Agriculture is faced with the challenge of providing healthy food for a growing population at minimal environmental cost. Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple crop for the largest number of people on earth, is grown under flooded soil conditions and uses more water and has higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than most crops. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that alternate wetting and drying (AWD \uffe2\uff80\uff93 flooding the soil and then allowing to dry down before being reflooded) water management practices will maintain grain yields and concurrently reduce water use, greenhouse gas emissions and arsenic (As) levels in rice. Various treatments ranging in frequency and duration of AWD practices were evaluated at three locations over 2\uffc2\uffa0years. Relative to the flooded control treatment and depending on the AWD treatment, yields were reduced by <1\uffe2\uff80\uff9313%; water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency was improved by 18\uffe2\uff80\uff9363%, global warming potential (GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions) reduced by 45\uffe2\uff80\uff9390%, and grain As concentrations reduced by up to 64%. In general, as the severity of AWD increased by allowing the soil to dry out more between flood events, yields declined while the other benefits increased. The reduction in GWP was mostly attributed to a reduction in CH4 emissions as changes in N2O emissions were minimal among treatments. When AWD was practiced early in the growing season followed by flooding for remainder of season, similar yields as the flooded control were obtained but reduced water use (18%), GWP (45%) and yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled GWP (45%); although grain As concentrations were similar or higher. This highlights that multiple environmental benefits can be realized without sacrificing yield but there may be trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs to consider. Importantly, adoption of these practices will require that they are economically attractive and can be adapted to field scales.
", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Arkansas", "Models", " Statistical", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Arsenic", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Seeds", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12701"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12701", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12701", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12701"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0047", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-08", "title": "In Situ Measurements Of Nitrate Leaching Implicate Poor Nitrogen And Irrigation Management On Sandy Soils", "description": "ABSTRACTMinimizing the risk of nitrate contamination along the waterways of the U.S. Great Plains is essential to continued irrigated corn production and quality water supplies. The objectives of this study were to quantify nitrate (NO3) leaching for irrigated sandy soils (Pratt loamy fine sand [sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Haplustalfs]) and to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer and irrigation management strategies on NO3 leaching in irrigated corn. Two irrigation schedules (1.0\uffc3\uff97 and 1.25\uffc3\uff97 optimum) were combined with six N fertilizer treatments broadcast as NH4NO3 (kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921): 300 and 250 applied pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant; 250 applied pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant and sidedress; 185 applied pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant and sidedress; 125 applied pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant and sidedress; and 0. Porous\uffe2\uff80\uff90cup tensiometers and solution samplers were installed in each of the four highest N treatments. Soil solution samples were collected during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Maximum corn grain yield was achieved with 125 or 185 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, regardless of the irrigation schedule (IS). The 1.25\uffc3\uff97 IS exacerbated the amount of NO3 leached below the 152\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth in the preplant N treatments, with a mean of 146 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the 250 and 300 kg N preplant applications compared with 12 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the same N treatments and 1.0\uffc3\uff97 IS. With 185 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, the 1.25\uffc3\uff97 IS treatment resulted in 74 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 leached compared with 10 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the 1.0\uffc3\uff97 IS. Appropriate irrigation scheduling and N fertilizer rates are essential to improving N management practices on these sandy soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Kansas", "15. Life on land", "Silicon Dioxide", "Plant Roots", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Random Allocation", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gary A. Clark, John P. Schmidt, Loyd R. Stone, Alan J. Schlegel, Ronald J. Gehl,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0047"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0047", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0047", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0047"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Kansas&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Kansas&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Kansas&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Kansas&offset=3", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 3, "numberReturned": 3, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-25T00:55:34.717468Z"}