Managing agricultural watersheds in an environmentally friendly manner necessitate the strategic implementation of well-targeted sustainable land management (SLM) practices that limit soil and nonpoint source pollution losses and translocation. Watershed-scale SLM-scenario modeling has the potential to identify efficient and effective management strategies from the field to the integrated landscape level. In a case study targeting a 66-hectare watershed in Petzenkirchen, Lower Austria, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to evaluate a variety of locally adoptable SLM practices. SWAT was calibrated and validated (monthly) at the catchment outlet for flow, sediment, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N), and mineralized phosphorus (PO4\uffe2\uff80\uff93P) using SWATplusR. Considering the locally existing agricultural practices and socioeconomic and environmental factors of the research area, four conservation practices were evaluated: baseline scenario, contour farming (CF), winter cover crops (CC), and a combination of no-till and cover crops (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89CC). The NT\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89CC SLM practice was found to be the most effective soil conservation practice in reducing soil loss by around 80%, whereas CF obtained the best results for decreasing the nutrient loads of NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N and PO4\uffe2\uff80\uff93P by 11% and 35%, respectively. The findings of this study imply that the setup SWAT model can serve the context-specific performance assessment and eventual promotion of SLM interventions that mitigate on-site land degradation and the consequential off-site environmental pollution resulting from agricultural nonpoint sources.For a sustainable production of food, research on agricultural soil microbial communities is inevitable. Due to its immense complexity, soil is still some kind of black box. Soil study designs for identifying microbiome members of relevance have various scopes and focus on particular environmental factors. To identify common features of soil microbiomes, data from multiple studies should be compiled and processed. Taxonomic compositions and functional capabilities of microbial communities associated with soils and plants have been identified and characterized in the past few decades. From a fertile Loess\uffe2\uff80\uff93Chernozem-type soil located in Germany, metagenomically assembled genomes (MAGs) classified as members of the phylum Thaumarchaeota/Thermoproteota were obtained. These possibly represent keystone agricultural soil community members encoding functions of relevance for soil fertility and plant health. Their importance for the analyzed microbiomes is corroborated by the fact that they were predicted to contribute to the cycling of nitrogen, feature the genetic potential to fix carbon dioxide and possess genes with predicted functions in plant-growth-promotion (PGP). To expand the knowledge on soil community members belonging to the phylum Thaumarchaeota, we conducted a meta-analysis integrating primary studies on European agricultural soil microbiomes.
ResultsTaxonomic classification of the selected soil metagenomes revealed the shared agricultural soil core microbiome of European soils from 19 locations. Metadata reporting was heterogeneous between the different studies. According to the available metadata, we separated the data into 68 treatments. The phylum Thaumarchaeota is part of the core microbiome and represents a major constituent of the archaeal subcommunities in all European agricultural soils. At a higher taxonomic resolution, 2074 genera constituted the core microbiome. We observed that viral genera strongly contribute to variation in taxonomic profiles. By binning of metagenomically assembled contigs, Thaumarchaeota MAGs could be recovered from several European soil metagenomes. Notably, many of them were classified as members of the family Nitrososphaeraceae, highlighting the importance of this family for agricultural soils. The specific Loess-Chernozem Thaumarchaeota MAGs were most abundant in their original soil, but also seem to be of importance in other agricultural soil microbial communities. Metabolic reconstruction of Switzerland_1_MAG_2 revealed its genetic potential i.a. regarding carbon dioxide (CO$$_2$$ 2 ) fixation, ammonia oxidation, exopolysaccharide production and a beneficial effect on plant growth. Similar genetic features were also present in other reconstructed MAGs. Three Nitrososphaeraceae MAGs are all most likely members of a so far unknown genus.
ConclusionsOn a broad view, European agricultural soil microbiomes are similarly structured. Differences in community structure were observable, although analysis was complicated by heterogeneity in metadata recording. Our study highlights the need for standardized metadata reporting and the benefits of networking open data. Future soil sequencing studies should also consider high sequencing depths in order to enable reconstruction of genome bins. Intriguingly, the family Nitrososphaeraceae commonly seems to be of importance in agricultural microbiomes.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "Soil microbial diversity", "Metagenomically assembled genomes", "Research", "European soil", "Open metagenome data analysis", "15. Life on land", "Microbiology", "Thaumarchaeota", "QR1-502", "Environmental sciences", "Agricultural microbiome", "Soil health", "GE1-350"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40793-023-00479-9.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/PMC10064710"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Microbiome", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC10064710", "name": "item", "description": "PMC10064710", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC10064710"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "965C0C41-DFC6-43F7-9F03-44B4DFB1398C", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2002-07-22T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "nl", "title": "Inventory Dredging soils in Flanders", "description": "The GIS file is part of a large database built under the auspices of the Ministry of the Flemish Community, Dep. LIN, Waterways and Marine Administration (AWZ). It contains the locations and land use of the dredging soils in Flanders (polygons), the locations where soil samples were taken during the inventory and the analysis results of the soil and leaf samples. Currently, data are available for the Upper Scheldt, the Sea Scheldt, the Lys ( + tourist Lys + diversion channel), the Yser (+ channel Ypres - Yser), the Durme and the Dender. The appropriate usage scale is 1:10,000.", "keywords": ["ae\u0308robe", "afleidingskanaal", "awz", "baggergronden", "baggerspecie", "be", "bladstaal", "bladstalen", "bodem", "bodemprofiel", "bodemstaal", "bodemstalen", "bomen", "bosbouw", "bovenschelde", "bruggen", "caco", "cadmiumconcentratie", "calciumcarbonaat", "chroomconcentratie", "dredgis", "fosfor", "fosforconcentratie", "gentbrugge", "ibw", "ieper", "ijzer", "infrastructuur", "inventarisatie-baggergronden-in-vlaanderen", "kanaal", "krijgt", "landbouwgewassen", "landgebruiksklasse", "lazerdiffractie", "leie", "loodconcentratie", "monstercode", "monsternamepunt", "nikkelconcentratie", "ringvaart", "rivierarmen", "sluizen", "staalname", "stenen", "stikstofconcentratie", "stof", "stroomgebied", "terreincode", "textuur", "vegetatie", "waterloop", "waterlopen", "waterwegen", "wildbeheer", "zeeschelde", "zeewezen", "zinkconcentratie", "zn", "zuurtegraad", "zwavelconcentratie"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Datavindplaats Vlaanderen", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2199335933", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.vlaanderen.be/DataCatalogRecord/27AB4BF7-AFF7-4D06-9350-E9FC40AC2480"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/965c0c41-dfc6-43f7-9f03-44b4dfb1398c"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "965C0C41-DFC6-43F7-9F03-44B4DFB1398C", "name": "item", "description": "965C0C41-DFC6-43F7-9F03-44B4DFB1398C", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/965C0C41-DFC6-43F7-9F03-44B4DFB1398C"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "9712f6a4-e2df-5b5f-9817-2311cbd45791", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2023-08-17T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "nl", "title": "Overviews of Integrated Annual Environmental Reports (IMJV) of operations subject to annual reporting requirements 2006", "description": "This layer contains an overview of all operations for which an Integrated Environmental Annual Report (IMJV) was submitted in 2006. For each operation, a URI of Linked Open Data (LOD) sheet with an overview of the components and their download links of the IMJV annual report for the year 2006. The Integrated Environmental Annual Report (IMJV) is an annual report prepared by companies and institutions in Flanders to provide information on their environmental performance and measures. The IMJV aims to provide an overview of the impact of companies on the environment and how they deal with it. The IMJV shall include, inter alia, the following items: - A description of the company's activities; - An overview of emissions to air, water and soil; - The use of energy and raw materials; - Measures taken by the company to protect the environment; - The result of any environmental measures taken by the company; and - A description of the treatment of waste. The IMJV is submitted to the Flemish government and is an important tool to monitor and compare the environmental performance of companies. Based on the IMJV, the government can develop policies and encourage companies to improve their environmental performance.", "formats": [{"name": "GML"}], "keywords": ["afvalstoffen", "be", "bodem", "emissies", "energie", "grondstoffen", "imjv", "lucht", "mercatornet", "milieu", "milieumaatregelen", "milieuprestaties", "openbaremetadata", "overzichten-van-integraal-milieujaarverslagen-(imjv)-van-jaarverslagplichtige-exploitaties-2006", "pf_imjv_exploitaties_2006", "water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "MercatorNet", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2199336923", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://metadata.vlaanderen.be/srv/dut/catalog.search#/metadata/e93fdb28-1a38-532d-9c7c-5326278e2794"}, {"href": "https://www.vlaanderen.be/DataCatalogRecord/e93fdb28-1a38-532d-9c7c-5326278e2794"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/9712f6a4-e2df-5b5f-9817-2311cbd45791"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "9712f6a4-e2df-5b5f-9817-2311cbd45791", "name": "item", "description": "9712f6a4-e2df-5b5f-9817-2311cbd45791", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/9712f6a4-e2df-5b5f-9817-2311cbd45791"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "9708167b06d476281c07094ff2e23e32", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:28:27Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Regional targeting of purpose driven wetlands: success or failure?", "description": "In the past 30 years, Swedish EU Rural Development Programme (RDP) financing for constructed wetlands (CWs) had two goals: nutrient reduction and biodiversity conservation. Since 2007, at least 1,718 CWs have been implemented. However, their cost effectiveness has been difficult to assess as defined targets for improvements were lacking. In 2013, Sweden set up regional (county) targets for new CWs to mitigate eutrophication and conserve biodiversity as part of a 6-year plan under the RDP. Here, we investigate if the increase in targeting was effective, in particular if the 15 participating counties achieved their stated goals. We also compare CW characteristics during the regionally targeted period (2014\u20132020) with the preceding untargeted period (2007\u20132013). The results indicate that regional targets were not achieved. Most counties set lower targets for biodiversity conservation than for nutrient reduction. Hence, by 2020 more counties exceeded targets for the former than for the latter. Budget share allocated to the two goals was not decisive, instead the outcome could be attributed to prioritization, budget controls, timing consistency, decision criteria consistency and goal setting. During both periods half of the CWs were funded for each purpose, yet the number of wetlands constructed decreased by 82% in the second period. Landowners may have prioritized biodiversity CWs as construction costs were higher for nutrient retention CWs and costs were mostly not fully covered by the RDP. Furthermore, targets were not budget limited, which meant that county-level allocation of funds could be shifted to finance CWs that did not meet the intended purpose. To increase overall measure effectiveness, we suggest that the distribution of national funds for CWs should be divided between the two purposes identified at the regional level and that reallocation of funds only be permitted in accordance with redefinition at the county level.", "keywords": ["330", "Ecology", "Water Resources", "Oceanography", " Hydrology", " Water Resources", "Hydrology", "Oceanography"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Geranmayeh, Pia, Futter, Martyn, Collentine, Dennis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/36463/1/geranmayeh-p-et-al-20250211.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/9708167b06d476281c07094ff2e23e32"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "9708167b06d476281c07094ff2e23e32", "name": "item", "description": "9708167b06d476281c07094ff2e23e32", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/9708167b06d476281c07094ff2e23e32"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2025-09-02T10:10:15Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "WMS Mittlere Elementgehalte im Oberboden und im Untergrund BB (WMS-ELEMENTGEHALTE)", "description": "Der Darstellungsdienst (WMS) Mittlere Elementgehalte im Oberboden und im Untergrund Brandenburgs stellt Daten zu Mittleren Elementgehalten im Oberboden und im Untergrund Brandenburgs und f\u00fcr einige ausgew\u00e4hlte umweltrelevante Elemente die Karten der mittleren Gehalte (Medianwerte / P50) im a) Oberboden (OB) und im b) Untergrund (UG) bereit. Grundlage sind die analytischen Daten zu ca. 2000 nach Bodenkundlicher Kartieranleitung (KA 5) aufgenommenen und unregelm\u00e4\u00dfig \u00fcber das Landesterritorium verteilten Bodenprofilen - k\u00f6nigswasserl\u00f6sliche Gehalte in Trockensubstanz Feinboden (kleiner 2 mm) f\u00fcr Arsen (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chrom (Cr), Kupfer (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Blei (Pb), Zink (Zn); Totalgehalte f\u00fcr Quecksilber (Hg). Die dargestellten Inhalte wurden f\u00fcr den Ma\u00dfstab 1 : 300.000 erstellt und sind f\u00fcr Darstellungen in Ma\u00dfst\u00e4ben gr\u00f6\u00dfer 1 : 100.000 nicht geeignet. Die Karte basiert auf den Legendeneinheiten der Bodenkarte, die den Gehaltsklassen entsprechend der Mediane f\u00fcr die dominierende der beteiligten Fl\u00e4chenbodenformen zugeordnet wurden. Die Gehaltsklassen, der jeweils f\u00fcr OB und UG einheitlichen Kartenlegenden, richten sich nach der Spannweite s\u00e4mtlicher Werte f\u00fcr das betreffende Element. Die Legendeneinheiten wurden farblich so gestaltet, dass die Gehalte von Gr\u00fcn \u00fcber Gelb nach Braun ansteigen. Da f\u00fcr die anthropogenen B\u00f6den nur wenige und stark streuende Werte vorliegen, wurden Siedlungsr\u00e4ume mit \u201ekeine Daten\u201c attributiert (grau). Die Kartendarstellungen werden erg\u00e4nzt durch eine tabellarische \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber die verwendeten mittleren Gehalte und deren Farbgestaltung. (siehe https://www.geo.brandenburg.de/mapbender/metadata/Elementgehalte.html) F\u00fcr weitere Informationen siehe die Metadaten der dem Dienst zugrundeliegenden Daten. Der WMS beinhaltet die folgenden Layer: - Zink im Oberboden [zn_oben], - Blei im Oberboden [pb_oben], - Nickel im Oberboden [ni_oben], - Quecksilber im Oberboden [hg_oben], - Kupfer im Oberboden [cu_oben], - Chrom im Oberboden [cr_oben], - Cadmium im Oberboden [cd_oben], - Arsen im Oberboden [as_oben], - Zink im Untergrund [zn_unten], - Blei im Untergrund [pb_unten], - Nickel im Untergrund [ni_unten], - Quecksilber im Untergrund [hg_unten], - Kupfer im Untergrund [cu_unten], - Chrom im Untergrund [cr_unten], - Cadmium im Untergrund [cd_unten], - Arsen im Untergrund [as_unten].", "formats": [{"name": "HTML"}], "keywords": ["arsen", "arsengehalt", "as-gehalt", "bboxbebb", "blei", "bleigehalt", "boden", "bodenkunde", "cadmium", "cadmiumgehalt", "cd-gehalt", "chemisches-element", "chrom", "chromgehalt", "cr-gehalt", "cu-gehalt", "de", "element", "geochemie", "geologie", "hg-gehalt", "kupfer", "kupfergehalt", "ni-gehalt", "nickel", "nickelgehalt", "oberboden", "opendata", "pb-gehalt", "quecksilber", "quecksilbergehalt", "sgd_boden", "untergrund", "wms", "zi-gehalt", "zink", "zinkgehalt"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Landesamt f\u00fcr Bergbau, Geologie und Rohstoffe Brandenburg (LBGR)", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geoportal.brandenburg.de/detailansichtdienst/render?view=gdibb&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.brandenburg.de%2Fgs-json%2Fxml%3Ffileid%3D9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e"}, {"href": "https://inspire.brandenburg.de/services/elementgehalte_wms?REQUEST=GetCapabilities&SERVICE=WMS"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e~~1"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e", "name": "item", "description": "9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/9717f7ad-ce0e-440a-b2e1-d62c2247250e"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "97ecad9e-944e-4544-b93d-5acfcd2a3652", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[6.63, 48.56], [6.63, 53.56], [13.94, 53.56], [13.94, 48.56], [6.63, 48.56]]]}, "properties": {"rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-05-30", "type": "Service", "created": "2023-02-27", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'Soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes in cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'AGIS Map Service of the dataset 'Soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes in cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems''", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "Soil", "greenhouse gas emissions", "land use change", "alley cropping", "carbon sequestration"], "contacts": [{"name": "Guodong Shao", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sguadon@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-7122-1319", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-8318-8349", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Center", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Guntars O. Martinson", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "gmartin@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-5571-0590", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Marife D. Corre", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mcorre@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-0359-2104", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Jie Luo", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jluo@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-8453-8585", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Dan Niu", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "dan.niu@forst.uni-goettingen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2268-9035", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://orcid.org", "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-8318-8349", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Marife D. 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The overall objective of the study is to compare the effects of organic fertilizers (cow dung and chicken droppings) with inorganic fertilizer (urea) on the vegetativegrowth of Amaranthus dubius. The data obtained showed that, levels of all parameters measured for both the organic and inorganic fertilizers ranges; Stem length (7.5- 64.2) cm, Stem width (2.4- 8.1) cm, Leaf length (8.0- 19.3) cm, Leaf width (3.3- 14.2) cm and Number of leaves per plant (09- 34). The mean values for the stem length, stem width, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves per plant were evaluated and found to be higher in plants grown with urea treatment compared to values obtained from the treatments with organic manures. Data were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results were expressed as percentage difference, the differences between the mean values were determined at 95% confidence. 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