Our findings indicate the importance of paleoclimatic information to improve quantitative predictions of global soil C stocks.
The Pampa comprises the most productive land in Argentina, but the widespread adoption of sole cropping has drastically reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. This paper presents baseline data on the effects of maize\uffe2\uff80\uff90legume inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90crops compared with maize and soyabean sole crops on SOC and nitrogen (N) stocks, gross SOC turnover, soil microbial biomass (SMB), soil organic matter light fraction (LF) and the partitioning of carbon (C) derived from C3\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and C4 crops into SOC, LF and SMB. For soil characteristics, only the C:N ratio was significantly different (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93120 cm) between treatments. Gross SOC and SMB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C turnover time (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93120 cm) was faster in the maize sole crop followed by the inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90crops and the soyabean sole crop. The SMB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C and N were significantly greater in the intercrops. Soil LF\uffe2\uff80\uff90N (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm) was significantly smaller in the inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop. Soil became significantly enriched (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93120 cm) in \uffce\uffb415N in the inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop, suggesting that microbial decomposers incorporated C derived from maize and soyabean residues. The greatest proportion of C in the soil and in the soil LF was derived from a C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90C source, and the \uffce\uffb413C of the SMB (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm) was enriched compared with that of the SOC and the soil LF. Results from this study indicated that after only 1 year of inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90cropping, soil biological and chemical characteristics were influenced positively by this land management practice.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01317.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01317.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01317.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01317.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-28", "title": "Impacts Of Experimentally Imposed Drought On Leaf Respiration And Morphology In An Amazon Rain Forest", "description": "Summary1.\uffe2\uff80\uff82The Amazon region may experience increasing moisture limitation over this century. Leaf dark respiration (R) is a key component of the Amazon rain forest carbon (C) cycle, but relatively little is known about its sensitivity to drought.
2.\uffe2\uff80\uff82Here, we present measurements of R standardized to 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C and leaf morphology from different canopy heights over 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83years at a rain forest subject to a large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale through\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall reduction (TFR) experiment, and nearby, unmodified Control forest, at the Caxiuan\uffc3\uffa3 reserve in the eastern Amazon.
3.\uffe2\uff80\uff82In all five post\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment measurement campaigns, mean R at 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C was elevated in the TFR forest compared to the Control forest experiencing normal rainfall. After 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83years of the TFR treatment, R per unit leaf area and mass had increased by 65% and 42%, respectively, relative to pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment means. In contrast, leaf area index (L) in the TFR forest was consistently lower than the Control, falling by 23% compared to the pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment mean, largely because of a decline in specific leaf area (S).
4.\uffe2\uff80\uff82The consistent and significant effects of the TFR treatment on R, L and S suggest that severe drought events in the Amazon, of the kind that may occur more frequently in future, could cause a substantial increase in canopy carbon dioxide emissions from this ecosystem to the atmosphere.
", "keywords": ["tropical forest", "0301 basic medicine", "Through-fall exclusion experiment", "moisture transfer", "03 medical and health sciences", "Specific leaf area", "Amazonia", "Tropical forest", "Keywords: carbon cycle", "Climate change", "Para [Brazil] Climate change", "Caxiuana National Forest", "0303 health sciences", "leaf area index", "Night-time foliar carbon emissions", "exclusion experiment", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Leaf dark respiration", "forest canopy", "Moisture deficit", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "Leaf area index", "carbon emission", "throughfall", "rainforest", "Brazil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/79379/5/f5625xPUB7833.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/79379/7/01_Metcalfe_Impacts_of_experimentally_2010.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Functional%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01174.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-09-11", "title": "Changes In Carbon And Nitrogen Of Chernozem Soil Along A Cultivation Chronosequence In A Semi-Arid Grassland", "description": "SummaryChanges in the carbon (C) stock of grassland soil in response to land use change will increase atmospheric CO2, and consequently affect the climate. In this study we investigated the effects of land use change on soil organic C (SOC) and nitrogen (N) along a cultivation chronosequence in the Xilin River Basin, China. The chronosequence consisted of an undisturbed meadow steppe, a 28\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old cropland and a 42\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old cropland (abbreviated as Steppe, Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9028 Y and Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9042Y, respectively). Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9028Y and Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9042Y were originally created on the meadow steppe in 1972 and 1958, respectively. The soil samples, in ten replications from three depth increments (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310, 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 and 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm), were collected, respectively, in the two cropland fields and the adjacent undisturbed steppe. Bulk density, SOC, total N and 2 m KCl\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable mineral N including ammonium and nitrate were measured. Our results showed that the greatest changes in the measurements occurred in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm soil depth. The SOC stock in the upper 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil decreased by 9.83 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9028Y and 21.87 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9042Y, which indicated that approximately 10 and 25% of the original SOC of the steppe had been emitted over 28 and 42 years, respectively. Similarly, the total N lost was 0.66 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 1.18 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, corresponding to approximately 9% and 16%, respectively, of the original N at the same depth and cropping duration as those noted for SOC. The mineral N concentration in the soil of both the two croplands was greater than that in the steppe soil, and the ammonium\uffe2\uff80\uff90N was less affected by cultivation than the nitrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90N. The extent of these changes depended on soil depth and cropland age. These effects of cultivation were much greater in the top 10 cm of soil than in deeper soil, and also greater in Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9042Y than in Crop\uffe2\uff80\uff9028Y. The findings are significant for assessing the C and N sequestration potential of the land use changes associated with grassland conversion, and suggest that improved management practices are needed to sequester SOC and total N in the cropped soil in a semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid grassland.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01174.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01174.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01174.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01174.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01234.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-04-26", "title": "Negative Priming Effect On Mineralization In A Soil Free Of Vegetation For 80 Years", "description": "The priming effect (PE) is a complex process corresponding to a modification of mineralization rates of soil organic matter (SOM) following inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). The priming effect can be either positive or negative (i.e. an acceleration or retardation of SOM decomposition) and is controlled by several factors such as microbial community composition, SOM chemical structure and nutrient availability. The first objective of our experiment was to study negative or positive PE of stabilized SOM. The second was to identify the role of FOM decomposers in the PE of stabilized SOM. We incubated, for 39 days, a fallow soil free of vegetation for 80 years amended with 13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90cellulose and inoculated with a FOM\uffe2\uff80\uff90decomposing community. The soil contained stabilized SOM. The PE of the stable organic matter was always negative and tended to be more negative when the FOM\uffe2\uff80\uff90decomposing community was added. This suggests that for this particular soil, SOM mineralization was not limited by energy. Moreover, as the inoculation of a FOM\uffe2\uff80\uff90decomposing community led to a more negative PE, we assume that the FOM\uffe2\uff80\uff90decomposing community facilitated the access of FOM to the indigenous bare soil community.
", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "2. Zero hunger", "330", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01234.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01234.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01234.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01234.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01313.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-16", "title": "Earthworm-Induced N Mineralization In Fertilized Grassland Increases Both N2o Emission And Crop-N Uptake", "description": "Earthworms can increase plant nitrogen (N) availability by stimulating mineralization of organic matter. However, recent studies show that they can also cause elevated emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). It is unclear to what extent these two effects occur in fertilized grasslands, where earthworm densities are typically greatest. The aims of this study were therefore to (i) quantify the effects of earthworm activity on N uptake and N2O emissions in fertilized grasslands and (ii) link these effects to earthworm functional groups. In a 73\uffe2\uff80\uff90day factorial mesocosm experiment, combinations of Lumbricus rubellus (Lr, epigeic), Aporrectodea longa (Al, anecic) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Ac, endogeic) individuals were introduced into columns with grass growing on a fertilized (250 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) loamy soil. Introduction of Lr resulted in 50.8% (P < 0.001) larger N2O emissions and 5.4% (P = 0.032) larger grass biomass. Grass\uffe2\uff80\uff90N uptake increased from 172 to 188 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the presence of Lr (P < 0.001), from 176 to 183 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the presence of Ac (P = 0.001), and from 168 to 199 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 when all three earthworm species were present (P = 0.006). Lr increased soil NH4+\uffe2\uff80\uff90N concentrations (P = 0.010), further indicating enhanced mineralization of N caused by earthworm activity. We conclude that the previously observed beneficial effect of earthworm presence on plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90N availability has a negative side\uffe2\uff80\uff90effect: increased emissions of the mineralized N as N2O.
", "keywords": ["forests", "2. Zero hunger", "agroecosystems", "habitat", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon-dioxide", "invasion", "populations", "fluxes", "soil-structure", "13. Climate action", "nitrous-oxide emission", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "organic-matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01313.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01313.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01313.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01313.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/sciadv.1602008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-14", "title": "Climate legacies drive global soil carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems", "description": "Our findings indicate the importance of paleoclimatic information to improve quantitative predictions of global soil C stocks.
Significant improvements in soil quality have been measured after repeated livestock manure additions at four experimental sites in England. The aim of this study was to determine whether these improvements were caused by the recent addition of fresh organic carbon (OC), or the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term build\uffe2\uff80\uff90up of soil OC resulting from repeated additions. Livestock manures were withheld (\uffe2\uff80\uff98historic\uffe2\uff80\uff99 treatment) from one half of each treatment plot and continued on the other half (\uffe2\uff80\uff98recent\uffe2\uff80\uff99 treatment), and a range of soil properties measured 2 years later. Topsoil OC stocks and total nitrogen both increased by approximately 7%, with every 10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921manure OC applied, with no difference between the recent or historic additions. Similarly, topsoil available water capacity and porosity increased by approximately 2 and 1% with every 10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921OC applied, respectively. Bulk density and penetration resistance decreased, by approximately 1 and 3% with every 10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921OC applied, respectively, with again no difference between the recent and historic treatments. Even microbial biomass N and potentially mineralizable N showed no differences between the recent and historic additions, increasing by 8 and 30% with every 10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921OC applied, respectively. Only three of the wide range of soil properties measured showed a different response for the recent and historic additions. These were fungal biomass, which increased only with recent additions, extractable potassium, which was proportionally greater in the recent additions, and light\uffe2\uff80\uff90fraction OC, which increased at a greater rate with the recent additions. The results clearly demonstrate that improvements in soil quality and functioning after repeated additions of livestock manures can persist for more than 2 years after the cessation of applications. Overall, it was the total accumulated manure C inputs that had the greatest influence on soil properties, regardless of whether the source of C was from recent or historic (over 2 years old) applications.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01330.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-17", "title": "Effect Of Organic Matter Input On Functional Pools Of Soil Organic Carbon In A Long-Term Double Rice Crop Experiment In China", "description": "It is known that crop residue input has a strong impact on the quantity of soil organic matter (SOM). However, its influence on SOM quality is often unknown. The effect of organic matter (OM) input on soil organic carbon (SOC) and functional SOC pools was investigated in a Chinese long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term double\uffe2\uff80\uff90cropping experiment with rice. It could be demonstrated that the C content of hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90water soil extracts (CHWE) may serve as an indicator of the decomposable SOC pool. A particle size\uffe2\uff80\uff93density fractionation was used to separate SOC pools with different interactions with the mineral soil matrix. The hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90water C extractability of different particle size\uffe2\uff80\uff90density fractions, together with their \uffce\uffb413C isotopic signatures, was applied to differentiate stability and potential degradability of SOC pools. The main findings were: first, the input of OM (rice straw + animal manure + green manure) to the unfertilized (Nil) and fertilized (NPK) treatments resulted in a 43\uffe2\uff80\uff9364% increase of SOC over 14 years. Second, during the same period the CHWE pool declined by 25\uffe2\uff80\uff9332% in plots without OM input. Organic amendments reduced the decrease in the CHWE pool by about 50%. Hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90water\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable carbon (C) (CHWE) of bulk soil could serve as an indicator of decomposable SOC pools with the potential for nutrient supply during decomposition. Third, the importance and capacity of smaller\uffe2\uff80\uff90sized clay particles (CF1 <1 \uffc2\uffb5m) for C storage was proved by large C enrichment factors (ESOC). Fourthly, functional C pools in different size\uffe2\uff80\uff90density fractions could be clearly separated from each other according to their stability, by relating the 13C isotopic abundance of C pools to the hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90water\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable component (\uffce\uffb413C*fraction).
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tatjana Boettger, Heinz-Ulrich Neue, Elke Schulz, K.-R. Wang, Marc Breulmann,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01330.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01330.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01330.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01330.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01393.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-14", "title": "Carbon Storage In Low-Alpine Grassland Soils: Effects Of Different Grazing Intensities Of Sheep", "description": "Summary Grazing in outlying fields has a long history and is important in local communities worldwide. During the last few decades, grazing pressure has both decreased and increased in alpine ecosystems, but little is known about the effects on soil carbon storage. As part of a sheep grazing experiment with three sheep stocking rates of no sheep (control), 25 and 80 sheep km \u22122 , we tested effects of grazing on soil organic carbon storage, the form of soil organic matter (SOM) and its lability (potential carbon mineralization) in organic horizons of low-alpine grasslands in southern Norway. After 7 years of grazing, the greatest sheep density reduced soil organic carbon concentration (% SOC) and carbon stocks at equivalent soil mass as compared with the control. In contrast, the low stocking rate caused no change or a slight increase. The form of SOM, expressed as ratios of particulate organic carbon to soil organic carbon, was only slightly affected by grazing, with a small decrease and moderate increase at the greater and smaller stocking rate, respectively. The lability of SOM was not affected by grazing directly, but was significantly related to the mineral content of the O-horizons. In general, there were large differences between the plant communities of snowbed and willow-shrub for several soil attributes. We concluded that 7 years of grazing had limited impacts on stocks, form and lability of SOM.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01393.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01393.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01393.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01393.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01418.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-17", "title": "Aggregate Stability And Physical Protection Of Soil Organic Carbon In Semi-Arid Steppe Soils", "description": "Spatial inaccessibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) for microbial decay within soil aggregates is an important stabilization mechanism. However, little is known about the stability of aggregates in semiarid grasslands and their sensitivity to intensive grazing. In this study, a combined approach using soil chemical and physical analytical methods was applied to investigate the effect of grazing and grazing exclusion on the amount and stability of soil aggregates and the associated physical protection of SOC. Topsoils from continuously grazed (CG) and ungrazed sites where grazing was excluded from 1979 onwards (UG79) were sampled for two steppe types in Inner Mongolia, northern China. All samples were analysed for basic soil properties and separated into free and aggregate\uffe2\uff80\uff90occluded light fractions (fLF, oLF) and mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated fractions. Tensile strength of soil aggregates was measured by crushing tests. Undisturbed as well as artificially compacted samples, where aggregates were destroyed mechanically by compression, were incubated and the mineralization of SOC was measured. For undisturbed samples, the cumulative release of CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C was greater for CG compared with UG79 for both steppe types. A considerably greater amount of oLF was found in UG79 than in CG soils, but the stabilities of 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffe2\uff80\uff90mm aggregates were less for ungrazed sites. Compacted samples showed only a slightly larger carbon release with CG but a considerably enhanced mineralization with UG79. We assume that the continuous trampling of grazing animals together with a smaller input of organic matter leads to the formation of mechanically compacted stable \uffe2\uff80\uff98clods\uffe2\uff80\uff99, which do not provide an effective physical protection for SOC in the grazed plots. In UG79 sites, a greater input of organic matter acting as binding agents in combination with an exclusion of animal trampling enhances the formation of soil aggregates. Thus, grazing exclusion promotes the physical protection of SOC by increasing soil aggregation and is hence a management option to enhance the C sequestration potential of degraded steppe soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01418.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01418.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01418.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01418.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-27", "title": "Dynamics Of Soil Carbon To Nitrogen Ratio Changes Under Long-Term Fertilizer Addition In Wheat-Corn Double Cropping Systems Of China", "description": "Soil carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio is one of the important properties of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we report a study of soil C:N ratio dynamics in wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn double cropping systems based on four long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimental sites in China: three in the temperate zone and one in the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical zone. We evaluate effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilizer input on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) by comparing three treatments: no added fertilizer (the control), added nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90phosphorus\uffe2\uff80\uff90potassium chemical fertilizers (NPK), and chemical fertilizers combined with manure (NPKM). Our study shows that SOC and TN had different responses to the treatments. There was an increasing trend in SOC, even without fertilizer. However, applying inorganic fertilizers only (NPK) did not maintain TN contents at some sites. The NPKM treatment resulted in a large increase in both SOC (35\uffe2\uff80\uff93147%) and TN (33 to 10%) contents, relative to the initial values. The soil C:N ratio showed a significant increase over time at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical site but little change at the three temperate sites. Our analysis showed similar C:N ratios (37\uffe2\uff80\uff9338) in gross input of organic materials under the NPK treatments. However, the estimated C:N ratio during decomposition was much smaller at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical site (23.7) than at the three temperate sites (44.0\uffe2\uff80\uff9348.2) under the NPK treatments, which may explain the increased soil C:N ratio at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical site. Thus, we conclude that variations in soil C:N ratio are not caused by organic matter inputs but by decomposition in the wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn double cropping systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01410.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-13", "title": "Effects Of Long-Term Repeated Mineral And Organic Fertilizer Applications On Soil Nitrogen Transformations", "description": "Repeated applications of mineral and/or organic fertilizer will probably affect gross nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils in the long term but only a limited number of observations are available. Here we present results of a 15N tracing study with soil from the various fertilizer treatments of the Huang\uffe2\uff80\uff90Huai\uffe2\uff80\uff90Hai Plain experiment that has been in operation for more than 17 years. Mineral fertilizer in various combinations of N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), organic manure (OM) or a mixture of mineral fertilizer and manure had been repeatedly applied for 17 years. The gross N transformation rates were quantified with a 15N tracing model, which uses a parameter optimization routine based on Bayesian principles. Mineralization of soil organic matter was at least 2.7 times greater in all fertilizer treatments compared with the untreated control (0.67 \uffc2\uffb5g N g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 day\uffe2\uff88\uff921). While application of mineral N enhanced mineralization from recalcitrant organic N, the application of organic fertilizers stimulated the mineralization of labile organic N. Gross nitrate (NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) production solely resulted from ammonium (NH4+) oxidation. Compared with the gross NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 production in the control treatment (2.22 \uffc2\uffb5g N g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 day\uffe2\uff88\uff921), long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N applications stimulated gross nitrification by more than 5.3 times. The largest gaseous N emissions were associated with the organic manure treatments. The ratio of gross NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 production to total mineral N consumption, a ratio proposed previously to determine potential NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 loss, was a good indicator except for the treatment without N application. This ratio increased from 0.8 in the control to 2.7 in the mixture of mineral fertilizer and manure treatment. The largest gaseous N emissions (N2O + NO) (P < 0.05) were generally found at greater ratios. Results clearly showed that various fertilizers have a differential effect on N dynamics and potential gaseous N losses in the long term.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "S. W. Qin, Zucong Cai, Jinbo Zhang, Christoph M\u00fcller, Christoph M\u00fcller, T. B. Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01410.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01410.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01410.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01410.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01426.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-05", "title": "Modifications Of Organic Matter And Enzymatic Activities In Response To Change In Soil Use In Semi-Arid Mountain Ecosystems (Southern Spain)", "description": "Soil organic matter composition and biochemical properties were determined in mountain calcimorphic Mediterranean soils under different vegetation (cultivated soils, secondary bush, high mountain bush, juniper, evergreen oak and pine) to assess the impact of soil use on the size and activity of microbial communities. Our results indicated that clearing forest leads to a general decline in the performance of soil organic carbon sequestration and associated enzymatic activities. However, when soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, catalase, phosphodiesterase,\uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90glucosidase, urease and casein\uffe2\uff80\uff90protease) were expressed as ratios to total organic carbon (specific activities), a conspicuous increase in their activities was observed in cleared soils as compared with forest soils, suggesting enhanced hydrolytic potential in the former. In addition, the negative correlation observed betweenqCO2(metabolic quotient) and water retention at \uffe2\uff88\uff921500 kPa, could be interpreted as an adaptive strategy against low soil moisture by microbial communities in cleared soils. This indicates the importance of describing soil quality in terms of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil organic C sequestration and/or resistance of the organic matter to microbial transformation. These features were reflected in the visible and infrared spectra of humic acids, which suggested humification mechanisms involving mainly an alteration of plant macromolecules with poor incorporation of characteristic microbial metabolites in the forest soils whereas the opposite effect was observed in cleared soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01426.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01426.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01426.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01426.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01146.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-06-29", "title": "Several Components Of Global Change Alter Nitrifying And Denitrifying Activities In An Annual Grassland", "description": "Summary
The effects of global change on below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground processes of the nitrogen (N) cycle have repercussions for plant communities, productivity and trace gas effluxes. However, the interacting effects of different components of global change on nitrification or denitrification have rarely been studied in situ.
We measured responses of nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) to over 4\uffc2\uffa0years of exposure to several components of global change and their interaction (increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, precipitation and N addition) at peak biomass period in an annual grassland ecosystem. In order to provide insight into the mechanisms controlling the response of NEA and DEA to global change, we examined the relationships between these activities and soil moisture, microbial biomass C and N, and soil extractable N.
Across all treatment combinations, NEA was decreased by elevated CO2 and increased by N addition. While elevated CO2 had no effect on NEA when not combined with other treatments, it suppressed the positive effect of N addition on NEA in all the treatments that included N addition. We found a significant CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93N interaction for DEA, with a positive effect of elevated CO2 on DEA only in the treatments that included N addition, suggesting that N limitation of denitrifiers may have occurred in our system. Soil water content, extractable N concentrations and their interaction explained 74% of the variation in DEA.
Our results show that the potentially large and interacting effects of different components of global change should be considered in predicting below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground N responses of Mediterranean grasslands to future climate changes.
", "keywords": ["ERODIUM BOTRYS", "2. Zero hunger", "N ADDITION", "[SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity", "DENITRIFICATION", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910", "15. Life on land", "NITRIFICATION", "6. Clean water", "BROMUS HORDEACEUS", "GERANIUM DISSECTUM", "GERANIUM", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "PRECIPITATION", "WARMING", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "AVENA BARBATA", "ELEVATED CO2", "environment", "TENEUR EN EAU DU SOL", "[SDV.BID] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01146.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Functional%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01146.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01146.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01146.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-06-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-28", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increases Soil Carbon", "description": "AbstractThe general lack of significant changes in mineral soil C stocks during CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90enrichment experiments has cast doubt on predictions that increased soil C can partially offset rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we show, through meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis techniques, that these experiments collectively exhibited a 5.6% increase in soil C over 2\uffe2\uff80\uff939 years, at a median rate of 19\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. We also measured C accrual in deciduous forest and grassland soils, at rates exceeding 40\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for 5\uffe2\uff80\uff938\uffe2\uff80\uff83years, because both systems responded to CO2 enrichment with large increases in root production. Even though native C stocks were relatively large, over half of the accrued C at both sites was incorporated into microaggregates, which protect C and increase its longevity. Our data, in combination with the meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, demonstrate the potential for mineral soils in diverse temperate ecosystems to store additional C in response to CO2 enrichment.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-11-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-19", "title": "No Stimulation In Root Production In Response To 4 Years Of In Situ Co2 Enrichment At The Swiss Treeline", "description": "Summary 1Plants are frequently observed to increase carbon allocation to below-ground sinks and particularly, to accelerate fine root turnover in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. While these strong below-ground responses have predominantly been observed in rapidly expanding systems, late successional plant communities have rarely been studied. 2In an ongoing free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, we assessed below-ground responses to elevated CO2 after 4 years, in a treeline ecosystem in the Swiss Central Alps (2180\u00a0m a.s.l.) dominated by a late successional ericaceous dwarf shrub community (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, Empetrum hermaphroditum), and a sparse overstorey of 30-year-old Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees. Measurements included quantification of fine root growth using ingrowth root cores and parallel standing crop harvests and decomposition of roots using litter bags. 3Elevated CO2 did not stimulate root growth of the treated vegetation (although some significant above-ground growth responses were observed), nor did altered root decomposition occur. Root quality measurements indicated that elevated CO2 resulted in significantly higher starch concentrations, but no change in N concentration, or root dehydrogenase activity. 4The use of the stable isotope \u03b413C permitted us to trace the new carbon entering the system through our CO2 enrichment treatment. We observed that only c. 30% of new root biomass (<\u00a02\u00a0mm) was formed by new carbon indicating a rather slow root turnover in this system. 5Our data show that fine root growth may be much less stimulated by elevated CO2 in systems with late successional elements than has been reported in ecosystems with a rapidly expanding plant community biomass.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Functional%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01372.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01699.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-03-20", "title": "Functional Complementarity Of Douglas-Fir Ectomycorrhizas For Extracellular Enzyme Activity After Wildfire Or Clearcut Logging", "description": "Summary1.\uffe2\uff80\uff82Clearcut logging results in major changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, but whether this results in the loss of key functional traits, such as those associated with nutrient acquisition from soil organic matter, is unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the importance of resource partitioning in structuring ectomycorrhizal fungal communities following disturbance because most research on these communities has focussed on life history strategies. By studying functional traits, such as activities of enzymes involved in the catabolism of organic macromolecules in soil, we can determine whether a physiological potential for resource partitioning exists in pioneer ectomycorrhizal communities and whether severe disturbance affects these important ecosystem services.
2.\uffe2\uff80\uff82We used activities of key hydrolytic enzymes in the ectomycorrhizospheres of Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir seedlings regenerating at clearcut sites as a functional trait to test whether these differed from those at recent wildfire sites or control forests. We sampled the most abundant types of ectomycorrhizas from 16\uffe2\uff80\uff90month\uffe2\uff80\uff90old seedlings from sites exposed to (i) low or (ii) high severity wildfire, (iii) sites that had been clearcut logged in the same year as the fire and (iv) sites that contained control stands of mature Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir. We expected differences in activities among ectomycorrhizas sampled from different disturbance treatments and among those formed by different fungal species.
3.\uffe2\uff80\uff82In spite of large differences in soil chemistry, activities of acid phosphomonoesterase, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90acetylglucosaminidase and \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90glucosidase, when averaged among the ectomycorrhizas sampled per site, were not affected by disturbance agent. However, activities varied up to sixfold among mycorrhizospheres of different fungal species on the same seedling. Multivariate analysis also indicated some consistent differences in enzyme profiles among ectomycorrhizas formed by specific fungal species, independent of treatment.
4.\uffe2\uff80\uff82The finding that ectomycorrhizal fungal communities exposed to different disturbance agents are functionally similar with respect to the activities of three mycorrhizosphere enzymes supports the conclusion that complementarity exists among ectomycorrhizal fungi. The substantial physiological diversity among ectomycorrhizal fungi at the scale of an individual seedling\uffe2\uff80\uff99s root tips, especially at control mature forests, indicates the potential for resource partitioning within the ectomycorrhizal community and access to a wider range of nutrient sources by each seedling.
5.\uffe2\uff80\uff82Functional similarity among ectomycorrhizal fungal communities across a disturbance severity gradient suggests that dry interior Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir forests are resilient to severe disturbances such as high severity wildfire and clearcutting with forest floor removal. Moreover, our results suggest that current harvesting practices emulate natural disturbances with respect to site\uffe2\uff80\uff90level mycorrhizosphere enzyme activity. The large variation in activity among fungal species, however, indicates that a substantial simplification of the fungal community through other perturbations, as expected with climate change, has the potential to affect ecosystem function.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01699.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Functional%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01699.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01699.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01699.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb06111.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-03", "title": "Earthquake mbvs MsRelations and Source Multiplicity", "description": "Summary A relation Ms= 1.07mb\u20130.23 has been obtained from about 900 earthquake magnitude values reported by CGS during May 1968 to January 1971. Hyderabad observatory seismograms were examined and it was found that all earthquakes lying above the line Ms= 1.07mb+0.27 are complex multiple events and the ones lying below the line Ms= 1.07 mb\u2013 0.73 are simple events. For complex earthquakes clear later phases are observed on short-period seismograms following the initial P-phase. On the long-period seismograms the initiation is some times later than on short-period seismograms, often characterized by slow build up of energy and is followed by later unaccountable larger phases within a few tens of seconds. Simple earthquakes have considerably small energies in surface waves and long- period body waves. Variation of source time function associated with the increase of magnitude only does not seem to explain the exceptionally high Ms found for some earthquakes and multiplicity of the source is suggested to be the cause of this. The difference in the observed Ms values and the ones obtained corresponding to the observed mb values could be used as a measure of source complexity.", "keywords": ["01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Harsh K. Gupta, B. K. Rastogi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb06111.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geophysical%20Journal%20International", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb06111.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb06111.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb06111.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1972-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00034.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-28", "title": "The Effects Of Elevated Co2 Concentrations On The Root Growth Of Lolium Perenne And Trifolium Repens Grown In A Face* System", "description": "AbstractLolium perenneandTrifolium repenswere grown in a Free Air CO2Enrichment (FACE) system at elevated (600 \uffce\uffbcimol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff901) and ambient (340 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff901) carbon dioxide concentrations during a whole growing season. Using a root ingrowth bag technique the extent to which CO2enrichment influenced the growth ofL, perenneandT. repensroots under two contrasting nutrient regimes was examined. Root ingrowth bags were inserted for a fixed time into the soil in order to trap roots. It was also possible to follow the mortality of roots in bags inserted for different time intervals. Root ingrowth of bothL. perenneandT. repensincreased under elevated CO2conditions. InL. perenne, root ingrowth decreased with increasing nutrient fertilizer level, but forT. repensthe root ingrowth was not affected by the nutrient application rate. Besides biomass measurements, root length estimates were made forT, repens.These showed an increase under elevated CO2concentrations. Root decomposition appeared to decrease under elevated CO2concentrations. A possible explanation for this effect is the observed changes in tissue composition, such as the increase in the carbon: nitrogen ratio in roots ofL. perenneat elevated CO2concentrations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00034.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00034.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00034.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00034.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-28", "title": "Responses Of A C-3 And A C-4 Perennial Grass To Elevated Co2 And Temperature Under Different Water Regimes", "description": "AbstractAn experiment was carried out to determine the effects of elevated CO2, elevated temperatures, and altered water regimes in native shortgrass steppe. Intact soil cores dominated by Bouteloua gracilis, a C4 perennial grass, or Pascopyrum smithii, a C3 perennial grass, were placed in growth chambers with 350 or 700 \uffce\uffbcL L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 atmospheric CO2, and under either normal or elevated temperatures. The normal regime mimicked field patterns of diurnal and seasonal temperatures, and the high\uffe2\uff80\uff90temperature regime was 4 \uffc2\uffb0C warmer. Water was supplied at three different levels in a seasonal pattern similar to that observed in the field.
Total biomass after two growing seasons was 19% greater under elevated CO2, with no significant difference between the C3 and C4 grass. The effect of elevated CO2 on biomass was greatest at the intermediate water level. The positive effect of elevated CO2 on shoot biomass was greater at normal temperatures in B. gracilis, and greater at elevated temperatures in P. smithii. Neither root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot ratio nor production of seed heads was affected by elevated CO2.
Plant tissue N and soil inorganic N concentrations were lower under elevated Co2, but no more so in the C3 than the C4 plant. Elevated CO2 appeared to increase plant N limitation, but there was no strong evidence for an increase in N limitation or a decrease in the size of the CO2 effect from the first to the second growing season. Autumn samples of large roots plus crowns, the perennial organs, had 11% greater total N under elevated CO2, in spite of greater N limitation.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "E.T. Elliott, Jack A. Morgan, De-Xing Chen, H. W. Hunt, J.K. Detling,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Nitrogen Cycling In Grazed Pastures At Elevated Co2: N Returns By Ruminants", "description": "AbstractIn pastures grazed by large herbivores, nutrients cycle both through litter and animal excreta. We compared nitrogen (N) returns from sheep grazing a temperate pasture exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (475\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in a FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiment established in the spring of 1997. In the spring of 2000 and 2001, we measured the chemical composition of the diet, sheep faeces and of individual plant species before grazing to characterize feed intake and to compare the intake of N to the N produced in faeces. In both years under elevated CO2, leaves of the individual species exhibited lower N concentrations and higher water\uffe2\uff80\uff90soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations. There was a significantly greater proportion of legume in the diet at elevated CO2 but, together with the changes in chemical composition of individual species, this resulted in diets that had similar N but higher WSC and digestibility for both ambient and elevated CO2. We found that a greater proportion of dietary N was partitioned to urine at elevated CO2, probably because of the higher proportion of legume N in the diet, with possible differences in protein quality. A potentially significant consequence of this change in partitioning is greater N loss through volatilization at higher CO2 levels.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "environment/Ecosystems", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs10101601", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-09", "title": "Sensitivity of Evapotranspiration Components in Remote Sensing-Based Models", "description": "Accurately estimating evapotranspiration (ET) at large spatial scales is essential to our understanding of land-atmosphere coupling and the surface balance of water and energy. Comparisons between remote sensing-based ET models are difficult due to diversity in model formulation, parametrization and data requirements. The constituent components of ET have been shown to deviate substantially among models as well as between models and field estimates. This study analyses the sensitivity of three global ET remote sensing models in an attempt to isolate the error associated with forcing uncertainty and reveal the underlying variables driving the model components. We examine the transpiration, soil evaporation, interception and total ET estimates of the Penman-Monteith model from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (PM-MOD), the Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL) and the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) at 42 sites where ET components have been measured using field techniques. We analyse the sensitivity of the models based on the uncertainty of the input variables and as a function of the raw value of the variables themselves. We find that, at 10% added uncertainty levels, the total ET estimates from PT-JPL, PM-MOD and GLEAM are most sensitive to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (%RMSD = 100.0), relative humidity (%RMSD = 122.3) and net radiation (%RMSD = 7.49), respectively. Consistently, systemic bias introduced by forcing uncertainty in the component estimates is mitigated when components are aggregated to a total ET estimate. These results suggest that slight changes to forcing may result in outsized variation in ET partitioning and relatively smaller changes to the total ET estimates. Our results help to explain why model estimates of total ET perform relatively well despite large inter-model divergence in the individual ET component estimates.
", "keywords": ["550", "Science", "TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "interception", "SOIL-MOISTURE", "transpiration", "modelling", "partitioning", "soil evaporation", "uncertainty", "DROUGHT", "evapotranspiration; modelling; sensitivity; uncertainty; transpiration; soil evaporation; interception; partitioning", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Q", "Biology and Life Sciences", "PLANT TRANSPIRATION", "sensitivity", "6. Clean water", "CHIHUAHUAN DESERT", "GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "LAND EVAPORATION", "WATER-BALANCE", "FEEDBACKS", "[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1601/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101601"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs10101601", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs10101601", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs10101601"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00012.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-28", "title": "Elevated Concentrations Of Co2 May Double Methane Emissions From Mires", "description": "AbstractThe potential impact of an increase in methane emissions from natural wetlands on climate change models could be very large. We report a profound increase in methane emissions from cores of mire peat and vegetation as a direct result of increasing the CO2 concentration from 355 to 550 \uffce\uffbcol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (a 60% increase). Increased CH4 fluxes were observed throughout the four month period of study. Seasonal variation in CH4 flux, consistent with that seen in the field, was observed under both ambient and elevated CO2. Under ambient CO2, methane fluxes rose from 0.02 \uffce\uffbcol m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in May to 0.11 \uffce\uffbcol m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 s\uffe2\uff88\uff923 in July before declining again in August. Under elevated CO2 methane fluxes were at least 100% greater throughout the experiment, rising from 0.05 \uffce\uffbcol m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in May to a peak of 0.27 \uffce\uffbcol m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in July. The stimulation of CO4 emissions was accompanied by a 100% increase in rates of photosynthesis from 4.6 (\uffc2\uffb1 0.3) under ambient CO2 to 9.3 (\uffc2\uffb1 0.7) \uffce\uffbcol m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Root and shoot biomass were unaffected.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "John A. Lee, Paul R. Hutchin, Malcolm C. Press, Trevor W. Ashenden,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00012.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00012.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00012.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00012.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00041.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-28", "title": "Productivity And Water Use Of Wheat Under Free-Air Co2 Enrichment", "description": "AbstractA free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Maricopa, Arizona, on wheat from December 1992 through May 1993. The FACE apparatus maintained the CO2 concentration, [CO2], at 550 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 across four replicate 25\uffe2\uff80\uff90m\uffe2\uff80\uff90diameter circular plots under natural conditions in an open field. Four matching Control plots at ambient [CO2] (about 370 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) were also installed in the field. In addition to the two levels of [CO2], there were ample (Wet) and limiting (Dry) levels of water supplied through a subsurface drip irrigation system in a strip, split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design.
Measurements were made of net radiation, Rn; soil heat flux, Go; soil temperature; foliage or surface temperature; air dry and wet bulb temperatures; and wind speed. Sensible heat flux, H, was calculated from the wind and temperature measurements. Latent heat flux, \uffce\uffbbET, and evapotranspiration, ET, were determined as the residual in the energy balance. The FACE treatment reduced daily total Rn by an average 4%. Daily FACE sensible heat flux, H, was higher in the FACE plots. Daily latent heat flux, \uffce\uffbbET, and evapotranspiration, ET, were consistently lower in the FACE plots than in the Control plots for most of the growing season, about 8% on the average.
Net canopy photosynthesis was stimulated by an average 19 and 44% in the Wet and Dry plots, respectively, by elevated [CO2] for most of the growing season. No significant acclimation or down regulation was observed. There was little above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground growth response to elevated [CO2] early in the season when temperatures were cool. Then, as temperatures warmed into spring, the FACE plants grew about 20% more than the Control plants at ambient [CO2], as shown by above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass accumulation. Root biomass accumulation was also stimulated about 20%. In May the FACE plants matured and senesced about a week earlier than the Controls in the Wet plots. The FACE plants averaged 0.6 \uffc2\uffb0C warmer than the Controls from February through April in the well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered plots, and we speculate that this temperature rise contributed to the earlier maturity. Because of the acceleration of senescence, there was a shortening of the duration of grain filling, and consequently, there was a narrowing of the final biomass and yield differences. The 20% mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90season growth advantage of FACE shrunk to about an 8% yield advantage in the Wet plots, while the yield differences between FACE and Control remained at about 20% in the Dry plots.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bruce A. Kimball, Robert L. LaMorte, Frank Wechsung, Douglas J. Hunsaker, Gerard W. Wall, Richard L. Garcia, Thomas Kartschall, Paul J. Pinter, Gabriele Wechsung,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00041.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00041.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00041.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00041.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-12-17", "title": "Experimental Manipulations Of Snow-Depth: Effects On Nutrient Content Of Caribou Forage", "description": "We investigated the potential effects of global climate change on arctic tundra vegetation used as caribou forage. A total of 96 experimental plots was established at six sites on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, in 1993 and 1994. We erected snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90fences to increase the amount of snow deposition, and therefore delay the date of the snowmelt on 48 plots (referred to as increased snow/late melting plots). We used black mesh netting on the surface of the snow to increase the rate of melting on 24 plots; the remaining 24 plots served as controls. In July 1994, we collected green leaves from Eriophorum vaginatum, Salix planifolia, and Betula nana and analysed these samples for total carbon and total nitrogen content. Ratios of carbon to nitrogen differed among treatments for all three species. Generally, C:N ratios for B. nana and E. vaginatum on increased snow/late melting plots were lower than on control plots. C:N ratios for S. planifolia on increased snow/late melting plots did not differ from controls, but were lower than on plots which started to melt early. These results may be due to the timing of nitrogen translocation from leaf and stem tissue into storage organs, or due to an increase in available nitrogen input to the system. Further sampling is needed to adequately determine the mechanism responsible for increased nitrogen content of caribou forage in areas with increased amount of snow and delayed snowmelt.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas R. McCabe, Jeffery M Welker, Andrew N. Parsons, Noreen E. Walsh,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-12-01", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Co2 On Fine Root Dynamics In A Mojave Desert Community: A Face Study", "description": "AbstractFine roots (\uffe2\uff89\uffa41\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm diameter) are critical in plant water and nutrient absorption, and it is important to understand how rising atmospheric CO2 will affect them as part of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. This study's objective was to determine the effects of elevated CO2 on production, mortality, and standing crops of fine root length over 2 years in a free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada, USA. Three replicate 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83m diameter FACE rings were maintained at ambient (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc370\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and elevated CO2 (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc550\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) atmospheric concentrations. Twenty\uffe2\uff80\uff90eight minirhizotron tubes were placed in each ring to sample three microsite locations: evergreen Larrea shrubs, drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90deciduous Ambrosia shrubs, and along systematic community transects (primarily in shrub interspaces which account for \uffe2\uff88\uffbc85% of the area). Seasonal dynamics were similar for ambient and elevated CO2: fine root production peaked in April\uffe2\uff80\uff93June, with peak standing crop occurring about 1 month later, and peak mortality occurring during the hot summer months, with higher values for all three measures in a wet year compared with a dry year. Fine root standing crop, production, and mortality were not significantly different between treatments except standing crop along community transects, where fine root length was significantly lower in elevated CO2. Fine root turnover (annual cumulative mortality/mean standing crop) ranged from 2.33 to 3.17 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and was not significantly different among CO2 treatments, except for community transect tubes where it was significantly lower for elevated CO2. There were no differences in fine root responses to CO2 between evergreen (Larrea) and drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90deciduous (Ambrosia) shrubs. Combined with observations of increased leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90level water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency and lack of soil moisture differences, these results suggest that under elevated CO2 conditions, reduced root systems (compared with ambient CO2) appear sufficient to provide resources for modest aboveground production increases across the community, but in more fertile shrub microsites, fine root systems of comparable size with those in ambient CO2 were required to support the greater aboveground production increases. For community transects, development of the difference in fine root standing crops occurred primarily through lower stimulation of fine root production in the elevated CO2 treatment during periods of high water availability.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "David T. Tingey, Mark Johnson, Donald L. Phillips, Christina E. Catricala, Toni L. Hoyman, Robert S. Nowak,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Nitrogen Cycling In The Soil-Plant System Along A Precipitation Gradient In The Kalahari Sands", "description": "AbstractNitrogen (N) cycling was analyzed in the Kalahari region of southern Africa, where a strong precipitation gradient (from 978 to 230\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm mean annual precipitation) is the main variable affecting vegetation. The region is underlain by a homogeneous soil substrate, the Kalahari sands, and provides the opportunity to analyze climate effects on nutrient cycling. Soil and plant N pools, 15N natural abundance (\uffce\uffb415N), and soil NO emissions were measured to indicate patterns of N cycling along a precipitation gradient. The importance of biogenic N2 fixation associated with vascular plants was estimated with foliar \uffce\uffb415N and the basal area of leguminous plants. Soil and plant N was more 15N enriched in arid than in humid areas, and the relation was steeper in samples collected during wet than during dry years. This indicates a strong effect of annual precipitation variability on N cycling. Soil organic carbon and C/N decreased with aridity, and soil N was influenced by plant functional types. Biogenic N2 fixation associated with vascular plants was more important in humid areas. Nitrogen fixation associated with trees and shrubs was almost absent in arid areas, even though Mimosoideae species dominate. Soil NO emissions increased with temperature and moisture and were therefore estimated to be lower in drier areas. The isotopic pattern observed in the Kalahari (15N enrichment with aridity) agrees with the lower soil organic matter, soil C/N, and N2 fixation found in arid areas. However, the estimated NO emissions would cause an opposite pattern in \uffce\uffb415N, suggesting that other processes, such as internal recycling and ammonia volatilization, may also affect isotopic signatures. This study indicates that spatial, and mainly temporal, variability of precipitation play a key role on N cycling and isotopic signatures in the soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93plant system.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Summer Warming And Increased Winter Snow Cover Affect Sphagnum Fuscum Growth, Structure And Production In A Sub-Arctic Bog", "description": "AbstractSphagnum mosses form a major component of northern peatlands, which are expected to experience substantially higher increases in temperature and winter precipitation than the global average. Sphagnum may play an important role in the responses of the global carbon cycle to climate change. We investigated the responses of summer length growth, carpet structure and production in Sphagnum fuscum to experimentally induced changes in climate in a sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90arctic bog. Thereto, we used open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers (OTCs) to create six climate scenarios including changes in summer temperatures, and changes in winter snow cover and spring temperatures. In winter, the OTCs doubled the snow thickness, resulting in 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff932.8\uffc2\uffb0C higher average air temperatures. Spring air temperatures in OTCs increased by 1.0\uffc2\uffb0C. Summer warming had a maximum effect of 0.9\uffc2\uffb0C, while vapor pressure deficit was not affected. The climate manipulations had strong effects on S. fuscum. Summer warming enhanced the length increment by 42\uffe2\uff80\uff9362%, whereas bulk density decreased. This resulted in a trend (P<0.10) of enhanced biomass production. Winter snow addition enhanced dry matter production by 33%, despite the fact that the length growth and bulk density did not change significantly. The addition of spring warming to snow addition alone did not significantly enhance this effect, but we may have missed part of the early spring growth. There were no interactions between the manipulations in summer and those in winter/spring, indicating that the effects were additive. Summer warming may in the long term negatively affect productivity through the adverse effects of changes in Sphagnum structure on moisture holding and transporting capacity. Moreover, the strong length growth enhancement may affect interactions with other mosses and vascular plants. Because winter snow addition enhanced the production of S. fuscum without affecting its structure, it may increase the carbon balance of northern peatlands.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00737.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Simulated Chronic No3\u2212Deposition Reduces Soil Respiration In Northern Hardwood Forests", "description": "AbstractChronic N additions to forest ecosystems can enhance soil N availability, potentially leading to reduced C allocation to root systems. This in turn could decrease soil CO2 efflux. We measured soil respiration during the first, fifth, sixth and eighth years of simulated atmospheric NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 deposition (3\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) to four sugar maple\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated northern hardwood forests in Michigan to assess these possibilities. During the first year, soil respiration rates were slightly, but not significantly, higher in the NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots. In all subsequent measurement years, soil respiration rates from NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended soils were significantly depressed. Soil temperature and soil matric potential were measured concurrently with soil respiration and used to develop regression relationships for predicting soil respiration rates. Estimates of growing season and annual soil CO2 efflux made using these relationships indicate that these C fluxes were depressed by 15% in the eighth year of chronic NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 additions. The decrease in soil respiration was not due to reduced C allocation to roots, as root respiration rates, root biomass, and root turnover were not significantly affected by N additions. Aboveground litter also was unchanged by the 8 years of treatment. Of the remaining potential causes for the decline in soil CO2 efflux, reduced microbial respiration appears to be the most likely possibility. Documented reductions in microbial biomass and the activities of extracellular enzymes used for litter degradation on the NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots are consistent with this explanation.
", "keywords": ["Nitrogen Fertilization", "Soil CO 2 Efflux", "Geology and Earth Sciences", "Science", "Atmospheric Nitrate Deposition", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Root Respiration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Temperature and Moisture Effects", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Root Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00737.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00737.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00737.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00737.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-13", "title": "Effects Of An Experimental Drought On Soil Emissions Of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, And Nitric Oxide In A Moist Tropical Forest", "description": "AbstractChanges in precipitation in the Amazon Basin resulting from regional deforestation, global warming, and El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o events may affect emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO) from soils. Changes in soil emissions of radiatively important gases could have feedback implications for regional and global climates. Here we report results of a large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale (1\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha) throughfall exclusion experiment conducted in a mature evergreen forest near Santar\uffc3\uffa9m, Brazil. The exclusion manipulation lowered annual N2O emissions by >40% and increased rates of consumption of atmospheric CH4 by a factor of >4. No treatment effect has yet been detected for NO and CO2 fluxes. The responses of these microbial processes after three rainy seasons of the exclusion treatment are characteristic of a direct effect of soil aeration on denitrification, methanogenesis, and methanotrophy. An anticipated second phase response, in which drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced plant mortality is followed by increased mineralization of C and N substrates from dead fine roots and by increased foraging of termites on dead coarse roots, has not yet been detected. Analyses of depth profiles of N2O and CO2 concentrations with a diffusivity model revealed that the top 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm soil is the site of most of the wet season production of N2O, whereas significant CO2 production occurs down to 100\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm in both seasons, and small production of CO2 occurs to at least 1100\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth. The diffusivity\uffe2\uff80\uff90based estimates of CO2 production as a function of depth were strongly correlated with fine root biomass, indicating that trends in belowground C allocation may be inferred from monitoring and modeling profiles of H2O and CO2.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-04-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00803.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Ten Years Of Free-Air Co2 Enrichment Altered The Mobilization Of N From Soil In Lolium Perenne L. Swards", "description": "AbstractEffects of free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE, 60\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pa pCO2) on plant growth as compared with ambient pCO2 (36\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pa) were studied in swards of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) at two levels of N fertilization (14 and 56\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83a\uffe2\uff88\uff921) from 1993 to 2002. The objectives were to determine how plant growth responded to the availability of C and N in the long term and how the supply of N to the plant from the two sources of N in the soil, soil organic matter (SOM) and mineral fertilizer, varied over time. In three field experiments, 15N\uffe2\uff80\uff90labelled fertilizer was used to distinguish the sources of available N.
In 1993, harvestable biomass under elevated pCO2 was 7% higher than under ambient pCO2. This relative pCO2 response increased to 32% in 2002 at high N, but remained low at low N. Between 1993 and 2002, the proportions and amounts of N in harvestable biomass derived from SOM (excluding remobilized fertilizer) were, at high N, increasingly higher at elevated pCO2 than at ambient pCO2. Two factorial experiments confirmed that at high N, but not at low N, a higher proportion of N in harvestable biomass was derived from soil (including remobilized fertilizer) following 7 and 9 years of elevated pCO2, when compared with ambient pCO2.
It is suggested that N availability in the soil initially limited the pCO2 response of harvestable biomass. At high N, the limitation of plant growth decreased over time as a result of the stimulated mobilization of N from soil, especially from SOM. Consequently, harvestable biomass increasingly responded to elevated pCO2. The underlying mechanisms which contributed to the increased mobilization of N from SOM under elevated pCO2 are discussed. This study demonstrated that there are feedback mechanisms in the soil which are only revealed during long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term field experiments. Such investigations are thus, a prerequisite for understanding the responses of ecosystems to elevated pCO2 and N supply.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00803.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00803.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00803.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00803.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-10-05", "title": "Soil Co2 Efflux Of Two Silver Birch Clones Exposed To Elevated Co2 And O-3 Levels During Three Growing Seasons", "description": "AbstractIn the present open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chamber experiment, two silver birch clones (Betula pendula Roth, clone 4 and clone 80) were exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), singly and in combination, and soil CO2 efflux was measured 14 times during three consecutive growing seasons (1999\uffe2\uff80\uff932001). In the beginning of the experiment, all experimental trees were 7 years old and during the experiment the trees were growing in sandy field soil and fertilized regularly. In general, elevated O3 caused soil CO2 efflux stimulation during most measurement days and this stimulation enhanced towards the end of the experiment. The overall soil respiration response to CO2 was dependent on the genotype, as the soil CO2 efflux below clone 80 trees was enhanced and below clone 4 trees was decreased under elevated CO2 treatments. Like the O3 impact, this clonal difference in soil respiration response to CO2 increased as the experiment progressed. Although the O3 impact did not differ significantly between clones, a significant time \uffc3\uff97 clone \uffc3\uff97 CO2\uffc3\uff97 O3 interaction revealed that the O3\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stimulation of soil respiration was counteracted by elevated CO2 in clone 4 on most measurement days, whereas in clone 80, the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 in combination was almost constantly additive during the 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment. Altogether, the root or above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass results were only partly parallel with the observed soil CO2 efflux responses. In conclusion, our data show that O3 impacts may appear first in the below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground processes and that relatively long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term O3 exposure had a cumulative effect on soil CO2 efflux. Although the soil respiration response to elevated CO2 depended on the tree genotype as a result of which the O3 stress response might vary considerably within a single tree species under elevated CO2, the present experiment nonetheless indicates that O3 stress is a significant factor affecting the carbon cycling in northern forest ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["hiilidioksidi", "0106 biological sciences", "rauduskoivukloonit", "15. Life on land", "otsoni", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Toini Holopainen, Anne Kasurinen, Paula Kokko-Gonzales, Elina Vapaavuori, Johanna Riikonen, Johanna Riikonen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00799.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Soil Co2 Efflux In A Boreal Pine Forest Under Atmospheric Co2 Enrichment And Air Warming", "description": "AbstractThe response of forest soil CO2 efflux to the elevation of two climatic factors, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 (\uffe2\uff86\uff91CO2 of 700\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and air temperature (\uffe2\uff86\uff91T with average annual increase of 5\uffc2\uffb0C), and their combination (\uffe2\uff86\uff91CO2+\uffe2\uff86\uff91T) was investigated in a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, full\uffe2\uff80\uff90factorial field experiment consisting of closed chambers built around 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the boreal zone of Finland. Mean soil CO2 efflux in May\uffe2\uff80\uff93October increased with elevated CO2 by 23\uffe2\uff80\uff9337%, with elevated temperature by 27\uffe2\uff80\uff9343%, and with the combined treatment by 35\uffe2\uff80\uff9359%. Temperature elevation was a significant factor in the combined 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year efflux data, whereas the effect of elevated CO2 was not as evident. Elevated temperature had the most pronounced impact early and late in the season, while the influence of elevated CO2 alone was especially notable late in the season. Needle area was found to be a significant predictor of soil CO2 efflux, particularly in August, a month of high root growth, thus supporting the assumption of a close link between whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree physiology and soil CO2 emissions. The decrease in the temperature sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux observed in the elevated temperature treatments in the second year nevertheless suggests the existence of soil response mechanisms that may be independent of the assimilating component of the forest ecosystem. In conclusion, elevated atmospheric CO2 and air temperature consistently increased forest soil CO2 efflux over the 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period, their combined effect being additive, with no apparent interaction.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Seppo Kellom\u00e4ki, Sini Niinist\u00f6, Jouko Silvola,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00799.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00799.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00799.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00799.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00830.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-09-17", "title": "Neighbour Identity Modifies Effects Of Elevated Temperature On Plant Performance In The High Arctic", "description": "AbstractCompetition among plants in extreme environments such as the High Arctic has often been described as unimportant, or even nonexistent; environmental factors are thought to overrule any negative plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93plant interactions. However, few studies have actually addressed this question experimentally in the Arctic, and those that did found only little evidence for competition. Such species interactions will presumably become more important in the future, as Global Climate Change takes effect on terrestrial ecosystems. We investigated plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93plant interactions in the High Arctic, following the growth of Luzula confusa and Salix polaris in pure and mixed stands, and under elevated\uffe2\uff80\uff90temperature treatment over 2 years. To understand the mechanisms of competition, a parallel experiment was undertaken in phytotrons, manipulating competition, temperature and nutrient availability. Our findings indicate that competition is acting in the natural vegetation, and that climatic warming will alter the balance of interactions in favour of the dwarf shrub S. polaris. The phytotron experiment suggested that the mechanism is a higher responsiveness of Salix to nutrient availability, which increased under warming in the field. While Luzula showed a positive response to higher temperature in the lab, its performance in mixed stands in the field was actually reduced by warming, indicating a competitive repression of growth by Salix. The growth of Salix was also reduced by the presence of Luzula, but it was still able to profit from warming. Our findings suggest that climatic warming will result in greater shrub dominance of High Arctic tundra, but we also conjecture that grazing could reverse the situation to a graminoid\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated tundra. These two divergent scenarios would have different implications for ecosystem feedbacks to climatic change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00830.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00830.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00830.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00830.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00843.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-10-05", "title": "Cultivation, Nitrogen Fertilization, And Set-Aside Effects On Methane Uptake In A Drained Marsh Soil In Northeast China", "description": "AbstractTo evaluate the effect of cultivation, nitrogen fertilizer, and set aside on CH4 uptake after drained marshland was converted into agricultural fields, CH4 fluxes and CH4 concentrations in soil gas were in situ measured in a drained marsh soil, a set\uffe2\uff80\uff90aside cultivated soil, and cultivated soils in Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China in August 2001. Over the measuring period, the highest CH4 uptake rate was 120.7\uffc2\uffb16.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcg\uffe2\uff80\uff83CH4\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the drained marsh soil and the lowest was 29.5\uffc2\uffb14.9\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcg\uffe2\uff80\uff83CH4\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the set\uffe2\uff80\uff90aside cultivated soil, showing that there was no significant recovery of CH4 uptake ability 5 years after cultivation activity was stopped. CH4 uptake rates were significantly less in the cultivated soils than in the drained marsh soil by 30.1\uffe2\uff80\uff9374.6%, which resulted mainly from cultivation and partly from nitrogen addition. A significantly negative correlation between CH4 flux and bulk density in the cultivated soils tilled by machine suggests that cultivation reduced CH4 uptake through compaction, because of the enhanced diffusion resistance for CH4 and O2. Nitrogen fertilization slowly reduced but persistently affected CH4 uptake even after long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term application of nitrogen.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Haruo Tsuruta, Weixin Ding, Zucong Cai,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00843.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00843.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00843.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00843.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00883.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-02", "title": "Carbon Flow In An Upland Grassland: Effect Of Liming On The Flux Of Recently Photosynthesized Carbon To Rhizosphere Soil", "description": "AbstractThe effect of liming on the flow of recently photosynthesized carbon to rhizosphere soil was studied using 13CO2 pulse labelling, in an upland grassland ecosystem in Scotland. The use of 13C enabled detection, in the field, of the effect of a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year liming period of selected soil plots on C allocation from plant biomass to soil, in comparison with unlimed plots. Photosynthetic rates and carbon turnover were higher in plants grown in limed soils than in those from unlimed plots. Higher \uffce\uffb413C\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 values were detected in shoots from limed plants than in those from unlimed plants in samples clipped within 15 days of the end of pulse labelling. Analysis of the aboveground plant production corresponding to the 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period of liming indicated that the standing biomass was higher in plots that received lime. Lower \uffce\uffb413C\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 values in limed roots compared with unlimed roots were found, whereas no significant difference was detected between soil samples. Extrapolation of our results indicated that more C has been lost through the soil than has been gained via photosynthetic assimilation because of pasture liming in Scotland during the period 1990\uffe2\uff80\uff931998. However, the uncertainty associated with such extrapolation based on this single study is high and these estimates are provided only to set our findings in the broader context of national soil carbon emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2306", "name=Global and Planetary Change", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2304", "550", "rhizosphere soil", "liming", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "upland grassland", "name=Environmental Chemistry", "carbon pools", "name=Ecology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "name=General Environmental Science", "carbon turnover", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2303", "13C", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2300"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00883.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00883.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00883.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00883.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001033.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-09-19", "title": "Fertilization Of Boreal Forest Reduces Both Autotrophic And Heterotrophic Soil Respiration", "description": "AbstractThe boreal forest is expected to experience the greatest warming of all forest biomes, raising concerns that some of the large quantities of soil carbon in these systems may be added to the atmosphere as CO2. However, nitrogen deposition or fertilization has the potential to increase boreal forest production and retard the decomposition of soil organic matter, hence increasing both tree stand and soil C storage.
The major contributors to soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface CO2effluxes are autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. To evaluate the effect of nutrient additions on the relative contributions from autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, a large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale girdling experiment was performed in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term nutrient optimization experiment in a 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old stand of Norway spruce in northern Sweden. Trees on three nonfertilized plots and three fertilized plots were girdled in early summer 2002, and three nonfertilized and three fertilized plots were used as control plots. Each plot was 0.1\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha and contained around 230 trees. Soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface CO2fluxes, soil moisture, and soil temperature were monitored in both girdled and nongirdled plots.
In late July, the time of the seasonal maximum in soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface CO2efflux, the total soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2efflux in nongirdled plots was 40% lower in the fertilized than in the nonfertilized plots, while the efflux in girdled fertilized and nonfertilized plots was 50% and 60% lower, respectively, than in the corresponding nongirdled controls. We attribute these reductions to losses of the autotrophic component of the total soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface CO2efflux. The estimates of autotrophic respiration are conservative as root starch reserves were depleted more rapidly in roots of girdled than in nongirdled trees. Thus, heterotrophic activity was overestimated.
Calculated on a unit area basis, both the heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration was significantly lower in fertilized plots, which is especially noteworthy given that aboveground production was around three times higher in fertilized than in nonfertilized plots.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001033.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001033.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001033.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001033.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00896.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-02-01", "title": "Comparing Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics In Plantation And Secondary Forest In Wet Tropics In Puerto Rico", "description": "AbstractWe compared the soil carbon dynamics between a pine plantation and a secondary forest, both of which originated from the same farmland abandoned in 1976 with the same cropping history and soil conditions, in the wet tropics in Puerto Rico from July 1996 to June 1997. We found that the secondary forest accumulated the heavy\uffe2\uff80\uff90fraction organic carbon (HF\uffe2\uff80\uff90OC) measured by the density fractionation technique, more efficiently than the tree plantation did. Although there was no significant difference in total soil organic carbon (SOC) between the plantation (5.59\uffc2\uffb10.09\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) and the secondary forest (5.68\uffc2\uffb10.16\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922), the proportion of HF\uffe2\uff80\uff90OC carbon to the total SOC was significantly higher in the secondary forest (61%) than in the plantation (45%) (P<0.05). Forest floor mass and aboveground litterfall in the plantation were 168% and 22.8% greater than those in the secondary forest, respectively, while the decomposition rate of leaf litter in the plantation was 23.3% lower than that in the secondary forest. The annual mean soil respirations in the plantation and the secondary forest were 2.32\uffc2\uffb10.15 and 2.65\uffc2\uffb10.18\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, with a consistently higher rate in the secondary forest than in the plantation throughout the year. Microbial biomass measured by fumigation\uffe2\uff80\uff93incubation method demonstrated a strong seasonal variation in the secondary forest with 804\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the wet season and 460\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the dry season. However, the seasonal change of microbial biomass in the plantation was less significant. Our results suggested that secondary forests could stock more long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term SOC than the plantations in the wet tropics because the naturally generated secondary forest accumulated more HF\uffe2\uff80\uff90OC than the managed plantation.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00896.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00896.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00896.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00896.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-10-07", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Elevated Co2, N Deposition And Climate Change On Extracellular Enzyme Activity And Soil Density Fractionation In A California Annual Grassland", "description": "AbstractElevated CO2, N deposition and climate change can alter ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level nutrient cycling both directly and indirectly. We explored the interactive effects of these environmental changes on extracellular enzyme activity and organic matter fractionation in soils of a California annual grassland. The activities of hydrolases (polysaccharide\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzymes and phosphatase) increased significantly in response to nitrate addition, which coincided with an increase in soluble C concentrations under ambient CO2. Water addition and elevated CO2 had negative but nonadditive effects on the activities of these enzymes. In contrast, water addition resulted in an increase in the activities of lignin\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzymes (phenol oxidase and peroxidase), and a decrease in the free light fraction (FLF) of soil organic matter. Independent of treatment effects, lignin content in the FLF was negatively correlated with the quantity of FLF across all samples. Lignin concentrations were lower in the aggregate\uffe2\uff80\uff90occluded light fraction (OLF) than the FLF, and there was no correlation between percent lignin and OLF quantity, which was consistent with the protection of soil organic matter in aggregates. Elevated CO2 decreased the quantity of OLF and increased the OLF lignin concentration, however, which is consistent with increased degradation resulting from increased turnover of soil aggregates. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of N addition on hydrolase activity are offset by the interactive effects of water addition and elevated CO2, whereas water and elevated CO2 may cause an increase in the breakdown of soil organic matter as a result of their effects on lignin\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzymes and soil aggregation, respectively.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-08-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2607138069", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:28:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-20", "title": "A simple and alternative approach based on reference evapotranspiration and leaf area index for estimating tree transpiration in semi-arid regions", "description": "Abstract The present work aims to develop a simple approach relating normalized daily sap flow (liters per unit of leaf area) and daily reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) (mm/day). Two methods (FAO-Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) and Hargreaves-Samani (HARG)) of the calculation of ET 0 were tested in order to examine their impact on the established relationships. The data sets used for developing this approach are taken over well irrigated orchards from three experimental sites (olive trees, cv. \u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d, olive trees, cv. \u201c Arbequino \u201d and citrus trees cv. \u201c Clementine Afourar \u201d) conducted in the Tensift region around Marrakech (center of Morocco) and one experimental site (pecan orchard, cv. \u201c Carya illinoinensis, Wangenh. K. Koch\u201d ) conducted in the Yaqui Valley, northwest of Mexico). The results showed that the normalized daily sap flow was linearly correlated with ET 0 (mm per day) calculated by FAO-PM method. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the slope of this linear regression varied between 0.71 and 0.97 and between 0.30 and 0.35, respectively, depending on the type of orchards. For HARG method, the relationship between both terms is also linear but with more discrepancy (R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.7). This was somehow expected since this method is known to underestimate ET 0 values in the semi-arid areas. Afterward, the validation of the developed linear relationship was performed over an olive orchard (\u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d) where the measurements of sap flow were available for another cropping season (2004). The scatter plot between the normalized measured and estimated sap flow based on FAO-PM method reveals a very good agreement (slope\u00a0=\u00a01, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.14\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). However, for the estimation of normalized sap flow based on HARG method, the correlation is relatively more scattered (slope\u00a0=\u00a00.95, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.35\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). A further validation was performed using the measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) by eddy correlation system and the results showed that the correlation between normalized measured ET and estimated normalized sap flow is best when using FAO-PM method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.33\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area) for estimating ET 0 than when using HARG method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.51\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). Finally, the performance of the developed approach was compared to the traditional dual crop coefficient scheme for estimating plant transpiration. Cross-comparison of these two approaches with the measurements data gave satisfactory results with an average value of RMSE equal to about 0.37\u00a0mm/day for both approaches.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Semi-arid", "Sap flow", "Leaf area index", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Reference evapotranspiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Tree orchards", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Transpiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2607138069"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2607138069", "name": "item", "description": "2607138069", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2607138069"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-07", "title": "Carbon Fluxes, Nitrogen Cycling, And Soil Microbial Communities In Adjacent Urban, Native And Agricultural Ecosystems", "description": "AbstractUrban ecosystems are expanding globally, and assessing the ecological consequences of urbanization is critical to understanding the biology of local and global change related to land use. We measured carbon (C) fluxes, nitrogen (N) cycling, and soil microbial community structure in a replicated (n=3) field experiment comparing urban lawns to corn, wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow, and unmanaged shortgrass steppe ecosystems in northern Colorado. The urban and corn sites were irrigated and fertilized. Wheat and shortgrass steppe sites were not fertilized or irrigated. Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in urban ecosystems (383\uffc2\uffb111\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was four to five times greater than wheat or shortgrass steppe but significantly less than corn (537\uffc2\uffb144\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Soil respiration (2777\uffc2\uffb1273\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and total belowground C allocation (2602\uffc2\uffb1269\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in urban ecosystems were both 2.5 to five times greater than any other land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use type. We estimate that for a large (1578\uffe2\uff80\uff83km2) portion of Larimer County, Colorado, urban lawns occupying 6.4% of the land area account for up to 30% of regional ANPP and 24% of regional soil respiration from land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use types that we sampled. The rate of N cycling from urban lawn mower clippings to the soil surface was comparable with the rate of N export in harvested corn (both \uffe2\uff88\uffbc12\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). A one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time measurement of microbial community structure via phospholipid fatty acid analysis suggested that land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use type had a large impact on microbial biomass and a small impact on the relative abundance of broad taxonomic groups of microorganisms. Our data are consistent with several other studies suggesting that urbanization of arid and semiarid ecosystems leads to enhanced C cycling rates that alter regional C budgets.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-07", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Effects On Biomass Production And Soil Carbon In Conventional And Conservation Cropping Systems", "description": "AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture as well as agriculture's role in sequestering C. In the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional and conservation) to elevated CO2. The study used a split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two CO2 levels (ambient=375\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and elevated CO2=683\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) as split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plots using open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers on a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults). The conventional system was a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with winter fallow and spring tillage practices. In the conservation system, sorghum and soybean were rotated and three cover crops were used (crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage practices. The effect of management on soil C and biomass responses over two cropping cycles (4 years) were evaluated. In the conservation system, cover crop residue (clover, sunn hemp, and wheat) was increased by elevated CO2, but CO2 effects on weed residue were variable in the conventional system. Elevated CO2 had a greater effect on increasing soybean residue as compared with sorghum, and grain yield increases were greater for soybean followed by wheat and sorghum. Differences in sorghum and soybean residue production within the different management systems were small and variable. Cumulative residue inputs were increased by elevated CO2 and conservation management. Greater inputs resulted in a substantial increase in soil C concentration at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth increment in the conservation system under CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90enriched conditions. Smaller shifts in soil C were noted at greater depths (5\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm) because of management or CO2 level. Results suggest that with conservation management in an elevated CO2 environment, greater residue amounts could increase soil C storage as well as increase ground cover.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-06", "title": "Below-Ground Responses Of Silver Birch Trees Exposed To Elevated Co2 And O3 Levels During Three Growing Seasons", "description": "AbstractField\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones (clone 4 and 80) were exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers for three consecutive growing seasons (1999\uffe2\uff80\uff932001). At the beginning of the OTC experiment, all trees were 7 years old. We studied the single and interaction effects of CO2 and O3 on silver birch below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground carbon pools (i.e. effects on fine roots and mycorrhizas, soil microbial communities and sporocarp production) and also assessed whether there are any clonal differences in these below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground CO2 and O3 responses. The total mycorrhizal infection level of both clones was stimulated by elevated CO2 alone and elevated O3 alone, but not when elevated CO2 was used in fumigation in combination with elevated O3. In both clones, elevated CO2 affected negatively light brown/orange mycorrhizas, while its effect on other mycorrhizal morphotypes was negligible. Elevated O3, instead, clearly decreased the proportions of black and liver\uffe2\uff80\uff90brown mycorrhizas and increased that of light brown/orange mycorrhizas. Elevated O3 had a tendency to decrease standing fine root mass and sporocarp production as well, both of these O3 effects mainly manifesting in clone 4 trees. CO2 and O3 treatment effects on soil microbial community composition (PLFA, 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90OH\uffe2\uff80\uff90FA profiles) were negligible, but quantitative PLFA data showed that in 2001 the PLFA fungi\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83bacteria\uffe2\uff80\uff90ratio of clone 80 trees was marginally increased because of elevated CO2 treatments. This study shows that O3 effects were most clearly visible at the mycorrhizal root level and that some clonal differences in CO2 and O3 responses were observable in the below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground carbon pools. In conclusion, the present data suggests that CO2 effects were minor, whereas increasing tropospheric O3 levels can be an important stress factor in northern birch forests, as they might alter mycorrhizal morphotype assemblages, mycorrhizal infection rates and sporocarp production.
", "keywords": ["juuristo", "rauduskoivu", "korotettu CO2", "PLFA", "610", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "kasvukausi", "hiilidioksidipitoisuus", "Ka", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "otsoni", "530", "korotettu O3"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kasurinen, A., Kein\u00e4nen, M.M., Kaipainen, S., Nilsson, L.-O., Vapaavuori, E., Kontro, M.H., Holopainen, T.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00985.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-22", "title": "Growth Of Eastern Cottonwoods (Populus Deltoides) In Elevated [Co2] Stimulates Stand-Level Respiration And Rhizodeposition Of Carbohydrates, Accelerates Soil Nutrient Depletion, Yet Stimulates Above- And Belowground Biomass Production", "description": "AbstractWe took advantage of the distinctive system\uffe2\uff80\uff90level measurement capabilities of the Biosphere 2 Laboratory (B2L) to examine the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated [CO2] on carbon flux dynamics, above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground biomass changes, and soil carbon and nutrient capital in plantation forest stands over 4 years. Annually coppiced stands of eastern cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) were grown under ambient (400\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm) and two levels of elevated (800 and 1200\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm) atmospheric [CO2] in carbon and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90replete soils of the Intensive Forestry Mesocosm in the B2L. The large semiclosed space of B2L uniquely enabled precise CO2 exchange measurements at the near ecosystem scale. Highly controllable climatic conditions within B2L also allowed for reproducible examination of CO2 exchange under different scales in space and time. Elevated [CO2] significantly stimulated whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90system maximum net CO2 influx by an average of 21% and 83% in years 3 and 4 of the experiment. Over the 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment, cumulative belowground, foliar, and total aboveground biomass increased in both elevated [CO2] treatments. After 2 years of growth at elevated [CO2], early season stand respiration was decoupled from CO2 influx aboveground, presumably because of accelerated fine root production from stored carbohydrates in the coppiced system prior to canopy development and to the increased soil carbohydrate status under elevated [CO2] treatments. Soil respiration was stimulated by elevated [CO2] whether measured at the system level in the undisturbed soil block, by soil collars in situ, or by substrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced respiration in vitro. Elevated [CO2] accelerated depletion of soil nutrients, phosphorus, calcium and potassium, after 3 years of growth, litter removal, and coppicing, especially in the upper soil profile, although total N showed no change. Enhancement of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground biomass production by elevated [CO2] accelerated carbon cycling through the coppiced system and did not sequester additional carbon in the soil.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00985.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00985.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00985.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00985.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-02-01", "title": "Soil Microbial Responses To Experimental Warming And Clipping In A Tallgrass Prairie", "description": "AbstractGlobal surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4\uffe2\uff80\uff935.8\uffc2\uffb0C by the end of this century. However, the impacts of this projected warming on soil C balance and the C budget of terrestrial ecosystems are not clear. One major source of uncertainty stems from warming effects on soil microbes, which exert a dominant influence on the net C balance of terrestrial ecosystems by controlling organic matter decomposition and plant nutrient availability. We, therefore, conducted an experiment in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem at the Great Plain Apiaries (near Norman, OK) to study soil microbial responses to temperature elevation of about 2\uffc2\uffb0C through artificial heating in clipped and unclipped field plots. While warming did not induce significant changes in net N mineralization, soil microbial biomass and respiration rate, it tended to reduce extractable inorganic N during the second and third warming years, likely through increasing plant uptake. In addition, microbial substrate utilization patterns and the profiles of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that warming caused a shift in the soil microbial community structure in unclipped subplots, leading to the relative dominance of fungi as evidenced by the increased ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. However, no warming effect on soil microbial community structure was found in clipped subplots where a similar scale of temperature increase occurred. Clipping also significantly reduced soil microbial biomass and respiration rate in both warmed and unwarmed plots. These results indicated that warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90led enhancement of plant growth rather than the temperature increase itself may primarily regulate soil microbial response. Our observations show that warming may increase the relative contribution of fungi to the soil microbial community, suggesting that shifts in the microbial community structure may constitute a major mechanism underlying warming acclimatization of soil respiration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-07", "title": "Vegetation Responses In Alaskan Arctic Tundra After 8 Years Of A Summer Warming And Winter Snow Manipulation Experiment", "description": "AbstractWe used snow fences and small (1\uffe2\uff80\uff83m2) open\uffe2\uff80\uff90topped fiberglass chambers (OTCs) to study the effects of changes in winter snow cover and summer air temperatures on arctic tundra. In 1994, two 60\uffe2\uff80\uff83m long, 2.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83m high snow fences, one in moist and the other in dry tundra, were erected at Toolik Lake, Alaska. OTCs paired with unwarmed plots, were placed along each experimental snow gradient and in control areas adjacent to the snowdrifts. After 8 years, the vegetation of the two sites, including that in control plots, had changed significantly. At both sites, the cover of shrubs, live vegetation, and litter, together with canopy height, had all increased, while lichen cover and diversity had decreased. At the moist site, bryophytes decreased in cover, while an increase in graminoids was almost entirely because of the response of the sedgeEriophorum vaginatum. These community changes were consistent with results found in studies of responses to warming and increased nutrient availability in the Arctic. However, during the time period of the experiment, summer temperature did not increase, but summer precipitation increased by 28%. The snow addition treatment affected species abundance, canopy height, and diversity, whereas the summer warming treatment had few measurable effects on vegetation. The interannual temperature fluctuation was considerably larger than the temperature increases within OTCs (<2\uffc2\uffb0C), however. Snow addition also had a greater effect on microclimate by insulating vegetation from winter wind and temperature extremes, modifying winter soil temperatures, and increasing spring run\uffe2\uff80\uff90off. Most increases in shrub cover and canopy height occurred in the medium snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90depth zone (0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff932\uffe2\uff80\uff83m) of the moist site, and the medium to deep snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90depth zone (2\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffe2\uff80\uff83m) of the dry site. At the moist tundra site, deciduous shrubs, particularlyBetula nana, increased in cover, while evergreen shrubs decreased. These differential responses were likely because of the larger production to biomass ratio in deciduous shrubs, combined with their more flexible growth response under changing environmental conditions. At the dry site, where deciduous shrubs were a minor part of the vegetation, evergreen shrubs increased in both cover and canopy height. These changes in abundance of functional groups are expected to affect most ecological processes, particularly the rate of litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and both soil carbon and nitrogen pools. Also, changes in canopy structure, associated with increases in shrub abundance, are expected to alter the summer energy balance by increasing net radiation and evapotranspiration, thus altering soil moisture regimes.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marilyn D. Walker, M. S. Bret-Harte, C.-H. A. Wahren,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00939.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-07", "title": "Decomposition Of Soybean Grown Under Elevated Concentrations Of Co2 And O-3", "description": "AbstractA critical global climate change issue is how increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and ground\uffe2\uff80\uff90level O3 will affect agricultural productivity. This includes effects on decomposition of residues left in the field and availability of mineral nutrients to subsequent crops. To address questions about decomposition processes, a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment was conducted to determine the chemistry and decomposition rate of aboveground residues of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown under reciprocal combinations of low and high concentrations of CO2 and O3 in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top field chambers. The CO2 treatments were ambient (370\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and elevated (714\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) levels (daytime 12\uffe2\uff80\uff83h averages). Ozone treatments were charcoal\uffe2\uff80\uff90filtered air (21\uffe2\uff80\uff83nmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and nonfiltered air plus 1.5 times ambient O3 (74\uffe2\uff80\uff83nmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) 12\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Elevated CO2 increased aboveground postharvest residue production by 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9356% while elevated O3 suppressed it by 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9346%. In combination, inhibitory effects of added O3 on biomass production were largely negated by elevated CO2. Plant residue chemistry was generally unaffected by elevated CO2, except for an increase in leaf residue lignin concentration. Leaf residues from the elevated O3 treatments had lower concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, but higher N, fiber, and lignin levels. Chemical composition of petiole, stem, and pod husk residues was only marginally affected by the elevated gas treatments. Treatment effects on plant biomass production, however, influenced the content of chemical constituents on an areal basis. Elevated CO2 increased the mass per square meter of nonstructural carbohydrates, phenolics, N, cellulose, and lignin by 24\uffe2\uff80\uff9346%. Elevated O3 decreased the mass per square meter of these constituents by 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9348%, while elevated CO2 largely ameliorated the added O3 effect. Carbon mineralization rates of component residues from the elevated gas treatments were not significantly different from the control. However, N immobilization increased in soils containing petiole and stem residues from the elevated CO2, O3, and combined gas treatments. Mass loss of decomposing leaf residue from the added O3 and combined gas treatments was 48% less than the control treatment after 20 weeks, while differences in decomposition of petiole, stem, and husk residues among treatments were minor. Decreased decomposition of leaf residues was correlated with lower starch and higher lignin levels. However, leaf residues only comprised about 20% of the total residue biomass assayed so treatment effects on mass loss of total aboveground residues were relatively small. The primary influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 concentrations on decomposition processes is apt to arise from effects on residue mass input, which is increased by elevated CO2 and suppressed by O3.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00939.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00939.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00939.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00939.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-09-19", "title": "Nonlinear Response Of N2o Flux To Incremental Fertilizer Addition In A Continuous Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cropping System", "description": "AbstractThe relationship between nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and N availability in agricultural ecosystems is usually assumed to be linear, with the same proportion of nitrogen lost as N2O regardless of input level. We conducted a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, high\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution N fertilizer response study in southwest Michigan USA to test the hypothesis that N2O fluxes increase mainly in response to N additions that exceed crop N needs. We added urea ammonium nitrate or granular urea at nine levels (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93292\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) to four replicate plots of continuous maize. We measured N2O fluxes and available soil N biweekly following fertilization and grain yields at the end of the growing season. From 2001 to 2003 N2O fluxes were moderately low (ca. 20\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921) at levels of N addition to 101\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, where grain yields were maximized, after which fluxes more than doubled (to >50\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921). This threshold N2O response to N fertilization suggests that agricultural N2O fluxes could be reduced with no or little yield penalty by reducing N fertilizer inputs to levels that just satisfy crop needs.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-12-21", "title": "Carbon Dynamics In Successional And Afforested Spruce Stands In Thuringia And The Alps", "description": "AbstractChanges in the carbon stocks of stem biomass, organic layers and the upper 50\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm of the mineral soil during succession and afforestation of spruce (Picea abies) on former grassland were examined along six chronosequences in Thuringia and the Alps. Three chronosequences were established on calcareous and three on acidic bedrocks. Stand elevation and mean annual precipitation of the chronosequences were different. Maximum stand age was 93 years on acid and 112 years on calcareous bedrocks. Stem biomass increased with stand age and reached values of 250\uffe2\uff80\uff93400\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the oldest successional stands. On acidic bedrocks, the organic layers accumulated linearly during forest succession at a rate of 0.34\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. On calcareous bedrocks, a maximum carbon stock in the humus layers was reached at an age of 60 years.
Total carbon stocks in stem biomass, organic layers and the mineral soil increased during forest development from 75\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the meadows to 350\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the oldest successional forest stands (2.75\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Carbon sequestration occurred in stem biomass and in the organic layers (0.34\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921on acid bedrock), while mineral soil carbon stocks declined.
Mineral soil carbon stocks were larger in areas with higher precipitation. During forest succession, mineral soil carbon stocks of the upper 50\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm decreased until they reached approximately 80% of the meadow level and increased slightly thereafter. Carbon dynamics in soil layers were examined by a process model. Results showed that sustained input of meadow fine roots is the factor, which most likely reduces carbon losses in the upper 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm. Carbon losses in 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth were lower on acidic than on calcareous bedrocks. In this depth, continuous dissolved organic carbon inputs and low soil respiration rates could promote carbon sequestration following initial carbon loss.
At least 80 years are necessary to regain former stock levels in the mineral soil. Despite the comparatively larger amount of carbon stored in the regrowing vegetation, afforestation projects under the Kyoto protocol should also aim at the preservation or increase of carbon in the mineral soil regarding its greater stability of compared with stocks in biomass and humus layers. If grassland afforestation is planned, suitable management options and a sufficient rotation length should be chosen to achieve these objectives. Maintenance of grass cover reduces the initial loss.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Angelika Thuille, Ernst Detlef Schulze,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01091.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-01-06", "title": "Carbon Partitioning To Mobile And Structural Fractions In Poplar Wood Under Elevated Co2 (Euroface) And N Fertilization", "description": "AbstractTo determine whether globally increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can affect carbon partitioning between nonstructural and structural carbon pools in agroforestry plantations, Populus nigra was grown in ambient air (about 370\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 CO2) and in air with elevated CO2 concentrations (about 550\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 CO2) using free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology. FACE was maintained for 5 years. After three growing seasons, the plantation was coppiced and one half of each experimental plot was fertilized with nitrogen. Carbon concentrations and stocks were measured in secondary sprouts in seasons of active growth and dormancy during 2 years after coppicing. Although FACE, N fertilization and season had significant tissue\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific effects on carbon partitioning to the fractions of structural carbon, soluble sugars and starch as well as to residual soluble carbon, the overall magnitude of these shifts was small. The major effect of FACE and N fertilization was on cell wall biomass production, resulting in about 30% increased above ground stocks of both mobile and immobile carbon pools compared with fertilized trees under ambient CO2. Relative C partitioning between mobile and immobile C pools was not significantly affected by FACE or N fertilization. These data demonstrate high metabolic flexibility of P. nigra to maintain C\uffe2\uff80\uff90homeostasis under changing environmental conditions and illustrate that nonstructural carbon compounds can be utilized more rapidly for structural growth under elevated atmospheric [CO2] in fertilized agroforestry systems. Thus, structural biomass production on abandoned agricultural land may contribute to achieving the goals of the Kyoto protocol.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01091.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01091.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01091.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01091.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-01-06T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=I&offset=9050&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=I&offset=9050&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=I&offset=9000", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=I&offset=9100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 29764, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T13:55:43.297763Z"}