{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-01-27", "title": "Change In Carbon And Nitrogen Stocks In Soil Under 13 Years Of Conventional Or Zero Tillage In Southern Brazil", "description": "The objective of this study was to determine in a long-term experiment (13 years) the effect of three different crop rotations (R1: wheat (Triticum aestivum)\u2013soybean (Glycine max), R2: wheat\u2013soybean\u2013vetch (Vicia villosa)\u2013maize (Zea mays), and R3: wheat\u2013soybean\u2013oat (Avena sativa)\u2013soybean\u2013vetch\u2013maize) under zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) on the stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) in a clayey Oxisol soil of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. At the end of 13 years, soil samples were taken to a depth of 100 cm, and analysed for bulk density, chemical composition and 13 C natural abundance. Under a continuous sequence of wheat (winter) and soybean (summer) the stock of soil organic C to 100 cm depth under ZT (168 Mg ha \u22121 ) was not significantly different (LSD at P = 0.05 of 11 Mg ha \u22121 ) to that under CT (168 Mg ha \u22121 ). However, in the rotations with vetch planted as a winter green-manure crop (R2 and R3), soil C stocks were approximately 17 Mg ha \u22121 higher under ZT than under CT. Between 46 and 68% of this difference occurred at 30\u201385 cm depth. The 13 C abundance data indicated that under ZT the decomposition of the original native SOM was not affected by the different composition of crops in the different rotations, but under CT the rotations R2 and R3, which included vetch and maize, stimulated the decay of the original native SOM compared to the continuous wheat/soybean sequence (R1). It appears that the contribution of N2 fixation by the leguminous green manure (vetch) in the cropping system was the principal factor responsible for the observed C accumulation in the soil under ZT, and that most accumulated C was derived from crop roots. \u00a9 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Soil nutrients", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Carbon-13", "Green manure crops", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "Zero tillage", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale", "Conservation tillage", "Tillage methods", "Brazil", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sisti, C. P. J., dos Santos, H. P., Kohhann, R., Alves, B. J. R., Urquiaga, S., Boddey, R. M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-27", "title": "Reversibility Of Soil Productivity Decline With Organic Matter Of Differing Quality Along A Degradation Gradient", "description": "In the highlands of Western Kenya, we investigated the reversibility of soil productivity decline with increasing length of continuous maize cultivation over 100\u00a0years (corresponding to decreasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient contents) using organic matter additions of differing quality and stability as a function of soil texture and inorganic nitrogen (N) additions. The ability of additions of labile organic matter (green and animal manure) to improve productivity primarily by enhanced nutrient availability was contrasted with the ability of stable organic matter (biochar and sawdust) to improve productivity by enhancing SOC. Maize productivity declined by 66% during the first 35\u00a0years of continuous cropping after forest clearing. Productivity remained at a low level of 3.0\u00a0t\u00a0grain\u00a0ha-1 across the chronosequence stretching up to 105\u00a0years of continuous cultivation despite full N\u2013phosphorus (P)\u2013potassium (K) fertilization (120\u2013100\u2013100\u00a0kg ha\u22121). Application of organic resources reversed the productivity decline by increasing yields by 57\u2013167%, whereby responses to nutrient-rich green manure were 110% greater than those from nutrient-poor sawdust. Productivity at the most degraded sites (80\u2013105\u00a0years since forest clearing) increased in response to green manure to a greater extent than the yields at the least degraded sites (5\u00a0years since forest clearing), both with full N\u2013P\u2013K fertilization. Biochar additions at the most degraded sites doubled maize yield (equaling responses to green manure additions in some instances) that were not fully explained by nutrient availability, suggesting improvement of factors other than plant nutrition. There was no detectable influence of texture (soils with either 11\u201314 or 45\u201349% clay) when low quality organic matter was applied (sawdust, biochar), whereas productivity was 8, 15, and 39% greater (P\u00a0<\u00a00.05) on sandier than heavier textured soils with high quality organic matter (green and animal manure) or only inorganic nutrient additions, respectively. Across the entire degradation range, organic matter additions decreased the need for additional inorganic fertilizer N irrespective of the quality of the organic matter. For low quality organic resources (biochar and sawdust), crop yields were increasingly responsive to inorganic N fertilization with increasing soil degradation. On the other hand, fertilizer N additions did not improve soil productivity when high quality organic inputs were applied. Even with the tested full N\u2013P\u2013K fertilization, adding organic matter to soil was required for restoring soil productivity and most effective in the most degraded sites through both nutrient delivery (with green manure) and improvement of SOC (with biochar).", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Chronosequence", "Sustainable agriculture", "Green manure crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "Soil productivity", "Soil erosion", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biochar addition", "Clay concentration", "Agroecosystems", "Field Scale"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Open AccessUsing a three year trial in Nigeria, this article examines the effectiveness of leguminous cover crops on maize yield in West Africa. Testing multiple types of cover crops, the study universally demonstrates the cover crops conserve nitrogen and result in improvements for maize yield in both drier and wetter years. While the cover crop was more effective in improving nitrogen in wetter conditions, yields still improved during the drier year with the cover crop.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Soil management", "fertilizers", "Conservation agriculture", "Nitrogen concentration", "legumes", "trials", "Green manure crops", "crops", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Biomass production", "Legume cover crops", "Soil conservation", "Nitrogen fertilizer replacement index", "West Africa", "Maize yield", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Kang, B.T., Kirchhof, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-15", "title": "Using Mucuna And P Fertilizer To Increase Maize Grain Yield And N Fertilizer Use Efficiency In The Coastal Savanna Of Togo", "description": "To reduce severe soil degradation associated with agriculture an intensified land-use system is being promoted in West African countries. Most soils of the West African savanna zones are so poor that the efficiency of mineral fertilizers, if applied, is very low. For this reason and because of their high cost and unavailability, many small-scale farmers are reluctant to apply fertilizer. This work investigates a fertilizer management strategy using integrated soil fertility management with a leguminous cover crop (mucuna) so as to improve the soil fertility and increase the use efficiency of fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in the coastal savanna of Togo at Djaka Kope. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of mucuna short fallow (MSF) in increasing maize grain yield through an improved use efficiency of mineral fertilizer. A 2-year maize\u2013mucuna relay intercropping system was compared with continuous sole maize cropping. Fertilizer treatments were factorial combinations of 0, 50 and 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha\u20131 and 0, 20 and 40 kg phosphorus (P) ha\u20131. While maize grain yield was significantly increased by N fertilization, P did not show any important effect on grain yield. With no N and P applied, grain yield after MSF was on average 40% (572 kg ha\u20131) higher than without. The response to N was much greater than the response to MSF, indicating that N was undoubtedly the key element for maize yield building. P fertilization and MSF together positively influenced the apparent N recovery fraction (NRF). N uptake alone did not reflect on its own the yield obtained, and the relationship between grain yield and N uptake is shifted by MSF, with the grain yield increase per unit of N uptake being higher with than without MSF. Combining MSF and P fertilization may therefore lead to improved N use efficiency, making the application of fertilizer N (lower rates) more attractive to small-scale farmers.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Cover cropping", "Small-scale farming", "Green manure crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Mucuna", "01 natural sciences", "Coastal savanna", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "Togo", "Fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mineral fertilizers"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fofana, B., Breman, H., Carsky, R. J., Van Reuler, H., Tamelokpo, A., Gnakpenou, K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effect Of A Legume Cover Crop (Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis) On Soil Carbon In An Ultisol Under Maize Cultivation In Southern Benin", "description": "<p>Abstract.  Long term fallow is no longer possible in densely populated tropical areas, but legume cover crops can help maintain soil fertility. Our work aimed to study changes in soil carbon in a sandy loam Ultisol in Benin, which involved a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment on three maize cropping systems under manual tillage: traditional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cultivation (T), mineral fertilized cultivation (NPK), and association with Mucuna pruriens (M). The origin of soil carbon was also determined through the natural abundance of soil and biomass 13C. In T, NPK and M changes in soil carbon at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm were \uffe2\uff88\uff920.2, +0.2 and +1.3 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with residue carbon amounting to 3.5, 6.4 and 10.0 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. After 12 years of experimentation, carbon originating from maize in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm) represented less than 4% of both total carbon and overall maize residue carbon. In contrast, carbon originating from mucuna in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented more than 50% of both total carbon and overall mucuna residue carbon in M, possibly due to accelerated mineralization of native soil carbon (priming effect) and slow mulch decomposition. Carbon originating from weeds in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented c. 10% of both total carbon and overall weed residue carbon in T and NPK. Thus mucuna mulch was very effective in promoting carbon sequestration in the soil studied.</p>", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Carbon sequestration", "13C natural abundance", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Npk", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "630", "plante de couverture", "Legume cover crops", "Benin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "legume cover crop", "Mucuna pruriens", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4971", "ANALYSE STATISTIQUE", "580", "LEGUMINEUSE TROPICALE", "Acrisol", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical zones", "mucuna", "BIOMASSE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Green manure crops", "RESIDU VEGETAL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_101", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mucuna", "Soil carbon", "CARBONE ORGANIQUE", "soil organic carbon", "STOCK ORGANIQUE", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "MAIS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "FERTILISATION DU SOL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-27", "title": "Effect Of Tillage, Cropping, And Fertilizer Management On Soil-Nitrogen Mineralization Potential", "description": "Abstract<p>Nitrogen mineralization potentials (No) were determined on soil from a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term crop rotation tillage experiment on a Palouse silt loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls). Crop rotations included continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alternate winter wheat and (pea Pisum sativum L.), alternate winter wheat and spring wheat, and pea\uffe2\uff80\uff90alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90green manure, followed by 5 y of alternate spring wheat and winter wheat. Tillage variables were moldboard plowing, chisel plowing, or no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N fertilizer rate plots were also studied on a Ritzville silt loam (coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90silty, mixed, mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls). The tillage plots were cropped annually, whereas the fertilization rate plots were alternately fallowed and cropped to winter wheat with and without spring supplemental irrigation. Moldboard plowing resulted in uniform No values throughout the top 15 cm of soil, but N mineralization potential (No) was greater for chisel plowing and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till than for moldboard plowing at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth and less at the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depths. The net result was that average No for 0 to 15 cm was unaffected by tillage or crop rotation in the fall sampling. In the spring sampling, average No for either chisel plowing or no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till was significantly higher than for moldboard plowing. Also, peas\uffe2\uff80\uff90alfalfa\uffe2\uff80\uff90green manure followed by alternate spring wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter wheat had a significantly higher No averge than both continuous winter wheat and winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90pea but was not different from winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90spring wheat. The No of the tillage and the crop rotation management treatments were significantly greater with samples obtained in the fall than from those obtained in the spring. Nitrogen mineralization potentials increased linearly with increased N rate on both the dryland and supplemental irrigated treatments. However, supplemental irrigation uniformly increased No compared with the corresponding nonirrigated treatments.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "Conservation agriculture", "Green manure crops", "No-till", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Chisel plow", "Fertilization", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Moldboard plow", "Field Scale", "Conservation tillage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "El-Haris, M. K., Cochran, V. L., Elliott, L. F., Bezdicek, D. F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20Society%20of%20America%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1983-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Green+manure+crops&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Green+manure+crops&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Green+manure+crops&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Green+manure+crops&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-14T23:25:15.398766Z"}