Methane from global rice cultivation currently accounts for one-half of all crop-related greenhouse gas emissions. Several international organizations are advocating reductions in methane emissions from rice by promoting intermittent flooding without accounting for the possibility of large emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a long-lived greenhouse gas. Our experimental results suggest that the Indian subcontinent\uffe2\uff80\uff99s N 2 O emissions from intermittently flooded rice fields could be 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9345 times higher than reported under continuous flooding. Net climate impacts of rice cultivation could be reduced by up to 90% through comanagement of water, nitrogen, and carbon. To do this effectively will require a careful ongoing global assessment of N 2 O emissions from rice, or we will risk ignoring a very large source of climate impact.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "550", "Climate Change", "Nitrous Oxide", "Water", "India", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Crop Production", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Greenhouse Gases", "Alternate wetting and drying", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rice", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809276115"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1809276115", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1809276115", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1809276115"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncn", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:33Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-10-13", "title": "Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India", "description": "unspecifiedThe consequences of land-use change for savanna biodiversity remain undocumented in most regions of tropical Asia. One such region is western Maharashtra, India, where old-growth savannas occupy a broad rainfall gradient and are increasingly rare due to agricultural conversion and afforestation. To understand the consequences of land-use change, we sampled herbaceous plant communities of old-growth savannas and three alternative land-use types: tree plantations, tillage agriculture, and agricultural fallows (n=15 sites per type). Study sites spanned 457 to 1954 mm of mean annual precipitation\u2014corresponding to the typical rainfall range of mesic savannas globally. Across the rainfall gradient, we found consistent declines in old-growth savanna plant communities due to land-use change. Local-scale native species richness dropped from a mean of 12 species/m2 in old-growth savannas to 8, 6, and 3 species/m2 in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively. Cover of native plants declined from a mean of 49% in old-growth savannas to 27% in both tree plantations and fallows, and 4% in tillage agriculture. Reductions in native cover coincided with increased cover of invasive species in tree plantations (18%), fallows (18%), and tillage agriculture (3%). In analyses of community composition, tillage agriculture was most dissimilar to old-growth savannas, while tree plantations and fallows showed intermediate dissimilarity. These compositional changes were driven partly by the loss of characteristic savanna species: 65 species recorded in old-growth savannas were absent in other land uses. Indicator analysis revealed 21 old-growth species, comprised mostly of native savanna specialists. Indicators of tree plantations (9 species) and fallows (13 species) were both invasive and native species, while the 2 indicators of tillage agriculture were invasive. As reflective of declines in savanna communities, mean native perennial graminoid cover of 27% in old-growth savannas dropped to 9%, 7%, and 0.1% in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively. Synthesis: Agricultural conversion and afforestation of old-growth savannas in India destroys and degrades herbaceous plant communities that do not spontaneously recover on fallowed land. Efforts to conserve India\u2019s native biodiversity should encompass the country\u2019s widespread savanna biome and seek to limit conversion of irreplaceable old-growth savannas.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "land use change", "13. Climate action", "plant species richness", "India", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "grassland", "herbivores", "fire", "FOS: Natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nerlekar, Ashish, Munje, Avishkar, Mhaisalkar, Pranav, Hiremath, Ankila, Veldman, Joseph,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncn"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncn", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncn", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncn"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-10-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1155/2012/623070", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-05", "title": "Environmental Impacts Of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel In India", "description": "In the context of energy security, rural development and climate change, India actively promotes the cultivation ofJatropha curcas, a biodiesel feedstock which has been identified as suitable for achieving the Indian target of 20% biofuel blending by 2017. In this paper, we present results concerning the range of environmental impacts of differentJatropha curcascultivation systems. Moreover, nine agronomic trials in Andhra Pradesh are analysed, in which the yield was measured as a function of different inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the environmental impact of the wholeJatropha curcasbiodiesel value chain is benchmarked with fossil diesel, following the ISO 14040/44 life cycle assessment procedure. Overall, this study shows that the use ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel generally reduces the global warming potential and the nonrenewable energy demand as compared to fossil diesel. On the other hand, the environmental impacts on acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and water depletion all showed increases. Key for reducing the environmental impact ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel is the resource efficiency during crop cultivation (especially mineral fertilizer application) and the optimal site selection of theJatropha curcasplantations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Fossil Fuels", "Esterification", "Conservation of Energy Resources", "India", "Agriculture", "Jatropha", "02 engineering and technology", "Environment", "15. Life on land", "Global Warming", "7. Clean energy", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Plant Oils", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gm\u00fcnder, Simon, Singh, Reena, Pfister, Stephan; id_orcid0000-0001-8984-2041, Adheloya, Alok, Zah, Rainer,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/623070"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Biomedicine%20and%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1155/2012/623070", "name": "item", "description": "10.1155/2012/623070", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1155/2012/623070"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/15-2143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-08", "title": "Impacts Of Land Use On Indian Mangrove Forest Carbon Stocks: Implications For Conservation And Management", "description": "AbstractGlobally, mangrove forests represents only 0.7% of world's tropical forested area but are highly threatened due to susceptibility to climate change, sea level rise, and increasing pressures from human population growth in coastal regions. Our study was carried out in the Bhitarkanika Conservation Area (BCA), the second\uffe2\uff80\uff90largest mangrove area in eastern India. We assessed total ecosystem carbon (C) stocks at four land use types representing varying degree of disturbances. Ranked in order of increasing impacts, these sites included dense mangrove forests, scrub mangroves, restored/planted mangroves, and abandoned aquaculture ponds. These impacts include both natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances causing stress, degradation, and destruction of mangroves. Mean vegetation C stocks (including both above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground pools; mean\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa0standard error) in aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 0, 7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04, 65\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa011 and 100\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa011 Mg C/ha, respectively. Average soil C pools for aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 61\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa08, 92\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa020, 177\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa014, and 134\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa017 Mg C/ha, respectively. Mangrove soils constituted largest fraction of total ecosystem C stocks at all sampled sites (aquaculture [100%], planted [90%], scrub [72%], and dense mangrove [57%]). Within BCA, the four studied land use types covered an area of ~167\uffc2\uffa0km2 and the total ecosystem C stocks were 0.07\uffc2\uffa0Tg C for aquaculture (~12\uffc2\uffa0km2), 0.25\uffc2\uffa0Tg C for planted/ restored mangrove (~24\uffc2\uffa0km2), 2.29\uffc2\uffa0teragrams (Tg) Tg C for scrub (~93\uffc2\uffa0km2), and 0.89\uffc2\uffa0Tg C for dense mangroves (~38\uffc2\uffa0km2). Although BCA is protected under Indian wildlife protection and conservation laws, ~150 000 people inhabit this area and are directly or indirectly dependent on mangrove resources for sustenance. Estimates of C stocks of Bhitarkanika mangroves and recognition of their role as a C repository could provide an additional reason to support conservation and restoration of Bhitarkanika mangroves. Harvesting or destructive exploitation of mangroves by local communities for economic gains can potentially be minimized by enabling these communities to avail themselves of carbon offset/conservation payments under approved climate change mitigation strategies and actions.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "carbon", "mangroves", "Climate Change", "India", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "coastal areas", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "mitigation", "Soil", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "Humans", "Human Activities", "14. Life underwater", "ecology", "ecosystems", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/15-2143"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/15-2143", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/15-2143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/15-2143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:32Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Simplification of shade tree diversity reduces nutrient cycling resilience in coffee agroforestry", "description": "unspecified1. Agroforestry systems are refuges for biodiversity and provide multiple ecosystem functions and services. Diverse multispecies shade tree canopies are increasingly replaced by monospecific shade, often dominated by non-native tree species. The loss of tree diversity and the nature of the dominating tree can have strong implications for ecosystem functions, e.g. nutrient cycling ultimately reducing crop production. 2. To understand direct and indirect impacts of shade trees on nutrient cycling and crop production, we studied coffee agroforestry systems in India along a gradient from native multispecies canopies to Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) -dominated canopy cover. We identified 25 agroforests, across a broad rainfall and management gradient and assessed litter quantity and quality, decomposition, nutrient release, soil fertility and coffee nutrient limitations. 3. Increasing G. robusta dominance affected nutrient cycling predominantly by; (1) changing of litter phenology, (2) reducing phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) inputs via litterfall, decelerated litter decomposition and immobilization of P and Zn due to low quality litter, (3) reducing soil carbon (C) and micronutrients (especially sulphur (S), Mg and B). Coffee plants were deficient in several nutrients (nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), Mg and S in organic and B in conventional management). (4) Overall G. robusta dominated agroforests were characterized by a reduction of P cycling due to low inputs, strong immobilization while decomposition and antagonistic effects on its release in litter mixtures with coffee. 4. Synthesis and applications. The conversion of shade cover in coffee agroforestry systems from diverse tree canopies to canopies dominated by Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) reduces the inputs and cycling of several micro- and macronutrients. Soil fertility is therefore expected to decline in G. robusta dominated systems, with likely impacts on coffee production. These negative effects might increase under the longer dry periods projected by regional climate change scenarios due to the pronounced litter phenology of G. robusta. Maintaining diverse shade canopies can more effectively sustain micro- and macronutrients in a more seasonal climate.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Intensification", "Grevillea robusta", "Coffea canephora", "13. Climate action", "India", "15. Life on land", "shading", "rainfall gradient", "Nutrient cycle"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nesper, Maike, Kueffer, Christoph, Krishnan, Smitha, Kushalappa, Cheppudira G., Ghazoul, Jaboury,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b935c05"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.b935c05"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7572718", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:24:51Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Mangroves in the lagoon of the protected Aldabra Atoll: a dataset on species, structure, biomass and the environment", "description": "Open AccessMangroves are vital for climate change mitigation since they store vast quantities of carbon as biomass and in the soil. Global mangrove biomass estimates are derived from climate-based relationships of mangroves with precipitation and temperature. However, the carbon stored locally is highly variable depending on environmental conditions. This uncertainty highlights the importance of local mangrove surveys and the need to explore factors that regulate forest structure and, therefore, carbon storage. In this study, we investigate the mangrove forest structure, seedling growth, species composition, aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon, and local environmental factors related to variation in mangrove carbon in the lagoonal mangroves on the protected Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. We present a database from an extensive field survey of Aldabra's mangrove ecosystem using 54 plots of 5 m x 5 m along a mangrove coverage gradient. From November 2019 to November 2020, we measured the structural attributes and identified six mangrove species from >750 adult mangrove trees on Aldabra. We used the height and diameter of adult trees to derive aboveground biomass and carbon from a tropical allometric equation. We measured the height of 59 mangrove seedlings over three sampling periods. In addition, environmental factors were recorded for each plot. We measured soil salinity repeatedly along the soil column. From 90 soil samples, we measured the physical and chemical properties of the soil, including soil organic carbon and elemental concentrations for >20 elements. Autonomous measures of the water level, temperature and conductivity were made every 10 minutes over 1 year in a subset of 36 plots. The database provides 60% more information that is currently available for Seychelles regarding mangrove forest structure and biomass and is essential for research on several globally threatened and endemic species that depend on the mangroves on Aldabra. Furthermore, the database allows the incorporation of data and insights for the Western Indian Ocean and lagoonal mangroves, where few studies have been conducted on mangrove aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when using the current data in publications.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "aboveground biomass", " blue carbon", " field survey", " islands", " lagoon", " one-year field period", " protected area", " Seychelles", " soil nutrients", " water level", " water temperature", " Western Indian Ocean.", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Constance, Annabelle", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7572718"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7572718", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7572718", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7572718"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-157.9, -38.8], [-157.9, 29.1], [175.9, 29.1], [175.9, -38.8], [-157.9, -38.8]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Australia"}, {"id": "Bangladesh"}, {"id": "Belize"}, {"id": "Benin"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Cameroon"}, {"id": "China"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Dominican Republic"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "Egypt"}, {"id": "El Salvador"}, {"id": "French Guiana"}, {"id": "Guadeloupe"}, {"id": "Honduras"}, {"id": "Hong Kong"}, {"id": "India"}, {"id": "Indonesia"}, {"id": "Madagascar"}, {"id": "Malaysia"}, {"id": "Mexico"}, {"id": "Micronesia"}, {"id": "Mozambique"}, {"id": "New Zealand"}, {"id": "Nigeria"}, {"id": "Palau"}, {"id": "Panama"}, {"id": "Philippines"}, {"id": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"id": "Singapore"}, {"id": "South Africa"}, {"id": "Sri Lanka"}, {"id": "Taiwan"}, {"id": "Thailand"}, {"id": "United States"}, {"id": "Vietnam"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2024-11-27T10:08:58", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Global mangrove soil carbon: dataset and spatial maps", "description": "Model outputs were updated on Dec 20, 2017. This project used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Specifically this dataset contains: 1) a compilation of georeferenced and harmonized soil profile data under mangroves compiled from literature, reports and unpublished contributions 2) global mosaics of soil carbon stocks to 1m and 2m depths produced at 100 m resolution 3) tiled predictions of soil carbon stocks produced at 30 m resolution 4) shape file containing the tiling system 5) shape file containing country boundaries used for calculating national level statistics.\nFor detailed methodologies, please see the scientific paper (https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c).", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["carbon", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Australia", "Bangladesh", "Belize", "Benin", "Brazil", "Cameroon", "China", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Dominican Republic", "Ecuador", "Egypt", "El Salvador", "French Guiana", "Guadeloupe", "Honduras", "Hong Kong", "India", "Indonesia", "Madagascar", "Malaysia", "Mexico", "Micronesia", "Mozambique", "New Zealand", "Nigeria", "Palau", "Panama", "Philippines", "Saudi Arabia", "Singapore", "South Africa", "Sri Lanka", "Taiwan", "Thailand", "United States", "Vietnam"], "contacts": [{"name": "Jonathan Sanderman", "organization": "Woods Hole Research Centre", "position": "Associate scientist", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jsanderman@whrc.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "Falmouth, Massachusetts", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "MA 02540", "country": "United States of America"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/other/WD-Mangroves.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "name": "item", "description": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1969-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-09-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2164/14738", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:27:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-20", "title": "Potential yield challenges to scale-up of zero budget natural farming", "description": "Under current trends, 60% of India's population (>10% of people on Earth) will experience severe food deficiencies by 2050. Increased production is urgently needed, but high costs and volatile prices are driving farmers into debt. Zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) is a grassroots movement that aims to improve farm viability by reducing costs. In Andhra Pradesh alone, 523,000 farmers have converted 13% of productive agricultural area to ZBNF. However, sustainability of ZBNF is questioned because external nutrient inputs are limited, which could cause a crash in food production. Here, we show that ZBNF is likely to reduce soil degradation and could provide yield benefits for low-input farmers. Nitrogen fixation, either by free-living nitrogen fixers in soil or symbiotic nitrogen fixers in legumes, is likely to provide the major portion of nitrogen available to crops. However, even with maximum potential nitrogen fixation and release, only 52-80% of the national average nitrogen applied as fertilizer is expected to be supplied. Therefore, in higher-input systems, yield penalties are likely. Since biological fixation from the atmosphere is possible only with nitrogen, ZBNF could limit the supply of other nutrients. Further research is needed in higher-input systems to ensure that mass conversion to ZBNF does not limit India's capacity to feed itself.", "keywords": ["Monitoring", "IEAS/POO2501/1", "NE/S009019/1", "330", "Supplementary Data", "QH301 Biology", "NE/P004830/1", "WHEAT", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "QH301", "NE/M021327/1", "SOIL PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "FERTILIZER", "Renewable Energy", "Wellcome Trust", "SDG 2 - Zero Hunger", "Nature and Landscape Conservation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Planning and Development", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Geography", "Policy and Law", "Ecology", "Sustainability and the Environment", "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)", "Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems (SHEFS)", "NE/P019455/1", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Management", "NITROGEN", "Urban Studies", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "INDIA", "Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)", "Food Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0469-x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2164/14738"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2164/14738", "name": "item", "description": "2164/14738", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2164/14738"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "6eba341b-79d7-4b40-bc19-14a9066f1386", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[73.5, 21.5], [73.5, 32.2], [92.2, 32.2], [92.2, 21.5], [73.5, 21.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Asia"}, {"id": "India"}, {"id": "Indo-Gangetic Plains"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:11", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "SOTER-based soil parameter estimates (SOTWIS) for the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India", "description": "This harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, at scale 1:1 000 000, has been derived from soil and terrain data collated in SOTER format by staff of the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS and LUP) at Nagpur, India. The data set has been prepared for use in the project on \"Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks and change at ... national scale\" (GEFSOC), which has IGP-India as one of its four case study areas (see http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/gefsoc-uk/). \n\nThe land surface of IGP-India has been characterized using 36 unique SOTER units, corresponding with 497 polygons. The major soils of these units have been described using 36 profiles, selected by national soil experts as being representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. \n\nGaps in the measured soil profile data have been filled using a scheme of taxotransfer rules. Parameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminum saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments, and available water capacity(-33 to-1500 kPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change. \n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure; taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the confidence in the derived data.\n\nResults are presented as summary files and can be linked to the 1:1M scale SOTER map in a GIS, through the unique SOTER-unit code. \n\nThe secondary SOTER data set for IGP-India is considered appropriate for exploratory studies at regional scale (greater than1:1M); correlation of soil analytical data should be done more rigorously when more detailed scientific work is considered.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Asia", "India", "Indo-Gangetic Plains"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "1000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/sotwis/SOTWIS_IGP-IN.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/harmonized-continental-soter-derived-database-sotwis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2004_06.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/sotwis/SOTWIS_IGP-IN.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "6eba341b-79d7-4b40-bc19-14a9066f1386", "name": "item", "description": "6eba341b-79d7-4b40-bc19-14a9066f1386", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/6eba341b-79d7-4b40-bc19-14a9066f1386"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "062735bd-fe92-40a3-af13-2f845b0e2f25", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:56:17", "language": "eng", "title": "Evapotranspiration from precipitation (K4, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Evapotranspiration from precipitation calculated for the Malaprabha (K4) sub-basin area. The Evapotranspiration from precipitation (etrain) is the evapotranspiration of green water, in other words the fraction of the total evapotranspiration that is due to rainfall. The calculation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Evapotranspiration from precipitation", "Rainfall Evapotranspiration", "Evapotranspiration", "Soil moisture balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Malaprabha sub-basin", "K4 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K4_ETRAIN/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "ETRAIN:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Rainfall EvapoTranspiration (K4)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "062735bd-fe92-40a3-af13-2f845b0e2f25", "name": "item", "description": "062735bd-fe92-40a3-af13-2f845b0e2f25", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/062735bd-fe92-40a3-af13-2f845b0e2f25"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "0dd36219-902b-4771-8062-eda528a183bd", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T08:11:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Total Flow (K4, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Total Flow (calculated for the Malaprabha (K4) sub-basin area.\nThe total flow (tf) is the sum of surface runoff (sro) and the base flow (bf). More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Total Flow", "Surface runoff", "Base flow", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Malaprabha sub-basin", "K4 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K4_TF/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "TFW:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Total Flow (K4", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0dd36219-902b-4771-8062-eda528a183bd", "name": "item", "description": "0dd36219-902b-4771-8062-eda528a183bd", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0dd36219-902b-4771-8062-eda528a183bd"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-13T14:50:38", "language": "eng", "title": "Percolation (K2, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Percolation calculated for the Middle Krishna (K2) sub-basin area. The Percolation (perco) is the ammount of soil moisture in the root zone that leaks deeper contributing to groundwater recharge. The calculation of Percolation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Percolation", "Soil moisture balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Middle Krishna sub-basin", "K2 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K2_PERCO/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "PERCO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Percolation (K2)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "name": "item", "description": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[68.14, 6.75], [68.14, 35.51], [97.38, 35.51], [97.38, 6.75], [68.14, 6.75]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "boundaries"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2012-12-10T15:51:54", "language": "eng", "title": "Madhya Pradesh (India) - Livelihoods zones for Agricultural Water Management", "description": "Livelihood zoning consists in identifying areas where rural people share relatively homogeneous living conditions, on the basis of a combination of biophysical and socio-economic determinants. The main criteria to establish livelihood zones are: the predominant source of income (livelihood activities); the natural resources available to people and the way they are used; and the prevailing agroclimatic conditions that influence farming activities. Patterns of livelihood vary from one area to another, based on local factors such as climate, soil or access to markets. The analysis delineates geographical areas within which people share similar livelihood patterns: source of living, access to food, farming practices, including crops, livestock and access to markets.\nThe map of livelihood zones is the main output from a participatory mapping workshop and forms the basis for the overall AWM assessment. It describes and geographically locates the different country livelihood contexts, focusing on the main smallholders\u00e2\u0080\u0099 livelihood strategies, their water-related problems and other constraints\nfor development, and the role agricultural water management plays for their livelihoods. An attribute table provides a detailed description of each livelihood zone.", "formats": [{"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}], "keywords": ["BMGF-AWS", "water management", "Tag_AQUASTAT", "Tag_Water-Management", "Madhya Pradesh", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Guido Santini", "organization": "UN Food and Agriculture Organization", "position": "Technical Officer", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "guido.santini@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jean-Marc Faur\u00e8s", "organization": "UN Food and Agriculture Organization", "position": "Senior Officer (Water Resources Management)", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jeanmarc.faures@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "1000000"}, "links": [{"href": "http://awm-solutions.iwmi.org/", "name": "awm-solutions website", "description": "Project website", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff/resources/IMP_Livelihoods.zip", "description": "Contains: ESRI shp file", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/nr/water/projects_agwatermanagement.html", "name": "Agricultural water management solutions project", "description": "Project page on FAO WATER website", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/MP_LZ_analysis.pdf", "name": "Link to PDF: Livelihoods zones Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/MadhyaP.pdf", "name": "Link to PDF - Country Investment brief", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff/thumbnail/MP_livelihoods_ST.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff/large_thumbnail/MP_livelihoods_LT.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff", "name": "item", "description": "1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1874c9ac-d3a9-4c21-ad35-27c2e75049ff"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2012-12-10T15:51:54Z"}}, {"id": "1e14846a-85ed-4381-8f62-f56d160dfd84", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-13T14:26:30", "language": "eng", "title": "Surface runoff (K2, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Surface runoff calculated for the Middle Krishna (K2) sub-basin area.\nThe surface runoff (sro) is the fraction of the effective rainfall that does infiltrate into the soil and contributes to overland flow. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Surface runoff", "Rainfall", "Precipitation", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Middle Krishna sub-basin", "K2 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K2_SRO/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "SRO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Surface runoff (K2)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1e14846a-85ed-4381-8f62-f56d160dfd84", "name": "item", "description": "1e14846a-85ed-4381-8f62-f56d160dfd84", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1e14846a-85ed-4381-8f62-f56d160dfd84"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "1feedb4a-90e4-4edd-b105-970b1c4bf12f", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:10:05", "language": "eng", "title": "Evaporation (K3, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Evaporation calculated for the Ghataprabha (K3) sub-basin area. Evaporation (e) is one of the three components of the actual evapotranspiration (SSEBop global data). It is computed as the difference between the actual evapotranspiration (ET), the interception (I) and the transpiration (T). E = ET- I - T", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Evaporation", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Ghataprabha sub-basin", "K3 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K3_E/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "EVP:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Evaporation (K3)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1feedb4a-90e4-4edd-b105-970b1c4bf12f", "name": "item", "description": "1feedb4a-90e4-4edd-b105-970b1c4bf12f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1feedb4a-90e4-4edd-b105-970b1c4bf12f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2158ab2e-7f23-4b63-a64e-beb7504687cf", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:15:15", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil Moisture (K3, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Soil moisture calculated for the Ghataprabha (K3) sub-basin area.\nThe soil moisture (sm) is the water content in the unsaturated zone (depth of the unsaturated zone = root zone). The calculation of soil moisture is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Soil moisture", "Soil moisture balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Ghataprabha sub-basin", "K3 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K3_SM/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "SMO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Soil Moisture (K3)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2158ab2e-7f23-4b63-a64e-beb7504687cf", "name": "item", "description": "2158ab2e-7f23-4b63-a64e-beb7504687cf", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2158ab2e-7f23-4b63-a64e-beb7504687cf"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "25488c3e-5593-4ab8-96de-cf30b7bf8342", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:32:15", "language": "eng", "title": "Surface Runoff (K3, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Surface runoff calculated for the Ghataprabha (K3) sub-basin area.\nThe surface runoff (sro) is the fraction of the effective rainfall that does infiltrate into the soil and contributes to overland flow. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Surface runoff", "Rainfall", "Precipitation", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Ghataprabha sub-basin", "K3 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K3_SRO/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "SRO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Surface Runoff (K3)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "25488c3e-5593-4ab8-96de-cf30b7bf8342", "name": "item", "description": "25488c3e-5593-4ab8-96de-cf30b7bf8342", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/25488c3e-5593-4ab8-96de-cf30b7bf8342"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2914d11a-1189-4aea-8006-7cb21a7dec6d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[102.31, 10.42], [102.31, 14.71], [107.61, 14.71], [107.61, 10.42], [102.31, 10.42]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-08-08T11:10:10", "language": "eng", "title": "Saturated Soil Water Content (Tonle Sap, Cambodia)", "description": "Saturated soil water content calculated over the Tonle Sap river basin area in Cambodia. The dataset is derived from the High Resolution Soil Map of Hydraulic Properties (HiHydroSoils v1.0).", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Soil moisture", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Tonle Sap basin", "Cambodia", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://data.apps.fao.org/map/gsrv/gsrv1/adb/wms", "name": "cambodia_tonlesap_smsat_hihydrosoils", "description": "Saturated Soil Water Content (Tonle Sap)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2914d11a-1189-4aea-8006-7cb21a7dec6d", "name": "item", "description": "2914d11a-1189-4aea-8006-7cb21a7dec6d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2914d11a-1189-4aea-8006-7cb21a7dec6d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2022-08-08T11:10:10Z"}}, {"id": "2c3d7b4a-f070-43ce-af4f-ba36b15cea18", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:57:09", "language": "eng", "title": "Supplied water (K4, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Supplied water calculated for the Malaprabha (K4) sub-basin area. The supplied water is the amount of water that is artificially or naturally supplied to a pixel generating incremental evapotranspiration and return flow. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Supplied water", "Natural", "Artificial", "Evapotranspiration", "Return flow", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Malaprabha sub-basin", "K4 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K4_SUPPLY/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "SUPPLY:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Supplied water (K4)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2c3d7b4a-f070-43ce-af4f-ba36b15cea18", "name": "item", "description": "2c3d7b4a-f070-43ce-af4f-ba36b15cea18", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2c3d7b4a-f070-43ce-af4f-ba36b15cea18"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2d9b3126-06eb-4b89-b5ae-01a873388325", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-13T14:22:50", "language": "eng", "title": "Base flow (K2, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Base flow calculated for the Middle Krishna sub-basin area. \nBase flow (bf) or slow flow is the component of the total flow that is due to groudwater discharge. It mainly occurs during dry months. The calculation of base flow is based on a pixel-based soil water balance model. More information are available in the IHE Delft water accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Base flow", "Soil water balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Middle Krishna sub-basin", "K2 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": [""], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K2_BF/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "BFW:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Base Flow (K2)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2d9b3126-06eb-4b89-b5ae-01a873388325", "name": "item", "description": "2d9b3126-06eb-4b89-b5ae-01a873388325", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2d9b3126-06eb-4b89-b5ae-01a873388325"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-05-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "39080483-1294-4b73-8f50-0516f336a7d4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:15:17", "language": "eng", "title": "Supplied water (K3, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Supplied water calculated for the Ghataprabha (K3) sub-basin area. The supplied water is the amount of water that is artificially or naturally supplied to a pixel generating incremental evapotranspiration and return flow. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Supplied water", "Natural", "Artificial", "Evapotranspiration", "Water Accounting", "Return flow", "ADB", "Monthly", "Ghataprabha sub-basin", "K3 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K3_SUPPLY/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "SUPPLY:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Supplied water (K3)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "39080483-1294-4b73-8f50-0516f336a7d4", "name": "item", "description": "39080483-1294-4b73-8f50-0516f336a7d4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/39080483-1294-4b73-8f50-0516f336a7d4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "4631cb7c-001c-4924-9df7-6c379da8c0e2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:04:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Actual evapotranspiration (K2, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) calculated in the Middle Krishna sub-basin area. The actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) is the sum of the soil evaporation (E), canopy transpiration (T), and evaporation from rainfall intercepted by leaves (I). The value of each pixel represents the ETIa in a given month. The data is derived from SSEBop ET product (Senay et al. 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Evaporation (e) is one of the three components of the actual evapotranspiration (SSEBop global data). It is computed as the difference between the actual evapotranspiration (ET), the interception (I) and the transpiration (T). 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It mainly occurs during dry months. The calculation of base flow is based on a pixel-based soil water balance model. More information are available in the IHE Delft water accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Base flow", "Soil water balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Malaprabha sub-basin", "K4 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K4_BF/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "BFW:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Base Flow (K4)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "602772dd-0112-494e-b49f-54973d99e700", "name": "item", "description": "602772dd-0112-494e-b49f-54973d99e700", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/602772dd-0112-494e-b49f-54973d99e700"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "684aa31b-375b-45e1-837f-334af42fc0e5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:55:23", "language": "eng", "title": "Saturated Soil Water Content (K4, Karnataka, India)", "description": "Saturated soil water content calculated over the Malaprabha (K4) sub-basin area. 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The Evapotranspiration from precipitation (etrain) is the evapotranspiration of green water, in other words the fraction of the total evapotranspiration that is due to rainfall. The calculation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. 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The calculation of soil moisture is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. 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Evaporation (e) is one of the three components of the actual evapotranspiration (SSEBop global data). It is computed as the difference between the actual evapotranspiration (ET), the interception (I) and the transpiration (T). 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