{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-29", "title": "Chars Produced By Slow Pyrolysis And Hydrothermal Carbonization Vary In Carbon Sequestration Potential And Greenhouse Gases Emissions", "description": "Bio-char, biomass that has been deliberately charred to slow its rate of decomposition, has been proposed as an amendment with the potential to sequester carbon and improve certain soil properties. Slow pyrolysis (temperature \u2264500\u00b0C) and hydrothermal carbonization (low temperature, high pressure) are two efficient methods to produce bio-char with high yield and are applicable to a broad range of feedstocks. Chars made using slow pyrolysis (PC) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of the same feedstock material (corn, C4) differed in physical appearance, chemical properties and decomposition behavior. We added these HTC and PC chars as amendments to three soils with C3-derived organic matter that differed in clay content, pH, and land use (managed spruce forest, unmanaged deciduous forest and agriculture), and compared their impacts on carbon sequestration and net greenhouse gas (CO2, 13CO2, N2O and CH4) emissions. HTC addition (1% w/w) significantly increased CO2 emissions in all three soils (p<0.001), with much of the extra C derived from HTC decomposition. In contrast, PC addition (1% w/w) had almost no impact on deciduous forest soil and actually decreased CO2 emission from the agricultural soil. HTC treatment resulted in increased CH4 emission from all soils but reduced N2O fluxes in the agricultural and spruce forest soils. PC amendment had no significant effect on CH4 emission, and resulted in intermediate levels of N2O emission (between control and HTC treatments). Although both HTC and PC chars were produced from the same feedstock, PC had markedly higher potential for carbon sequestration than HTC. \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Life on Land", "GHGs", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Climate Action", "Laboratory incubation", "Dry and wet pyrolysis", "13. 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Indeed, the limitation of factors in laboratory experiments disregards interactions of a broad range of in situ environmental drivers leading to frequent contradictions between laboratory\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and field\uffe2\uff80\uff90based studies, which may consequently mislead model development and projections. Upscaling soil microbiology research from laboratory to ecosystems represents one of the grand challenges facing environmental scientists, but with great potential to inform policymakers toward climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90smart and resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficient ecosystems. The upscaling is not only a scale problem, but also requires disentangling functional relationships and processes on each level. We point to three potential reasons for the gaps between laboratory\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and field\uffe2\uff80\uff90based studies (i.e., spatiotemporal dynamics, sampling disturbances, and plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbial feedbacks), and three key issues of caution when bridging observations and model predictions (i.e., across\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale effect, complex\uffe2\uff80\uff90process coupling, and multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90factor regulation). Field\uffe2\uff80\uff90based studies only cover a limited range of environmental variation that must be supplemented by laboratory and mesocosm manipulative studies when revealing the underlying mechanisms. The knowledge gaps in upscaling soil microbiology from laboratory to ecosystems should motivate interdisciplinary collaboration across experimental, observational, theoretic, and modeling research.</p>", "keywords": ["2. 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