{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151567", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-08", "title": "Mineral characterization and composition of Fe-rich flocs from wetlands of Iceland: Implications for Fe, C and trace element export", "description": "Open AccessIn freshwater wetlands, redox interfaces characterized by circumneutral pH, steep gradients in O2, and a continual supply of Fe(II) form ecological niches favorable to microaerophilic iron(II) oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) and the formation of flocs; associations of (a)biotic mineral phases, microorganisms, and (microbially-derived) organic matter. On the volcanic island of Iceland, wetlands are replenished with Fe-rich surface-, ground- and springwater. Combined with extensive drainage of lowland wetlands, which forms artificial redox gradients, accumulations of bright orange (a)biotically-derived Fe-rich flocs are common features of Icelandic wetlands. These loosely consolidated flocs are easily mobilized, and, considering the proximity of Iceland's lowland wetlands to the coast, are likely to contribute to the suspended sediment load transported to coastal waters. To date, however, little is known regarding (Fe) mineral and elemental composition of the flocs. In this study, flocs from wetlands (n = 16) across Iceland were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques (X-ray absorption and 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer) combined with chemical extractions and (electron) microscopy to comprehensively characterize floc mineral, elemental, and structural composition. All flocs were rich in Fe (229\u2013414 mg/g), and floc Fe minerals comprised primarily ferrihydrite and nano-crystalline lepidocrocite, with a single floc sample containing nano-crystalline goethite. Floc mineralogy also included Fe in clay minerals and appreciable poorly-crystalline aluminosilicates, most likely allophane and/or imogolite. Microscopy images revealed that floc (bio)organics largely comprised mineral encrusted microbially-derived components (i.e. sheaths, stalks, and EPS) indicative of common FeOB Leptothrix spp. and Gallionella spp. Trace element contents in the flocs were in the low \u03bcg/g range, however nearly all trace elements were extracted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This finding suggests that the (a)biotic reductive dissolution of floc Fe minerals, plausibly driven by exposure to the varied geochemical conditions of coastal waters following floc mobilization, could lead to the release of associated trace elements. Thus, the flocs should be considered vectors for transport of Fe, organic carbon, and trace elements from Icelandic wetlands to coastal waters.", "keywords": ["Minerals", "Iron", "Iceland", "Freshwater flocs", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Ferric Compounds", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Trace Elements", "EXAFS", "13. Climate action", "Freshwater flocs; Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria; Biominerals; Wetlands; EXAFS; 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer", "Wetlands", "57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer", "Biominerals", "Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "14. Life underwater", "Oxidation-Reduction", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151567"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151567", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151567", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151567"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-18", "title": "Stability of iron minerals in Icelandic peat areas and transport of heavy metals and nutrients across oxidation and salinity gradients \u2013 a modelling approach", "description": "Abstract   The storage of carbon, metals and nutrients in peat lands at high latitude is sensitive to climate- and land usage changes. This work shows that the thermodynamically most stable iron phases in Icelandic peat areas, like hematite or magnetite do not form, but rather the metastable ferrihydrite, which forms in abundance. Model calculations suggest that this ferrihydrite is able to adsorb high concentrations of natural derived heavy metals (Pb, As, Cr, Cu) and nutrients (P). If this ferrihydrite comes in contact with the oceans, these elements will be released through ferrihydrite-seawater interaction. This process may have significant effects to the chemistry of the near shore environments if ferrihydrite transport to the oceans increase due to future increased flooding and sea level rise.", "keywords": ["iron oxides", "ferrihydrite", "metal transport", "peat", "Iceland", "13. Climate action"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116217", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-23", "title": "Iron speciation changes and mobilization of colloids during redox cycling in Fe-rich, Icelandic peat soils", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0016-7061", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "Iceland", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Colloids", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Iron biogeochemistry", "Organic carbon", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116217"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116217", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116217", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116217"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3929/ethz-b-000582238", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-23", "title": "Iron speciation changes and mobilization of colloids during redox cycling in Fe-rich, Icelandic peat soils", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0016-7061", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "Iceland", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Colloids", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Iron biogeochemistry", "Organic carbon", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000582238"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3929/ethz-b-000582238", "name": "item", "description": "10.3929/ethz-b-000582238", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3929/ethz-b-000582238"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-2024-157", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-23", "title": "Probing Iceland's Dust-Emitting Sediments: Particle Size Distribution, Mineralogy, Cohesion, Fe Mode of Occurrence, and Reflectance Spectra Signatures", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Characterizing physico-chemical properties of dust-emitting sediments in arid regions is fundamental to understand the effect of dust on climate and ecosystems. For high-latitude dust (HLD), this knowledge is scarce. This study focuses on the particle size distribution (PSD), mineralogy, cohesion, iron (Fe) mode of occurrence and Visible Near Infra-Red (VNIR) reflectance spectra of dust-emitting sediments from dust-hotspots in Iceland (HLD region). Extensive analysis was conducted on top sediments collected from seven dust-sources and an intensive at Jokuls\u00e1 basin including top sediments, sediments and aeolian ripples. Fully and minimally dispersed PSDs evidenced remarkable similarities with an average median diameter of 56\u00b169 and 55\u00b162 \u00b5m. Mineralogical analyses showed the prevalence of amorphous phases (68\u00b126 %), feldspars (17\u00b113 %), and pyroxenes (9.3\u00b17.2 %), aligned with the reflectance spectra. Fe content reached 9.5\u00b10.40 wt %, mainly in silicate structures (80\u00b16.3 %), complemented by magnetite (16\u00b15.5 %), hematite/goethite (4.5\u00b12.7 %), and readily exchangeable Fe-ions or Fe nano-oxides (1.6\u00b10.63 %). Icelandic top sediments have coarser PSD compared to the high dust-emitting crusts from mid-latitude arid regions, distinctive mineralogy, and threefold bulk Fe content, with a large presence of magnetite. The congruence between fully and minimally dispersed PSDs underscores a reduced particle aggregation and cohesion of Icelandic top sediments, suggesting that aerodynamic entrainment of dust may also play a role upon emission in this region, aside of saltation bombardment. The analysis of an extensive sampling in Dyngjusandur allowed this study to present a conceptual model to encapsulate Iceland's rapidly evolving high dust-emitting environments.                         </p></article>", "keywords": ["550", "QC1-999", "Iron", "Iceland", "Reflectance", "01 natural sciences", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental", "Make cities and human settlements inclusive", " safe", " resilient and sustainable", "Physicochemical property", "11. Sustainability", "Pols", "14. Life underwater", "QD1-999", "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "ddc:550", "Physics", "Sediments (Geologia)", "Sediments (Geology)", "Dust", "Particle size", "Size distribution", "15. Life on land", "Mineralogy", "Pollution", "Earth sciences", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "Cohesion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/6883/2024/acp-24-6883-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-157"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-2024-157", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-2024-157", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-2024-157"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2117/411965", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:25:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-23", "title": "Probing Iceland's Dust-Emitting Sediments: Particle Size Distribution, Mineralogy, Cohesion, Fe Mode of Occurrence, and Reflectance Spectra Signatures", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Characterizing physico-chemical properties of dust-emitting sediments in arid regions is fundamental to understand the effect of dust on climate and ecosystems. For high-latitude dust (HLD), this knowledge is scarce. This study focuses on the particle size distribution (PSD), mineralogy, cohesion, iron (Fe) mode of occurrence and Visible Near Infra-Red (VNIR) reflectance spectra of dust-emitting sediments from dust-hotspots in Iceland (HLD region). Extensive analysis was conducted on top sediments collected from seven dust-sources and an intensive at Jokuls\u00e1 basin including top sediments, sediments and aeolian ripples. Fully and minimally dispersed PSDs evidenced remarkable similarities with an average median diameter of 56\u00b169 and 55\u00b162 \u00b5m. Mineralogical analyses showed the prevalence of amorphous phases (68\u00b126 %), feldspars (17\u00b113 %), and pyroxenes (9.3\u00b17.2 %), aligned with the reflectance spectra. Fe content reached 9.5\u00b10.40 wt %, mainly in silicate structures (80\u00b16.3 %), complemented by magnetite (16\u00b15.5 %), hematite/goethite (4.5\u00b12.7 %), and readily exchangeable Fe-ions or Fe nano-oxides (1.6\u00b10.63 %). Icelandic top sediments have coarser PSD compared to the high dust-emitting crusts from mid-latitude arid regions, distinctive mineralogy, and threefold bulk Fe content, with a large presence of magnetite. The congruence between fully and minimally dispersed PSDs underscores a reduced particle aggregation and cohesion of Icelandic top sediments, suggesting that aerodynamic entrainment of dust may also play a role upon emission in this region, aside of saltation bombardment. The analysis of an extensive sampling in Dyngjusandur allowed this study to present a conceptual model to encapsulate Iceland's rapidly evolving high dust-emitting environments.                         </p></article>", "keywords": ["550", "QC1-999", "Iron", "Iceland", "Reflectance", "01 natural sciences", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental", "Physicochemical property", "11. Sustainability", "Pols", "14. Life underwater", "QD1-999", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "ddc:550", "Physics", "Sediments (Geologia)", "Sediments (Geology)", "Dust", "Particle size", "Size distribution", "15. Life on land", "Mineralogy", "Earth sciences", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "Cohesion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/6883/2024/acp-24-6883-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2117/411965"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2117/411965", "name": "item", "description": "2117/411965", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2117/411965"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/361903", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:24:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-23", "title": "Probing Iceland's Dust-Emitting Sediments: Particle Size Distribution, Mineralogy, Cohesion, Fe Mode of Occurrence, and Reflectance Spectra Signatures", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Characterizing physico-chemical properties of dust-emitting sediments in arid regions is fundamental to understand the effect of dust on climate and ecosystems. For high-latitude dust (HLD), this knowledge is scarce. This study focuses on the particle size distribution (PSD), mineralogy, cohesion, iron (Fe) mode of occurrence and Visible Near Infra-Red (VNIR) reflectance spectra of dust-emitting sediments from dust-hotspots in Iceland (HLD region). Extensive analysis was conducted on top sediments collected from seven dust-sources and an intensive at Jokuls\u00e1 basin including top sediments, sediments and aeolian ripples. Fully and minimally dispersed PSDs evidenced remarkable similarities with an average median diameter of 56\u00b169 and 55\u00b162 \u00b5m. Mineralogical analyses showed the prevalence of amorphous phases (68\u00b126 %), feldspars (17\u00b113 %), and pyroxenes (9.3\u00b17.2 %), aligned with the reflectance spectra. Fe content reached 9.5\u00b10.40 wt %, mainly in silicate structures (80\u00b16.3 %), complemented by magnetite (16\u00b15.5 %), hematite/goethite (4.5\u00b12.7 %), and readily exchangeable Fe-ions or Fe nano-oxides (1.6\u00b10.63 %). Icelandic top sediments have coarser PSD compared to the high dust-emitting crusts from mid-latitude arid regions, distinctive mineralogy, and threefold bulk Fe content, with a large presence of magnetite. The congruence between fully and minimally dispersed PSDs underscores a reduced particle aggregation and cohesion of Icelandic top sediments, suggesting that aerodynamic entrainment of dust may also play a role upon emission in this region, aside of saltation bombardment. The analysis of an extensive sampling in Dyngjusandur allowed this study to present a conceptual model to encapsulate Iceland's rapidly evolving high dust-emitting environments.</p></article>", "keywords": ["550", "QC1-999", "Iron", "Iceland", "Reflectance", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3", "01 natural sciences", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental", "Make cities and human settlements inclusive", " safe", " resilient and sustainable", "Physicochemical property", "11. Sustainability", "Pols", "14. Life underwater", "QD1-999", "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "ddc:550", "Physics", "Sediments (Geologia)", "Sediments (Geology)", "Dust", "Particle size", "Size distribution", "15. Life on land", "Mineralogy", "Pollution", "Earth sciences", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "Cohesion", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/6883/2024/acp-24-6883-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10261/361903"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/361903", "name": "item", "description": "10261/361903", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/361903"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/401806", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:24:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-09-15", "title": "Unveiling single-particle composition, size, shape, and mixing state of freshly emitted Icelandic dust via electron microscopy analysis", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Iceland is a significant high-latitude dust source area. Airborne Icelandic dust influences the climate system by interacting with radiation, clouds, and biogeochemical cycles; it also affects snow and ice albedo and air quality. These impacts are sensitive to the dust\u2019s mineralogical, chemical, and physical properties. However, comprehensive measurements and analyses of Icelandic dust particles remain limited. This study examines dust samples collected during a field campaign in the Dyngjusandur desert (August\u2013September 2021) using active and passive aerosol sampling. Over 190\u2009000 individual particles, ranging from 0.1 to 120\u2009\u00b5m, were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ccSEM/EDX). Results show heterogeneity in particle size, shape, and composition. The most abundant particle type was medium-Al mixed particles, likely glass-like, comprising 35\u2009%\u201392\u2009% of the aerosol volume. Sulfate particles, suggesting volcanic contributions, were detected in some samples. Iron (Fe)- and titanium (Ti)-rich particles made up 3.3\u2009% and 6\u2009% of the aerosol volume, respectively, mainly in the size fraction &lt;\u20091\u2009\u00b5m. The median aspect ratio ranged from 1.37 to 1.53, increasing with particle size. Our findings highlight key differences in Icelandic dust compared to Saharan dust, including higher iron and titanium content and a lack of potassium in Icelandic dust. Additionally, Icelandic dust shows a size-dependent increase in aspect ratio, unlike Saharan dust, which remains constant. These observations can improve model simulations that account for the effect of high-latitude dust in the Earth system.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Climate system", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Radiation", "550", "electron microscopy analysis", "ddc:550", "Icelandic dust", "Geowissenschaften", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9", "Earth sciences", "Make cities and human settlements inclusive", " safe", " resilient and sustainable", "Build resilient infrastructure", " promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11", "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages", "single-particle composition"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/401806"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/401806", "name": "item", "description": "10261/401806", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/401806"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/529133", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:25:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-08", "title": "Mineral characterization and composition of Fe-rich flocs from wetlands of Iceland: Implications for Fe, C and trace element export", "description": "Open AccessIn freshwater wetlands, redox interfaces characterized by circumneutral pH, steep gradients in O2, and a continual supply of Fe(II) form ecological niches favorable to microaerophilic iron(II) oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) and the formation of flocs; associations of (a)biotic mineral phases, microorganisms, and (microbially-derived) organic matter. On the volcanic island of Iceland, wetlands are replenished with Fe-rich surface-, ground- and springwater. Combined with extensive drainage of lowland wetlands, which forms artificial redox gradients, accumulations of bright orange (a)biotically-derived Fe-rich flocs are common features of Icelandic wetlands. These loosely consolidated flocs are easily mobilized, and, considering the proximity of Iceland's lowland wetlands to the coast, are likely to contribute to the suspended sediment load transported to coastal waters. To date, however, little is known regarding (Fe) mineral and elemental composition of the flocs. In this study, flocs from wetlands (n = 16) across Iceland were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques (X-ray absorption and 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer) combined with chemical extractions and (electron) microscopy to comprehensively characterize floc mineral, elemental, and structural composition. All flocs were rich in Fe (229\u2013414 mg/g), and floc Fe minerals comprised primarily ferrihydrite and nano-crystalline lepidocrocite, with a single floc sample containing nano-crystalline goethite. Floc mineralogy also included Fe in clay minerals and appreciable poorly-crystalline aluminosilicates, most likely allophane and/or imogolite. Microscopy images revealed that floc (bio)organics largely comprised mineral encrusted microbially-derived components (i.e. sheaths, stalks, and EPS) indicative of common FeOB Leptothrix spp. and Gallionella spp. Trace element contents in the flocs were in the low \u03bcg/g range, however nearly all trace elements were extracted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This finding suggests that the (a)biotic reductive dissolution of floc Fe minerals, plausibly driven by exposure to the varied geochemical conditions of coastal waters following floc mobilization, could lead to the release of associated trace elements. Thus, the flocs should be considered vectors for transport of Fe, organic carbon, and trace elements from Icelandic wetlands to coastal waters.", "keywords": ["Minerals", "Iron", "Iceland", "Freshwater flocs", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Ferric Compounds", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Trace Elements", "EXAFS", "13. Climate action", "Freshwater flocs; Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria; Biominerals; Wetlands; EXAFS; 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer", "Wetlands", "57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer", "Biominerals", "Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "14. 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Therefore, it is important to consider the amount of sealed surfaces in the city, in particular in the most densely built-up areas, in order to plan adaptation.", "formats": [{"name": "SHP"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}], "keywords": ["Land cover", "climate change impact", "city", "climate", "climate change adaptation", "Norway", "Iceland", "EU27 (from 2020)", "Switzerland", "United Kingdom", "European", "Climate adaptation", "Land use"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_v_4258_100_k_impervious-area-city_p_2015_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/knowledge/tools/urban-adaptation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/UAMV/Impervious_Areas_Core_City/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/UAMV/Impervious_Areas_Core_City/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "name": "item", "description": "45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "d692446f-934a-4ffa-bce1-8a330b663143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-21.67, 28.98], [-21.67, 69.64], [33.38, 69.64], [33.38, 28.98], [-21.67, 28.98]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "climate"}, {"id": "city"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "soil"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "EU27 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land use"}, {"id": "Climate adaptation"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}], "updated": "2025-10-09T11:17:06.124251Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-12-19T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Percentage of impervious area within Urban Morphological Zone (2015), Jan. 2019", "description": "This data shows the information on the percentage of impervious areas within the Urban Morphological Zones, UMZ (i.e.: the densely built-up urban area within the administrative boundaries of a city) in Europe. \n\nThe area of soil sealing is taken from the Copernicus pan-European soil-sealing layer 2015. 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