Diversification practices such as intercropping in woody cropping systems have recently been proposed as a promising management strategy for addressing problems related to soil degradation, climate change mitigation and food security. In this study, we assess the impact of several diversification practices in different management regimes on the main carbon fluxes regulating the soil carbon balance under semiarid Mediterranean conditions.
MethodsThe study was conducted in two nearby cropping systems: (i) a low input rainfed almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) orchard cultivated on terraces and (ii) a levelled intensively irrigated mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard with a street-ridge morphology. The almond trees were intercropped with Capparis spinosa or with Thymus hyemalis While the mandarin trees were intercropped with a mixture of barley and vetch followed by fava bean. Changes caused by crop diversifications on C inputs into the soil and C outputs from the soil were estimated.
ResultsCrop diversification did not affect soil organic carbon stocks but did affect the carbon inputs and outputs regulating the soil carbon balance of above Mediterranean agroecosystems. Crop diversification with perennials in the low-input rainfed woody crop system significantly improved the annual soil C balance in the short-term. However, crop diversification with annual species in the intensively managed woody crop system had not effect on the annual soil C balance.
ConclusionsOur results highlight the potential of intercropping with perennials in rainfed woody crop systems for climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Eroded carb\u00f3n", "Intercropping \u00b7 Agricultural practices \u00b7 Soil CO2 emissions \u00b7 Eroded carbon \u00b7 Plant carbon inputs \u00b7 Carbon cycle", "Intercropping \u00b7 Agricultural practices \u00b7 Soil CO2 emissions \u00b7 Eroded carbon \u00b7 Plant carbon inputs \u00b7 Carbon cycle", "Soil CO2 emissions", "Carbon cycle", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Plant carbon inputs", "Agricultural practices", "Intercropping", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-022-05508-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-22", "title": "Harnessing belowground processes for sustainable intensification of agricultural systems", "description": "AbstractIncreasing food demand coupled with climate change pose a great challenge to agricultural systems. In this review we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of how plants, together with their associated microbiota, shape rhizosphere processes. We address (molecular) mechanisms operating at the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbe-soil interface and aim to link this knowledge with actual and potential avenues for intensifying agricultural systems, while at the same time reducing irrigation water, fertilizer inputs and pesticide use. Combining in-depth knowledge about above and belowground plant traits will not only significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of involved processes but also allow for more informed decisions regarding agricultural practices and plant breeding. Including belowground plant-soil-microbe interactions in our breeding efforts will help to select crops resilient to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses and ultimately enable us to produce sufficient food in a more sustainable agriculture in the upcoming decades.1 indicated higher land use efficiency in mixed compared to sole cropping, even if pest densities were low. Establishment of Desmodium and Napier grass in PP trials varied from site to site, and poor establishment was observed in plots with low soil pH. Where yields varied significantly, they were lower in the PP than the sole maize plots. Borer densities were low and mostly not affected by the cropping system. However, in the second season when borer density was relatively high, higher levels of infestation and leaf feeding scores were recorded in the control than push\u2013pull plots. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Desmodium", "Push\u00e2\u20ac\u201cpull", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Maize", "03 medical and health sciences", "Intercropping", "0302 clinical medicine", "Stem borers", "Entomology", "Napier grass"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Difabachew K. Belay, Difabachew K. Belay, John E. Foster,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.09.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Crop%20Protection", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.cropro.2009.09.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.cropro.2009.09.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.09.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-31", "title": "Effects Of Undersown Crops On Soil Mineral N And Grain Yield Of Spring Barley", "description": "Undersowing a cereal crop can reduce nitrogen (N) leaching and increase available N for the successive crop. An undersown crop can also compete with the main crop. Seventeen plant species were undersown in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to study their suitability regarding establishment, biomass production, competition with the main crop and effects on soil mineral N. Three different seeding rates were evaluated. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) decreased nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content in late autumn and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in the succeeding spring. A mixture was optimal to reduce N leaching. Italian ryegrass is a very competitive species that should be undersown at moderate seeding rates to avoid large yield reduction in the main crop. Black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) slightly increased N leaching risk, but red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) did not increase soil NO3-N content. As clovers did not compete strongly with the main crop, fairly high seeding rates can be used to maximise N fixation to benefit the successive crop. \u00a9 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["legumes", "yields", "cover crop", "nitrogen", "soil", "soil nitrate nitrogen", "typpi", "sato", "ohra", "sekaviljely", "viljanviljely", "typpiyhdisteet", "Hordeum vulgare", "cereals", "2. Zero hunger", "maaper\u00e4", "soil ammonium nitrogen", "legume", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "viljakasvit", "grasses", "palkokasvit", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ka", "nurmihein\u00e4t", "intercropping"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-16", "title": "Managing Tephrosia Mulch And Fertilizer To Enhance Coffee Productivity On Smallholder Farms In The Eastern African Highlands", "description": "Abstract In Maraba, Southwest Rwanda, coffee productivity is constrained by poor soil fertility and lack of organic mulch. We investigated the potential to produce mulch by growing Tephrosia vogelii either intercropped with smallholder coffee or in arable fields outside the coffee, and the effect of the mulch on coffee yields over two years. Two accessions of T. vogelii (ex. Gisagara, Rwanda and ex. Kisumu, Kenya) were grown for six months both within and outside smallholder coffee fields in the first year. Experimental blocks were replicated across eight smallholder farms, only a single replicate per farm due to the small farm sizes. The accession from Rwanda (T. vogelii ex. Gisagara) grew more vigorously in all experiments. Soils within the coffee fields were more fertile those outside the coffee fields, presumably due to farmers\u2019 long-term management with mulch. Tephrosia grew less well in the fields outside coffee, producing only 0.6\u20130.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 of biomass and adding (in kg\u00a0ha\u22121) 19 N, 1 P and 6 K in the mulch. By contrast, Tephrosia intercropped with coffee, produced 1.4\u20131.9\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 of biomass and added (in kg\u00a0ha\u22121) 42\u201357 N, 3 P and 13\u201316 K in the mulch. Coffee yields were increased significantly by 400\u2013500\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 only in the treatments where Tephrosia was intercropped with coffee. Soil analysis and a missing-nutrient pot experiment showed that the poor growth of Tephrosia in the fields outside coffee was due to soil acidity (aluminium toxicity) combined with deficiencies of P, K and Ca. In the second year, the treatments in fields outside coffee were discontinued, and in the coffee intercrops, two Tephrosia accessions were grown in treatments with and without NPK fertilizer. Tephrosia grew well and produced between 2.5 and 3.8\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 biomass for the two accessions when interplanted within coffee fields, adding 103\u2013150\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121, 5\u20139\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha\u22121 and 24\u201338\u00a0kg\u00a0K\u00a0ha\u22121. Tephrosia mulch increased yields of coffee by 400\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. Combined use of NPK\u00a0+\u00a0Tephrosia mulch increased Tephrosia biomass production and in turn yielded an additional 300\u2013700\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 of coffee. Over the two years, this was equivalent to a 23\u201336% increase in coffee yield using Tephrosia intercropping alone and a further 25\u201342% increase in coffee yield when NPK fertilizer was also added. Agronomic efficiency (AE) of nutrients added were 30% greater when the Tephrosia mulch was grown in situ and the two cultivars of Tephrosia did not differ in AE. The AE of Tephrosia mulch was 87% that of NPK fertilizer, reflecting the rapid mineralization of Tephrosia mulch. There was a synergistic effect of Tephrosia mulch on the efficiency with which NPK fertilizer was used by coffee. The increase in coffee yields was positively related to the amount of nutrients added in the Tephrosia biomass. Tephrosia intercropping required 30 man-days\u00a0ha\u22121 less than current farmer management due to reduced labour required for weeding, and benefit\u2013cost ratios ranged between 3.4 and 5.5. The Tephrosia-coffee intercropping system offers great potential for agroecological intensification for smallholder farmers in the East African highlands.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "decomposition", "variability", "tephrosia", "coffee", "nitrogen release", "western kenya", "resource-allocation", "cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "smallholder farmer", "15. Life on land", "improved fallows", "bukoba district", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "cover crops", "intercropping", "management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-22", "title": "The Intercropping Common Bean With Maize Improves The Rhizobial Efficiency, Resource Use And Grain Yield Under Low Phosphorus Availability", "description": "In order to better understand how mixed crop cultures mitigate stressful conditions, this study aims to highlight the beneficial effect of the intercropping legume-cereal in enhancing soil phosphorus (P) availability for plant growth and productivity in a P-deficient soil of a northern Algerian agroecosystem. To address this question, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. El Djadida) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Filou), were grown as sole- and inter-crops in two experimental sites; S1 (P-deficient) and S2 (P-sufficient) during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012). Growth, nodulation and grain yield were assessed and correlated with the rhizosphere soil P availability. Results showed that P availability significantly increased in the rhizosphere of both species, especially in intercropping under the P-deficient soil conditions. This increase was associated with high efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis (high correlation between plant biomass and nodulation), plant growth and resource (nitrogen (N) and P) use efficiency as indicated by higher land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) and N nutrition index (for maize) in intercropping over sole cropping treatments. Moreover, the rhizosphere P availability and nodule biomass were positively correlated (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.01 and r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) in the intercropped common bean grown in the P-deficient soil during 2011 and 2012. The increased P availability presumably improved biomass and grain yield in intercropping, though it mainly enhanced grain yield in intercropped maize. Our findings suggest that modification in the intercropped common bean rhizosphere-induced parameters facilitated P uptake, plant biomass and grain yield for the intercropped maize under P-deficiency conditions.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nodulation", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Intercropping", "Algeria", "Rhizosphere", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Symbiosis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-06", "title": "Unravelling The Causes Of Variability In Crop Yields And Treatment Responses For Better Tailoring Of Options For Sustainable Intensification In Southern Mali", "description": "Options that contribute to sustainable intensification offer an avenue to improve crop yields and farmers\u2019 livelihoods. However, insufficient knowledge on the performance of various options in the context of smallholder farm systems impedes local adaptation and adoption. Therefore, together with farmers in southern Mali we tested a range of options for sustainable intensification including intensification of cereal (maize and sorghum) and legume (groundnut, soyabean and cowpea) sole crops and cereal-legume intercropping during three years on on-farm trials. There was huge variability among fields in crop yields of unamended control plots: maize yielded from 0.20 to 5.24 t ha\u22121, sorghum from 0 to 3.53 t ha\u22121, groundnut from 0.10 to 1.16 t ha\u22121, soyabean from 0 to 2.48 t ha\u22121 and cowpea from 0 to 1.02 t ha\u22121. This variability was partly explained by (i) soil type and water holding capacity, (ii) previous crop, its management and the nutrient carry-over and (iii) inter-annual weather variability. Farmers recognized three soil types: gravelly soils, sandy soils and black soils. Yields were very poor on gravelly soils and two to three times greater (depending on the crop) on black soils. Yields were also poor at the end of the typical crop rotation, i.e., after sorghum and millet, and 1.3\u20131.7 times greater (depending on the crop) after the fertilized crops maize and cotton. We diagnosed a number of cases of technology failure where no improvement in yield was observed with hybrid varieties of maize and sorghum and rhizobial inoculation of soyabean. Regardless of soil type and previous crop, mineral fertilizer improved yields by 34\u2013126% depending on the crop. Targeting options to a given soil type and/or place in the rotation enhanced their agronomic performance: (i) the biomass production of the cowpea fodder variety was doubled on black soils compared with gravelly soils, (ii) the additive maize/cowpea intercropping option after cotton or maize resulted in an average overall LER of 1.47, no maize grain penalty, and 1.38 t ha\u22121 more cowpea fodder production compared with sole maize. Soil type and position in the rotation, two indicators easy to assess by farmers and extension workers, allowed the identification of specific niches for enhanced agronomic performance of legume sole cropping and/or intercropping.", "keywords": ["F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Rotation", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil type", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4540", "Intercropping", "F01 - Culture des plantes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/309230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:25:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-11-04", "title": "Photosynthetic characteristics, soil nutrients, and their interspecific competitions in an apple\u2013soybean alley cropping system subjected to different drip fertilizer regimes on the Loess Plateau, China", "description": "Open AccessNo", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil nitrogen", "Fruit tree\u2013crop intercropping", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "Drip irrigation", "Photosynthesis", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Luo, Chengwei, Wang, Ruoshui, Li, Chaonan, Zheng, Chenghao, Dou, Xiaoyu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/309230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/309230", "name": "item", "description": "10261/309230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/309230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-07", "title": "Perennial alley cropping contributes to decrease soil CO2 and N2O emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration in a Mediterranean almond orchard", "description": "The implementation of alley cropping in orchards can be a sustainable strategy to increase farm productivity by crop
diversification and contribute to climate change mitigation. In this research, we evaluated the short-termeffect of alley
cropping with reduced tillage on soil CO2 and N2O emissions and soil total organic carbon (TOC) in an almond orchard
under Mediterranean rainfed conditions. We compared an almond monoculture with tillage in all plot surface (MC)
with almond crop with reduced tillage and growth of Capparis spinosa (D1) and almond crop with reduced tillage and
growth of Thymus hyemalis (D2). For two years, soil CO2 and N2O were measured, with soil sampling at the start and
end of the experimental period. Results showed that CO2 emission rates followed the soil temperature pattern, while
N2O emissions were not correlated with temperature nor moisture. Soil CO2 emissions were significantly higher in
MC(87mgm\u22122 h\u22121), with no significant differences between D1 and D2 (69mgm\u22122 h\u22121). Some peaks in CO2 effluxes
were observed after tillage operations during warm days. Soil N2Oemission rateswere not significantly different among
treatments. Cumulative CO2 and CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions were significantly highest in MC. When CO2e emissions
were expressed on a crop production basis, D2 showed the significantly lowest values (5080 g kg\u22121) compared to
D1 (50,419 g kg\u22121) and MC (87,836 g kg\u22121), owing to the high thyme yield, additional to the almond yield. No production
was obtained for C. spinosa, since at least two more years are required. TOC did not change with time in MCneither
D1, but it significantly increased inD2 from3.85 g kg\u22121 in 2019 to 4.62 g kg\u22121 in 2021. Thus, alley cropping can contribute
to increase the agroecosystem productivity and reduce CO2 emissions. However, it is necessary to grow", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "N2O emissions", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Thyme", "2511.08 Mec\u00e1nica de Suelos (Agricultura)", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "CO2 emissions", "Prunus dulcis", "12. Responsible consumption", "Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola", "Soil", "Intercropping", "13. Climate action", "5102.01 Agricultura", "Soil carbon sequestration", "Caper", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-04-18", "title": "Increase In Microbial Biomass And Phosphorus Availability In The Rhizosphere Of Intercropped Cereal And Legumes Under Field Conditions", "description": "Abstract Facilitation of plant growth and phosphorus (P) acquisition has recently been reported in cereal\u2013legume intercropping systems. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intercropping could promote P cycling, through microbial biomass P (MBP) changes, in a field trial in a Mediterranean climate. Changes in microbial biomass carbon (MBC), MBP, and inorganic P availability in the rhizosphere of intercropped species were thus investigated in durum wheat/chickpea and durum wheat/lentil intercrops and compared to the bulk soils as well as the rhizosphere of each species grown alone. When expressed relative to the bulk soil, MBC increased in the rhizosphere only for the intercropped plants, irrespective of species. Relative to MBC in the rhizosphere of sole crops, MBC increased in the rhizosphere of the two legume species when intercropped with durum wheat, while no such effect was found for durum wheat. We were unable to detect an increase in P availability in the rhizosphere as a response to intercropping in any of the three crop species, but there was a systematic increase in available P in the rhizosphere relative to the corresponding bulk soil. Fairly similar patterns were observed for MBP as for MBC, except within the rhizosphere of durum wheat when intercropped with chickpea: relative to the bulk soil, MBP increased in the rhizosphere of both lentil and chickpea when intercropped with durum wheat as well as in the rhizosphere of durum wheat when intercropped with chickpea. The differences in microbial biomass changes for a given cereal (durum wheat) when intercropped with two different legumes, suggest that plants have strong species-specific influences on each other as well as on the soil environment. The molar ratios of MBC to MBP (MM C:P) did not vary significantly except for the rhizosphere of durum wheat intercropped with chickpea, which was fairly low (16:1), about half the values found in the other treatments (26\u201340:1). These MM C:P values were lower than those generally reported in soils (38\u201360:1), verifying the hypothesis that microbes can increase storage of soil P in their biomass, creating stocks of microbial P in the soil when P availability is high. In this Mediterranean climate where surface soils undergo frequent drying-rewetting, known for liberation of microbial biomass, MBP could be an important factor influencing P availability. Together, our data demonstrate the importance of intercropping to soil P cycling and highlight the need to examine the rhizosphere of each intercropped species to truly understand how the soil P resource is shared in such agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Microbial biomass", "F62 - Physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale - Croissance et d\u00e9veloppement", "630", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "580", "[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "P availability", "P34 - Biologie du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Stoichiometry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4188", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Intercropping", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Facilitation", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-11", "title": "The Benefits Of Conservation Agriculture On Soil Organic Carbon And Yield In Southern Africa Are Site-Specific", "description": "Abstract Conservation agriculture (CA), with reduced tillage, permanent soil cover and diversified cropping systems, is advocated in southern Africa to improve soil quality, reduce input costs and mitigate climate-induced risks. However, improvements in terms of yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) under CA are slow and variable and many small-scale farmers are unable to buffer themselves against potential short-term financial losses. In this study we examined the effects of CA-related management practices on SOC sequestration and productivity at two medium-term sites on a sandy soil (eight year trial) and clay soil (six years) in maize producing areas of South Africa. Using field data, current input costs and market prices for crops, we calculated the gross margin for each system. Treatments compared conventional ploughing under maize monoculture with reduced tillage, intercropping and crop rotation. On the clay soil, SOC was increased under reduced tillage (57.6\u202ft C ha\u22121) compared to conventional tillage (54.9\u202ft C ha\u22121) while there was no difference for the sandy soil (19.7\u202ft C ha\u22121 average across treatments). Profitability was most strongly influenced by seasonal rainfall, but was higher on the sandy soil than the clay soil, with an average gross margin of R11,344 ha\u22121 and R5,686 ha\u22121, respectively. This study has demonstrated that while certain CA practices can create site-specific benefits for farmers, it is highly dependent on local weather and soil conditions. For the clay soil an additional payment scheme would be required to reward farmers in southern Africa for C-sequestration to make CA profitable and achieve increased C-mitigation through soil sequestration.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture (CA)", "Losses", "Cropping systems", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "Crops", "Small-scale farmers", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Maize", "Costs", "Intercropping", "Crop rotation", "Soil conservation", "Sand", "Monoculture", "Reduced tillage", "Soil conditions", "Clay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Profitability", "Agricultural machinery", "Organic carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s0014479711000895", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-11", "title": "Effect Of Reduced Tillage And Mineral Fertilizer Application On Maize And Soybean Productivity", "description": "SUMMARY
Reduced tillage is said to be one of the potential ways to reverse land degradation and ultimately increase the productivity of degrading soils of Africa. We hypothesised that crop yield following a modest application of 2 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of crop residue in a reduced tillage system is similar to the yield obtained from a conventional tillage system, and that incorporation of legumes in a cropping system leads to greater economic benefits as opposed to a cropping system involving continuous maize. Three cropping systems (continuous maize monocropping, legume/maize intercropping and rotation) under different tillage and residue management systems were tested in sub-humid western Kenya over 10 seasons. While soybean performed equally well in both tillage systems throughout, maize yield was lower in reduced than conventional tillage during the first five seasons but no significant differences were observed after season 6. Likewise, with crop residue application, yields in conventional and reduced tillage systems are comparable after season 6. Nitrogen and phosphorus increased yield by up to 100% compared with control. Gross margins were not significantly different among the cropping systems being only 6 to 39% more in the legume\uffe2\uff80\uff93cereal systems relative to similar treatments in continuous cereal monocropping system. After 10 seasons of reduced tillage production, the economic benefits for our cropping systems are still not attractive for a switch from the conventional to reduced tillage.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "yields", "cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "sistemas de cultivo", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mineral nutrients", "labranza", "nutrientes minerales", "intercropping", "cultivo intercalado", "rendimiento"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000895"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0014479711000895", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0014479711000895", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0014479711000895"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-04-04", "title": "Assessment Of Management Options On Striga Infestation And Maize Grain Yield In Kenya", "description": "AbstractThe parasitic purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica(Del.) Benth.] is a serious constraint to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in poor soils. VariousStrigaspp. control measures have been developed, but these have not been assessed in an integrated system. This study was conducted to evaluate a set of promising technologies forS. hermonthicamanagement in western Kenya. We evaluated three maize genotypes either intercropped with peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], or silverleaf desmodium [Desmodium uncinatum(Jacq.) DC] or as a sole crop at two locations under artificialS. hermonthicainfestation and at three locations under naturalS. hermonthicainfestation between 2011 and 2013. Combined ANOVA showed significant (P<0.05) cropping system and cropping system by environment interactions for most traits measured. Grain yield was highest for maize grown in soybean rotation (3,672 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under artificial infestation and inD. uncinatumand peanut cropping systems (3,203 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921and 3,193 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under natural infestation. Grain yield was highest for theStrigaspp.-resistant hybrid under both methods of infestation. A lower number of emergedS. hermonthicaplants per square meter were recorded at 10 and 12 wk after planting on maize grown underD. uncinatumin the artificialS. hermonthicainfestation. A combination of herbicide-resistant maize varieties intercropped with legumes was a more effective method forS. hermonthicacontrol than individual-component technologies. Herbicide-resistant andStrigaspp.-resistant maize integrated with legumes would help reduce theStrigaspp. seedbank in the soil. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt an integrated approach to controlStrigaspp. for better maize yields.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "striga infestation", "legumes", "Infestation", "Plant Science", "Striga", "maize", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes", "peanuts", "Biology", "Sowing", "Sorghum", "Taxonomy", "2. Zero hunger", "Crop Diversity", "Life Sciences", "cropping systems", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Strigolactone Signaling in Plant Interactions", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Agronomy", "soybeans", "Striga hermonthica", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "varieities", "intercropping", "Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Weed%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/wsc.2018.4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-04", "title": "Determination of the Effect of Co-cultivation on the Production and Root Exudation of Flavonoids in Four Legume Species Using LC\u2013MS/MS Analysis", "description": "Flavonoids play a key role in the regulation of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions, and factors determining their release have been investigated in most of the common forage legumes. However, little is known about the response of flavonoid production and release to co-cultivation with other crop species. This study investigated alterations in the concentration of flavonoids in plant tissues and root exudates in four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)] co-cultivated with durum wheat [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.]. For this purpose, we carried out two experiments in a greenhouse, one with glass beads as growth media for root exudate extraction and one with soil as growth media for flavonoid detection in shoot and root biomass, using LC-MS/MS analysis. This study revealed that interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture. In contrast, the concentration of flavonoids significantly increased both in legume biomass and in root exudates. Changes in flavonoid concentration involved daidzein, genistein, medicarpin, and formononetin, which have been found to be involved in legume nodulation and regulation of plant-plant interaction. We hypothesize that legumes responded to the co-cultivation with wheat by promoting nodulation and increasing exudation of allelopathic compounds, respectively, to compensate for the lack of nutrients caused by the presence of wheat in the cultivation system and to reduce the competitiveness of neighboring plants. Future studies should elucidate the bioactivity of flavonoid compounds in cereal-legume co-cultivation systems and their specific role in the nodulation process and inter-specific plant interactions such as potential effects on weeds.", "keywords": ["Flavonoids", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "medicarpin", "living mulch", "root exudate", "Fabaceae", "15. Life on land", "plant interactions", "Plant Roots", "03 medical and health sciences", "Tandem Mass Spectrometry", "wheat", "allelopathy", "intercropping", "wheat", " intercropping", " living mulch", " root exudate", " plant interactions", " medicarpin", " allelopathy", "Chromatography", " Liquid"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.sssup.it/bitstream/11382/540035/1/Leoni%20et%20al_2021_jafc_1c02821.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20and%20Food%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0168134", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-13", "title": "Chinese Milk Vetch As Green Manure Mitigates Nitrous Oxide Emission From Monocropped Rice System In South China", "description": "Open AccessMonocropped rice system is an important intensive cropping system for food security in China. Green manure (GM) as an alternative to fertilizer N (FN) is useful for improving soil quality. However, few studies have examined the effect of Chinese milk vetch (CMV) as GM on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from monocropped rice field in south China. Therefore, a pot-culture experiment with four treatments (control, no FN and CMV; CMV as GM alone, M; fertilizer N alone, FN; integrating fertilizer N with CMV, NM) was performed to investigate the effect of incorporating CMV as GM on N2O emission using a closed chamber-gas chromatography (GC) technique during the rice growing periods. Under the same N rate, incorporating CMV as GM (the treatments of M and NM) mitigated N2O emission during the growing periods of rice plant, reduced the NO3- content and activities of nitrate and nitrite reductase as well as the population of nitrifying bacteria in top soil at maturity stage of rice plant versus FN pots. The global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of N2O from monocropped rice field was ranked as MBoth area and time factors have to be considered to quantify resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency in multiseason intercropping. The land equivalent ratio (LER), commonly used as an indicator of efficiency, is not suitable because it considers only the area factor to estimate intercrop advantages. The area time equivalency ratio (ATER) unrealistically assumes continuous crop growth throughout the year, thus it underestimates the advantages of intercrops. To avoid these problems, some authors used the mean value of LER + ATER as an arbitrary compromise. This paper proposes a new concept called area harvests equivalency ratio (AHER). This ratio incorporates the time factor in the form of number of possible harvests of each component crop in a system that could be obtained during the full intercrop period, if each component was monocropped. Four cases of intercrops were used to compare the above concepts. The AHER has proved to be a better efficiency indicator than others, except when a component species occupies the land for one season plus a fraction of the succeeding season (l.5, 2.5 seasons). In this particular case, other concepts are also disappointing. The problem with any attempt to quantify resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency is that there is no \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrue value\uffe2\uff80\uff9d for yield advantages in intercrops. However, intuitively, AHER does seem to be nearer to the \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrue value\uffe2\uff80\uff9d than others.
", "keywords": ["resource utilization", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "models", "efficiency", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "resource management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "intercropping", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balasubramanian, V., Sekayange, L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1990-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004593", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-11-07", "title": "Melon/cowpea intercropping pattern influenced the N and C soil cycling and the abundance of soil rare bacterial taxa", "description": "The high use of pesticides, herbicides, and unsustainable farming practices resulted in losses of soil quality. Sustainable farming practices such as intercropping could be a good alternative to traditional monocrop, especially using legumes such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). In this study, different melon and cowpea intercropping patterns (melon mixed with cowpea in the same row (MC1); alternating one melon row and one cowpea row (MC2); alternating two melon rows and one cowpea row (MC3)) were assayed to study the intercropping effect on soil bacterial community through 16S rRNA region in a 3-year experiment. The results indicated that intercropping showed high content of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and ammonium, melon yield, and bacterial diversity as well as higher levels of beneficial soil microorganisms such a Pseudomonas, Aeromicrobium, Niastella, or Sphingomonas which can promote plant growth and plant defense against pathogens. Furthermore, intercropping showed a higher rare taxa diversity in two (MC1 and MC2) out of the three intercropping systems. In addition, N-cycling genes such as nirB, nosZ, and amoA were more abundant in MC1 and MC2 whereas the narG predicted gene was far more abundant in the intercropping systems than in the monocrop at the end of the 3-year experiment. This research fills a gap in knowledge about the importance of soil bacteria in an intercropping melon/cowpea pattern, showing the benefits to yield and soil quality with a decrease in N fertilization.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "15. Life on land", "Microbiology", "QR1-502", "6. Clean water", "cowpea", "03 medical and health sciences", "melon", "nitrogen cycle", "16S rRNA", "PICRUSt2", "intercropping"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004593"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004593", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004593", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004593"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fpls.2017.00996", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-06-20", "description": "Open AccessLas pr\u00e1cticas de agricultura de conservaci\u00f3n (AC) se est\u00e1n promoviendo ampliamente en muchas \u00e1reas del \u00c1frica subsahariana para recuperar los suelos degradados y mejorar los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos. Este estudio examin\u00f3 los efectos de tres pr\u00e1cticas de labranza [arado convencional con vertedera (CT), azada manual (MT) y labranza sin labranza (NT)], y tres sistemas de cultivo (ma\u00edz continuo, rotaci\u00f3n anual de soja-ma\u00edz y cultivo intercalado de soja/ma\u00edz) en la calidad del suelo, la productividad de los cultivos y la rentabilidad en ensayos en finca administrados por investigadores y agricultores de 2010 a 2013 en el noroeste de Ghana. En el ensayo madre gestionado por el investigador, las pr\u00e1cticas de AC de NT, retenci\u00f3n de residuos y rotaci\u00f3n/intercalaci\u00f3n de cultivos mantuvieron un mayor carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo y N total del suelo en comparaci\u00f3n con las pr\u00e1cticas de labranza convencionales despu\u00e9s de 4 a\u00f1os. La densidad aparente del suelo fue mayor en los suelos NT que en los suelos CT en los senderos madre gestionados por el investigador o en los ensayos de beb\u00e9s gestionados por los agricultores despu\u00e9s de 4 a\u00f1os. En el ensayo madre gestionado por el investigador, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los sistemas de labranza o los sistemas de cultivo en los rendimientos de ma\u00edz o soja en las primeras tres temporadas. En la cuarta temporada, la rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos tuvo el mayor impacto en los rendimientos de ma\u00edz con ma\u00edz CT despu\u00e9s de que la soja aumentara los rendimientos en un 41 y 49% en comparaci\u00f3n con el ma\u00edz MT y NT, respectivamente. En los ensayos gestionados por los agricultores, el rendimiento del ma\u00edz oscil\u00f3 entre 520 y 2700 kg ha-1 y entre 300 y 2000 kg ha-1 para CT y NT, respectivamente, lo que refleja las diferencias en la experiencia de los agricultores con NT. En promedio entre los agricultores, los sistemas de cultivo CT aumentaron el rendimiento de ma\u00edz y soja en un rango de 23 a 39% en comparaci\u00f3n con los sistemas de cultivo NT. El an\u00e1lisis parcial del presupuesto mostr\u00f3 que el costo de producir ma\u00edz o soja es 20-29% m\u00e1s barato con los sistemas NT y da mayores rendimientos al trabajo en comparaci\u00f3n con la pr\u00e1ctica de CT. Las relaciones beneficio/coste tambi\u00e9n muestran que los sistemas de cultivo NT son m\u00e1s rentables que los sistemas CT. Concluimos que con el tiempo, la implementaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1cticas de AC que involucran NT, rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos, cultivos intercalados de ma\u00edz y soja junto con la retenci\u00f3n de residuos de cultivos presenta un escenario de beneficio mutuo debido a la mejora del rendimiento de los cultivos, el aumento del rendimiento econ\u00f3mico y las tendencias de aumento de la fertilidad del suelo. Sin embargo, el mayor desaf\u00edo sigue siendo producir suficiente biomasa y retenerla en el campo.", "keywords": ["Conservation agriculture", "Cropping", "Agricultural Innovation and Livelihood Diversification", "no-tillage", "Soil Science", "Plant Science", "Crop", "Soil quality", "Environmental science", "SB1-1110", "Tillage", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "residue retention", "crop rotation", "Crop rotation", "FOS: Mathematics", "profitability", "Crop residue", "Crop yield", "soil quality", "Crop Yield Stability", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "2. Zero hunger", "Conventional tillage", "Geography", "Crop Diversity", "Plant culture", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "crop yield", "Soil Nutrient Management", "15. Life on land", "Plough", "Agronomy", "conservation agriculture", "Intercropping", "Archaeology", "Agricultural science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "General Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "intercropping", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Mathematics", "Cropping system"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00996"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fpls.2017.00996", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fpls.2017.00996", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fpls.2017.00996"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agronomy12030622", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-03", "title": "Innovative Living Mulch Management Strategies for Organic Conservation Field Vegetables: Evaluation of Continuous Mowing, Flaming, and Tillage Performances", "description": "Organic vegetable production is particularly affected by weed pressure and mechanical weeding is the major tactic implemented by growers to keep weeds under economic thresholds. Living mulch (LM) has been shown to provide several environmental services; however, LM management is required to avoid competition between service crops and cash crops. The aim of this trial was to evaluate two innovative LM-based management systems: a system that provided LM growth regulation by means of flaming (LM-FL) and a system where the LM was regularly mowed by an autonomous mower (LM-AM), both compared with a control without LM and based on standard tillage operations (TILL). The three management systems were evaluated in terms of crop production, weed control, and energy consumption on a 2 yr organic crop rotation of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). LM-AM produced an acceptable fresh marketable yield for both vegetable crops. Moreover, the weed dry biomass obtained in LM-AM-managed plots was lower compared to the LM-FL plots and ranged approximately from 200 to 300 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Furthermore, LM-AM management resulted in lower energy consumption (\uffe2\uff88\uff922330 kWh ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with respect to the TILL system and \uffe2\uff88\uff927225 kWh ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with respect to the LM-FL system). The results of this trial suggest that autonomous mowers have a great potential to improve LM management and help with implementing sustainable organic vegetable systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "no-till", "S", "conservation organic agriculture", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "living-mulch", "cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botritys); eggplant (Solanum melongena L.); conservation organic agriculture; intercropping; living-mulch; no-till", "cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botritys); eggplant (Solanum melongena L.); conservation organic agriculture; intercropping; living-mulch; no-till", "cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botritys)", "eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "intercropping"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/3/622/pdf"}, {"href": "https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/1137579/1/agronomy-12-00622-v2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/3/622/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030622"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy12030622", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy12030622", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy12030622"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/f5081952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-07", "description": "Tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems, consisting of a medium to fast-growing woody species planted in widely-spaced rows with crops cultivated between tree rows, are a potential sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). TBI systems contribute to farm income in the long-term by improving soil quality, as indicated by soil carbon (C) storage, generating profits from crop plus tree production and potentially through C credit trading. The objectives of the current study were: (1) to evaluate soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks in soil depth increments in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm layer between tree rows of nine-year old hybrid poplar-hay intercropping systems, to compare these to C and N stocks in adjacent agricultural systems; and (2) to determine how hay yield, litterfall and percent total light transmittance (PTLT) were related to soil C and N stocks between tree rows and in adjacent agricultural systems. The two TBI study sites (St. Edouard and St. Paulin) had a hay intercrop with alternating rows of hybrid poplar clones and hardwoods and included an adjacent agricultural system with no trees (i.e., the control plots). Soil C and N stocks were greater in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm depth increment of the TBI system within 1 m of the hardwood row, to the west of the poplar row, compared to the sampling point 1 m east of poplar at St. Edouard (p = 0.02). However, the agricultural system stored more soil C than the nine-year old TBI system in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm depth increments. Accumulation of soil C in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm depth increment could be due to tillage-induced burial of non-harvested crop residues at the bottom of the plow-pan. Soil C and N stocks were similar at all depth increments in TBI and agricultural systems at St. Paulin. Soil C and N stocks were not related to hay yield, litterfall and PTLT at St. Paulin, but hay yield and PTLT were significantly correlated (R = 0.87, p < 0.05, n = 21), with lower hay yield in proximity to trees in the TBI system and similar hay yields in the middle of alleys as in the agricultural system. Nine years of TBI practices did not produce significant gains in soil C and N stocks in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm layer, indicating that the total C budget, including C sequestered in trees and unharvested components (litterfall and roots), must be assessed to determine the long-term profitability of TBI systems in Canada.
", "keywords": ["tree-based intercropping; land management; soil carbon storage", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/5/8/1952/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/f5081952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forests", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/f5081952", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/f5081952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/f5081952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/horticulturae8070618", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-08", "title": "Crop Diversification Effects on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Nitrogen in Short-Term Rainfed Olive Groves under SemiaridMediterranean Conditions", "description": "Soil particle aggregation and their associated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content can provide valuable diagnostic indicators of changes in soil properties in response to the implementation of different agricultural management practices. In this sense, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of intercropping on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools in aggregates. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect (4 years) of three crop diversifications in rainfed olive orchards on soil aggregation, SOC and TN concentration and SOC stocks (SOC-S) under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Olive orchards were diversified with Crocus sativus (D-S), Vicia sativa and Avena sativa in rotation (D-O) and Lavandula x intermedia (D-L) and compared with monocropping system (CT). Soil samples were collected at two depths (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm) and analysed for soil aggregate mass, SOC and TN content in aggregate-size fractions obtained by the wet-sieving method. Changes caused by crop diversifications on SOC-S were also determined. Overall, after 4 years, a reduction in aggregation values was observed. However, D-S increased the macroaggregates (>250 \uffce\uffbcm) percentage, Mean Weigh Diameter values, and Geometric Mean Value in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm. Across treatments, aggregate-associated C in 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm was higher in the D-S treatment, while in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm soil layer, the greatest values were found in CT. Regarding the SOC-S, after 4 years, significant losses were recorded under CT management in 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff921.21 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff920.84 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), while D-O and D-L showed similar values to those obtained at the beginning of the study. The highest increases in SOC-S were found in D-S, with an increase of 5.88% in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm and 14.47% in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm. Our results showed the high potential of the diversified cropping system to increase soil stability and SOC sequestration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "aggregate-associated organic carbon", "Intercropping", "olive orchards", "Plant culture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Aggregate-associated organic carbon", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "intercropping", "Olive orchards", "olive orchards; intercropping; aggregate-associated organic carbon", "SB1-1110"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/7/618/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/7/618/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070618"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Horticulturae", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/horticulturae8070618", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/horticulturae8070618", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/horticulturae8070618"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5038", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:22:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-30", "description": "Food shortage is known to have been caused by overpopulation, natural disasters and poor food distribution. In areas facing food insecurity, such as Africa, peasants or small-scale farmers have practised intercropping since old times. In this study, an investigation was carried out to determine whether intercropping increased production for small-scale farming in a semi-arid region (Free State, South Africa). Crop productivity of maize and bean intercropping systems was evaluated in terms of crop yield and growth. The effect of radiation and water utilisation by these systems was measured to determine their productivity. Field trials were carried out during three summer crop growing seasons (plant densities, row orientation and sowing date trials. In all growing seasons, rainfall was below normal, and air temperatures were normal. The total land equivalent ratios for yield and growth ranged between 1.06 to 1.58 and 1.38 to 1.86 respectively, showing yield and growth advantage of intercropping. Concerning radiation and water use, the intercropping of maize and beans had both radiation and water use efficiencies (RUE and WUE, respectively) as high as maize sole cropping, and intercropping RUE and WUE were greater than bean sole cropping. >From these results, it has been concluded that maize-bean intercropping can be recommended to small-scale farmers in this semi-arid region. Water SA Vol.29(4): 381-388", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Intercropping; Land equivalent ratio; Phaseolus vulgari; Radiation use efficiency; Water-use efficiency; Zea mays", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "H.O. Ogindo, Sue Walker, Mitsuru Tsubo, E Mukhala,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5038"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20SA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5038", "name": "item", "description": "10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5038", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5038"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-08-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3555120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:24:16Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil properties and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions in terms of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type", "description": "This data set contains a data-mining performed to assess the impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions by a further meta-analysis of the data. These data correspond to the open-access article 'The impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions: A meta-analysis of field studies' published in Agricultural Systems. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736), funded by he European Commission Horizon 2020 project Diverfarming [grant agreement 728003]. Ra\ufffd\ufffdl Zornoza acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdRam\ufffd\ufffdn y Cajal\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Program [RYC-2015-18758]..", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "alley cropping", "Soil nitrogen", "Soil phosphorus", "Soil organic carbon", "temperature", "Olive", "15. Life on land", "Mediterranean", "crop yield", "precipitation", "fertilizer", "almond", "citrus", "orchard", "vineyards", "crop diversification", "tillage", "cover crops", "intercropping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Morugan-Coronado, Alicia, Linares, Carlos, Zornoza, Ra\ufffd\ufffdl,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3555120"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3555120", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3555120", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3555120"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3685753", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:24:17Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Diversification and Management Practices in Selected European Regions. A Data-analysis of Arable Crops Production and soil organic carbon", "description": "This data set contains a data-mining performed to assess the impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil organic carbon and crop yield in arable crops from four selected European pedoclimatic regions and typical cropping systems in the Atlantic, Boreal, Mediterranean North, and Mediterranean South regions. A further meta-analysis was performed with these data. These data correspond to the open-access articles: - Diversified Arable Cropping Systems and Management Schemes in Selected European Regions Have Positive Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Content. Agriculture 2019, 9, 261. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/9/12/261?type=check_update&version=2 - Diversification and Management Practices in Selected European Regions. A Data-analysis of Arable Crops Production. Agronomy 2020, 10, 297; doi:10.3390/agronomy10020297. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/2/297 - Deficit Drip Irrigation in Processing Tomato Production in the Mediterranean Basin: A Data Analysis for Italy. Agriculture 2019, 9, 79; doi:10.3390/agriculture9040079. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/9/4/79?type=check_update&version=2 The research and publications have been funded by he European Commission Horizon 2020 project Diverfarming [grant agreement 728003].", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "multiple cropping", "rotations", "soil organic carbon", "crop diversification", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "cropping systems", "15. Life on land", "crop yield", "fertilizer", "intercropping", "agriculture"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bene, Claudia Di, Francaviglia, Rosa, \u00c1lvaro-Fuentes, Jorge, Lingtong Gai, Regina, Kristiina, Turtola, Eila,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685753"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3685753", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3685753", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3685753"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7517384", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:24:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "The legume choice in a relay intercropping system with durum wheat determines the economic viability of this IWM strategy in a Mediterranean low-input cropping system", "description": "Several studies support the environmental sustainability of relay intercropping of cereals with subsidiary legumes. However, the question whether the relay intercropping is also sustainable from an economic point of view remains to be answered. The objective of this study was to make an economical evaluation at cropping system level of eight different legumes species. In this study these legumes were evaluated taking into account the impact of the legumes on the co-cultivated wheat and on the following summer crop, forage sorghum. We assumed that annual, annual self-seeding, and perennial legumes work differently and bring different margins, allowing to identify the most cost-effective ones. Our hypothesis was therefore that the cost due to the relay intercropping can be balanced by the ecosystem services it provides, if suitable legumes are chosen.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Intercropping", "IWM", "Crop diversification", "Economic sustainability", " crop diversification", " subsidiary legumes", " living mulch", " cover crops", " agroecology", " gross income", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Leoni, Federico, Triboulet, Pauline, Moonen, Anna-Camilla,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517384"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/19th%20EWRS%20Symposium", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7517384", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7517384", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7517384"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7517468", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:24:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Selection of suitable legumes for relay intercropping with durum wheat in mediterranean cereal-based cropping systems", "description": "The increased interest in sustainable agricultural systems has led to significant developments in cropping practices that allow to preserve crop productivity and reduce the reliance on herbicides and nitrogen fertilizers. Relay intercropping of legumes in wheat may represent a proficient practice to maintain crop productivity, improve soil fertility and support weed control at crop rotation level, if appropriate associated legumes are used. The objective of this study is to select suited legumes for relay intercropping with durum wheat in central Italy among a wide range of taxa (Medicago sativa, Medicago varia, Medicago lupulina, Trifolium repens, Hedysarum coronarium, Trifolium alexandrinum, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium resupinatum, Vicia villosa, Medicago polymorpha, Medicago rotata, Medicago scutellata, Medicago truncatula, and, 3 subsp. of Trifolium subterraneum). This study was carried out at the Centre for Agro-Environmental Research \u201cEnrico Avanzi\u201d in Pisa (Italy) in 2017/18 and repeated in the 2018/19 cropping season. According to the results obtained during 2017/18, legumes were reduced in 2018/19 excluding the least performing ones. The experiment was organized in a randomized complete block design with four replicates and the sole wheat crop as control. No pesticides or fertilizers were used. The evaluation was focused on i) legume establishment in the already developed wheat, ii) grain production and quality, iii) weed control before and after the wheat harvest, iv) legume persistence and growth after wheat harvest and, v) effects on the following crop. Legumes, indeed, were incorporated into the soil the following spring and forage sorghum was seeded. Results of this study showed that relay intercropped legumes preserved wheat production and reduced weed biomass up to the 70% in comparison with the control. After wheat harvest legumes persisted in the field, as dead mulch or cover crop according to the different life cycle of the tested legumes, until the sowing of sorghum. Dead mulch of annual legumes resulted unsuitable to contrast weeds while, perennial and annual self-seeding legumes as M.polymorpha and T.subterraneum, showed overall good weed control and biomass accumulation. Legume biomass at spring soil incorporation, was the most important factor related with sorghum production. Sorghum, preceded by T. subterranum, H. coronarium and T. repens, had a higher biomass production than the control and was comparable with the productive level that can be obtained under conventional systems. The overall assessment of legumes used in this study, allows to select the most suited ones for relay intercropping with durum wheat for the local environmental condition.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Cover crops", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Weed control", "Relay intercropping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Leoni, Federico, Mariateresa Lazzaro, Carlesi, Stefano, Moonen, Anna-Camilla,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517468"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/19th%20EWRS%20Symposium", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7517468", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7517468", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7517468"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.60692/wzwcw-szh03", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:25:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-30", "title": "Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China", "description": "Open AccessIn this paper we present effects of four paired agricultural management practices (organic matter (OM) addition versus no organic matter input, no-tillage (NT) versus conventional tillage, crop rotation versus monoculture, and organic agriculture versus conventional agriculture) on five key soil quality indicators, i.e., soil organic matter (SOM) content, pH, aggregate stability, earthworms (numbers) and crop yield. We have considered organic matter addition, no-tillage, crop rotation and organic agriculture as 'promising practices'; no organic matter input, conventional tillage, monoculture and conventional farming were taken as the respective references or 'standard practice' (baseline). Relative effects were analysed through indicator response ratio (RR) under each paired practice. For this we considered data of 30 long-term experiments collected from 13 case study sites in Europe and China as collated in the framework of the EU-China funded iSQAPER project. These were complemented with data from 42 long-term experiments across China and 402 observations of long-term trials published in the literature. Out of these, we only considered experiments covering at least five years. The results show that OM addition favourably affected all the indicators under consideration. The most favourable effect was reported on earthworm numbers, followed by yield, SOM content and soil aggregate stability. For pH, effects depended on soil type; OM input favourably affected the pH of acidic soils, whereas no clear trend was observed under NT. NT generally led to increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content in upper soil horizons. However, the magnitude of the relative effects varied, e.g. with soil texture. No-tillage practices enhanced earthworm populations, but not where herbicides or pesticides were applied to combat weeds and pests. Overall, in this review, yield slightly decreased under NT. Crop rotation had a positive effect on SOM content and yield; rotation with ley very positively influenced earthworms' numbers. Overall, crop rotation had little impact on soil pH and aggregate stability \u2212 depending on the type of intercrop; alternatively, rotation of arable crops only resulted in adverse effects. A clear positive trend was observed for earthworm abundance under organic agriculture. Further, organic agriculture generally resulted in increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content. Overall, no clear trend was found for pH; a decrease in yield was observed under organic agriculture in this review.", "keywords": ["Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Crop", "01 natural sciences", "Long-term field experiments", "Crop Productivity", "Soil quality", "Environmental science", "Organic Matter Dynamics", "Tillage", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil quality indicators", "Crop rotation", "Management of Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity", "Soil water", "FOS: Mathematics", "Agricultural management practices", "Monoculture", "Crop Yield Stability", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Literature review", "Response ratio", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Conventional tillage", "Geography", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil Nutrient Management", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Chemistry", "Archaeology", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic matter", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.60692/wzwcw-szh03"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.60692/wzwcw-szh03", "name": "item", "description": "10.60692/wzwcw-szh03", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.60692/wzwcw-szh03"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5897/ajb2007.000-2283", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:25:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-22", "description": "Compared to sole soybean, intercropping soybean and maize on flat and ridge reduced yields by 1.0 \u201329.1% and 29.4 - 40.2% respectively. In maize, intercropping on flat and ridge reduced yields by 13.2 -25.2% and 24.8 - 43.5% respectively. Planting sole soybean on ridge enhanced mean yield by 18.6% as compared to the sole crop yield on flat. Conversely, planting sole maize on flat enhanced grain yield by2.8%. Intercropping soybean and maize on flat resulted in optimum yields. The maximum combined intercrop revenue from maize and soybean was from inter + intra-row planting arrangement on flat. However, it was less than total revenue from sole soybean on ridge by 5.88%.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Intercropping", " flat", " ridge", " yield", " soybean", " maize.", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. A. Raji", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2007.000-2283"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/African%20Journal%20of%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5897/ajb2007.000-2283", "name": "item", "description": "10.5897/ajb2007.000-2283", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5897/ajb2007.000-2283"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-08-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2807448259", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:26:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-31", "title": "Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China", "description": "Open AccessIn this paper we present effects of four paired agricultural management practices (organic matter (OM) addition versus no organic matter input, no-tillage (NT) versus conventional tillage, crop rotation versus monoculture, and organic agriculture versus conventional agriculture) on five key soil quality indicators, i.e., soil organic matter (SOM) content, pH, aggregate stability, earthworms (numbers) and crop yield. We have considered organic matter addition, no-tillage, crop rotation and organic agriculture as 'promising practices'; no organic matter input, conventional tillage, monoculture and conventional farming were taken as the respective references or 'standard practice' (baseline). Relative effects were analysed through indicator response ratio (RR) under each paired practice. For this we considered data of 30 long-term experiments collected from 13 case study sites in Europe and China as collated in the framework of the EU-China funded iSQAPER project. These were complemented with data from 42 long-term experiments across China and 402 observations of long-term trials published in the literature. Out of these, we only considered experiments covering at least five years. The results show that OM addition favourably affected all the indicators under consideration. The most favourable effect was reported on earthworm numbers, followed by yield, SOM content and soil aggregate stability. For pH, effects depended on soil type; OM input favourably affected the pH of acidic soils, whereas no clear trend was observed under NT. NT generally led to increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content in upper soil horizons. However, the magnitude of the relative effects varied, e.g. with soil texture. No-tillage practices enhanced earthworm populations, but not where herbicides or pesticides were applied to combat weeds and pests. Overall, in this review, yield slightly decreased under NT. Crop rotation had a positive effect on SOM content and yield; rotation with ley very positively influenced earthworms' numbers. Overall, crop rotation had little impact on soil pH and aggregate stability \u2212 depending on the type of intercrop; alternatively, rotation of arable crops only resulted in adverse effects. A clear positive trend was observed for earthworm abundance under organic agriculture. Further, organic agriculture generally resulted in increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content. Overall, no clear trend was found for pH; a decrease in yield was observed under organic agriculture in this review.", "keywords": ["Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Crop", "01 natural sciences", "Long-term field experiments", "Crop Productivity", "Soil quality", "Environmental science", "Organic Matter Dynamics", "Tillage", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil quality indicators", "Crop rotation", "Management of Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity", "Soil water", "FOS: Mathematics", "Agricultural management practices", "Monoculture", "Crop Yield Stability", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Literature review", "Response ratio", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Conventional tillage", "Geography", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil Nutrient Management", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Chemistry", "Archaeology", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic matter", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2807448259"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2807448259", "name": "item", "description": "2807448259", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2807448259"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "88cc82e4-97ca-4193-b387-dc5753c77144", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[10.38, 53.21], [10.38, 53.21], [10.38, 53.21], [10.38, 53.21], [10.38, 53.21]]]}, "properties": {"license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - Inplamint's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - Inplamint and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - Inplamint and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - Inplamint and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2022-03-18", "type": "Service", "created": "2021-08-13", "language": "eng", "title": "WMS of 'Positive intercropping effects on biomass production are species-specific and involve rhizosphere enzyme activities: Evidence from a \ufb01eld study'", "description": "This AGIS Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'AGIS Map Service of the dataset 'Positive intercropping effects on biomass production are species-specific and involve rhizosphere enzyme activities: Evidence from a \ufb01eld study''", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "Soil", "intercropping", "nitrogen", "phosphorus", "above ground biomass", "enzyme activity"], "contacts": [{"name": "Amit Kumar", "organization": "Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg", "position": "post-doc research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "kumar@leuphana.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "L\u00fcneburg", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "21335", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Vicky M. 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2025-04-11", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2025-02-04", "language": "eng", "title": "TRIO - Pre-experiments", "description": "This table contains the pre-experiments of the TRIO experiment.\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-zca6-5y36); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'. 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In this review we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of how plants, together with their associated microbiota, shape rhizosphere processes. We address (molecular) mechanisms operating at the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbe-soil interface and aim to link this knowledge with actual and potential avenues for intensifying agricultural systems, while at the same time reducing irrigation water, fertilizer inputs and pesticide use. Combining in-depth knowledge about above and belowground plant traits will not only significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of involved processes but also allow for more informed decisions regarding agricultural practices and plant breeding. Including belowground plant-soil-microbe interactions in our breeding efforts will help to select crops resilient to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses and ultimately enable us to produce sufficient food in a more sustainable agriculture in the upcoming decades.