nico e os nutrientes do solo na subsolagem
", "keywords": ["soil quality indicator", "2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "13. Climate action", "organic carbon", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "indicador de qualidade de solo", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbono org\u00e2nico"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Perez, K\u00e1tia Sueli Sivek, Ramos, Maria Lucr\u00e9cia Gerosa, McManus, Concepta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pesquisa%20Agropecu%C3%A1ria%20Brasileira", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-18", "title": "Prairie Restoration And Carbon Sequestration: Difficulties Quantifying C Sources And Sinks Using A Biometric Approach", "description": "We investigated carbon cycling and ecosystem characteristics among two prairie restoration treatments established in 1987 and adjacent cropland, all part of the Conservation Reserve Program in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. We hypothesized that different plant functional groups (cool\uffe2\uff80\uff90season C3vs. warm\uffe2\uff80\uff90season C4grasses) between the two prairie restoration treatments would lead to differences in soil and vegetation characteristics and amount of sequestered carbon, compared to the crop system.
We found significant (P< 0.05) differences between the two prairie restoration treatments in soil CO2respiration and above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground productivity, but no significant differences in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (~16\uffe2\uff80\uff90year) carbon sequestration. We used a biometric approach aggregating short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term observations of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground productivity and CO2respiration to estimate total net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) using varied methods suggested in the literature. Net ecosystem production is important because it represents the ecosystem carbon sequestration, which is of interest to land managers and policymakers seeking or regulating credits for ecosystem carbon storage. Such a biometric approach would be attractive because it might offer the ability to rapidly assess the carbon source/sink status of an ecosystem.
We concluded that large uncertainties in (1) estimating aboveground NPP, (2) determining belowground NPP, and (3) partitioning soil respiration into microbial and plant components strongly affect the magnitude, and even the sign, of NEP estimates made from aggregating its components. A comparison of these estimates across treatments could not distinguish differences in NEP, nor the absolute sign of the overall carbon balance. Longer\uffe2\uff80\uff90term quantification of carbon stocks in the soil, periodically linked to measurements of individual processes, may offer a more reliable measure of the carbon balance in grassland systems, suitable for assigning credits.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Biometry", "Time Factors", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0069.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/08-0069.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2004.1010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-14", "description": "ABSTRACTDespite the use of best management practices for nitrogen (N) application rate and timing, significant losses of nitrate nitrogen NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in drainage discharge continue to occur from row crop cropping systems. Our objective was to determine whether a autumn\uffe2\uff80\uff90seeded winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop following corn (Zea mays L.) would reduce NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N losses through subsurface tile drainage in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping system in the northern Corn Belt (USA) in a moderately well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained soil. Both phases of the corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation, with and without the winter rye cover crop following corn, were established in 1998 in a Normania clay loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Haplustoll) soil at Lamberton, MN. Cover cropping did not affect subsequent soybean yield, but reduced drainage discharge, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted mean nitrate concentration (FWMNC), and NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N loss relative to winter fallow, although the magnitude of the effect varied considerably with annual precipitation. Three\uffe2\uff80\uff90year average drainage discharge was lower with a winter rye cover crop than without (p = 0.06). Over three years, subsurface tile\uffe2\uff80\uff90drainage discharge was reduced 11% and NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N loss was reduced 13% for a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean cropping system with a rye cover crop following corn than with no rye cover crop. We estimate that establishment of a winter rye cover crop after corn will be successful in one of four years in southwestern Minnesota. Cover cropping with rye has the potential to be an effective management tool for reducing NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N loss from subsurface drainage discharge despite challenges to establishment and spring growth in the north\uffe2\uff80\uff90central USA.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "Secale", "Water Pollution", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "United States", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Water Movements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2004.1010", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2004.1010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2004.1010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2004.1803", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-14", "description": "ABSTRACTSubsurface drainage is a beneficial water management practice in poorly drained soils but may also contribute substantial nitrate N loads to surface waters. This paper summarizes results from a 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr drainage study in Indiana that includes three drain spacings (5, 10, and 20 m) managed for 10 yr with chisel tillage in monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) and currently managed under a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. In general, drainflow and nitrate N losses per unit area were greater for narrower drain spacings. Drainflow removed between 8 and 26% of annual rainfall, depending on year and drain spacing. Nitrate N concentrations in drainflow did not vary with spacing, but concentrations have significantly decreased from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted mean concentrations decreased from 28 mg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the 1986\uffe2\uff80\uff931988 period to 8 mg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931999 period. The reduction in concentration was due to both a reduction in fertilizer N rates over the study period and to the addition of a winter cover crop as a \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrap crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9d after corn in the corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation. Annual nitrate N loads decreased from 38 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the 1986\uffe2\uff80\uff931988 period to 15 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931999 period. Most of the nitrate N losses occurred during the fallow season, when most of the drainage occurred. Results of this study underscore the necessity of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term research on different soil types and in different climatic zones, to develop appropriate management strategies for both economic crop production and protection of environmental quality.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Engineering", "Solubility", "Water Supply", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jane R. Frankenberger, Norman R. Fausey, D. B. Jaynes, Eileen J. Kladivko, David W. Meek, B. J. Jenkinson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1803"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2004.1803", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2004.1803", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2004.1803"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0183", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-07-07", "description": "ABSTRACTSoil N2O emissions from three corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] systems in central Iowa were measured from the spring of 2003 through February 2005. The three managements systems evaluated were full\uffe2\uff80\uff90width tillage (fall chisel plow, spring disk), no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till with a rye (Secale cereale L. \uffe2\uff80\uff98Rymin\uffe2\uff80\uff99) winter cover crop. Four replicate plots of each treatment were established within each crop of the rotation and both crops were present in each of the two growing seasons. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured weekly during the periods of April through October, biweekly during March and November, and monthly in December, January, and February. Two polyvinyl chloride rings (30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm diameter) were installed in each plot (in and between plant rows) and were used to support soil chambers during the gas flux measurements. Flux measurements were performed by placing vented chambers on the rings and collecting gas samples 0, 15, 30, and 45 min following chamber deployment. Nitrous oxide fluxes were computed from the change in N2O concentration with time, after accounting for diffusional constraints. We observed no significant tillage or cover crop effects on N2O flux in either year. In 2003 mean N2O fluxes were 2.7, 2.2, and 2.3 kg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from the soybean plots under chisel plow, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till + cover crop, respectively. Emissions from the chisel plow, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till + cover crop plots planted to corn averaged 10.2, 7.9, and 7.6 kg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. In 2004 fluxes from both crops were higher than in 2003, but fluxes did not differ among the management systems. Fluxes from the corn plots were significantly higher than from the soybean plots in both years. Comparison of our results with estimates calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default emission factor of 0.0125 indicate that the estimated fluxes underestimate measured emissions by a factor of 3 at our sites.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Time Factors", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Midwestern United States", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Polyvinyl Chloride", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Timothy B. Parkin, Thomas C. Kaspar,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0183"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0183", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0183", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0183"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-01", "description": "AbstractA significant portion of the NO3from agricultural fields that contaminates surface waters in the Midwest Corn Belt is transported to streams or rivers by subsurface drainage systems or \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctiles.\uffe2\uff80\uff9d Previous research has shown that N fertilizer management alone is not sufficient for reducing NO3concentrations in subsurface drainage to acceptable levels; therefore, additional approaches need to be devised. We compared two cropping system modifications for NO3concentration and load in subsurface drainage water for a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.) management system. In one treatment, eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloidesL.) was grown in permanent 3.05\uffe2\uff80\uff90m\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide strips above the tiles. For the second treatment, a rye (Secale cerealeL.) winter cover crop was seeded over the entire plot area each year near harvest and chemically killed before planting the following spring. Twelve 30.5 \uffc3\uff97 42.7\uffe2\uff80\uff90m subsurface\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained field plots were established in 1999 with an automated system for measuring tile flow and collecting flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted samples. Both treatments and a control were initiated in 2000 and replicated four times. Full establishment of both treatments did not occur until fall 2001 because of dry conditions. Treatment comparisons were conducted from 2002 through 2005. The rye cover crop treatment significantly reduced subsurface drainage water flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations and NO3loads in all 4 yr. The rye cover crop treatment did not significantly reduce cumulative annual drainage. Averaged over 4 yr, the rye cover crop reduced flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations by 59% and loads by 61%. The gamagrass strips did not significantly reduce cumulative drainage, the average annual flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations, or cumulative NO3loads averaged over the 4 yr. Rye winter cover crops grown after corn and soybean have the potential to reduce the NO3concentrations and loads delivered to surface waters by subsurface drainage systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Time Factors", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Secale", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Iowa", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas B. Moorman, Dan B. Jaynes, Timothy B. Parkin, T. C. Kaspar,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0468"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0468"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-14", "description": "ABSTRACTSoil C change and CO2 emission due to different tillage systems need to be evaluated to encourage the adoption of conservation practices to sustain soil productivity and protect the environment. We hypothesize that soil C storage and CO2 emission respond to conservation tillage differently from conventional tillage because of their differential effects on soil properties. This study was conducted from 1998 through 2001 to evaluate tillage effects on soil C storage and CO2 emission in Clarion\uffe2\uff80\uff93Nicollet\uffe2\uff80\uff93Webster soil association in a corn [Zea mays L.]\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in Iowa. Treatments included no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with and without residue, strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, deep rip, chisel plow, and moldboard plow. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with residue and strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage significantly increased total soil organic C (TC) and mineral fraction C (MFC) at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depths compared with chisel plow after 3 yr of tillage practices. Soil CO2 emission was lower for less intensive tillage treatments compared with moldboard plow, with the greatest differences occurring immediately after tillage operations. Cumulative soil CO2 emission was 19 to 41% lower for less intensive tillage treatments than moldboard plow, and it was 24% less for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with residue than without residue during the 480\uffe2\uff80\uff90h measurement period. Estimated soil mineralizable C pool was reduced by 22 to 66% with less intensive tillage treatments compared with moldboard plow. Adopting less intensive tillage systems such as no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, deep rip, and chisel plow and better crop residue cover are effective in reducing CO2 emission and thus improving soil C sequestration in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Glycine max", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xinhua Yin, Mahdi Al-Kaisi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0437"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0437"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-28", "title": "Tillage System, Application Rate, And Extreme Event Effects On Herbicide Losses In Surface Runoff", "description": "ABSTRACTConservation tillage can reduce soil loss; however, the residual herbicides normally used to control weeds are often detected in surface runoff at high levels, particularly if runoff\uffe2\uff80\uff90producing storms occur shortly after application. Therefore, we measured losses of alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin from seven small (0.45\uffe2\uff80\uff930.79\uffe2\uff80\uff90ha) watersheds for 9 yr (1993\uffe2\uff80\uff932001) to investigate whether a reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production with light disking, cultivation, and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90rate herbicide applications could reduce losses compared with chisel and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till. As a percentage of application, annual losses were highest for all herbicides for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and similar for chisel and reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide and yearly flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 3 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 20 out of 27 watershed years that it was applied. Averaged for 9 corn yr, yearly flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted atrazine concentrations were 26.3, 9.6, and 8.3 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, chisel, and reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input, respectively. Similarly, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentrations of alachlor exceeded the drinking water standard of 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 23 out of 54 application years and in all treatments. Thus, while banding and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90rate applications as part of a reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input management practice reduced herbicide loss, concentrations of some herbicides may still be a concern. For all watersheds, 60 to 99% of herbicide loss was due to the five largest transport events during the 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. Thus, regardless of tillage practice, a small number of runoff events, usually shortly after herbicide application, dominated herbicide transport.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Triazines", "Rain", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Kinetics", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Acetamides", "Water Movements", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Atrazine", "Linuron", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0476"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0476"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.bn7j3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:24:05Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Elevated CO2 and temperature increase soil C losses from a soybean-maize ecosystem", "description": "unspecifiedWarming temperatures and increasing CO2 are likely to have large effects on the amount of carbon stored in soil, but predictions of these effects are poorly constrained. We elevated temperature (canopy: +2.8 \u00b0C; soil growing season: +1.8 \u00b0C; soil fallow: +2.3 \u00b0C) for 3 years within the 9th\u201311th years of an elevated CO2 (+200 ppm) experiment on a maize\u2013soybean agroecosystem, measured respiration by roots and soil microbes, and then used a process-based ecosystem model (DayCent) to simulate the decadal effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on soil C. Both heating and elevated CO2 increased respiration from soil microbes by ~20%, but heating reduced respiration from roots and rhizosphere by ~25%. The effects were additive, with no heat \u00d7 CO2 interactions. Particulate organic matter and total soil C declined over time in all treatments and were lower in elevated CO2 plots than in ambient plots, but did not differ between heat treatments. We speculate that these declines indicate a priming effect, with increased C inputs under elevated CO2 fueling a loss of old soil carbon. Model simulations of heated plots agreed with our observations and predicted loss of ~15% of soil organic C after 100 years of heating, but simulations of elevated CO2 failed to predict the observed C losses and instead predicted a ~4% gain in soil organic C under any heating conditions. Despite model uncertainty, our empirical results suggest that combined, elevated CO2 and temperature will lead to long-term declines in the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "DayCent", "Glycine max", "13. Climate action", "SoyFACE", "Soil respiration", "15. Life on land", "priming", "Zea mays"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bn7j3"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.bn7j3", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.bn7j3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.bn7j3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5424/sjar/2006044-212", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:27:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-21", "description": "Soil degradation is the result of interactions involving the soil itself, human activity, climate, relief, and vegetation. These can lead to changes in —or even the loss of— certain characteristics of the soil, reducing its present and future productive capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of a number of soil physical variables and total organic carbon content, as well as the root activity and yield of crops grown in rotation (soybean in 1998/1999 and maize in 1999/2000) under direct sowing (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) conditions. Root activity was assessed using an isotopic methodology involving the uptake of 32P. The root activity of the soybean crop, which grew under normal rainfall conditions, was greater under CT conditions. That of the maize crop, which grew when rainfall was well below normal, was greater under DS conditions. Bulk density was higher and total porosity lower in the upper 0.10 m of the soil in the DS plots. Conventional tillage led to lower penetration resistance values in the upper layers of the soil profile. No differences in soil total organic carbon were found between the two tillage systems. The soil water content of the upper soil layers was higher under DS. The yield of the soybean crop under CT was 57% higher than under DS. The yield of maize was affected by water deficiency; higher yields were obtained with DS than with CT.
", "keywords": ["Glycine max", "Argentina", "Rendimiento de cultivos", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "Tracer techniques", "Glycine max; Zea mays; Crop rotation; Conventional tillage; Zero tillage; Soil chemicophysical properties; Soil fertility; Tracer techniques; Crop yield; Argentina", "Glycine max; Zea mays; Rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos; Labranza convencional; Cero-labranza; Propiedades f\u00edsico - qu\u00edmicas suelo; Fertilidad del suelo; T\u00e9cnicas de trazadores; Rendimiento de cultivos; Argentina", "Crop rotation", "Labranza convencional", "Crop yield", "Fertilidad del suelo", "2. Zero hunger", "Conventional tillage", "Soil chemicophysical properties", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "T\u00e9cnicas de trazadores", "6. Clean water", "Propiedades f\u00edsico - qu\u00edmicas suelo", "Zero tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos", "AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING", "Cero-labranza"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Barrios, M.B., Bozzo, A.A., Debelis, S.P., Pereyra, A.M., Buj\u00e1n, A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2006044-212"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Spanish%20Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5424/sjar/2006044-212", "name": "item", "description": "10.5424/sjar/2006044-212", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5424/sjar/2006044-212"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2753196607", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:29:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-01", "title": "Portfolio optimization for seed selection in diverse weather scenarios", "description": "The aim of this work was to develop a method for selection of optimal soybean varieties for the American Midwest using data analytics. We extracted the knowledge about 174 varieties from the dataset, which contained information about weather, soil, yield and regional statistical parameters. Next, we predicted the yield of each variety in each of 6,490 observed subregions of the Midwest. Furthermore, yield was predicted for all the possible weather scenarios approximated by 15 historical weather instances contained in the dataset. Using predicted yields and covariance between varieties through different weather scenarios, we performed portfolio optimisation. In this way, for each subregion, we obtained a selection of varieties, that proved superior to others in terms of the amount and stability of yield. According to the rules of Syngenta Crop Challenge, for which this research was conducted, we aggregated the results across all subregions and selected up to five soybean varieties that should be distributed across the network of seed retailers. The work presented in this paper was the winning solution for Syngenta Crop Challenge 2017.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Models", " Statistical", "Glycine max", "Science", "Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Uncertainty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Portfolio optimisation", "Yield prediction", "Midwestern United States", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Seeds", "Medicine", "Regression Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "data analytics", "Weather", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2753196607"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2753196607", "name": "item", "description": "2753196607", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2753196607"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "40302147", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:30:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-04-30", "title": "Differential xylem phytohormone export from dry and wet roots during partial rootzone drying is independent of shoot\u2010to\u2010root transport in soybean", "description": "AbstractDifferent phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.Different phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.