{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00610", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-20", "title": "Evaluation of RUSLE and spatial assessment of agricultural soil erosion in Finland", "description": "Agricultural soil erosion has negative effects on surface water quality and aquatic ecosystems. A major impediment to agricultural erosion management in Finland has been the lack of high-resolution country-scale data on the spatial distribution of erosion. As a result, erosion mitigation measures have been targeted with limited information. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of the widely used RUSLE model against measurements from experimental fields, used the model to produce a two-metre resolution crop and management independent erosion estimate for all agricultural lands of Finland, and analysed erosion over different spatial scales. RUSLE showed skill (R2 = 0.76, NSE = 0.72) in estimating the observed erosion at experimental fields (55\u20132100 kg ha\u22121 yr\u22121) but with large errors (mean: \u2212134 kg ha\u22121 yr\u22121, 90% range: \u2212711 and 218 kg ha\u22121 yr\u22121). The evaluation, however, suggests that RUSLE performs similarly in Finland as elsewhere. The analysis of the developed country-scale data, in turn, revealed high erosion regions, and it showed how erosion varies between sub-catchment and between and within field parcels. For example, high-erosion areas concentrated in the proximity of water bodies were identified at the sub-catchment and within-field parcel scales. Altogether, the results demonstrate the predictive skill of RUSLE in high-latitude conditions, fill the earlier data gap in country-scale erosion, provide information for targeting erosion mitigation measures, and considerably improve the understanding of the spatial distribution of erosion in Finland. ; 2023", "keywords": ["550", "500", "Agriculture", "Water protection", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Podzols", "Soil erosion", "Histosols", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "RUSLE", "Gleysols", "Regosols", "Stagnosols", "ta218", "Finland"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00610"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma%20Regional", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00610", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00610", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00610"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "804b517b-d280-4906-bb6c-ae6d56b55f34", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.71, 50.88], [8.71, 53.05], [11.24, 53.05], [11.24, 50.88], [8.71, 50.88]]]}, "properties": {"license": "CC BY", "rights": "Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data re-used from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of BonaRes Module A-Project - SIGNAL's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, BonaRes Module A - Project - SIGNAL and BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does BonaRes Module A - Project and BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project-SIGNAL and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2021-03-16", "type": "Service", "created": "2017-10-19", "language": "eng", "title": "WMS Service of the dataset \"BonaRes SIGNAL, Site: Mariensee and Reiffenhausen, soil characteristics.\"", "description": "This WMS  Service includes the spatial information extracted from the dataset 'BonaRes SIGNAL, Site: Mariensee and Reiffenhausen, soil characteristics'.", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "agroforestry systems", "silvopastoral systems", "Cations", "Grassland soils", "Histosols", "Cambisols", "Nutrient availability"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leonie G\u00f6bel", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "lgoebel@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marife D. Corre", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mcorre@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform Data", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marcus Schmidt", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mschmidh@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "infoMapAccessService"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "agroforestry systems"}, {"id": "silvopastoral systems"}, {"id": "Cations"}, {"id": "Grassland soils"}, {"id": "Histosols"}, {"id": "Cambisols"}, {"id": "Nutrient availability"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Signal/Signal_ID_7033_BODEN_MARIENSEE_REIFFENHAUSEN/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Signal/Signal_ID_7033_BODEN_MARIENSEE_REIFFENHAUSEN/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Signal/Signal_ID_7033_BODEN_MARIENSEE_REIFFENHAUSEN/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Signal/Signal_ID_7033_BODEN_MARIENSEE_REIFFENHAUSEN/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "804b517b-d280-4906-bb6c-ae6d56b55f34", "name": "item", "description": "804b517b-d280-4906-bb6c-ae6d56b55f34", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/804b517b-d280-4906-bb6c-ae6d56b55f34"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "18897d6f-015d-4085-b3b0-5aa92eb073fa", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.71, 50.88], [8.71, 53.05], [11.24, 53.05], [11.24, 50.88], [8.71, 50.88]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "agroforestry systems"}, {"id": "silvopastoral systems"}, {"id": "Cations"}, {"id": "Grassland soils"}, {"id": "Histosols"}, {"id": "Cambisols"}, {"id": "Nutrient availability"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}], "rights": "Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data re-used from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of BonaRes Module A-Project - SIGNAL's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, BonaRes Module A - Project - SIGNAL and BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does BonaRes Module A - Project and BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project-SIGNAL and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2020-01-30", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2017-10-19", "language": "eng", "title": "BonaRes SIGNAL, Site: Mariensee and Reiffenhausen, soil characteristics", "description": "This data was collected in grassland agroforestry (=alley cropping of willow strips and grassland strips) at Reiffenhausen/Germany ((Salix schwerinii x S. viminalis) x S. viminalis and grass-clover mixture) and Mariensee/Germany (S. schwerinii x S. viminalis and grassland mixture consisting of Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis) during 2016. Data was taken at 3 replicates (Mariensee)/ 4 replicates (Reiffenhausen) each in the tree strip component (=Tree) of agroforestry, the grassland component of agroforestry at different distances from the tree strip (1m, 4m, 7m) and at the conventional grassland (=Conv) adjacent to grassland agroforestry. The soil samples were dried at 40 \u00b0C for five days and passed through a 2-mm sieve. Soil organic C and total N were determined using a CN analyzer (Elementar Vario El; Elementar Analysis Systems GmbH, Hanau, Germany); for soil samples with pH \u2265 6.0 pre-treatment for the removal of carbonates was performed (Harris et al. 2001). Soil pH was determined with a soil:water ratio of 1:4. The effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was determined as the sum of the cations determined by percolation of the soil with unbuffered 1 mol L-1 NH4Cl followed by analysis of the exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, and Mn) in the percolate using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic spectrometer (ICP-AES; iCAP 6300 Duo VIEW ICP Spectrometer, Thermo Fischer Scientific GmbH, Dreieich, Germany). Soil base saturation was calculated as the percentage of exchangeable bases of the ECEC. Soil texture was determined for the top 0.3-m depth using the pipette method with pre-treatments for removing organic matter, iron oxide and carbonate for soils with pH \u2265 6 (Kroetsch and Wang 2008). Soil bulk density was determined using the soil core method (Blake and Hartge 1986) for the top 0.05-cm depth at all sampling locations. We used the measured soil bulk density to convert nutrient element concentration from soil mass basis to nutrient stocks on an area basis.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["agroforestry systems", "silvopastoral systems", "Cations", "Grassland soils", "Histosols", "Cambisols", "Nutrient availability", "Boden", "opendata"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leonie G\u00f6bel", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "lgoebel@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marife D. Corre", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mcorre@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform Data", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marcus Schmidt", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mschmidh@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Edzo Veldkamp", "organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "eveldka@gwdg.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Goettingen, PTS", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&doi=https://doi.org/10.20387/BonaRes-FQ8B-031J", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "18897d6f-015d-4085-b3b0-5aa92eb073fa", "name": "item", "description": "18897d6f-015d-4085-b3b0-5aa92eb073fa", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/18897d6f-015d-4085-b3b0-5aa92eb073fa"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-02T07:56:26", "language": "eng", "title": "FAOSTAT Area of drained organic soils (Global - Yearly - ha)", "description": "This is the first of two associate metadata and datasets. It describes and disseminates the geospatial data which underlie FAOSTAT statistics on drained organic soils. Particularly, this metadata includes the annual area drained by cropland and grazed grassland on organic soils (in ha) for the years 1992 \u2013 2018. The associate geospatial dataset is named Drained Organic Soils Area Annual (DROSA - A).\n\nOrganic soils are wet soils ecosystems, characterized by high levels of organic matter, which accumulates under the anoxic conditions that exist in the presence of water. They include tropical and boreal peatlands, high-latitude bogs, ferns and mires. While organic soils cover globally a mere 3 percent of the terrestrial land area, they represent up to 30 percent of the total soil carbon, playing an important role in maintaining the earth\u2019s carbon balance. Agriculture is a major cause of drainage of organic soils around the world and restoration of degraded organic soils is currently a priority in several countries as part of their commitments under the climate convention. \n\nEstimates of drainage area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils for the year 2000 were developed earlier by FAO and used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for global analysis. That preliminary work was based on the geospatial overlay of two static maps, one for land cover, indicating presence of agriculture, and one for soil characteristics, indicating presence of organic soils. \n\nThis version advances with additional methodological developments which, owing to the availability of time dependent land cover maps,  resulted in the production, for the first time, of estimates over a complete time series (1990 \u2013 2019). Geospatial data are then aggregated at national level and disseminated in FAOSTAT with a structure in line with country reporting requirements to the Climate Convention and following 2006 IPCC guidelines. FAOSTAT estimates use histosols as proxy for presence of organic soils, in agreement with IPCC and annual land cover maps as time-dependent component. \n\nMore information can be found in:\n\na) FAO 2020. Drained organic soils 1990 \u2013 2019. Global, regional and country trends. 3rd FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series (under finalization)\n\nb) Conchedda G. and F.N. Tubiello. Area of Drained Organic Soils and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Validation of FAOSTAT estimates with country data. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series (submitted) \n\nc) Tubiello F.N., Biancalani R., Salvatore M., Rossi S., and Conchedda G. 2016. A worldwide assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from drained organic soils. Sustainability 8, 371. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/4/371", "formats": [{"name": "FAOSTAT"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Organic soils", "Histosols", "Drainage for agriculture", "Peatlands degradation", "Annual estimates", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "GHG emissions", "C emissions", "N2O emissions", "Climate change", "Annual estimates", "DROSA-drained organic soils", "DROSA-activity data", "DROSE-GHG-organic soils", "DROSE-emissions", "Statistics Division Environment", "HiH-GHG", "World", "Countries and Territories"], "contacts": [{"name": "Francesco Nicola Tubiello", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Senior Statistician", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "francesco.tubiello@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Giulia Conchedda", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Geospatial statistics analyst", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "giulia.conchedda@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "edition": "2.1"}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GV", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Agriculture: Cultivation of Organic Soils", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GC", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Cropland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GG", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Grassland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/FAOSTAT/DROSA_A/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "DOSA:YEAR:YEAR", "description": "Drained Organic Soils Area (Annual)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.apps.fao.org:/map/catalog/srv/api/records/0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25/attachments/drained_area.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "name": "item", "description": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1992-06-27T00:00:00Z", "2018-06-27T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "license": "Data license policy: Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC- SA 3.0 IGO)", "updated": "2022-06-02T07:41:24", "language": "eng", "title": "Organic soils (histosols) and drained organic soils", "description": "Organic soils and peatlands in particular have high influence on climate change and on the global carbon cycle. Indeed, the cultivation of organic soils entails drainage which causes significant release of CO2 in the atmosphere. Detailed information on regional and global emission trends of these soils is however scarce, due to the difficulty to map, measure and assess the complex dynamics of land, soil and water interactions that are required for a correct understanding of the degradation of organic soils caused by human activity. A geospatial analysis of drained organic soils and associated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) were undertaken as part of the FAOSTAT global database of emissions for the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector. The database was first published in FAOSTAT in 2012 and it is updated yearly (FAO, 2016). Emissions estimates are derived from emission factors as reported in the 2006 IPCC guidelines and from activity data, namely the spatial distribution of organic soils and the spatial distribution of cropland on organic soils.  \nThis metadata accompanies the public distribution of the layers applied for this spatial analysis. The geographical distribution of organic soils was derived from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD v 1.2)(Nachtergaele et al., 2012). The HWSD v 1.2 dataset was queried to extract all pixels with any share of histosols, either as dominant or secondary soil type and to derive a map of the area of organic soils. The total area covered by the histosols worldwide resulted to be approximately 330 million hectares, a figure consistent with previous estimates.  The land cover layer GLC2000 (Barthom\u00e9 and Belward, 2005) was the source for cropland distribution. \nMore information can be found in:\na) Tubiello F.N., Biancalani R., Salvatore M., Rossi S., Conchedda, G., 2016. A Worldwide Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Drained Organic Soils. Sustainability 8(4), 371; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8040371. \nb) Contribution of drained organic soils to GHG emissions in Towards climate-responsible peatlands management (Biancalani R., Salvatore M. and F.N. Tubiello), FAO, Rome, 2014. Page 12-14. \nReferences: \n1) Nachtergaele, F. O.; van Velthuizen, H.; Verelst, L.; Wiberg, D. Harmonized World Soil Database v 1.2; FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS - CAS/JRC: FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012.\n2) Bartholom\u00e9, E.; Belward, A. S. GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2005, 26 (9), 1959\u00e2\u20ac\u201c1977.\n3) FAO, 2016. FAOSTAT Emissions database.\nAcknowledgements: These spatial layers were produced as part of a large interdisciplinary activity across technical divisions of FAO, under the leadership of the Climate and Environment Division and the Statistics Division, within the project \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Monitoring and Assessment of GHG Emissions in Agriculture\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. Generous funding was provided by the Governments of Germany and Norway, GCP/GLO/286/GER and GCP/GLO/325/NOR.", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}], "keywords": ["organic soils", "histosols", "drained histosols", "peatlands", "emission estimates", "Tag_ESS_ENV", "World"], "contacts": [{"name": "Riccardo Biancalani", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Natural Resources Officer", "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": "++39 0657054825"}], "emails": [{"value": "riccardo.biancalani@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Francesco Tubiello", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Senior Statistician", "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": "+39 06 570 52169"}], "emails": [{"value": "francesco.tubiello@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Giulia Conchedda", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Geospatial statistics analyst", "roles": ["distributor"], "phones": [{"value": "+39 0657052082"}], "emails": [{"value": "giulia.conchedda@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mirella Salvatore", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Climate Change Officer", "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": "+39 0657055309"}], "emails": [{"value": "mirella.salvatore@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO", "roles": ["creator"]}], "denominator": "3000000", "edition": "1st"}, "links": [{"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2/resources/histoshare.zip", "description": "The compressed file contains a GeoTiff (geographic projection - 0.00833333 cell resolution). Pixel values represent the share of organic soils (histosols)(percentage of pixel area).", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2/resources/share_hist_crop_grass.zip", "description": "The compressed folder contains 2 separate raster file in GeoTiff format (geographic projection - 0.00833333 cell resolution). 1) Pixel values represent the share of cultivated land in organic soils (histosols)(percentage of the pixel area); 2) Pixel values represent the share of the area of grassland cover in organic soil (histosols)(percentage of the pixel area).", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2/resources/Area_grid.zip", "description": "The compressed file contains a Geotiff raster image (geographic projection - 0.00833333 cell resolution). Pixel values represent the area of each pixel (values correspond to sqkm * 10,000. The file can be used to calculate the area of organic soils and the area of cultivated organic soils in each pixel.", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2/thumbnail/Histosols_s.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2/large_thumbnail/Histosols.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2", "name": "item", "description": "252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/252bfb57-76e0-4c68-920e-30f3e3f539e2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2000-01-01T17:00:00Z", "2016-03-22T17:01:00Z"]}}, {"id": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-02T07:58:11", "language": "eng", "title": "FAOSTAT GHG Emissions from Drained Organic Soils (Global - Yearly - Gg)", "description": "This is the second of two associate metadata and datasets. It describes and disseminates the geospatial data which underlie FAOSTAT statistics on drained organic soils. Particularly, this metadata includes the N2O and C emissions (in gigagrams)  from cropland and grazed grassland on organic soils for the years 1992 \u2013 2018. The associate geospatial dataset is named Drained Organic Soils Emissions - Annual (DROSE - A).\n\nOrganic soils are wet soils ecosystems, characterized by high levels of organic matter, which accumulates under the anoxic conditions that exist in the presence of water. They include tropical and boreal peatlands, high-latitude bogs, ferns and mires. While organic soils cover globally a mere 3 percent of the terrestrial land area, they represent up to 30 percent of the total soil carbon, playing an important role in maintaining the earth\u2019s carbon balance. Agriculture is a major cause of drainage of organic soils around the world and restoration of degraded organic soils is currently a priority in several countries as part of their commitments under the climate convention. \n\nEstimates of drainage area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils for the year 2000 were developed earlier by FAO and used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for global analysis. That preliminary work was based on the geospatial overlay of two static maps, one for land cover, indicating presence of agriculture, and one for soil characteristics, indicating presence of organic soils. \n\nThis version advances with additional methodological developments which, owing to the availability of time dependent land cover maps,  resulted in the production, for the first time, of estimates over a complete time series (1990 \u2013 2019). Geospatial data are then aggregated at national level and disseminated in FAOSTAT with a structure in line with country reporting requirements to the Climate Convention and following 2006 IPCC guidelines. FAOSTAT estimates use histosols as proxy for presence of organic soils, in agreement with IPCC and annual land cover maps as time-dependent component. \n\nMore information can be found in:\na) FAO 2020. Drained organic soils 1990 \u2013 2019. Global, regional and country trends. 3rd FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series (under finalization)\n\nb) Conchedda G. and F.N. Tubiello. Area of Drained Organic Soils and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Validation of FAOSTAT estimates with country data. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series (submitted) \n\nc) Tubiello F.N., Biancalani R., Salvatore M., Rossi S., and Conchedda G. 2016. A worldwide assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from drained organic soils. Sustainability 8, 371. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/4/371", "formats": [{"name": "FAOSTAT"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Organic soils", "Histosols", "Drainage for agriculture", "Peatlands degradation", "GHG emissions", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "C emissions", "N2O emissions", "Climate change", "Annual estimates", "DROSE-emissions", "DROSE-GHG-organic soils", "DROSA-drained organic soils", "DROSA-activity data", "Statistics Division Environment", "HiH-GHG", "World", "Countries and Territories"], "contacts": [{"name": "Francesco Nicola Tubiello", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Senior Statistician", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "francesco.tubiello@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Giulia Conchedda", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Geospatial statistics analyst", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "giulia.conchedda@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GV", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Agriculture: Cultivation of Organic Soils", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GC", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Cropland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GG", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Grassland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/FAOSTAT/DROSE_A/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "DROSE_A:YEAR:YEAR", "description": "Drained Organic Soils Emissions (Annual)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.apps.fao.org:/map/catalog/srv/api/records/898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9/attachments/emissions_thumbnail.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "name": "item", "description": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1992-06-27T00:00:00Z", "2018-06-27T00:00:00Z"]}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Histosols&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Histosols&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Histosols&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Histosols&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-27T23:15:48.816744Z"}