{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:56:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-16", "title": "Carbon Stocks And Cocoa Yields In Agroforestry Systems Of Central America", "description": "Abstract   The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is cultivated typically in agroforestry systems in close association with a rich list of tree species and other useful plants on the same plot. Cocoa based agroforestry systems are credited for stocking significant amounts of carbon and hence have the potential to mitigate climate change. Since cocoa yields decrease non-linearly with increasing shade, a need is to design optimal cocoa agroforestry systems with high yields and high carbon stocks. We estimated the carbon stocked in a network of 229 permanent sample plots in cacao-based agroforestry systems and natural forests in five Central American countries. Carbon stocks were fractioned by both system compartments (aboveground, roots, soil, litter, dead wood \u2013 fine and coarse, and total) and tree use/form (cocoa, timber, fruit, bananas, shade and ornamentals, and palms). Cocoa plantations were assigned to a five-class typology and tested for independence with growing region using contingency analysis. Most Central American cocoa plantations had mixed or productive shade canopies. Only 4% of cocoa plantations were full sun or rustic (cocoa under thinned natural forest). Cocoa tree density was low (548\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0192\u00a0trees\u00a0ha\u22121). Total carbon (soil\u00a0+\u00a0biomass\u00a0+\u00a0dead biomass) was 117\u00a0\u00b1\u00a047\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121, with 51\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in the soil and 49\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 (42% of total carbon) in aboveground biomass (cocoa and canopy trees). Cocoa trees accumulated 9\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121 (18% of carbon in aboveground biomass). Timber and fruit trees stored 65% of aboveground carbon. The annual rate of accumulation of carbon in aboveground biomass ranged between 1.3 and 2.6\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0y\u22121. Trade-offs between carbon levels and yields were explored qualitatively using functional relationships documented in the scientific and technical literature, and expert knowledge. We argue that it is possible to design cocoa-based AFS with good yields (cocoa and shade canopy) and high carbon stock levels. The botanical composition of the shade canopy provides a large set of morphological and functional traits that can be used to optimize shade canopy design. Our results offer Central American cocoa producers a rigorous estimate of carbon stocks in their cocoa plantations. This knowledge may help them to certify and sell their cocoa, timber, fruits and other goods to niche markets with good prices. Our results will also assist governments and the private sector in (i) designing better legal, institutional and policy frameworks, local and national, promoting an agriculture with trees and (ii) contributing to the development of the national monitoring, reporting and verification systems required by the international community to access funding and payment for ecosystem services.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "certification", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1920", "stockage", "01 natural sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5524", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7427", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "biomasse", "Theobroma cacao", "service", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "plante d'ombrage", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "changement climatique", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3418", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7019", "13. Climate action", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713", "marketing", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6989", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5171", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1434", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "peuplement forestier", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "carbone", "caract\u00e9ristique du peuplement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4620", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35702", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34910", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28080", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3651"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:55:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-19", "title": "Effects Of Landscape Segregation On Livelihood Vulnerability: Moving From Extensive Shifting Cultivation To Rotational Agriculture And Natural Forests In Northern Laos", "description": "This study investigates four decades of socio-economic and environmental change in a shifting cultivation landscape in the northern uplands of Laos. Historical changes in land cover and land use were analyzed using a chronological series of remote sensing data. Impacts of landscape change on local livelihoods were investigated in seven villages through interviews with various stakeholders. The study reveals that the complex mosaics of agriculture and forest patches observed in the study area have long constituted key assets for the resilience of local livelihood systems in the face of environmental and socio-economic risks. However, over the past 20 years, a process of segregating agricultural and forest spaces has increased the vulnerability of local land users. This process is a direct outcome of policies aimed at increasing national forest cover, eradicating shifting cultivation and fostering the emergence of more intensive and commercial agricultural practices. We argue that agriculture-forest segregation should be buffered in such a way that a diversity of livelihood opportunities and economic development pathways can be maintained.", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_195", "550", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "2739 Public Health", "910", "630", "couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "conservation des for\u00eats", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "11. Sustainability", "910 Geography & travel", "intensification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6498", "2. Zero hunger", "landscape mosaics", "resettlement", "sustainability", "Livelihood vulnerability", "Southeast Asia", "rotation culturale", "330 Economics", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "moyens d'existence durables", "2307 Health", "Laos", "protection de la for\u00eat", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25409", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "ecology", "3306 Health (social science)", "Multifunctional landscapes", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "culture itin\u00e9rante", "gestion des ressources naturelles", "utilisation des terres", "politique fonci\u00e8re", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "Ecosystem services", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28075", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "Toxicology and Mutagenesis", "Environmental and Occupational Health", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7038", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000157", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000115", "Land sparing", "Shifting cultivation", "impact sur l'environnement", "ecosystem services", "2303 Ecology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/17755/1/Castella2013_Article_EffectsOfLandscapeSegregationO.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Human%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.027", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:56:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-08", "title": "Effects Of Trees On Infiltrability And Preferential Flow In Two Contrasting Agroecosystems In Central America", "description": "Abstract   We tested the hypothesis that trees have measurable effects on infiltrability, macroporosity, and preferential flows in agrosilvopastoral systems. Managing agricultural systems for water conservation is a critical component of sustainable systems. We investigated the relationship between infiltrability and the distance to the nearest tree, and whether differences in macroporosity can account for differences in infiltrability.  In both systems, preferential soil water flows were dominant compared to matrix flow. Trees in the pasture landscape improved infiltrability and preferential flow but had no significant effect in the coffee agroforestry system. After comparing rainfall intensity and frequency data to the measured infiltrability values, we conclude that trees in the pasture system reduce surface runoff at the highest observed rainfall intensities (>50\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u22121 ). The volcanic soils of the coffee plantation are less degraded and their high natural permeability has been maintained. Since the coffee plants at this site are established (40 years) perennial vegetation with substantial residues and extensive root systems like trees, they improve soil physical properties similarly to trees.  Trees increase hydrologic services in pasture lands, a rapidly expanding land use type across Latin America, and therefore may be a viable land management option for mitigating some of the negative environmental impacts associated with land clearing and animal husbandry. However, in land management practices where understorey perennial vegetation makes up a large proportion of the cover, such as for coffee agroforestry systems, the effect of trees on infiltration-related ecosystem services could be less pronounced", "keywords": ["P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "F40 - \u00c9cologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "culture associ\u00e9e", "structure agricole", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1920", "01 natural sciences", "utilisation des terres", "\u00e9cologie", "p\u00e2turages", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_14398", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16034", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5626", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165", "\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me forestier", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "agroforesterie", "perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 du sol", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35927", "syst\u00e8me racinaire", "transport des substances nutritives", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_202", "15. Life on land", "ruissellement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374842133961", "F61 - Physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale - Nutrition", "conservation des sols", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35388", "13. Climate action", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5272", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2467", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3651"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.027"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.027", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.027", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.027"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:57:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-29", "title": "Impacts of forests and forestation on hydrological services in the Andes: A systematic review", "description": "Abstract   Several Andean countries have planned to restore forest cover in degraded land to enhance the provision of multiple ecosystem services in response to international commitments such as the Bonn Challenge. Hydrological services, e.g. water supply, hydrological regulation and erosion mitigation, are particularly important to sustain the life of more than fifty million Andean people. While rapid and important forest cover changes have occurred during recent decades, critical information on the impact of forestation on hydrological services has not yet been synthesized in the context of Andean ecosystems. We define forestation as the establishment of forest by plantation or natural regeneration on areas that either had forest in the past or not. To help improve decision-making on forestation in the Andes, we reviewed the available literature concerning the impacts of forestation on water supply, hydrological regulation and mitigation of erosion and landslides. We also examined available data on the most relevant hydrological processes such as infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff in forest stands. Hydrological services from native forests were also included as a reference state for comparing processes and services provided by forestation. Following systematic review protocols, we synthesized 155 studies using different methods, including meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Results show that forestation has had clear impacts on degraded soils, through reducing water erosion of soils and risk of moderate floods, increasing soil infiltration rate by 8 and topsoil organic matter (SOM). We found that 20\u202fyears of tree plantation was sufficient to recover infiltration rate and sediment yield close to the levels of native forests whereas SOM, soil water storage and surface runoff of native forests could not be recovered by forestation in the time scales examined. The benefits in terms of hydrological regulation are at the expense of a reduction in total water supply since forest cover was associated with higher water use in most Andean regions. Forestation with native species was underrepresented in the reviewed studies. The impact of forestation on landslides has also been largely overlooked in the Andes. At high elevations, exotic tree plantations on Andean grasslands (e.g. paramo and puna) had the most detrimental consequences since these grasslands showed an excellent capacity for hydrological regulation and erosion mitigation but also a water yield up to 40% higher than tree plantations. People engaged in forest restoration initiative should be aware that hydrological services may take some time for society and the environment to show clear benefits after forestation.", "keywords": ["P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "Pine plantations", "forest rehabilitation", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physicochimique du sol", "550", "F40 - \u00c9cologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "Monitoring", "Ecosystem service", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "ecological restoration", "05 Environmental Sciences", "systematic reviews", "0207 environmental engineering", "forest cover", "hydrology", "02 engineering and technology", "hydrologie", "01 natural sciences", "630", "cycle hydrologique", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "11. Sustainability", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13802", "reconstitution foresti\u00e8re", "P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion", "Land-use", "Nature and Landscape Conservation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "forests", "P36 - \u00c9rosion", " conservation et r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des sols", "2. Zero hunger", "Policy and Law", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7182", "Forestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_401", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_11670", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "13. Climate action", "degraded land", "07 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3731"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.12123/10635", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:05:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-18", "title": "Landholders' perceptions on legal reserves and agricultural intensification: Diversity and implications for forest conservation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Open AccessLa protecci\u00f3n de los bosques en tierras de propiedad privada es una piedra angular del marco de la pol\u00edtica ambiental brasile\u00f1a. La legislaci\u00f3n brasile\u00f1a exige que todas las fincas del pa\u00eds mantengan y protejan las \u00e1reas forestales conocidas como Reservas Legales. Dado que las Reservas Legales tienen importantes implicaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, es clave que entendamos las percepciones de los propietarios de tierras hacia las Reservas Legales. Aplicamos la metodolog\u00eda Q para identificar diferentes perspectivas de los propietarios medianos y grandes sobre las Reservas Legales y su relaci\u00f3n con la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en el municipio de Paragominas, en la Amazon\u00eda oriental. Realizamos 31 entrevistas en las que los propietarios ordenaron 36 declaraciones en una matriz de distribuci\u00f3n casi normal. Se identificaron tres grupos de propietarios de tierras: 1) los entusiastas de la planificaci\u00f3n del uso de la tierra (n = 16) estaban interesados en iniciativas de zonificaci\u00f3n para explorar dise\u00f1os de paisajes alternativos y legislaci\u00f3n que puedan ofrecer mejores resultados de conservaci\u00f3n y producci\u00f3n; 2) los partidarios de la agricultura basada en agroqu\u00edmicos (n = 7) ten\u00edan los puntos de vista m\u00e1s cr\u00edticos contra las Reservas Legales y percib\u00edan sus costos como m\u00e1s altos que los posibles beneficios ambientales y de calidad de vida; 3) los respondedores del mercado complacientes con las pol\u00edticas (n = 4) no mostraron inter\u00e9s en las reformas de las Reservas Legales y fueron el grupo m\u00e1s impulsado por el mercado. Si bien Paragominas ha logrado \u00e9xitos notables en detener la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala a trav\u00e9s de un pacto social de 'Municipio Verde', abordar la persistente degradaci\u00f3n y fragmentaci\u00f3n de los bosques en la regi\u00f3n sigue siendo una prioridad clave. Las iniciativas de gobernanza local que tienen en cuenta las percepciones de m\u00faltiples partes interesadas sobre la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques pueden fomentar el di\u00e1logo y el entendimiento mutuo para conservar y restaurar eficazmente las Reservas Legales. Los conocimientos sobre las percepciones de los grandes terratenientes sobre las Reservas Legales pueden informar dichos procesos de gobernanza para conciliar la protecci\u00f3n forestal y la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola sostenible en Paragominas.", "keywords": ["Amazonas (Brasil)", "Economics", "FOS: Political science", "SAO-FELIX", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16141", "Social Sciences", "NEEDS", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Reservas Forestales", "Natural resource economics", "conservation des for\u00eats", "FRONTIER", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "Stakeholder", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "intensification", "Political science", "Legal Reserve", "Environmental planning", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Forest Reserves", "Corporate governance", "Geography", "Ecology", "[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", " economy and politics", "Forest protection", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Amazonas (Brazil)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "LAND CONFLICT", "STATE", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Management", "Programming language", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Archaeology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4184", "Physical Sciences", "d\u00e9boisement", "Biodiversity Conservation", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Forest Protection", "Forest conservation", "Economics and Econometrics", "propri\u00e9taire foncier", "Conservaci\u00f3n de la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica", "Amazon rainforest", "Legislation", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Soil Science", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_15590", "FOS: Law", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331593", "12. Responsible consumption", "Farmer perceptions", "SYSTEMS", "politique de l'environnement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "K70 - D\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et leur protection", "Agroforestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2597", "Biology", "Legal Pluralism", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Protecci\u00f3n Forestal", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28136", "Agricultural intensification", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Q methodology", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. 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