This study provides an evaluation of spectral responses of hollow ways in Upper Mesopotamia. Hollow ways were used for the transportation of animals, carts, and other moving agents for centuries. The aim is to show how the success of spectral indices varies in describing topologically simple features even in a seemingly homogeneous geographic unit. The variation is further highlighted under the changing precipitation regime. The methodology begins with an exploration of the relationship between the date of a multispectral scene and the visibility of hollow ways. The next step is to evaluate the impact of rainfall levels on numerous indices and to quantify spectral contrast. The contrast between a hollow way and its background is evaluated with Welch\uffe2\uff80\uff99s t-test and the association between precipitation regime and spectral responses of hollow ways are investigated with Correspondence Analysis and Fisher\uffe2\uff80\uff99s test. Results highlight an intrinsic relationship between the precipitation regime and the ways in which archaeological features reflects and/or emits electromagnetic energy. Next, the categorization of spectral indices based on different rainfall levels can be used as a guidance in future studies. Finally, the study suggests contrast becomes an even more fruitful concept as one moves from the spatial domain to the spectral domain.
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Les zones comprennent un secteur de 30 km\u00b2 autour du puy de D\u00f4me, le puy de Montaudoux, le Colombier et une densification \u00e0 20 points / m\u00b2 sur le Kilian. Le mod\u00e8le est d\u00e9coup\u00e9 en ~756 dalles g\u00e9or\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es d\u2019emprise 250 x 250 m, au format LAZ, repr\u00e9sentant un volume de 11,6 Go. Il se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme d'un ensemble nuages de points filtr\u00e9s selon 4 th\u00e9matiques : - \"b\u00e2ti\", comprenant les points de la classe 6 - \"sol\", comprenant les points de la classe 2 - \"sol all\u00e9g\u00e9\", comprenant les points \"cl\u00e9s\" de la classe 2 - \"v\u00e9g\u00e9tation\", comprenant l'ensemble des points de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation. Ce semis de points a \u00e9t\u00e9 acquis les 21-22 mars 2011 par le groupement d\u2019entreprises GeoPhenix / GEOFIT Expert avec un capteur Leica ALS-50 II. La pr\u00e9cision annonc\u00e9e est de 8 cm en altim\u00e9trie (Z) et de 10 cm en planim\u00e9trie (XY). Donn\u00e9es acquises dans le cadre du projet LiDARVERNE men\u00e9 en partenariat entre le CRAIG, le Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), le Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (MSH) et l'Association Interr\u00e9gionale pour la promotion du Patrimoine arch\u00e9ologique (AIP). Projet co-financ\u00e9 par l'Union europ\u00e9enne - Fond europ\u00e9en de d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9gional FEDER - L'Europe s'engage en Auvergne.", "formats": [{"name": "www:download:ascii"}], "keywords": ["3d", "altitude", "archeologie", "auvergne", "bati", "ceyrat", "ceyssat", "chaine-des-puys", "donnees-ouvertes", "filtre", "fr", "le-colombier", "le-kilian", "lidar", "lidarverne", "open-data", "orcines", "puy-de-come", "puy-de-dome", "puy-de-montaudoux", "puy-du-pariou", "referentiels", "semis-de-points", "sol", "sol-allege", "topographie", "vegetation", "volcanologie"], "contacts": [{"organization": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/organizations/55910338c751df495fa453b9/", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ids.craig.fr/geocat/srv/api/records/f4c6e0eb-1613-420a-b407-726340dc0506"}, {"href": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/1/datasets/r/2d071f18-f7a5-47f7-8944-18e7681b519d"}, {"href": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/1/datasets/r/79c82eaa-004d-48ec-8d9a-0b86e653f87d"}, {"href": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/1/datasets/r/d0df7588-d2e6-4ef4-9b76-1b75c8d60c16"}, {"href": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/1/datasets/r/ed82c3f6-4bd2-4d4d-8935-94784a21ea3e"}, {"href": "http-www-craig-fr-lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/http-www-craig-fr-lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre"}, {"href": "http://www.craig.fr/lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "http-www-craig-fr-lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre", "name": "item", "description": "http-www-craig-fr-lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/http-www-craig-fr-lidarverne_2011_semis_filtre"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "059939806548a8af61e19dbc514dd4bb", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2020-02-05T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "fr", "title": "LIDAXES (version 2) - Axes of concentration of runoff (vector)", "description": "This vector data layer represents the natural concentration axes of runoff water, which correspond to thalwegs, valleys and dry valleys, established on the basis of the MNT LiDAR 2013-2014. The mapping of the natural concentration axes of runoff (LiDAXES) highlights areas at risk of runoff flooding and/or muddy flow arising from the natural concentration of surface runoff. It is a linear vector data layer with 5 classes defined by the size of the watershed drained by the concentration axes. The amount of runoff increases as the size of the upstream watershed increases. The following classes are distinguished: - concentrated runoff routes draining water from a catchment area between 3 and 10 ha; - concentrated runoff routes draining water from a catchment area between 10 and 20 ha; - concentrated runoff routes draining water from a catchment area between 20 and 50 ha; - concentrated runoff routes draining water from a catchment area between 50 and 100 ha; - concentrated runoff routes draining water from a catchment area of more than 100 ha. This layer has been established throughout the Walloon territory covered by the MNT LiDAR 2013-2014 (1m resolution). A pre-treatment of this NTM was first carried out to transform it into a 2m resolution with the aim of optimising the route of the axes. Indeed, too precise a resolution risks giving too much importance to too small elements of the landscape that are short-circuited during extreme rainy events. But it is the latter that cause the catastrophic damage. For reasons of readability, the information is only visible on scales between 1/1 000th and 1/5 000th. Concentrated runoff axes are integrated into the Walloon hydrographic network (RHW). Therefore, this data layer is an indispensable complement to the reading of LIDAXES data. In general, the axes of concentration of runoff find their outlet in a watercourse without leaving it. This layer is the result of a vectorization made from runoff axes in raster format (based on the \"Internet\" version of the raster). This version of the data layer is generic and corresponds to the external version made available by the Public Service of Wallonia. It is therefore available through viewing service and download subject to the conditions of access and use. For more details, refer to the methodological reports available in associated resources. Finally, the reader will find municipal statistics in the document \"km of axes per municipality\".", "formats": [{"name": "REST"}], "keywords": ["High value dataset", "accumulation", "agriculture", "axe", "be", "catastrophes", "-accidents", "-risques", "cennic", "climat", "concentration", "cours-d'eau", "de\u0301pression", "drainage", "eau", "eau-d'infiltration", "eau-de-drainage", "eau-du-sol", "erruissol", "e\u0301coulement", "flux", "fosse\u0301", "inondation", "lidar", "lidaxe", "lidaxes", "mnt", "mode\u0300le-terrestre-nume\u0301rique", "pe\u0301riode-de-retour", "picc", "pluie", "re\u0301gional", "re\u0301seau-de-drainage", "re\u0301seau-hydrographique", "ruissellement", "ruissellement-concentre\u0301", "sol", "sous-bassin-hydrographique", "stockage-de-l'eau", "talweg", "thalweg", "valle\u0301e", "zones-a\u0300-risque-naturel", "zones-naturelles", "-paysages", "-e\u0301cosyste\u0300mes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Helpdesk carto du SPW (SPW - Secr\u00e9tariat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - SPW Digital - D\u00e9partement Donn\u00e9es transversales - Gestion et valorisation de la donn\u00e9e)", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2204322327", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/dataset/3915ed27-f869-41ae-8eea-7821aa49d211"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/arcgis/rest/services/EAU/LIDAXES/MapServer"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/arcgis/services/EAU/LIDAXES/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_nz/ows?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities"}, {"href": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/3915ed27-f869-41ae-8eea-7821aa49d211"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-3915ed27-f869-41ae-8eea-7821aa49d211"}, {"href": "https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-3915ed27-f869-41ae-8eea-7821aa49d211"}, {"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/3915ed27-f869-41ae-8eea-7821aa49d211"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "059939806548a8af61e19dbc514dd4bb", "name": "item", "description": "059939806548a8af61e19dbc514dd4bb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/059939806548a8af61e19dbc514dd4bb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "98f40f092c17b4182023c928b43e539d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html", "updated": "2020-10-29T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "fr", "externalIds": [{"value": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/4de94d5d-9036-4953-beca-3ff76e4b1ec8"}], "title": "INSPIRE - LoD1 3D Buildings 2013-2014 in Wallonia (BE)", "description": "This series of spatial data layers compiles information from the \"Buildings\" theme with a LoD1 3D representation. The European Directive 2007/2/EC - INSPIRE Directive - establishes an infrastructure for spatial information in the European Community. INSPIRE applies to 34 thematic areas divided into 3 Annexes. This series includes the spatial data layers referring to Buildings. In the sense of the Directive, a building is \"a covered installation, usable for the protection of human beings, animals, things or for the production of economic goods. A building means any structure built or erected permanently on its site. Information on the location of buildings may be provided in the form of dots or with the actual basic form of the building\". Most buildings can be identified (geocoded) by address (separate topic under INSPIRE). This dataset proposes a 3D modelling of buildings in Wallonia based on information collected in 2013-2014 by LIDAR technology. The project of this study consisted in improving the spatial information concerning the buildings present on the Walloon territory from the data of the PICC, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the Digital Surface Model (DSM). These reference altimetry data were obtained through a LIDAR acquisition campaign carried out in 2013-2014. Initially, the objective was to highlight the right-of-way of the buildings thanks to the vectors available in the IPCC and an altitude differential between the ground and the roof of the buildings. Thanks to these sudden changes in values, it was possible to model the surface area occupied by the buildings. The result of this work is the \"buildings hold\" layer. The technical attributes associated with this layer will allow you to associate the polygons representing the buildings with different altitude values, such as the average height of the roof or that of the ground. You will find the description of these fields in the explanatory table that is proposed to you as a resource associated with the sheet. In a second step, this first layer of data was used to create three-dimensional buildings based on minimum (floor) and maximum (roof) heights. The result is available for download under the name \"3D buildings\". All the methods used for this process are detailed in the final report available in the associated resources. The results of this project are the result of modelling with specific methodological choices and for the period 2014-2015. It is therefore necessary to bear in mind that the data proposed here may be, in some places, not up-to-date or inaccurate, but still give an overview of 3D buildings throughout Wallonia.", "formats": [{"name": "GEOJSON"}], "keywords": ["3d", "High value dataset", "ae\u0301roporte\u0301", "altitude", "ba\u0302timent", "ba\u0302timent-agricole", "ba\u0302timent-d'habitation", "ba\u0302timents", "be", "building", "densite\u0301", "habitat", "habitat-rural", "habitat-urbain", "habitation", "laser", "lidar", "lod1", "mns", "mnt", "mode\u0300le-terrestre-nume\u0301rique", "nuage", "nuage-de-points", "point", "re\u0301gional", "sol", "z"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Helpdesk carto du SPW (SPW - Secr\u00e9tariat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - SPW Digital - D\u00e9partement Donn\u00e9es transversales - Gestion et valorisation de la donn\u00e9e)", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2204322327", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/dataset/e65a7ee0-622d-44de-a1e7-411f661786ff"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_bu/ogc/features/v1/openapi"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_bu/ows?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities"}, {"href": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/e65a7ee0-622d-44de-a1e7-411f661786ff"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-e65a7ee0-622d-44de-a1e7-411f661786ff"}, {"href": "https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-e65a7ee0-622d-44de-a1e7-411f661786ff"}, {"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/e65a7ee0-622d-44de-a1e7-411f661786ff"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "98f40f092c17b4182023c928b43e539d", "name": "item", "description": "98f40f092c17b4182023c928b43e539d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/98f40f092c17b4182023c928b43e539d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=LIDAR&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=LIDAR&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=LIDAR&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=LIDAR&offset=11", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 11, "numberReturned": 11, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-20T15:51:16.586572Z"}