{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-17", "title": "Fluxes And Production Of N2o, Co2 And Ch4 In Boreal Agricultural Soil During Winter As Affected By Snow Cover", "description": "Agricultural soils are important source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and a considerable part of annual N2O release occurs during the cold season in the boreal region. According to recent studies N2O can be produced in soils at low temperatures, below 0 \u00b0C. We studied if removal of the snowcover lowers soil temperatures and whether this would affect flux rates of N2O, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from an agricultural soil in eastern Finland. Gas flux rates and concentrations in soil were measured from study plots with undisturbed snow cover and from plots with snow removed. This experiment simulates changes in the soil thermal conditions with less snowfall. Plots without snow had even 15 \u00b0C lower temperature at the depth of 5 cm and they had higher N2O emissions during soil freezing and thawing. However, there were only minor changes in CH4 or CO2 flux rates after removal of snow over the cold season. N2O and CO2 accumulated in the soil during winter and were then released rapidly during thawing in spring. CH4 concentrations in the soil remained lower than the atmospheric levels during winter and subsequently increased to the ambient levels after thawing. Future climate scenarios suggest possible decline in snowfall in northern Europe resulting in lower soil temperatures. This could lead to higher N2O emissions from boreal agricultural soils.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x", "keywords": ["hiilidioksidi", "2. Zero hunger", "ilokaasu", "nitrous oxide", "methane", "0207 environmental engineering", "carbon dioxide", "snow cover", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "maatalousmaa", "metaani", "01 natural sciences", "630", "kasvihuonekaasut", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "lumipeite", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tellus%20B", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00304.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.17352", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-19", "title": "Simultaneous tree stem and soil greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) flux measurements: a novel design for continuous monitoring towards improving flux estimates and temporal resolution", "description": "Summary

Tree stems and soils can act as sources and sinks for the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Since both uptake and emission capacities can be large, especially in tropical rainforests, accurate assessments of the magnitudes and temporal variations of stem and soil GHG fluxes are required.

We designed a new flexible stem chamber system for continuously measuring GHG fluxes in a French Guianese rainforest. Here, we describe this new system, which is connected to an automated soil GHG flux system, and discuss measurement uncertainty and potential error sources.

In line with findings for soil GHG flux estimates, we demonstrated that lengthening the stem chamber closure time was required for accurate estimates of tree stem CH4 and N2O flux but not tree stem CO2 flux. The instrumented stem was a net source of CO2 and CH4 and a weak sink of N2O.

Our experimental setup operated successfully in situ and provided continuous tree and soil GHG measurements at a high temporal resolution over an 11\uffe2\uff80\uff90month period. This automated system is a major step forward in the measurement of GHG fluxes in stems and the atmosphere concurrently with soil GHG fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.

Biofuel policies are a subset of policies designed to achieve energy security, an improved environment, enhanced agricultural incomes, technological change, and overall economic benefits, with increased domestic energy production creating green jobs and foreign exchange savings. In assessing this broad spectrum of proclaimed policy goals with the outcome of biofuel mandates, subsidies, import barriers, binary sustainability standards, and indirect land use measures, we identify many perverse and contradictory effects. Most importantly, we show how biofuel policies established the crop-energy price link and hence the food-fuel trade-off, the contradictory effects of combining mandates with different subsidies, the various surprising welfare economic effects, and the various inconsistencies associated with binary sustainability standards and carbon leakages. We conclude with examples of how biofuel policies have generated paradoxical effects in many other different dimensions.

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Just,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-091912-151933"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annual%20Review%20of%20Resource%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1146/annurev-resource-091912-151933", "name": "item", "description": "10.1146/annurev-resource-091912-151933", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1146/annurev-resource-091912-151933"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0204597", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": 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\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632.", "keywords": ["Agricultural Irrigation", "Ecosystem respiration", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Random Allocation", "Soil", "Soil water", "Paddy field", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Primary production", "Ecology", "Respiration", "Q", "R", "Life Sciences", "Soil respiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Crop Production", "6. Clean water", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "Seasons", "Research Article", "Science", "Soil Science", "Environmental science", "12. Responsible consumption", "Greenhouse Gases", "Fertilizers", "Irrigation", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Ecosystem", "Soil science", "Conservation of Water Resources", "Soil Fertility", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "Botany", "Water", "Oryza", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204597"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0204597", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0204597", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0204597"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000200010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-07-01", "title": "Carbon Dioxide Efflux In A Rhodic Hapludox As Affected By Tillage Systems In Southern Brazil", "description": "

Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of atmospheric C, according to the soil management. This long-term experiment (22 years) was evaluated during 30 days in autumn, to quantify the effect of tillage systems (conventional tillage-CT and no-till-NT) on the soil CO2-C flux in a Rhodic Hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A closed-dynamic system (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor) and a static system (alkali absorption) were used to measure soil CO2-C flux immediately after soybean harvest. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously with CO2-C flux, by Licor-6400 soil temperature probe and manual TDR, respectively. During the entire month, a CO2-C emission of less than 30 % of the C input through soybean crop residues was estimated. In the mean of a 30 day period, the CO2-C flux in NT soil was similar to CT, independent of the chamber type used for measurements. Differences in tillage systems with dynamic chamber were verified only in short term (daily evaluation), where NT had higher CO2-C flux than CT at the beginning of the evaluation period and lower flux at the end. The dynamic chamber was more efficient than the static chamber in capturing variations in CO2-C flux as a function of abiotic factors. In this chamber, the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS), in the NT soil, explained 83 and 62 % of CO2-C flux, respectively. The Q10 factor, which evaluates CO2-C flux dependence on soil temperature, was estimated as 3.93, suggesting a high sensitivity of the biological activity to changes in soil temperature during fall season. The CO2-C flux measured in a closed dynamic chamber was correlated with the static alkali adsorption chamber only in the NT system, although the values were underestimated in comparison to the other, particularly in the case of high flux values. At low soil temperature and WFPS conditions, soil tillage caused a limited increase in soil CO2-C flux.

", "keywords": ["Efeito estufa", "2. Zero hunger", "Biologia do solo", "no-till", "umidade do solo", "soil temperature", "temperatura do solo", "Temperatura do solo", "No-till", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plantio direto", "15. Life on land", "Solos - Umidade", "6. Clean water", "Umidade do solo", "plantio direto", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "Soil temperature", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil moisture", "soil moisture", "gases de efeito estufa"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chavez, Luis Fernando, Amado, Telmo Jorge Carneiro, Bayer, Cim\u00e9lio, La Scala, Newton Junior, Escobar, Luisa Fernanda, Fiorin, Jackson Ernani, Campos, Ben-Hur Costa de,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000200010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000200010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000200010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832009000200010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17180/ciag-2025-vol98-art06-gb", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:29Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Reducing the use of plant protection products and greenhouse gas emissions in arable farming systems in northern France (System-Eco+).", "description": "Crop protection and nitrogen fertilizers uses are the mainstays of large-scale cereal and industrial cropping systems in northern France. Biological and climatic effects call to design and evaluate cropping systems that cut the use of plant protection products by implementing counterbalancing agronomic levers aiming to maintain yields. An experimental set-up composed of 7 cropping systems located at the Estr\u00e9es-Mons agronomic station (France) was monitored from 2018 to 2024. The experiment combined decrease in the use of plant protection products while improving the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance by reducing synthetic fertilization. The introduction of cropping systems designed to reduce the use of pesticides made it possible to achieve treatment frequency index (TFI) reductions of 70 to 100% without significantly affecting yields and while ensuring weed control. This also resulted in a significant reduction in fungicide and herbicide residues in the soil. The levers used to reduce the use of plant protection products have a neutral effect on greenhouse gas emissions, or even a favourable effect when leguminous crops are introduced into the succession to provide soil cover and balance the nitrogen balance.", "keywords": ["[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Greenhouse Gases", "Fertilization", "Nitrous Oxide", "Soil organic carbon storage", "0", "Weeds", "Weeds ; Pesticides ; Fertilization ; Nitrous Oxide ; Soil organic carbon storage ; Greenhouse Gases", "Pesticides", "FairCarboN"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17180/ciag-2025-vol98-art06-gb"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17180/ciag-2025-vol98-art06-gb", "name": "item", "description": "10.17180/ciag-2025-vol98-art06-gb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17180/ciag-2025-vol98-art06-gb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/362/2013-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Effects Of 3,4-Dimethylphyrazole Phosphate-Added Nitrogen Fertilizers On Crop Growth And N2o Emissions In Southern Italy", "description": "The effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylphyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on N-fertilized crop growth and soil N2O emissions were studied at two experimental sites in Southern Italy, characterised by a Mediterranean climate and different soil texture. The experiments were a randomized block design of two treatments: crop fertilized with NH4NO3 (considered the control treatment) or amended with DMPP plus NH4NO3 (considered the DMPP treatment). ANOVA was performed to assess differences between treatments and fertilization periods whereas simple and multiple linear regressions were performed in order to assess the effect of the soil-related in-dependent variables on soil gases emissions. Growth of potato plants fertilized with DMPP-added nitrogen was enhanced compared to control plants, whereas no benefit on maize plants grown during summer was observed. N2O emissions measured from soil to potato after the first fertilization with DMPP-added nitrogen was reduced during winter, but was higher than control after the second fertilizer application in spring, leading to comparable N2O emission factors (EF1) between treatments. In maize N2O emissions and EF1 were lower for DMPP compared to control treatment. The effectiveness of reduction in soil N2O emission was influenced by soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) in both experimental sites. However, the overall effect of WFPS was contrasting as N2O emissions were decreased in potato and enhanced in maize.", "keywords": ["DMPP", "2. Zero hunger", "plant growth; nitrous oxide; DMPP; Mediterranean climate; greenhouse gases", "nitrous oxide", "Plant culture", "plant growth", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water", "SB1-1110", "dmpp", "mediterranean climate", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mediterranean climate", "greenhouse gases; plant growth; nitrous oxide; DMPP; Mediterranean climate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/362/2013-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/362/2013-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/362/2013-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/362/2013-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su9061044", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-06-22", "title": "Reducing Global Warming Potential Through Sustainable Intensification Of Basmati Rice-Wheat Systems In India", "description": "

This study examines the effects of tillage, residue management and cropping system intensification through the inclusion of green gram on the performance of the rice-wheat (RW) system in NW India. We hypothesized that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention provides a means of sustainably intensifying the RW system through lower production costs and higher economic profitability, whilst at the same time minimizing soil and environmental trade-offs. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated six combinations of tillage, residue management and green gram integration in RW rotation in northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India. Treatments included in the study were: rice and wheat under conventional tillage (CT) with and without green gram (CTR-CTW, CTR-CTW+GG), both crops under zero-tillage (ZT) with and without green gram (ZTR-ZTW-R, ZTR-ZTW-R+GG) and both crops under ZT plus residues with and without green gram (ZTR-ZTW+R, ZTR-ZTW+R+GG). Based on two consecutive years of data, the net return from the RW system was significantly higher in the ZT than CT systems. Methane emissions were only observed under flooded conditions in CT rice plots; otherwise, emissions were negligible in all other treatment combinations. N2O emissions were dictated by N fertilizer application with no other treatment effects. Overall, ZT with residue retention resulted in the lowest global warming potential (GWP) ranging from \uffe2\uff88\uff923301 to \uffe2\uff88\uff92823 kg CO2-eq ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 compared to 4113 to 7917 kg CO2-eq ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in other treatments. Operational inputs (tillage, planting, and irrigation) and soil C sequestration had significant effects on total GWP. The water footprint of RW production system was about 29% less in CA-based system compared to CT-based systems. Our study concludes that ZTR-ZTW+R and ZTR-ZTW+R+GG in RW systems of northwestern IGP have the potential to be agronomically productive, economically viable with benefits also for the environment in terms of soil health and GHG emissions.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "food security", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "climate change", "conservation agriculture; greenhouse gas emissions; carbon sequestration; methane; nitrous oxide; global warming potential", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "emission", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/6/1044/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061044"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su9061044", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su9061044", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su9061044"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-11", "title": "Modelling and Prediction of Organic Carbon Dynamics in Arable Soils Based on a 62-Year Field Experiment in the Voronezh Region, European Russia", "description": "

Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4‰. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5‰ annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg·ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4‰ per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg·ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3‰ and 6‰ of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "long-term experiment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2016.04.0156", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-28", "title": "Biochar Impacts On Crop Productivity And Greenhouse Gas Emissions From An Andosol", "description": "

To assess the impacts of biochar application on crop productivity and global warming mitigation, a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment was conducted in a well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained Andosol in northern Japan. Wood residue\uffe2\uff80\uff93derived biochar (pyrolyzed at >800\uffc2\uffb0C) was applied at rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for potatoes, winter wheat, sugar beet, and soybeans cultivated in rotation, and CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from the soil and yield and quality of the harvested materials were measured. Biochar application, regardless of rate, had no significant impact on yield and quality of the harvested materials, except for soybean grain yield. It also had no effect on cumulative CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from the soil. Andosols are inherently highly porous, and biochar application increased soil porosity only at the highest amendment level. The small changes in soil properties and the recalcitrance of the biochar's C components probably account for the unchanged soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated greenhouse gas emissions and the minimal impact on crop yield and quality. Because soil CO2 emission was not increased, the net ecosystem C budget during the study period increased with the rate of biochar application from \uffe2\uff88\uff923.55 \uffc2\uffb1 0.19 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 without biochar application to 4.89 \uffc2\uffb1 0.46, 13.4 \uffc2\uffb1 0.3, and 29.9 \uffc2\uffb1 0.4 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at application rates of 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively; therefore, application of wood residue\uffe2\uff80\uff93derived biochar to an Andosol has great potential for mitigating global warming through enhanced soil C sequestration without sacrificing crop productivity.

Core Ideas

Biochar from wood residues pyrolyzed at >800\uffc2\uffb0C was used in crop rotation.

Biochar had no or little impact on crop yield and quality compared with the control.

Emissions of CO2, N2O, and CH4 from an Andosol were not affected by biochar.

Carbon compounds in the wood residue\uffe2\uff80\uff93derived biochar were recalcitrant for 4 yr.

Biochar application enhanced soil C sequestration, thus mitigating global warming.

", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Greenhouse Gases", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.04.0156"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2016.04.0156", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2016.04.0156", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2016.04.0156"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/feart.2021.630493", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-26", "title": "Permafrost Carbon and CO2 Pathways Differ at Contrasting Coastal Erosion Sites in the Canadian Arctic", "description": "

Warming air and sea temperatures, longer open-water seasons and sea-level rise collectively promote the erosion of permafrost coasts in the Arctic, which profoundly impacts organic matter pathways. Although estimates on organic carbon (OC) fluxes from erosion exist for some parts of the Arctic, little is known about how much OC is transformed into greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this study we investigated two different coastal erosion scenarios on Qikiqtaruk \uffe2\uff80\uff93 Herschel Island (Canada) and estimate the potential for GHG formation. We distinguished between adelayedrelease represented bymud debrisdraining a coastal thermoerosional feature and adirectrelease represented bycliff debrisat a low collapsing bluff. Carbon dioxide (CO2) production was measured during incubations at 4\uffc2\uffb0C under aerobic conditions for two months and were modeled for four months and a full year. Our incubation results show thatmud debrisandcliff debrislost a considerable amount of OC as CO2(2.5 \uffc2\uffb1 0.2 and 1.6 \uffc2\uffb1 0.3% of OC, respectively). Although relative OC losses were highest in mineralmud debris, higher initial OC content and fresh organic matter incliff debrisresulted in a \uffe2\uff88\uffbcthree times higher cumulative CO2release (4.0 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9 compared to 1.4 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 mg CO2gdw\uffe2\uff80\uff931), which was further increased by the addition of seawater. After four months, modeled OC losses were 4.9 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 and 3.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.3% in set-ups without seawater and 14.3 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 and 7.3 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8% in set-ups with seawater. The results indicate that adelayedrelease may support substantial cycling of OC at relatively low CO2production rates during long transit timesonshoreduring the Arctic warm season. By contrast,directerosion may result in a single CO2pulse and less substantial OC cyclingonshoreas transfer times are short. Once eroded sediments are deposited in thenearshore, highest OC losses can be expected. We conclude that the release of CO2from eroding permafrost coasts varies considerably between erosion types and residence timeonshore. We emphasize the importance of a more comprehensive understanding of OC degradation during the coastal erosion process to improve thawed carbon trajectories and models.

Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4‰. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5‰ annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg·ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4‰ per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg·ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3‰ and 6‰ of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "long-term experiment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101607"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy10101607", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy10101607", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy10101607"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su13031436", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-01-29", "title": "Horticulture and Orchards as New Markets for Manure Valorisation with Less Environmental Impacts", "description": "

Animal manure management is a real challenge to minimize environmental impacts and ensure that this valuable material is efficiently used in a circular economy context. One of the main limitations for larger use of animal manure as fertilizer is the availability of land to receive it in an area close to the farm. Indeed, animal manure is traditionally used for cereals and animal feed growth, but the soil area occupied with these crops might not be enough to receive all the manure produced and/or part of this soil might have nutrient contents, namely phosphorous, that do not permit further application of manure. Hence, extra land used for other agricultural activities might be an option. The main objective of the present review was to analyse the constraints and solutions to increase the use of manure in horticulture and orchards. Emphasis was given to the legal framework for manure utilization in the EU that might stimulate or restrain such a solution. The main characteristics of manure that might limit or stimulate manure reuse were also described, and the potential of some treatments to valorise manure was analysed. Several examples of alternative uses of manure in horticulture and orchards were examined, and the society and farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 acceptance of the proposed solution was addressed.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "farmer's acceptance", "pathogens", "water contamination", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "ammonia", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "organic fertilizer", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1436/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031436"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su13031436", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su13031436", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su13031436"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9nx", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:43Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-12-26", "title": "Data from: Promoting success in thin layer sediment placement: effects of sediment grain size and amendments on salt marsh plant growth and greenhouse gas exchange", "description": "unspecifiedThin layer sediment placement (TLP) is a method to mitigate factors resulting in loss of elevation and severe alteration of hydrology, such as sea level rise and anthropogenic modifications, and prolong the lifespan of drowning salt marshes. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key US salt marsh plants: Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens, and Salicornia pacifica. We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH4+-N) and porewater pH and salinity were found to have an inverse relationship with grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain-sized sediments will be better flushed and oxidized. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species-specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects.", "keywords": ["Salt marsh", "Greenhouse gases", "restoration", "soil amendment", "biochar", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Particle size distribution", "Sea level rise", "Ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9nx"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9nx", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9nx", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9nx"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.48620/90780", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-23", "title": "Warming of Northern Peatlands Increases the Global Temperature Overshoot Challenge", "description": "Meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature goals requires limiting future carbon emissions, yet current policies make temporarily overshooting the 1.5\u00b0C target likely. The potential climate feedback from destabilizing peatlands, storing large amounts of carbon, remains poorly quantified. Using the reduced-complexity Earth System Model OSCAR with an integrated peat carbon module, we found that across various overshoot pathways that temporarily exceed 1.5\u00b0C-2.5\u00b0C, northern peatlands exhibit net positive feedback, amplifying the overshoot challenge. Warming increases peatlands' net carbon uptake, but this is largely offset by higher methane emissions. We estimated that for each 1\u00b0C increase in peak warming, the positive feedback from peatlands decreases the remaining carbon budget by 37 GtCO2 (22-48 GtCO2). If the 1.5\u00b0C temperature target is exceeded, peatlands would increase carbon removal requirement by about 40 GtCO2 (16-60 GtCO2) (8.6%). Our findings highlight the importance of properly accounting for northern peatlands for estimating climate feedbacks, especially under overshoot scenarios.", "keywords": ["[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "climate change", "northern peatlands", "carbon", "greenhouse gases", "land surface model", "reduced-complexity earth system model", "FairCarboN", "temperature feedback", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Article", "overshoot"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/62739/1/1-s2.0-S2590332225001794-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/20730/1/1-s2.0-S2590332225001794-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.48620/90780"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/One%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.48620/90780", "name": "item", "description": "10.48620/90780", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.48620/90780"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.8812m", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:38Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Soil trace gas fluxes along orthogonal precipitation and soil fertility gradients in tropical lowland forests of Panama", "description": "unspecifiedTropical lowland forest soils are significant sources and sinks of trace gases. In order to model soil trace gas flux for future climate scenarios, it is necessary to be able to predict changes in soil trace gas fluxes along natural gradients of soil fertility and climatic characteristics. We quantified trace gas fluxes in lowland forest soils at five locations in Panama, which encompassed orthogonal precipitation and soil fertility gradients. Soil trace gas fluxes were measured monthly for 1 (NO) or 2 (CO2, CH4, N2O) years (2010\u20132012) using vented dynamic (for NO only) or static chambers with permanent bases. Across the five sites, annual fluxes ranged from 8.0 to 10.2\u202fMg CO2-C, \u22122.0 to \u22120.3\u202fkg CH4-C, 0.4 to 1.3\u202fkg N2O-N and \u22120.82 to \u22120.03\u202fkg NO-N\u202fha\u22121\u202fyr\u22121. Soil CO2 emissions did not differ across sites, but they did exhibit clear seasonal differences and a parabolic pattern with soil moisture across sites. All sites were CH4 sinks; within-site fluxes were largely controlled by soil moisture, whereas fluxes across sites were positively correlated with an integrated index of soil fertility. Soil N2O fluxes were low throughout the measurement years, but the highest emissions occurred at a mid-precipitation site with high soil N availability. Net negative NO fluxes at the soil surface occurred at all sites, with the most negative fluxes at the low-precipitation site closest to Panama City; this was likely due to high ambient NO concentrations from anthropogenic sources. Our study highlights the importance of both short-term (climatic) and long-term (soil and site characteristics) factors in predicting soil trace gas fluxes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "nitrous oxide", "13. Climate action", "Nitric oxide", "Soil characteristics", "15. Life on land", "Methane"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Matson, Amanda L., Corre, Marife D., Langs, Kerstin, Veldkamp, Edzo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8812m"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.8812m", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.8812m", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.8812m"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-25", "title": "European primary emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases in 2020 modulated by the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions", "description": "

Abstract. We present a European dataset of daily-, sector-, pollutant- and country-dependent emission adjustment factors associated to the COVID-19 mobility restrictions for the year 2020. The resulting dataset covers a total of nine emission sectors, including road transport, energy industry, manufacturing industry, residential and commercial combustion, aviation, shipping, off-road transport, use of solvents, and fugitive emissions from transportation and distribution of fossil fuels. The dataset was produced to be combined with the Copernicus CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 business-as-usual (BAU) inventory, which provides high resolution (0.1 \u00d7 0.05 deg.) emission estimates for 2020 omitting the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions. The combination of both datasets allows quantifying spatially- and temporally-resolved reductions in primary emissions from both criteria pollutants (NOx, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (CO2 fossil fuel, CO2 biofuel and CH4), as well as assessing the contribution of each emission sector and European country to the overall emission changes. Estimated overall emission changes in 2020 relative to BAU emissions were as follows: \u221210.5 % for NOx (\u2212602 kt), \u22127.8 % (\u2212260.2 Mt) for CO2 from fossil fuels, \u22124.7 % (\u2212808.5 kt) for CO, \u22124.6 % (\u221280 kt) for SO2, \u22123.3 % (\u221219.1 Mt) for CO2 from biofuels, \u22123.0 % (\u221256.3 kt) for PM10, \u22122.5 % (\u2212173.3 kt) for NMVOC, \u22122.1 % (\u221224.3 kt) for PM2.5, \u22120.9 % (\u2212156.1 kt) for CH4 and \u22120.2 % (\u22128.6 kt) for NH3. The most pronounced drop in emissions occurred in April (up to \u221232.8 % on average for NOx) when mobility restrictions were at their maxima. The emission reductions during the second epidemic wave between October and December, were three to four times lower than those occurred during the Spring lockdown, as mobility restrictions were generally softer (e.g., curfews, limited social gatherings). Italy, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany were, together, the largest contributors to the total EU27 + UK absolute emission decreases. At the sectoral level, the largest emission declines were found for aviation (\u221251 to \u221256 %), followed by road transport (\u221215.5 % to \u221218.8 %), the latter being the main driver of the estimated reductions for the majority of pollutants. The collection of COVID-19 emission adjustment factors (https://doi.org/10.24380/k966-3957, Guevara et al., 2022) and the CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 BAU gridded inventory (https://doi.org/10.24380/eptm-kn40, Kuenen et al., 2022) have been produced in support of air quality modelling studies.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "330", "Mobility restrictions COVID-19", "Geology", "COVID-19 (Malaltia)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "3. Good health", "Environmental sciences", "COVID-19 (Disease)", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "Simulaci\u00f3 per ordinador", "Air quality", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "Air--Pollution", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica", "Confinament", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2521/2022/essd-14-2521-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-31"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2022-31"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:20:17Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "SERENA EJP Soil: Green House Gas Regulation Application Emilia-Romagna, Italy (Summer)", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as part of the EJP Soil SERENA programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results may contain inconsistencies, depending in particular on the raw data available and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen and their prior knowledge . It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained in order to decide on their relevance in relation to the intended purpose of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use for environmental management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and complementing when necessary the provided results with the best available data. Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["greenhouse gases and climate regulation indicators", "Soil sciences", "Grant 862695", "net ecosystem productivity", "Emilia-Romagna", " Italy", "SERENA", "EJP-Soil", "Soil-based ecosystem services"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951142"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13951142"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:20:17Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "SERENA EJP Soil: Green House Gas Regulation Application Emilia-Romagna, Italy (Summer)", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as part of the EJP Soil SERENA programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results may contain inconsistencies, depending in particular on the raw data available and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen and their prior knowledge . It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained in order to decide on their relevance in relation to the intended purpose of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use for environmental management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and complementing when necessary the provided results with the best available data. Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["greenhouse gases and climate regulation indicators", "Soil sciences", "Grant 862695", "net ecosystem productivity", "Emilia-Romagna", " Italy", "SERENA", "EJP-Soil", "Soil-based ecosystem services"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Medina-Roldan, Eduardo, Lorenzetti, Romina, GARDIN, LORENZO, Buttafuoco, Gabriele, Ungaro, Fabrizio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951143"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13951143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14825718", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:20:31Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Raw data for the manuscript: Conventional and biodegradable agricultural microplastics affecting soil properties and microbial functions across a European pedoclimatic gradient", "description": "Clay, Silt, Fine sand, Coarse sand, dry matter, bulk density, pH, electric conductivity, Water extractable organic carbon, Water extractable total nitrogen, Water extractable organic nitrogen,\u00a0Ammonium, Nitrate, Phosphate, Soil organic carbon, Soil total nitrogen, Potential ammonium oxidation, Potential ammonification, Basal respiration, Substrate-induced respiration, Remaining mass of green and black tea litter, Ergosterol concentration, Soil aggregation, Bact and fungi Chao, Bact and fungi Shannon, Bact and fungi InvSimpson, CH4, CO2, N2O", "keywords": ["Microbial community composition", "Microbial activity", "Greenhouse gases", "Teabag index", "Agricultural plastics", "eDNA", "Field experiment"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Smidova, Klara, Hofman, Jakub, Velmala, Sannakajsa, Soinne, Helena, Kim, Shin Woong, Tirroniemi, Jyri, Selonen, Salla,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825718"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14825718", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14825718", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14825718"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.17828153", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:20:56Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Response of low affinity methanotrophs to glyphosate formulations", "description": "unspecifiedThe data set consists of the following files: Soil properties.xlsx - Properties of Gleysol, Leptosol and Fluvisol soils used in this study. Data include the results of: Full water capacity, pH, Eh, EC, PO4-P, NO3-N, NH3-N, Total carbon [%], Total inorganic carbon [%], Total organic carbon [%], Bulk density and % contents of clay, silt and sand. Taxonomy results.xlsx \u2013 taxonomical data from Next Generation Sequencing method of DNA obtained from enriched cultures treated with glyphosate and Roundup 360 Plus. Primers used: 515F (5\u2019-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA) and 806R (5\u2019-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT). dPCR quantification.xlsx \u2013 raw data obtained from digital polymerase chain reaction assay of DNA obtained soils treated with glyphosate and Roundup 360 Plus. Specific primers for 16S rRNA gene were selected: 515F (5\u2019-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA) and 806R (5\u2019-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT). Specific primers for pmoA gene were selected: A189f (5\u2019-GGNGACTGGGACTTCTGG) and mb661 (5\u2019-CCGGMGCAACGTCYTTACC).\u00a0 Methanotrophic activity.xlsx \u2013 data obtained from gas chromatograph through incubation of soils treated with glyphosate and Roundup 360 Plus. alpha-diversity indices.xlsx - data acquired from Next Generation Sequencing method of DNA obtained from enriched cultures treated with glyphosate and Roundup 360 Plus. Primers used: 515F (5\u2019-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA) and 806R (5\u2019-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT). a-diversity indices were calculated with vegan package in R environment. Description of variables is provided in ReadMe.txt file.", "keywords": ["Glyphosate", "Soil", "Greenhouse Gases", "Herbicides", "Microbial community", "Methanotrophy", "Methane", "Adjuvant"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pytlak, Anna, Furtak, Adam,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17828153"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.17828153", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.17828153", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.17828153"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-12-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5683/SP3/4FOMJF", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:21:25Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Carbon biogeochemistry of major rivers in northern Qu\u00e9bec [summer 2010 snapshot]", "description": "Open AccessThe file contains the following variables and units of measurement: Annual streamflow from precipitation -evapotranspiration (m3/s), Mean Slope (degree), Mean Altitude (m) Depth (m), Water Temperature (\u00baC), Dissolved oxygen - saturation (%), Dissolved oxygen (mg/L), pH, Average wind speed (m/s), Catchment area (km2), Total Aquatic cover (%), River cover (%), Vegetation cover (%), Wetland cover (%), Brunisolic (%), Podzolic (%), Organic soil (%), Regosolic (%), Intrusive rocks (%), Metamorphic rocks (%), Volcanic rocks (%), Sedimentary rocks (%), total organic carbon - TOC (mg/L), dissolved organic carbon - DOC (mg/L), total inorganic carbon - TIC (mg/L), dissolved inorganic carbon - DIC (mg/L), particulate organic carbon - POC (mg/L), particulate inorganic carbon- PIC (TIC-DIC, mg/L), total phosphorus - TP (ug/L), total nitrogen - TN (mg/L), Total Suspended Particles (mg/L), \u039414C-DOC (\u2030), \u03b413C-DOC (\u2030), pCO2 (ppm), pCH4 (ppm), CO2 Flux chamber (mgC/m2/d), CH4 Flux chamber (mgC/m2/d), CO2 TBL (Thin Boundary Layer method) method (mgC/m2/d1), CH4 TBL method (mgC/m2/d1).", "keywords": ["Watershed hydrology", "Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)", "boreal rivers", "15. Life on land", "dissolved organic carbon", "6. Clean water", "Gaz carbonique", "Greenhouse gases", "carbon export", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Gaz \u00e0 effet de serre", "Carbone organique dissous", "Cycle du carbone (Biog\u00e9ochimie)"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ladeira De Melo, Michaela", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/4FOMJF"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5683/SP3/4FOMJF", "name": "item", "description": "10.5683/SP3/4FOMJF", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5683/SP3/4FOMJF"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2117/371172", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:22:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-25", "title": "European primary emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases in 2020 modulated by the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions", "description": "

Abstract. We present a European dataset of daily-, sector-, pollutant- and country-dependent emission adjustment factors associated to the COVID-19 mobility restrictions for the year 2020. The resulting dataset covers a total of nine emission sectors, including road transport, energy industry, manufacturing industry, residential and commercial combustion, aviation, shipping, off-road transport, use of solvents, and fugitive emissions from transportation and distribution of fossil fuels. The dataset was produced to be combined with the Copernicus CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 business-as-usual (BAU) inventory, which provides high resolution (0.1 \u00d7 0.05 deg.) emission estimates for 2020 omitting the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions. The combination of both datasets allows quantifying spatially- and temporally-resolved reductions in primary emissions from both criteria pollutants (NOx, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (CO2 fossil fuel, CO2 biofuel and CH4), as well as assessing the contribution of each emission sector and European country to the overall emission changes. Estimated overall emission changes in 2020 relative to BAU emissions were as follows: \u221210.5 % for NOx (\u2212602 kt), \u22127.8 % (\u2212260.2 Mt) for CO2 from fossil fuels, \u22124.7 % (\u2212808.5 kt) for CO, \u22124.6 % (\u221280 kt) for SO2, \u22123.3 % (\u221219.1 Mt) for CO2 from biofuels, \u22123.0 % (\u221256.3 kt) for PM10, \u22122.5 % (\u2212173.3 kt) for NMVOC, \u22122.1 % (\u221224.3 kt) for PM2.5, \u22120.9 % (\u2212156.1 kt) for CH4 and \u22120.2 % (\u22128.6 kt) for NH3. The most pronounced drop in emissions occurred in April (up to \u221232.8 % on average for NOx) when mobility restrictions were at their maxima. The emission reductions during the second epidemic wave between October and December, were three to four times lower than those occurred during the Spring lockdown, as mobility restrictions were generally softer (e.g., curfews, limited social gatherings). Italy, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany were, together, the largest contributors to the total EU27 + UK absolute emission decreases. At the sectoral level, the largest emission declines were found for aviation (\u221251 to \u221256 %), followed by road transport (\u221215.5 % to \u221218.8 %), the latter being the main driver of the estimated reductions for the majority of pollutants. The collection of COVID-19 emission adjustment factors (https://doi.org/10.24380/k966-3957, Guevara et al., 2022) and the CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 BAU gridded inventory (https://doi.org/10.24380/eptm-kn40, Kuenen et al., 2022) have been produced in support of air quality modelling studies.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "330", "Mobility restrictions COVID-19", "Geology", "COVID-19 (Malaltia)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "3. Good health", "Environmental sciences", "COVID-19 (Disease)", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "Simulaci\u00f3 per ordinador", "Air quality", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "Air--Pollution", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica", "Confinament", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2521/2022/essd-14-2521-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2117/371172"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2117/371172", "name": "item", "description": "2117/371172", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2117/371172"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5751/es-04403-160414", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-11", "description": "Biofuels are receiving growing negative attention. Direct and/or indirect land-use changes that result from their cultivation can cause emissions due to carbon losses in soils and biomass and could negate any eventual greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefit. This paper evaluates the implications of land-use change emission on the climate-change mitigation potential of different biofuel production systems in 12 case studies in six countries. We calculated carbon debts created by conversion of different land-use types, ranging from annual cropland to primary forest. We evaluated case studies using three different biofuel crops: oil palm, Jatropha, and soybean. The time needed for each biofuel production system to pay back its carbon debt was calculated based on a life-cycle assessment of the GHG reduction potentials of the system. Carbon debts range from 39 to 1743.7 Mg C02 ha-1. The oil palm case studies created the largest carbon debts (472.8-1743.7 t C02 ha-1) because most of the area expansion came at the expense of dense tropical forest. The highest debt was associated with plantation on peatland. For all cases evaluated, only soybean in Guarant\u00e3 do Norte and Alta Floresta, Brazil needed less than one human generation (30 years) to repay the initial carbon debt. Highest repayment times were found for Jatropha (76-310 years) and oil palm (59-220 years) case studies. Oil palm established in peatlands had the greatest repayment times (206-220 years). High repayment times for Jatropha resulted from the combined effects of land-cover change and low CO2 emission reduction rate. These outcomes raise serious questions about the sustainability of biofuel production. The carbon implications of conversion of (semi-)natural systems with medium to high biomass indicate that, in order to generate climate benefits, cultivation of biofuel feedstocks should be restricted to areas that already have low carbon content.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "life-cycle assessment", "Ecology", "QH301-705.5", "assessment", "carbon", "Bio-\u00e9nerg\u00e9tique", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Environnement et pollution", "repayment time", "greenhouse gas", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "11. Sustainability", "Biology (General)", "QH540-549.5", "carbon debt", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5751/es-04403-160414"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20and%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5751/es-04403-160414", "name": "item", "description": "10.5751/es-04403-160414", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5751/es-04403-160414"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/LNPSGP", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:21:52Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Forest greenhouse gas gross emissions", "description": "Displays the gross greenhouse gas emissions from stand-replacing forest disturbance globally from 2001 onwards. Geospatial data are in 10x10 degree geotifs.

The northwest corner of each geotif is noted in the file name, e.g., 50N_030E has its northwest corner at (50 deg N, 30 deg E) and has its southeast corner at (40 deg N, 40 deg E). Use the shapefile in GFW_Hansen_tile_footprints.zip to determine which 10x10 degree geotifs cover your area(s) of interest.

Description (adapted from GFW Open Data Portal, https://data.globalforestwatch.org/datasets/gfw::forest-greenhouse-gas-emissions/about):

This emissions layer is part of the forest carbon flux model described in\u202fHarris et al. (2021). This paper introduces a geospatial monitoring framework for estimating global forest carbon fluxes which can assist a variety of actors and organizations with tracking greenhouse gas fluxes from forests and in decreasing emissions or increasing removals by forests. Forest carbon emissions represent the greenhouse gas emissions arising from stand-replacing forest disturbances that occurred in each modeled year (megagrams CO2 emissions/ha, between 2001 and 2023). Emissions include all relevant ecosystem carbon pools (aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead wood, litter, soil organic carbon) and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O). Emissions estimates for each pixel are calculated following IPCC Guidelines for\u202fnational greenhouse gas inventories\u202fwhere stand-replacing disturbance occurred, as mapped in the Global Forest Change annual tree cover loss data of\u202fHansen et al. (2013). The carbon emitted from each pixel is based on carbon densities in 2000, with adjustment for carbon accumulated between 2000 and the year of disturbance.

Emissions reflect a gross estimate, i.e., carbon removals from subsequent regrowth are not included. Instead, gross carbon removals resulting from subsequent regrowth after clearing are accounted for\u202fin the companion forest carbon removals layer. The fraction of carbon emitted from each pixel upon disturbance (emission factor) is affected by several factors, including the direct driver of disturbance, whether fire was observed in the year of or preceding the observed disturbance event,\u202fwhether the disturbance occurred on peat, and more. All emissions are assumed to occur in the year of disturbance. Emissions can be assigned to a specific year using the Hansen tree cover loss data; separate rasters for emissions for each year are not available from GFW. All input layers were resampled to a common resolution of 0.00025 x 0.00025 degrees each to match Hansen et al. (2013). Emissions are available for download in megagrams of CO2e/ha from 2001 onwards. It is appropriate for visualizing (mapping) emissions because it represents the density of emissions per hectare from 2001 onwards.

Each year, the tree cover loss, drivers of tree cover loss, and burned area are updated. In 2023 and 2024, a few model input data sets and constants were changed as well, as described below. Please refer to https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data/whats-new-carbon-flux-monitoring/ for more information.

1. The source of the ratio between belowground carbon and aboveground carbon. Previously used one global constant; now uses map from Huang et al. 2021.

2. The years of tree cover gain. Previously used 2000-2012; now uses 2000-2020 from Potapov et al. 2022.

3. The source of fire data. Previously used MODIS burned area; now uses tree cover loss from fires from Tyukavina et al. 2022.

4. The source of peat maps. New tropical data sets have been included and the data set above 40 degrees north has been changed.

5. Global warming potential (GWP) constants for CH4 and N2O. Previously used GWPs from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; now uses GWPs from IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

6. Removal factors for older (>20 years) secondary temperate forests and their associated uncertainties. Previously used removal factors published in Table 4.9 of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; now uses corrected removal factors and uncertainties from the 4th Corrigenda to the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

7. Planted tree extent and removal factors. Previously used Spatial Database of Planted Trees (SDPT) Version 1.0; now uses SDPT Version 2.0 and associated removal factors.

Cautions:

1. Data are the product of modeling and thus have an inherent degree of error and uncertainty. Users are strongly encouraged to read and fully comprehend the metadata and other available documentation prior to data use.\u202f

2. Values are applicable to forest areas only (canopy cover >30 percent and >5 m height or areas with tree cover gain). See\u202fHarris et al. (2021)\u202ffor further information on the forest definition used in the analysis.

3. Although emissions in each pixel are associated with a specific year of disturbance, emissions over an area of interest reflect the total over the model period of 2001-2023. Thus, values must be divided by 23 to calculate average annual removals.

4. Emissions reflect stand-replacing disturbances as observed in Landsat satellite imagery and do not include emissions from unobserved forest degradation.

5. Emissions reflect a gross estimate, i.e., carbon removals from any regrowth that occurs after disturbance are not included. Instead, gross carbon removals are accounted for in the companion forest carbon removals layer.

6. Emissions data contain temporal inconsistencies. Improvements in the detection of tree cover loss due to the incorporation of new satellite data and methodology changes between 2011 and 2015 may result in higher estimates of emissions in recent years compared to earlier years. Refer to https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/ for additional information.

7. Forest carbon emissions do not reflect carbon transfers from ecosystem carbon pools to the harvested wood products (HWP) pool.

8. This dataset has been updated since its original publication. See Overview for more information.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "Emissions", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Source", "Forests", "Deforestation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gibbs, David, Rose, Melissa, Harris, Nancy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LNPSGP"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/LNPSGP", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/LNPSGP", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/LNPSGP"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/9BGO2X", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:21:52Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2016-01-01", "title": "Replication Data for: Reducing losses but failing to sequester carbon in soils \u2013 the case of Conservation Agriculture and Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the humid tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya", "description": "Soil organic carbon content of topsoil (0-15 cm depths) of two agronomic long-term trial (CT1 and INM3), collected repeatedly throughout the years", "keywords": ["Agricultural Sciences", "Conservation agriculture", "Soil organic carbon", "soil fertility", "conservation", "Soil fertility", "climate change mitigation", "soil organic carbon", "4p1000", "Climate change mitigation", "climate change", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "greenhouse gases", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "Africa", "Climate change", "Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes - ASL", "C-sink"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sommer, Rolf, Paul, Birthe, Kihara, Job, Mukalama, John,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/9BGO2X"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/9BGO2X", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/9BGO2X", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/9BGO2X"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10072/411486", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:21:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-25", "title": "Cross-continental importance of CH4 emissions from dry inland-waters", "description": "Despite substantial advances in quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dry inland waters, existing estimates mainly consist of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, methane (CH4) may also be relevant due to its higher Global Warming Potential (GWP). We report CH4 emissions from dry inland water sediments to i) provide a cross-continental estimate of such emissions for different types of aquatic systems (i.e., lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and streams) and climate zones (i.e., tropical, continental, and temperate); and ii) determine the environmental factors that control these emissions. CH4 emissions from dry inland waters were consistently higher than emissions observed in adjacent uphill soils, across climate zones and in all aquatic systems except for streams. However, the CH4 contribution (normalized to CO2 equivalents; CO2-eq) to the total GHG emissions of dry inland waters was similar for all types of aquatic systems and varied from 10 to 21%. Although we discuss multiple controlling factors, dry inland water CH4 emissions were most strongly related to sediment organic matter content and moisture. Summing CO2 and CH4 emissions revealed a cross-continental average emission of 9.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017.4\u00a0g\u00a0CO2-eq\u00a0m-2\u00a0d-1 from dry inland waters. We argue that increasing droughts likely expand the worldwide surface area of atmosphere-exposed aquatic sediments, thereby increasing global dry inland water CH4 emissions. Hence, CH4 cannot be ignored if we want to fully understand the carbon (C) cycle of dry sediments.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "550", "Nitrous Oxide", "Aquatic Ecology", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Greenhouse Gases", "Lakes", "Rivers", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "Ecological Microbiology", "11. Sustainability", "ddc:570", "Methane", "Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie und Biologie", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10072/411486"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10072/411486", "name": "item", "description": "10072/411486", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10072/411486"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/131171", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:22:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-07-11", "title": "Editorial: Greenhouse gas measurements in underrepresented areas of the world", "description": "Open Access\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a Front. Soil Sci., 11 July 2023Sec. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 3 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2023.1240930", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "representativeness", "Oceanography", "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental science", "climate change mitigation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Impact of Climate Change on Forest Wildfires", "Engineering", "greenhouse gases", "Soil water", "11. Sustainability", "TA703-712", "QD1-999", "Biology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "nitrous oxide", "Geography", "Ecology", "greenhouse gas emissions", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "methane", "carbon dioxide", "Cycling", "Geology", "Forestry", "Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "livestock", "Chemistry", "climate change", "Global Emissions", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10568/131171"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10568/131171", "name": "item", "description": "10568/131171", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10568/131171"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/135827", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:22:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-15", "title": "Global observation gaps of peatland greenhouse gas balances: needs and obstacles", "description": "Abstract

Greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from peatlands contribute significantly to ongoing climate change because of human land use. To develop reliable and comprehensive estimates and predictions of GHG emissions from peatlands, it is necessary to have GHG observations, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), that cover different peatland types globally. We synthesize published peatland studies with field GHG flux measurements to identify gaps in observations and suggest directions for future research. Although GHG flux measurements have been conducted at numerous sites globally, substantial gaps remain in current observations, encompassing various peatland types, regions and GHGs. Generally, there is a pressing need for additional GHG observations in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Despite widespread measurements of CO2 and CH4, studies quantifying N2O emissions from peatlands are scarce, particularly in natural ecosystems. To expand the global coverage of peatland data, it is crucial to conduct more eddy covariance observations for long-term monitoring. Automated chambers are preferable for plot-scale observations to produce high temporal resolution data; however, traditional field campaigns with manual chamber measurements remain necessary, particularly in remote areas. To ensure that the data can be further used for modeling purposes, we suggest that chamber campaigns should be conducted at least monthly for a minimum duration of one year with no fewer than three replicates and measure key environmental variables. In addition, further studies are needed in restored peatlands, focusing on identifying the most effective restoration approaches for different ecosystem types, conditions, climates, and land use histories.Climate warming and summer droughts alter soil microbial activity, affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Arctic and alpine regions. However, the long-term effects of warming, and implications for future microbial resilience, are poorly understood. Using one alpine and three Arctic soils subjected to in situ long-term experimental warming, we simulated drought in laboratory incubations to test how microbial functional-gene abundance affects fluxes in three GHGs: carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. We found that responses of functional gene abundances to drought and warming are strongly associated with vegetation type and soil carbon. Our sites ranged from a wet, forb dominated, soil carbon-rich systems to a drier, soil carbon-poor alpine site. Resilience of functional gene abundances, and in turn methane and carbon dioxide fluxes, was lower in the wetter, carbon-rich systems. However, we did not detect an effect of drought or warming on nitrous oxide fluxes. All gene\uffe2\uff80\uff93GHG relationships were modified by vegetation type, with stronger effects being observed in wetter, forb-rich soils. These results suggest that impacts of warming and drought on GHG emissions are linked to a complex set of microbial gene abundances and may be habitat-specific.Warming air and sea temperatures, longer open-water seasons and sea-level rise collectively promote the erosion of permafrost coasts in the Arctic, which profoundly impacts organic matter pathways. Although estimates on organic carbon (OC) fluxes from erosion exist for some parts of the Arctic, little is known about how much OC is transformed into greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this study we investigated two different coastal erosion scenarios on Qikiqtaruk \uffe2\uff80\uff93 Herschel Island (Canada) and estimate the potential for GHG formation. We distinguished between adelayedrelease represented bymud debrisdraining a coastal thermoerosional feature and adirectrelease represented bycliff debrisat a low collapsing bluff. Carbon dioxide (CO2) production was measured during incubations at 4\uffc2\uffb0C under aerobic conditions for two months and were modeled for four months and a full year. Our incubation results show thatmud debrisandcliff debrislost a considerable amount of OC as CO2(2.5 \uffc2\uffb1 0.2 and 1.6 \uffc2\uffb1 0.3% of OC, respectively). Although relative OC losses were highest in mineralmud debris, higher initial OC content and fresh organic matter incliff debrisresulted in a \uffe2\uff88\uffbcthree times higher cumulative CO2release (4.0 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9 compared to 1.4 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 mg CO2gdw\uffe2\uff80\uff931), which was further increased by the addition of seawater. After four months, modeled OC losses were 4.9 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 and 3.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.3% in set-ups without seawater and 14.3 \uffc2\uffb1 0.1 and 7.3 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8% in set-ups with seawater. The results indicate that adelayedrelease may support substantial cycling of OC at relatively low CO2production rates during long transit timesonshoreduring the Arctic warm season. By contrast,directerosion may result in a single CO2pulse and less substantial OC cyclingonshoreas transfer times are short. Once eroded sediments are deposited in thenearshore, highest OC losses can be expected. We conclude that the release of CO2from eroding permafrost coasts varies considerably between erosion types and residence timeonshore. We emphasize the importance of a more comprehensive understanding of OC degradation during the coastal erosion process to improve thawed carbon trajectories and models.Rapid Arctic warming is accelerating permafrost thaw and mobilizing previously frozen organic carbon (OC) into waterways. Upon thaw, permafrost\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived OC can become susceptible to microbial degradation that may lead to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), thus accelerating climate change. Abrupt permafrost thaw (e.g., riverbank erosion, retrogressive thaw slumps) occurs in areas rich in OC. Given the high OC content and the increase in frequency of abrupt thaw events, these environments may increasingly contribute to permafrost GHG emissions in the future. To better assess these emissions from abrupt permafrost thaw, we incubated thaw stream waters from an abrupt permafrost thaw site (Duvanny Yar, Siberia) and additionally, waters from their outflow to the Kolyma River. Our results show that CO2 release by volume from thaw streams was substantially higher than CO2 emissions from the river outflow waters, while the opposite was true for CO2 release normalized to the suspended sediment weight (gram dry weight). The CH4 emissions from both thaw streams and outflow waters were at a similar range, but an order of magnitude lower than those of CO2. Additionally, we show that nearshore riverbank waters differ in their biogeochemistry from thaw streams and Kolyma River mainstem: particles resemble thaw streams while dissolved fraction is more alike to the Kolyma River thalweg. In these waters dissolved OC losses are faster than in the river thalweg. Our incubations offer a first insight into the GHG release from permafrost thaw streams that connect exposed and degrading permafrost outcrops to larger river systems.Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from inland waters remain a major source of uncertainty in global greenhouse gas budgets. N2O emissions are typically estimated using emission factors (EFs), defined as the proportion of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) load to a water body that is emitted as N2O to the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed EFs of 0.25% and 0.75%, though studies have suggested that both these values are either too high or too low. In this work, we develop a mechanistic modeling approach to explicitly predict N2O production and emissions via nitrification and denitrification in rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. In particular, we introduce a water residence time dependence, which kinetically limits the extent of denitrification and nitrification in water bodies. We revise existing spatially explicit estimates of N loads to inland waters to predict both lumped watershed and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90degree grid cell emissions and EFs worldwide, as well as the proportions of these emissions that originate from denitrification and nitrification. We estimate global inland water N2O emissions of 10.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.8\uffc2\uffa0Gmol\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (148\uffe2\uff80\uff93277\uffc2\uffa0Gg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921), with reservoirs producing most N2O per unit area. Our results indicate that IPCC EFs are likely overestimated by up to an order of magnitude, and that achieving the magnitude of the IPCC's EFs is kinetically improbable in most river systems. Denitrification represents the major pathway of N2O production in river systems, whereas nitrification dominates production in reservoirs and estuaries.Subsea permafrost represents a large carbon pool that might be or become a significant greenhouse gas source. Scarcity of observational data causes large uncertainties. We here use five 21-56\uffe2\uff80\uff89m long subsea permafrost cores from the Laptev Sea to constrain organic carbon (OC) storage and sources, degradation state and potential greenhouse gas production upon thaw. Grain sizes, optically-stimulated luminescence and biomarkers suggest deposition of aeolian silt and fluvial sand over 160 000 years, with dominant fluvial/alluvial deposition of forest- and tundra-derived organic matter. We estimate an annual thaw rate of 1.3\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.6\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg OC m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 in subsea permafrost in the area, nine-fold exceeding organic carbon thaw rates for terrestrial permafrost. During 20-month incubations, CH4 and CO2 production averaged 1.7 nmol and 2.4 \uffc2\uffb5mol g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 OC d\uffe2\uff88\uff921, providing a baseline to assess the contribution of subsea permafrost to the high CH4 fluxes and strong ocean acidification observed in the region.Peatlands at high latitudes have accumulated >400\uffe2\uff80\uff89Pg carbon (C) because saturated soil and cold temperatures suppress C decomposition. This substantial amount of C in Arctic and Boreal peatlands is potentially subject to increased decomposition if the water table (WT) decreases due to climate change, including permafrost thaw\uffe2\uff80\uff90related drying. Here, we optimize a version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems model (ORCHIDEE\uffe2\uff80\uff90PCH4) using site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific observations to investigate changes in CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as C stock responses to an experimentally manipulated decrease of WT at six northern peatlands. The unmanipulated control peatlands, with the WT <20\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm on average (seasonal max up to 45\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) below the surface, currently act as C sinks in most years (58\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8934\uffe2\uff80\uff89g C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921; including 6\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff897\uffe2\uff80\uff89g C\uffe2\uff80\uff93CH4 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 emission). We found, however, that lowering the WT by 10\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm reduced the CO2 sink by 13\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8915\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and decreased CH4 emission by 4\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff894\uffe2\uff80\uff89g CH4 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, thus accumulating less C over 100\uffe2\uff80\uff89years (0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922). Yet, the reduced emission of CH4, which has a larger greenhouse warming potential, resulted in a net decrease in greenhouse gas balance by 310\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89360\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Peatlands with the initial WT close to the soil surface were more vulnerable to C loss: Non\uffe2\uff80\uff90permafrost peatlands lost >2\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 over 100\uffe2\uff80\uff89years when WT is lowered by 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm, while permafrost peatlands temporally switched from C sinks to sources. These results highlight that reductions in C storage capacity in response to drying of northern peatlands are offset in part by reduced CH4 emissions, thus slightly reducing the positive carbon climate feedbacks of peatlands under a warmer and drier future climate scenario.There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.Wetland soils are the greatest source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a critical greenhouse gas and ozone depleter released by microbes. Yet, microbial players and processes underlying the N2O emissions from wetland soils are poorly understood. Using in situ N2O measurements and by determining the structure and potential functional of microbial communities in 645 wetland soil samples globally, we examined the potential role of archaea, bacteria, and fungi in nitrogen (N) cycling and N2O emissions. We show that N2O emissions are higher in drained and warm wetland soils, and are correlated with functional diversity of microbes. We further provide evidence that despite their much lower abundance compared to bacteria, nitrifying archaeal abundance is a key factor explaining N2O emissions from wetland soils globally. Our data suggest that ongoing global warming and intensifying environmental change may boost archaeal nitrifiers, collectively transforming wetland soils to a greater source of N2O.

Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4&permil;. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5&permil; annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg&middot;ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4&permil; per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg&middot;ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3&permil; and 6&permil; of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "long-term experiment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/3123155565"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3123155565", "name": "item", "description": "3123155565", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3123155565"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3138664797", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:23:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-18", "title": "Dynamics of nitrous oxide with depth in groundwater: Insights from ambient groundwater and laboratory incubation experiments (Hesbaye chalk aquifer, Belgium)", "description": "Aquifers under agricultural areas are considered to be an indirect source of nitrous oxide emission (N2O) to the atmosphere, which is the greenhouse gas (GHGs) characterized with the highest global warning potential and acts as a stratospheric ozone depletion agent. Previous investigations performed in the Cretaceous Hesbaye chalk aquifer in Eastern Belgium suggested that the dynamics of N2O in the aquifer is controlled by overlapping biochemical processes such as nitrification and denitrification. The current study aims to obtain better insight concerning the factors controlling the distribution of N2O concentration along a vertical dimension in the aquifer, and to capture and quantify the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification processes in the groundwater system. Low-flow groundwater sampling technique was undertaken at different depths in the aquifer to collect groundwater samples aiming at obtaining information about ambient aquifer hydrogeochemical conditions and their effect on the accumulation of GHGs. Afterwards, laboratory stable isotope experiments, using NO3- and NH4+ compounds labeled with heavy 15N isotope, were applied to quantify the rates of nitrification and denitrification processes. Ambient studies suggest that the occurrence of N transformation was related to denitrification while laboratory incubation experiments did not detect it. Such controversial results might be explained by the discrepancy between real aquifer conditions and lab design studies. Thus, additional in situ tracer experiments should be carried out in areas where natural groundwater fluxes do not flush the injected tracer too rapidly. In addition, it would be useful to conduct microbiological studies to obtain better insight into the nature of subsurface biofilm biotope.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous Oxide", "N stable isotope analysis", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "Low-flow sampling", "6. Clean water", "Calcium Carbonate", "Greenhouse gases", "Belgium", "13. Climate action", "Denitrification", "Laboratories", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3138664797"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Contaminant%20Hydrology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3138664797", "name": "item", "description": "3138664797", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3138664797"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3136452699", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:23:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-19", "title": "Simultaneous tree stem and soil greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) flux measurements: a novel design for continuous monitoring towards improving flux estimates and temporal resolution", "description": "Summary

Tree stems and soils can act as sources and sinks for the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Since both uptake and emission capacities can be large, especially in tropical rainforests, accurate assessments of the magnitudes and temporal variations of stem and soil GHG fluxes are required.

We designed a new flexible stem chamber system for continuously measuring GHG fluxes in a French Guianese rainforest. Here, we describe this new system, which is connected to an automated soil GHG flux system, and discuss measurement uncertainty and potential error sources.

In line with findings for soil GHG flux estimates, we demonstrated that lengthening the stem chamber closure time was required for accurate estimates of tree stem CH4 and N2O flux but not tree stem CO2 flux. The instrumented stem was a net source of CO2 and CH4 and a weak sink of N2O.

Our experimental setup operated successfully in situ and provided continuous tree and soil GHG measurements at a high temporal resolution over an 11\uffe2\uff80\uff90month period. This automated system is a major step forward in the measurement of GHG fluxes in stems and the atmosphere concurrently with soil GHG fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.

Tree stems and soils can act as sources and sinks for the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Since both uptake and emission capacities can be large, especially in tropical rainforests, accurate assessments of the magnitudes and temporal variations of stem and soil GHG fluxes are required.

We designed a new flexible stem chamber system for continuously measuring GHG fluxes in a French Guianese rainforest. Here, we describe this new system, which is connected to an automated soil GHG flux system, and discuss measurement uncertainty and potential error sources.

In line with findings for soil GHG flux estimates, we demonstrated that lengthening the stem chamber closure time was required for accurate estimates of tree stem CH4 and N2O flux but not tree stem CO2 flux. The instrumented stem was a net source of CO2 and CH4 and a weak sink of N2O.

Our experimental setup operated successfully in situ and provided continuous tree and soil GHG measurements at a high temporal resolution over an 11\uffe2\uff80\uff90month period. This automated system is a major step forward in the measurement of GHG fluxes in stems and the atmosphere concurrently with soil GHG fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.