{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14761001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:53Z", "type": "Software", "title": "PyretoClustR (executable version)", "description": "PyretoClustR (executable version) Distilling the Pareto Optimal Front into Actionable Insights ##Highlights: Open-access tool to cluster and visualize complex multi-dimensional Pareto solutions Bridging the gap between decision and objective space through intuitive visualizations Implements k-means and k-medoids clustering without expert knowledge Uses frequency maps to display hotspot locations for spatial optimization problems Increasing stakeholder accessibility to Pareto solutions Program languages: Python, RSoftware availability (source code version): https://github.com/SydneyEWhite/Pareto_ClusteringSoftware availability (executable version, with python and libraries implemented): Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.14761001) ## Overview This framework performs k-means and k-medoids clustering on a set of Pareto optimal solutions derived from a multi-objective optimization algorithm. (Optional) A correlation matrix of the input variables is returned (the goal is to help users reduce the input variable count). Before clustering occurs, the data is cast onto principal component axes and extreme solutions are handled (if desired). The code iterates through different possible inputs for the number of clusters, the number of principal components, and the variables that define 'extreme solutions'. After these iterations, the best solution, as defined by silhouette score, is visualized in several ways: Representative solutions are plotted on up to 4 dimensions Distributions of values within the clusters are plotted in a violin plot (optional) Maps with the frequency of a trait can be plotted, if locational data (*.shp file) is provided ## Background: executable version Unlike the version of PyretoClustR available on GitHub (https://github.com/SydneyEWhite/PyretoClustR), this version on Zenodo represents a standalone version of PyretoClustR not requiring a Python installation. The python_files folder contains three executables and one folder called _internal. The executables can be run by clicking on them. The _internal folder is crucial for the standalone operation of the executables and should not be modified or deleted. ## Example Data The data provided in the input folder (pareto_and_scen_solutions.csv and the shapefiles) are part of the BiodivERsA project TALE (\u2018Towards multifunctional agricultural landscapes in Europe\u2019). This project optimized four objectives, Agricultural gross margin (AY), Breeding habitat (BH), Low flow (LF), Nitrate load (NL) and four different land use scenarios (SQ, BAU, EXT, INT) were distinguished in the decision space.\u00a0The config.ini has been adapted to run with this dataset. To run it with your own data please alter the respective input values as outlined in config.ini. ## Directory Structure project_root/||\u2500\u2500 README.md||\u2500\u2500 input/|\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 config.ini|\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 [your_input_data].csv| \u2514\u2500\u2500 [shape_files]||\u2500\u2500 python_files/|\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 _internal|\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 correlation_matrix.exe|\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 kmeans.exe| \u2514\u2500\u2500 kmedoid.exe||\u2500\u2500 r_files/| \u2514\u2500\u2500 plot_frequency_maps.R|\u2514\u2500\u2500 output/ (populated once code is run)\u00a0\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 correlation_matrix.csv (if run)\u00a0\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 kmeans_data_w_clusters_representativesolutions.csv (created with kmeans.exe when Extreme Solutions are not handled)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 kmeans_data_w_clusters_representativesolutions_outliers.csv (created with kmeans.exe when Extreme Solutions are handled)\u00a0\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 kmedoid_data_w_clusters_representativesolutions.csv (created with kmedoid.exe when Extreme Solutions are not handled)\u00a0\u00a0 |\u2500\u2500 kmedoid_data_w_clusters_representativesolutions_outliers.csv (created with kmedoid.exe when Extreme Solutions are handled)\u00a0 \u2514\u2500\u2500 freq_map_cluster_X.png (if run)", "keywords": ["Multi-objective optimization", "Pareto pruning", "Land management", "Pareto optimal data", "visualization", "clustering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14761001"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14761001", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14761001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14761001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-01-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "00682004-c6b9-4c1d-8b40-3afff8bbec69", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[11.16, 47.52], [11.16, 47.52], [11.16, 47.52], [11.16, 47.52], [11.16, 47.52]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "environmental factors"}, {"id": "water"}, {"id": "Soil analysis"}, {"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "soil amendments"}, {"id": "Soil biology"}, {"id": "Temperature profile"}, {"id": "moisture content"}, {"id": "Temperature"}, {"id": "Soil temperature"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "soil profile"}, {"id": "soil moisture"}, {"id": "temperature"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "farming systems"}, {"id": "Grassland management"}, {"id": "Grassland soils"}, {"id": "grasslands"}, {"id": "permanent grasslands"}, {"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "agricultural practices"}, {"id": "Climatic change"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. (e.g. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non-scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \u201cData re-used from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of BonaRes Module A-Project - SUSALPS's research activities.\u201d Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, BonaRes Module A-Project- SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does BonaRes Module A-Project-SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project-SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner/author.)", "updated": "2020-02-14", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-12-05", "language": "eng", "title": "SUSALPS temperature and volumetric soil water content Esterberg Subplot 3 in Esterberg intensiv", "description": "Grassland is a precious good. Grassland contributes to food security by providing fodder for dairy and beef farming, storing nutrients and increasing biodiversity. These functions that secure the fertility and yields of soil are jeopardized by climate change, especially in monane and alpine areas.\nIn SUSALPS, scientists, authorities and farmers work together to investigate the influence of climate change on i) plant biodiversity, ii) C and N storage, iii) greenhouse gas exchange, iv) socio economic conditions that influence decision making of farmers.\nA central experimental aspect is the translocation of soil mesocosms from higher elevation to lower elevation (Esterberg site at 1200m, Graswang site at 860m, Fendt at 600m, Bayreuth at 300m). To reflect the spatial heterogeneity of soils, mesocosms from three different subplots approx. 100-300m apart from each other are translocated. Since temperatures are higher and precipitation is lower in lower elevation, the translocated mesocosms experience climate change.\nThis dataset contains daily average soil temperature and volumetric soil water content in 5 and 15 cm depth.\nTreatment: Esterberg Subplot 3 in Esterberg intensiv\nDevice: Decagon 5TM\nTimescale: Daily average\nDepths: 5 and 15 cm", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["environmental factors", "water", "Soil analysis", "Soil", "soil amendments", "Soil biology", "Temperature profile", "moisture content", "Temperature", "Soil temperature", "soil profile", "soil moisture", "temperature", "farming systems", "Grassland management", "Grassland soils", "grasslands", "permanent grasslands", "agriculture", "agricultural practices", "Climatic change", "Boden", "opendata"], "contacts": [{"name": "Kiese, Ralf", "organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ralf.kiese@kit.edu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "Garmisch-Partenkirchen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "82467", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Kiese, Ralf", "organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ralf.kiese@kit.edu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=00682004-c6b9-4c1d-8b40-3afff8bbec69", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/217290dd-a23f-4734-96d5-71b878a2fca8", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "00682004-c6b9-4c1d-8b40-3afff8bbec69", "name": "item", "description": "00682004-c6b9-4c1d-8b40-3afff8bbec69", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/00682004-c6b9-4c1d-8b40-3afff8bbec69"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2016-08-11T00:00:00Z", "2018-10-09T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "07388e86-f38b-469a-9910-6e24af66bbf5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[11.07, 47.83], [11.07, 47.83], [11.07, 47.83], [11.07, 47.83], [11.07, 47.83]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "environmental factors"}, {"id": "water"}, {"id": "Soil analysis"}, {"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "soil amendments"}, {"id": "Soil biology"}, {"id": "Temperature profile"}, {"id": "moisture content"}, {"id": "Temperature"}, {"id": "Soil temperature"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "soil profile"}, {"id": "soil moisture"}, {"id": "temperature"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "farming systems"}, {"id": "Grassland management"}, {"id": "Grassland soils"}, {"id": "grasslands"}, {"id": "permanent grasslands"}, {"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "agricultural practices"}, {"id": "Climatic change"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. (e.g. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non-scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \u201cData re-used from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of BonaRes Module A-Project - SUSALPS's research activities.\u201d Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, BonaRes Module A-Project- SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does BonaRes Module A-Project-SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project-SUSALPS and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner/author.)", "updated": "2020-02-14", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-12-05", "language": "eng", "title": "SUSALPS temperature and volumetric soil water content Graswang Subplot 1 in Fendt intensiv", "description": "Grassland is a precious good. Grassland contributes to food security by providing fodder for dairy and beef farming, storing nutrients and increasing biodiversity. These functions that secure the fertility and yields of soil are jeopardized by climate change, especially in monane and alpine areas. In SUSALPS, scientists, authorities and farmers work together to investigate the influence of climate change on i) plant biodiversity, ii) C and N storage, iii) greenhouse gas exchange, iv) socio economic conditions that influence decision making of farmers. A central experimental aspect is the translocation of soil mesocosms from higher elevation to lower elevation (Esterberg site at 1200m, Graswang site at 860m, Fendt at 600m, Bayreuth at 300m). To reflect the spatial heterogeneity of soils, mesocosms from three different subplots approx. 100-300m apart from each other are translocated. Since temperatures are higher and precipitation is lower in lower elevation, the translocated mesocosms experience climate change. This dataset contains daily average soil temperature and volumetric soil water content in 5 and 15 cm depth. Treatment: Graswang Subplot 1 in Fendt intensiv Device: Decagon 5TM Timescale: Daily average Depths: 5 and 15 cm", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["environmental factors", "water", "Soil analysis", "Soil", "soil amendments", "Soil biology", "Temperature profile", "moisture content", "Temperature", "Soil temperature", "soil profile", "soil moisture", "temperature", "farming systems", "Grassland management", "Grassland soils", "grasslands", "permanent grasslands", "agriculture", "agricultural practices", "Climatic change", "Boden", "opendata"], "contacts": [{"name": "Kiese, Ralf", "organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ralf.kiese@kit.edu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "Garmisch-Partenkirchen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "82467", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Kiese, Ralf", "organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ralf.kiese@kit.edu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=07388e86-f38b-469a-9910-6e24af66bbf5", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/217290dd-a23f-4734-96d5-71b878a2fca8", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "07388e86-f38b-469a-9910-6e24af66bbf5", "name": "item", "description": "07388e86-f38b-469a-9910-6e24af66bbf5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/07388e86-f38b-469a-9910-6e24af66bbf5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2016-08-11T00:00:00Z", "2018-10-09T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-04", "title": "A framework for scaling sustainable land management options", "description": "Abstract

Improvements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.

", "keywords": ["330", "incentives", "private sector", "land; management; options; scaling; sustainable; Environmental Chemistry; Development3304 Education; 2300; Soil Science", "farmers", "water resources", "01 natural sciences", "stakeholders", "case studies", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "economic aspects", "agricultural development", "Drylands Agriculture", "11. Sustainability", "policy making", "land; management; options; scaling; sustainable", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "land degradation", "capacity building", "land management", "1. No poverty", "land use", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "Sustainable Agriculture", "6. Clean water", "communities", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem services", "corporate culture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00267-022-01647-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-22", "title": "Trust Versus Content in Multi-functional Land Management: Assessing Soil Function Messaging in Agricultural Networks", "description": "Abstract

Growing sustainability demands on land have a high knowledge requirement across multiple scientific domains. Exploring networks can expose opportunities for targeting. Using mixed-methods combining social network analysis (SNA) and surveys, networks for key soil functions in case studies in Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands are explored. We find a diversity of contrasting networks that reflect local conditions, sustainability challenges and governance structure. Farmers were found to occupy a central role in the agri-environmental governance network. A comparison of the SNA and survey results indicate low acceptance of messages from many central actors indicating scope to better harness the network for sustainable land management. The source of the messages was important when it came to the implementation of farm management actions. Two pathways for enhanced farmer uptake of multi-functionality are proposed that have wider application are; to increase trust between farmers and actors that are agents of multi-functional messages and/or to increase the bundling or multi-functionality of messages (mandate) of actors trusted by farmers.Field experiments (15 years) were carried out to study the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) management practices on the soil chemical properties, microbial biomass, soil enzymatic activities and winter wheat yield on a cinnamon soil in Shanxi, on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Compared to CT, NT increased soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 mm layer by 25, 18 and 7%, respectively. Microbial biomass C and N contents under NT were 41 and 57% greater than under CT on the same layer. In general, higher enzymatic activities were found in the more superficial layers of soil under NT than under CT in the same layer. Winter wheat yield wasc. 20% higher under NT than under CT. These findings have implications for understanding how conservation tillage practices improve soil quality and sustainability in the rainfed dryland farming areas of northern China.

", "keywords": ["Agricultural land management", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural", "veterinary and food sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liu, EK, Zhao, BQ, Mei, XR, So, HB, Li, J, Li, XY,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990463"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0021859609990463", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0021859609990463", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0021859609990463"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2024ef005225", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-11", "title": "Understanding Europe's Forest Harvesting Regimes", "description": "Abstract

European forests are being shaped by active human use and management, and by harvesting of wood in particular. Yet, our understanding of how forests are harvested across Europe is limited, as the real harvest regimes are not well described by currently available data. Here, we analyse recent harvests, as observed in permanent plots of forest inventories in 11 European countries, totaling to 182,649 plots and covering all major forest types. We (a) characterize harvest regimes through the frequency and intensity of harvest events spatially across Europe, and (b) build models for the probability and intensity of harvest events at the plot\uffe2\uff80\uff90level and examine the links to potential drivers of harvest, including the pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest forest structure and composition, climatic, topographic and socio\uffe2\uff80\uff90economic factors, and past natural disturbances. The results revealed notable variation in harvest regimes across Europe, ranging from high\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity harvests in eastern Central Europe to low\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity harvests in the north, with different strategies emerging in regions with similar total harvest rates. The harvest regimes were strongly driven by country\uffe2\uff80\uff90level variation, emphasizing the role of national\uffe2\uff80\uff90level factors. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest forest properties were important drivers for the intensity of harvest, whereas the probability of harvest was more related to socio\uffe2\uff80\uff90economic factors and natural disturbances. The presented quantification of the forest harvesting regimes provides much needed detail in our understanding of the contemporary forest management practices in Europe, providing a baseline against which to assess future changes in management and strengthening the knowledge\uffe2\uff80\uff90base for decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90making on European level. xeric shrubland on Dwyka sediments (XS) > xeric shrubland on dolerite (XSD) > karoo (K) (168, 164, 65, 34 & 26 t ha\u22121, respectively); (ii) mean root C: T > G > XS = XSD (25.4, 11.4, 7.2 & 7.1 t ha\u22121); (iii) mean above-ground C including leaf litter: T>XS>G>K> XSD (51.6, 12.9, 2.0, 1.7 & 1.51 ha\u22121). Carbon stocks in intact indigenous vegetation were related more to woodiness of vegetation and frequency of fire than to climate. Biomass C was greatest in woody thicket and soil C stocks were greatest in thicket and grassland. Total C storage of 245 t ha\u22129 in thicket is exceptionally high for a semi-arid...", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "biomass", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Eastern Hemisphere", "World", "land management", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "South Africa", "carbon cycle", "Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Arida", "Southern Africa"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/South%20African%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/17583004.2024.2410812", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-08", "title": "Towards a modular, multi-ecosystem monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework for soil organic carbon stock change assessment", "description": "Soils are the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon, yet they are easily degraded. Consistent and accurate monitoring of changes in soil organic carbon stocks and net greenhouse gas emissions, reporting, and their verification is key to facilitate investment in sustainable land use practices that maintain or increase soil organic carbon stocks, as well as to incorporate soil organic carbon sequestration in national greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Building up on an initial review of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) schemes with a focus on croplands, grasslands, and forestlands we develop a framework for a modular, scalable MRV system. We then provide an inventory and classification of selected MRV methodologies and subsequently \u201cscore\u201d them against a list of key characteristics. It appears that the main challenge in developing a unified MRV system concerns the monitoring component. Finally, we present a conceptual workflow that shows how a prototype for an operational, modular multi-ecosystem MRV tool could be systematically built.", "keywords": ["Carbon accounting", "[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Carbon sequestration", "Environmental sciences", "carbon accounting", "Monitoring framework", "GE1-350", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "monitoring framework", "climate change mitigation", "sustainable land management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Batjes, N.H., Ceschia, Eric, Heuvelink, G.B.M., Demenois, Julien, Le Maire, Guerric, Cardinael, R\u00e9mi, Arias-Navarro, Cristina, van Egmond, F.M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2024.2410812"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Carbon%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/17583004.2024.2410812", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/17583004.2024.2410812", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/17583004.2024.2410812"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14839", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-13", "title": "Multiple trade-offs regulate the effects of woody plant removal on biodiversity and ecosystem functions in global rangelands", "description": "Abstract

Woody plant encroachment is a major land management issue. Woody removal often aims to restore the original grassy ecosystem, but few studies have assessed the role of woody removal on ecosystem functions and biodiversity at global scales. We collected data from 140 global studies and evaluated how different woody plant removal methods affected biodiversity (plant and animal diversity) and ecosystem functions (plant production, hydrological function, soil carbon) across global rangelands. Our results indicate that the impact of removal is strongly context dependent, varying with the specific response variable, removal method, and traits of the target species. Over all treatments, woody plant removal increased grass biomass and total groundstorey diversity. Physical and chemical removal methods increased grass biomass and total groundstorey biomass (i.e., non\uffe2\uff80\uff90woody plants, including grass biomass), but burning reduced animal diversity. The impact of different treatment methods declined with time since removal, particularly for total groundstorey biomass. Removing pyramid\uffe2\uff80\uff90shaped woody plants increased total groundstorey biomass and hydrological function but reduced total groundstorey diversity. Environmental context (e.g., aridity and soil texture) indirectly controlled the effect of removal on biomass and biodiversity by influencing plant traits such as plant shape, allelopathic, or roots types. Our study demonstrates that a one\uffe2\uff80\uff90size\uffe2\uff80\uff90fits\uffe2\uff80\uff90all approach to woody plant removal is not appropriate, and that consideration of woody plant identity, removal method, and environmental context is critical for optimizing removal outcomes. Applying this knowledge is fundamental for maintaining diverse and functional rangeland ecosystems as we move toward a drier and more variable climate.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Rangeland management", "Biodiversity", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Wood", "01 natural sciences", "Encroachment", "", "Removal method", "raits", "Woody plant traits", "Shrub removal", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Meta\u2010analysis", "Animals", "Thickening", "Biomass", "Global synthesis", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14839"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14839", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14839", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14839"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14878", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "Abstract

There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 methodologies commonly underpin project\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale carbon accounting for changes in land use and management and are used in frameworks for Life Cycle Assessment and carbon footprinting of food and energy crops. These methodologies were intended for use at large spatial scales. This can introduce error in predictions at finer spatial scales. There is an urgent need for development and implementation of higher tier methodologies that can be applied at fine spatial scales (e.g. farm/project/plantation) for food and bioenergy crop greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting to facilitate decision making in the land\uffe2\uff80\uff90based sectors. Higher tier methods have been defined by IPCC and must be well evaluated and operate across a range of domains (e.g. climate region, soil type, crop type, topography), and must account for land use transitions and management changes being implemented. Furthermore, the data required to calibrate and drive the models used at higher tiers need to be available and applicable at fine spatial resolution, covering the meteorological, soil, cropping system and management domains, with quantified uncertainties. Testing the reliability of the models will require data either from sites with repeated measurements or from chronosequences. We review current global capability for estimating changes in soil carbon at fine spatial scales and present a vision for a framework capable of quantifying land use change and management impacts on soil carbon, which could be used for addressing issues such as bioenergy and biofuel sustainability, food security, forest protection, and direct/indirect impacts of land use change. The aim of this framework is to provide a globally accepted standard of carbon measurement and modelling appropriate for GHG accounting that could be applied at project to national scales (allowing outputs to be scaled up to a country level), to address the impacts of land use and land management change on soil carbon.

", "keywords": ["land use change", "Environmental Impact Assessment", "550", "ecosystem model", "Carbon Sequestration Science", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "upland grassland", "soil", "stock change", "12. Responsible consumption", "11. Sustainability", "forest biomass", "Environmental assessment and monitoring", "soil carbon", "organic-matter", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "model", "Ecology", "land management", "assimilated carbon", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "long-term experiments", "southern brazil", "monitoring", "high temporal resolution", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biodiversity conservation", "environment", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02689.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02689.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02689.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02689.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01113.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-21", "title": "Identifying Grasslands Suitable For Cellulosic Feedstock Crops In The Greater Platte River Basin: Dynamic Modeling Of Ecosystem Performance With 250 M Emodis", "description": "Abstract

This study dynamically monitors ecosystem performance (EP) to identify grasslands potentially suitable for cellulosic feedstock crops (e.g., switchgrass) within the Greater Platte River Basin (GPRB). We computed grassland site potential and EP anomalies using 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90year (2000\uffe2\uff80\uff932008) time series of 250\uffc2\uffa0m expedited moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, geophysical and biophysical data, weather and climate data, and EP models. We hypothesize that areas with fairly consistent high grassland productivity (i.e., high grassland site potential) in fair to good range condition (i.e., persistent ecosystem overperformance or normal performance, indicating a lack of severe ecological disturbance) are potentially suitable for cellulosic feedstock crop development. Unproductive (i.e., low grassland site potential) or degraded grasslands (i.e., persistent ecosystem underperformance with poor range condition) are not appropriate for cellulosic feedstock development. Grassland pixels with high or moderate ecosystem site potential and with more than 7\uffc2\uffa0years ecosystem normal performance or overperformance during 2000\uffe2\uff80\uff932008 are identified as possible regions for future cellulosic feedstock crop development (ca. 68\uffc2\uffa0000\uffc2\uffa0km2 within the GPRB, mostly in the eastern areas). Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term climate conditions, elevation, soil organic carbon, and yearly seasonal precipitation and temperature are important performance variables to determine the suitable areas in this study. The final map delineating the suitable areas within the GPRB provides a new monitoring and modeling approach that can contribute to decision support tools to help land managers and decision makers make optimal land use decisions regarding cellulosic feedstock crop development and sustainability.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "satellite remote sensing", "550", "land management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "ecosystem performance models", "cellulosic feedstock crops", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Greater Platte River Basin", "cellulosic biofuel", "weather data", "eMODIS NDVI"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01113.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01113.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01113.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01113.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-05", "title": "Land-Use Change To Bioenergy Production In Europe: Implications For The Greenhouse Gas Balance And Soil Carbon", "description": "Abstract

Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation. However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) need to be included into the carbon footprint calculation of different bioenergy crops under a range of soil conditions and management practices. This review compiles existing knowledge on agronomic and environmental constraints and GHG balances of the major European bioenergy crops, although it focuses on dedicated perennial crops such as Miscanthus and short rotation coppice species. Such second\uffe2\uff80\uff90generation crops account for only 3% of the current European bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to >99% less N2O than conventional annual crops. This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency, due to effective N\uffe2\uff80\uff90recycling. Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44\uffc2\uffa0Mg soil C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for poplar and willow and 0.66\uffc2\uffa0Mg soil C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for Miscanthus). However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland. Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops. Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the GHG balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.

", "keywords": ["carbon footprint", "short rotation coppice", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Miscanthus", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Carbon debt", "CARBON CYCLE; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS; BIOENERGY", "Biofuel", "Land management", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "carbon debt", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "nitrous oxide", "Soil organic carbon", "methane", "land management", "15. Life on land", "Carbon footprint", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "biofuel", "Short rotation coppice", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/117133/1/117133%20j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-10", "title": "How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review", "description": "Abstract Background

The loss of carbon (C) from agricultural soils has been, in part, attributed to tillage, a common practice providing a number of benefits to farmers. The promotion of less intensive tillage practices and no tillage (NT) (the absence of mechanical soil disturbance) aims to mitigate negative impacts on soil quality and to preserve soil organic carbon (SOC). Several reviews and meta-analyses have shown both beneficial and null effects on SOC due to no tillage relative to conventional tillage, hence there is a need for a comprehensive systematic review to answer the question: what is the impact of reduced tillage intensity on SOC?

Methods

We systematically reviewed relevant research in boreo-temperate regions using, as a basis, evidence identified within a recently completed systematic map on the impacts of farming on SOC. We performed an update of the original searches to include studies published since the map search. We screened all evidence for relevance according to predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies were appraised and subject to data extraction. Meta-analyses were performed to investigate the impact of reducing tillage [from high (HT) to intermediate intensity (IT), HT to NT, and from IT to NT] for SOC concentration and SOC stock in the upper soil and at lower depths.

Results

A total of 351 studies were included in the systematic review: 18% from an update of research published in the 2\uffc2\uffa0years since the systematic map. SOC concentration was significantly higher in NT relative to both IT [1.18\uffc2\uffa0g/kg\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.34 (SE)] and HT [2.09\uffc2\uffa0g/kg\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.34 (SE)] in the upper soil layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffc2\uffa0cm). IT was also found to be significant higher [1.30\uffc2\uffa0g/kg\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.22 (SE)] in SOC concentration than HT for the upper soil layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffc2\uffa0cm). At lower depths, only IT SOC compared with HT at 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm showed a significant difference; being 0.89\uffc2\uffa0g/kg [\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.20 (SE)] lower in intermediate intensity tillage. For stock data NT had significantly higher SOC stocks down to 30\uffc2\uffa0cm than either HT [4.61\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.95 (SE)] or IT [3.85\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.64 (SE)]. No other comparisons were significant.

Conclusions

The transition of tilled croplands to NT and conservation tillage has been credited with substantial potential to mitigate climate change via C storage. Based on our results, C stock increase under NT compared to HT was in the upper soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) around 4.6\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha (0.78\uffe2\uff80\uff938.43\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha, 95% CI) over \uffe2\uff89\uffa5 10\uffc2\uffa0years, while no effect was detected in the full soil profile. The results support those from several previous studies and reviews that NT and IT increase SOC in the topsoil. Higher SOC stocks or concentrations in the upper soil not only promote a more productive soil with higher biological activity but also provide resilience to extreme weather conditions. The effect of tillage practices on total SOC stocks will be further evaluated in a forthcoming project accounting for soil bulk densities and crop yields. Our findings can hopefully be used to guide policies for sustainable management of agricultural soils.

", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Farming", "Till", "Agriculture", "Conservation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plough", "Environmental sciences", "Land management", "13. Climate action", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "Land use change"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Evidence", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/97603", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-04", "title": "A framework for scaling sustainable land management options", "description": "Abstract

Improvements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.Biochar has the potential to make a major contribution to the mitigation of climate change, and enhancement of plant production. However, in order for biochar to fulfill this promise, the industry and regulating bodies must take steps to manage potential environmental threats and address negative perceptions. The potential threats to the sustainability of biochar systems, at each stage of the biochar life cycle, were reviewed. We propose that a sustainability framework for biochar could be adapted from existing frameworks developed for bioenergy. Sustainable land use policies, combined with effective regulation of biochar production facilities and incentives for efficient utilization of energy, and improved knowledge of biochar impacts on ecosystem health and productivity could provide a strong framework for the development of a robust sustainable biochar industry. Sustainability certification could be introduced to provide confidence to consumers that sustainable practices have been employed along the production chain, particularly where biochar is traded internationally.

", "keywords": ["mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas", "avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo de vida", "Agriculture (General)", "gerenciamento de risco", "15. Life on land", "risk management", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "S1-972", "12. Responsible consumption", "climate change", "life cycle assessment", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "gerenciamento sustent\u00e1vel da terra", "sustainable land management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pesquisa%20Agropecu%C3%A1ria%20Brasileira", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-24", "title": "Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Soil Quality Protection and Improvement", "description": "

Understanding and estimating the economic value that society places on agricultural soil quality protection and improvement can guide the development of policies aimed at mitigating pollution, promoting conservation, or incentivizing sustainable land management practices. We estimate the general public\u2019s willingness to pay (WTP) for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain (n = 1000) and the UK (n = 984) using data from a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics panels in March\u2013April 2021. We use a double-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach to elicit the individuals\u2019 WTP. We investigate the effect of uncertainty on the success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. In addition, to understand the heterogeneity in individuals\u2019 WTP for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement, we model individuals\u2019 WTP through individuals\u2019 awareness and attitudes toward agricultural soil quality protection and the environment; trust in institutions; risk and time preferences; pro-social behavior; and socio-demographics in Spain and the UK. We found that there is significant public support for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain and the UK. We also found that the support does not vary significantly under uncertainty of success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. However, the individual\u2019s reasons for supporting agricultural soil quality protection and improvement are found to depend on the level of uncertainty and country. Hence, promoting public support for soil protection needs to be tailored according to the level of the general public\u2019s perceived uncertainty and geographic location.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "1. No poverty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "risk preferences", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "uncertainty", "willingness to pay", "contingent valuation", "sustainable land management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Francisco Jos\u00e9 Areal", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land12122143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-12-08", "title": "Ten-Year Impact of Cover Crops on Soil Organic Matter Quantity and Quality in Semi-Arid Vineyards", "description": "

Soil organic matter depletion is a significant concern in agricultural soils, impacting crucial aspects of ecosystem health, especially soil properties such as fertility and soil moisture retention. Adopting sustainable soil management practices, such as cover crops, can mitigate this issue. In this study, we analyzed the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and quality in vineyards using two distinct management methods: permanent spontaneous cover crops and conventional tillage. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was quantified and chemically characterized using UV\u2013visible spectroscopy. Our results showed an increase of 4.7 Mg C/ha in the carbon stock (50 cm depth) after 10 years of implementing vegetation covers compared with tilled soil. Additionally, cover crop management increased less humified soluble carbon in surface soil layers, while tillage transformed the solubilized carbon. This finding is important because tilled soil becomes more accessible to microbial degradation and leaching, which, in the long term, leads to a SOM content decrease. In conclusion, an increase in carbon stock was observed when using cover crops due to the incorporation of fresh organic matter, whereas tilled soils showed a depletion of carbon stock, including the mobilization of more stable carbon.

", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "S", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "dissolved organic carbon", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Geolog\u00eda", "groundcovers", "sustainable land management practice", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jim\u00e9nez Gonz\u00e1lez, Marco Antonio, L\u00f3pez-Romano, Hugo, Carral Gonz\u00e1lez, Pilar, \u00c1lvarez Gonz\u00e1lez, Ana Mar\u00eda, Herranz Luque, Juan Emilio, Sastre-Rodr\u00edguez, Blanca Esther, Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz, Andr\u00e9s, Mu\u00f1oz-Organero, Gregorio, Marqu\u00e9s P\u00e9rez, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/12/2143/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122143"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land12122143", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land12122143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land12122143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-22", "title": "Making the Most of Our Land: Managing Soil Functions from Local to Continental Scale", "description": "Open AccessThe challenges of achieving both food security and environmental sustainability have resulted in a confluence of demands on land within the European Union (EU): we expect our land to provide food, fiber and fuel, to purify water, to sequester carbon, and provide a home to biodiversity as well as external nutrients in the form of waste from humans and intensive livestock enterprises. All soils can perform all of these five functions, but some soils are better at supplying selective functions. Functional Land Management is a framework for policy-making aimed at meeting these demands by incentivizing land use and soil management practices that selectively augment specific soil functions, where required. Here, we explore how the demands for contrasting soil functions, as framed by EU policies, may apply to very different spatial scales, from local to continental scales. At the same time, using Ireland as a national case study, we show that the supply of each soil function is largely determined by local soil and land use conditions, with large variations at both local and regional scales. These discrepancies between the scales at which the demands and supply of soil functions are manifested, have implications for soil and land management: while some soil functions must be managed at local (e.g., farm or field) scale, others may be offset between regions with a view to solely meeting national or continental demands. In order to facilitate the optimization of the delivery of soil functions at national level, to meet the demands that are framed at continental scale, we identify and categorize 14 policy and market instruments that are available in the EU. The results from this inventory imply that there may be no need for the introduction of new specific instruments to aid the governance of Functional Land Management. We conclude that there may be more merit in adapting existing governance instruments by facilitating differentiation between soils and landscapes.", "keywords": ["550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Soil functions", "intensification culturale", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "sciences du sol", "scale", "11. Sustainability", "Functional Land Management", "GE1-350", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Functional Land Management;ecosystem services;policy;soil functions;sustainable intensification", "sustainable intensification", "Sustainable intensification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Functional Land Management; ecosystem services; policy; soil functions; sustainable intensification", "durabilit\u00e9 du sol", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ecosystem services", "policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-22", "title": "Modeling of Soil Functions for Assessing Soil Quality: Soil Biodiversity and Habitat Provisioning", "description": "Soil biodiversity and habitat provisioning is one of the soil functions that agricultural land provides to society. This paper describes assessment of the soil biodiversity function (SB function) as a proof of concept to be used in a decision support tool for agricultural land management. The SB function is defined as \u201cthe multitude of soil organisms and processes, interacting in an ecosystem, providing society with a rich biodiversity source and contributing to a habitat for aboveground organisms.\u201d So far, no single measure provides the full overview of the soil biodiversity and how a soil supports a habitat for a biodiverse ecosystem. We have assembled a set of attributes for a proxy-indicator system, based on four \u201cintegrated attributes\u201d: (1) soil nutrient status, (2) soil biological status, (3) soil structure, and (4) soil hydrological status. These attributes provide information to be used in a model for assessing the capacity of a soil to supply the SB function. A multi-criteria decision model was developed which comprises of 34 attributes providing information to quantify the four integrated attributes and subsequently assess the SB function for grassland and for cropland separately. The model predictions (in terms of low\u2014moderate\u2014high soil biodiversity status) were compared with expert judgements for a collection of 137 grassland soils in the Netherlands and 52 French soils, 29 grasslands, and 23 croplands. For both datasets, the results show that the proposed model predictions were statistically significantly correlated with the expert judgements. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the soil nutrient status, defined by attributes such as pH and organic carbon content, was the most important integrated attribute in the assessment of the SB function. Further progress in the assessment of the SB function is needed. This can be achieved by better information regarding land use and farm management. In this way we may make a valuable step in our attempts to optimize the multiple soil functions in agricultural landscapes, and hence the multifaceted role of soils to deliver a bundle of ecosystem services for farmers and citizens, and support land management and policy toward a more sustainable society.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "land management", "soil biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "habitat provisioning", "630", "ecosystem service", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Europe", "Environmental sciences", "soil function", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "qualitative modeling", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.575466", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-18", "title": "Multi-Functional Land Use Is Not Self-Evident for European Farmers: A Critical Review", "description": "Soils perform more functions than primary productivity. Examples of these functions are the recycling of nutrients, the regulation and purification of water, the regulation of the climate, and supporting biodiversity. These abilities are generally referred to as the soil quality. Soil management that favors primary productivity may have positive and negative impacts on the other functions, and vice versa, depending on soil and climatic conditions. All these functions are under pressure, particularly in intensive agriculture. In the absence of mandatory regulations, most European farmers give limited attention to other functions than primary productivity in spite of recommendations by scientists, society and policy makers to acknowledge the ecosystem services provided by soils. The present paper analyses the underlying causes of this limited attention for the multi-functionality of soils by farmers. It is concluded that their focus on primary productivity may stem from (1) insufficient visible proof for soil degradation and benefits of preventive measures over curative measures, (2) limited awareness or conviction of long-term synergies, (3) insufficient remuneration of ecosystem services by society or compensation of yield penalties in favor of these services, (4) lacking trustworthy knowledge about and support for multi-functional soil management, and (5) absence of incentives and regulations on soil management and their enforcement. All these shortcomings need to be addressed by advisors, scientists, and policy makers, whilst acknowledging the need for underpinning and differentiation of incentives and regulations.", "keywords": ["GLOBAL DILEMMA", "DEPLETE SOIL-NITROGEN", "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", "COVER CROPS", "CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE", "01 natural sciences", "primary productivity", "soil degradation", "MANAGEMENT", "QUALITY", "GE1-350", "soil quality", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "soil health", "land management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Environmental sciences", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "13. Climate action", "CATTLE SLURRY", "soil function", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ecosystem services"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.575466"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.575466", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.575466", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2020.575466"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-14", "description": "

A factorial pot experiment was conducted using two types of soils (sandy loam and red clay loam) that are commonly used for commercial vegetable production in Bundaberg, region of Central Queensl and Australia. The soils were amended with 0, 25, 50 and 75 t/ha of green waste biochar and minimum doses of N, P and K (30 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha and 40 kg/ha respectively). After two weeks of plant establishment, the pots were leached with 1.5 litres of deionised water at week intervals, and cation concentrations of the leachate were determined. In 25 t/ha biochar treatment, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in K and Ca leaching by 40% and 26% respectively from sandy loam, and of Ca by 23% from the red clay loam. Soil water holding capacity and soil organic carbon were also increased in both biochar treated soils. After 12 weeks of growth, shoot weight was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in 25 t/ha biochar-treated sandy loam and red clay loam (32% and 31% respectively). These results clearly demonstrated that a higher yield of capsicum can be achieved from green waste biochar application in sandy loam and red clay loam at 25 t/ha biochar.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.86-90

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "829999 Plant Production and Plant Primary Products not elsewhere classified", "070101 Agricultural Land Management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Journal Article. Refereed", "15. Life on land", "Scholarly Journal", "Green waste biochar -- Cation leaching -- Soil cation exchange capacity -- Carbon sequestration -- Australia", "6. Clean water", "Applied research"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydro%20Nepal%3A%20%20Journal%20of%20Water%2C%20Energy%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221", "name": "item", "description": "10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.31223/x5910j", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-11", "title": "Understanding Europe's Forest Harvesting Regimes", "description": "Abstract

European forests are being shaped by active human use and management, and by harvesting of wood in particular. Yet, our understanding of how forests are harvested across Europe is limited, as the real harvest regimes are not well described by currently available data. Here, we analyse recent harvests, as observed in permanent plots of forest inventories in 11 European countries, totaling to 182,649 plots and covering all major forest types. We (a) characterize harvest regimes through the frequency and intensity of harvest events spatially across Europe, and (b) build models for the probability and intensity of harvest events at the plot\uffe2\uff80\uff90level and examine the links to potential drivers of harvest, including the pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest forest structure and composition, climatic, topographic and socio\uffe2\uff80\uff90economic factors, and past natural disturbances. The results revealed notable variation in harvest regimes across Europe, ranging from high\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity harvests in eastern Central Europe to low\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity harvests in the north, with different strategies emerging in regions with similar total harvest rates. The harvest regimes were strongly driven by country\uffe2\uff80\uff90level variation, emphasizing the role of national\uffe2\uff80\uff90level factors. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest forest properties were important drivers for the intensity of harvest, whereas the probability of harvest was more related to socio\uffe2\uff80\uff90economic factors and natural disturbances. The presented quantification of the forest harvesting regimes provides much needed detail in our understanding of the contemporary forest management practices in Europe, providing a baseline against which to assess future changes in management and strengthening the knowledge\uffe2\uff80\uff90base for decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90making on European level.

The increased demand for bio based products worldwide provides an opportunity for Eastern European countries to increase their production in agriculture and forestry. At the same time, such economic development must be congruent with the European Union\u2019s long-term climate and biodiversity objectives. As a country that is rich in bioresources, the Latvian case study is highly relevant to many other countries\u2014especially those in Central and Eastern Europe\u2014and faces a choice of transition pathways to meet both economic and environmental objectives. In order to assess the trade-offs between investments in the bioeconomy and the achievement of climate and biodiversity objectives, we used the Functional Land Management (FLM) framework for the quantification of the supply and demand for the primary productivity, carbon regulation and biodiversity functions. We related the supply of these three soil functions to combinations of land use and soil characteristics. The demand for the same functions were derived from European, national and regional policy objectives. Our results showed different spatial scales at which variation in demand and supply is manifested. High demand for biodiversity was associated with areas dominated by agricultural land at the local scale, while regional differences of unemployment rates and the target for GDP increases framed the demand for primary productivity. National demand for carbon regulation focused on areas dominated by forests on organic soils. We subsequently identified mismatches between the supply and demand for soil functions, and we selected spatial locations for specific land use changes and improvements in management practices to promote sustainable development of the bio-economy. Our results offer guidance to policy makers that will help them to form a national policy that will underpin management practices that are effective and tailored toward local climate conditions and national implementation pathways.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "functional land management", "forestry", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "central and Eastern European countries", "climate regulation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Environmental sciences", "primary productivity", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "agriculture", "biodiversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/f5081952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-07", "description": "

Tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems, consisting of a medium to fast-growing woody species planted in widely-spaced rows with crops cultivated between tree rows, are a potential sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). TBI systems contribute to farm income in the long-term by improving soil quality, as indicated by soil carbon (C) storage, generating profits from crop plus tree production and potentially through C credit trading. The objectives of the current study were: (1) to evaluate soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks in soil depth increments in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm layer between tree rows of nine-year old hybrid poplar-hay intercropping systems, to compare these to C and N stocks in adjacent agricultural systems; and (2) to determine how hay yield, litterfall and percent total light transmittance (PTLT) were related to soil C and N stocks between tree rows and in adjacent agricultural systems. The two TBI study sites (St. Edouard and St. Paulin) had a hay intercrop with alternating rows of hybrid poplar clones and hardwoods and included an adjacent agricultural system with no trees (i.e., the control plots). Soil C and N stocks were greater in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm depth increment of the TBI system within 1 m of the hardwood row, to the west of the poplar row, compared to the sampling point 1 m east of poplar at St. Edouard (p = 0.02). However, the agricultural system stored more soil C than the nine-year old TBI system in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm depth increments. Accumulation of soil C in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm depth increment could be due to tillage-induced burial of non-harvested crop residues at the bottom of the plow-pan. Soil C and N stocks were similar at all depth increments in TBI and agricultural systems at St. Paulin. Soil C and N stocks were not related to hay yield, litterfall and PTLT at St. Paulin, but hay yield and PTLT were significantly correlated (R = 0.87, p < 0.05, n = 21), with lower hay yield in proximity to trees in the TBI system and similar hay yields in the middle of alleys as in the agricultural system. Nine years of TBI practices did not produce significant gains in soil C and N stocks in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm layer, indicating that the total C budget, including C sequestered in trees and unharvested components (litterfall and roots), must be assessed to determine the long-term profitability of TBI systems in Canada.

", "keywords": ["tree-based intercropping; land management; soil carbon storage", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/5/8/1952/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/f5081952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forests", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/f5081952", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/f5081952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/f5081952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land10010008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-23", "title": "Impact of Sustainable Land Management Practices on Soil Properties: Example of Organic and Integrated Agricultural Management", "description": "

Maintaining good soil quality is crucial for the sustainability of agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the visual soil assessment (VSA) method by testing it on two soil types and two agricultural management practices (AMP) (organic and integrated) that are considered to protect soil quality. We selected two farms with plots on two river terraces with different soil properties. The test was based on the modified method Annual Crops Visual Quality Assessment developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and supported by a standardized soil physical and chemical analysis. This study showed that the assessed score is highly dependent on the type of farming practice and how soils are managed. The soil type also plays an important role. The results for Calcaric Fluvisol showed that the effects of selected agricultural management practices on the visual assessment of soil quality could be almost undetectable. The time of assessment also plays a significant role in VSA scoring. Different crops and agricultural activities with significant impacts on the soil occur throughout the year (especially in vegetable production). It was observed that a higher score for the soil cover indicator had a beneficial effect on the total VSA rating.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "kmetijska praksa", "land management; visual assessment; soil quality; agricultural management practice; organic farming; integrated farming", "S", "land management", "visual assessment", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "organsko kmetijstvo", "15. Life on land", "sonaravno kmetijstvo", "12. Responsible consumption", "trajnostno kmetijstvo", "integrirana pridelava", "agricultural management practice", "organic farming", "vizualna ocena", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "integrated farming", "kakovost tal", "upravljanje zemlji\u0161\u010d", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/631.4"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/1/8/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/1/8/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land10010008", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land10010008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land10010008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land10090964", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-12", "title": "The Impact of Soil-Improving Cropping Practices on Erosion Rates: A Stakeholder-Oriented Field Experiment Assessment", "description": "

The risk of erosion is particularly high in Mediterranean areas, especially in areas that are subject to a not so effective agricultural management\u2013or with some omissions\u2013, land abandonment or wildfires. Soils on Crete are under imminent threat of desertification, characterized by loss of vegetation, water erosion, and subsequently, loss of soil. Several large-scale studies have estimated average soil erosion on the island between 6 and 8 Mg/ha/year, but more localized investigations assess soil losses one order of magnitude higher. An experiment initiated in 2017, under the framework of the SoilCare H2020 EU project, aimed to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the soil erosion. The experiment was set up in control versus treatment experimental design including different sets of treatments, targeting the most important cultivations on Crete (olive orchards, vineyards, fruit orchards). The minimum-to-no tillage practice was adopted as an erosion mitigation practice for the olive orchard study site, while for the vineyard site, the cover crop practice was used. For the fruit orchard field, the crop-type change procedure (orange to avocado) was used. The experiment demonstrated that soil-improving cropping techniques have an important impact on soil erosion, and as a result, on soil water conservation that is of primary importance, especially for the Mediterranean dry regions. The demonstration of the findings is of practical use to most stakeholders, especially those that live and work with the local land.

", "keywords": ["ISLAND", "Environmental Studies", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "VINEYARDS", "soil-improving crop systems", "COVER CROPS", "3301 Architecture", "PARAMETERS", "4104 Environmental management", "EQUATION", "RUNOFF", "0502 Environmental Science and Management", "sustainable land management", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "soil erosion", "S", "3304 Urban and regional planning", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "GIS", "6. Clean water", "sustainable agriculture", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "CRETE", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/9/964/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/9/964/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land10090964", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land10090964", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land10090964"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land11040537", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-08", "title": "An Overview of Sustainability Assessment Frameworks in Agriculture", "description": "

Recent research established a link between environmental alterations due to agriculture intensification, social damage and the loss of economic growth. Thus, the integration of environmental and social dimensions is key for economic development. In recent years, several frameworks have been proposed to assess the overall sustainability of farms. Nevertheless, the myriad of existing frameworks and the variety of indicators result in difficulties in selecting the most appropriate framework for study site application. This manuscript aims to: (i) understand the criteria to select appropriate frameworks and summarize the range of those being used to assess sustainability; (ii) identify the available frameworks to assess agricultural sustainability; and (iii) analyze the strengths, weaknesses and applicability of each framework. Six frameworks, namely SAFA, RISE, MASC, LADA, SMART and public goods (PG), were identified. Results show that SMART is the framework that considers, in a balanced way, the environmental, sociocultural and economic dimensions of sustainability, whereas others focused on the environmental (RISE), environmental and economic (PG) and sociocultural (SAFA) dimension. However, depending on the scale assessment, sector of application and the sustainability completeness intended, all frameworks are suitable for the assessment. We present a decision tree to help future users understand the best option for their objective.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "agriculture; sustainability frameworks; socio-economic and environmental indicators; soil land management", "soil land management", "S", "socio-economic and environmental indicators", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "11. Sustainability", "Life Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "910 Geography & travel", "sustainability frameworks", "550 Earth sciences & geology", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/4/537/pdf"}, {"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/169121/1/land-11-00537.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040537"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land11040537", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land11040537", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land11040537"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land13081118", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-24", "title": "Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Soil Quality Protection and Improvement", "description": "

Understanding and estimating the economic value that society places on agricultural soil quality protection and improvement can guide the development of policies aimed at mitigating pollution, promoting conservation, or incentivizing sustainable land management practices. We estimate the general public\u2019s willingness to pay (WTP) for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain (n = 1000) and the UK (n = 984) using data from a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics panels in March\u2013April 2021. We use a double-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach to elicit the individuals\u2019 WTP. We investigate the effect of uncertainty on the success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. In addition, to understand the heterogeneity in individuals\u2019 WTP for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement, we model individuals\u2019 WTP through individuals\u2019 awareness and attitudes toward agricultural soil quality protection and the environment; trust in institutions; risk and time preferences; pro-social behavior; and socio-demographics in Spain and the UK. We found that there is significant public support for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain and the UK. We also found that the support does not vary significantly under uncertainty of success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. However, the individual\u2019s reasons for supporting agricultural soil quality protection and improvement are found to depend on the level of uncertainty and country. Hence, promoting public support for soil protection needs to be tailored according to the level of the general public\u2019s perceived uncertainty and geographic location.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "1. No poverty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "risk preferences", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "uncertainty", "willingness to pay", "contingent valuation", "sustainable land management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Francisco Jos\u00e9 Areal", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081118"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land13081118", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land13081118", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land13081118"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x51", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:38Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2025-08-10", "title": "Herbivore grazing mitigates the negative effects of nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon in low-diversity grassland", "description": "1. Changes in soil carbon (C) sequestration in grassland ecosystems have important impacts on the global C cycle. As such, it is important that researchers better understand the underlying mechanisms affecting soil C. Increasing evidence has shown that atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition can cause dramatic changes in grassland soil C. It remains unclear whether herbivore grazing, a primary means to manage and utilize grassland resources, can regulate the effects of N deposition on soil C, and whether these effects are dependent on plant community diversity. 2. Here, we examined the joint effects of herbivore grazing and N-addition on soil organic C (SOC) stocks in two types of communities with low and high plant diversity, respectively. 3. Our results showed that the effects of N-addition and its combination with herbivore grazing on grassland SOC were inconsistent in the two types of communities. In the low-diversity community, N-addition greatly decreased SOC stocks, while grazing significantly increased it. Additionally, the grazing-induced increase in soil C stocks in presence of N-addition was so great that it completely counteracted the significant decline in SOC induced by N-addition. However, in the high-diversity community, we observed no effects of N-addition on SOC and grazing increased SOC only in the absence of N-addition and had no significant effect in presence of N-addition. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that increased N deposition can trigger a remarkable reduction in soil C sequestration in grasslands with low plant diversity, but that herbivore grazing can offset this decline, which may help to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by atmospheric N deposition. As a result, we suggest that moderate herbivore grazing should be considered as an effective grassland management measure for maintaining and improving grassland soil C sequestration as the increasing global change such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, N deposition, and biodiversity losses threat.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "global carbon cycle", "13. Climate action", "grassland management", "herbivore grazing", "atmospheric nitrogen deposition", "15. Life on land", "plant community composition"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Li, Guangyin, Cai, Jinting, Song, Xuxin, Pan, Xiaobin, Pan, Duofeng, Jiang, Shicheng, Sun, Jinyan, Zhang, Minna, Wang, Ling,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x51"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x51", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x51", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x51"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.ts80c92", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:39Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Grazer effects on soil carbon storage vary by herbivore assemblage in a semi-arid grassland", "description": "unspecified1. Accounting for 10-30% of global soil organic carbon, grassland soils potentially present a large reservoir for storing atmospheric CO2. Livestock grazing management can substantially affect grassland soil carbon (C) storage, but few controlled experiments have explored how herbivore assemblages (different herbivore species and combinations) affect soil C storage. 2. We examined effects of moderate grazing by different herbivore assemblages (no grazing; sheep grazing; cattle grazing; mixed grazing by sheep and cattle) on soil organic carbon storage in two types of grassland communities (high forbs/high diversity and low forbs/low diversity), within a semi-arid grassland with a five-year grazing history. 3. We found that herbivore assemblage generated varying effects on soil C storage and the effects were subject to grassland community types. In the low diversity community, none of three herbivore assemblages studied had obvious effects on soil C storage. In the high diversity community, however, sheep grazing significantly decreased soil C storage due to high selectivity for high quality forbs, and cattle grazing had no effects on soil C storage, while mixed grazing by sheep and cattle significantly increased soil C storage. Overall, soil C storage was highest in mixed-grazed grassland sites with high diversity. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that explicitly incorporating grazer species and the combination of grazing livestock into grassland grazing management may help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Caution should be exercised when using grazer species with high food selectivity when grazing management is also aimed at climate mitigation, especially in grasslands with abundant high quality forbs and high plant diversity, as sheep grazing may reduce soil carbon (C) storage. Moreover, mixed grazing, including multiple herbivore species, may contribute to a reduction in foraging selectivity for a plant community by means of complementary foraging. It could therefore be considered as an optimal grazing management strategy to maintain and improve soil C storage.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "grassland management", "Carbon cycle", "livestock grazing", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chang, Qing, Wang, Ling, Ding, Shiwen, Xu, Tongtong, Li, Zhiqiang, Song, Xuxin, Zhao, Xuan, Wang, Deli, Pan, Duofeng,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ts80c92"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.ts80c92", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.ts80c92", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.ts80c92"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13513", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:52Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2025-03-15", "title": "Integrating Remote Sensing and AI modelling in Mediterranean Agroforestry and Croplands systems: A Methodological Perspective for spatial SOC monitoring in the MRV4SOC project, Spain", "description": "

This study presents a robust framework for spatially explicit monitoring of soil properties and Above Ground Biomass (AGB) estimation in Mediterranean agroforestry and cropland systems by integrating remote sensing (RS) and artificial intelligence (AI). These variables are critical for assimilation into process-based models for Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) dynamics monitoring within a Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system. The framework was developed as part of the MRV4SOC project in Spain, aimed at designing a comprehensive, robust, and cost-effective Tier-3 approach. The primary goal is to produce high-quality geospatial layers of topsoil properties and AGB estima tion, which serve as key inputs for SOC dynamics modeling.The methodology was tested at two long-term demonstration sites in Spain: Quercus ilex Dehesas in Extremadura (SW Spain) and rainfed cereal crops at La Canaleja experimental farm in central Spain. These agroecosystems provide diverse testing grounds for scalable and transferable SOC assessment methodologies within an MRV framework. The approach integrates multi-temporal remote sensing data (2018&#8211;2022) from Sentinel-2 and Landsat satellites with machine learning models to predict essential soil properties (SOC, Sand, Silt, Clay, pH, and Total N) and AGB. Ground truth data for AGB estimation were sourced from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI), while soil property predictions utilized the LUCAS 2018 topsoil libraries due to limited site-specific datasets for model training. A bare soil reflectance composite (2018&#8211;2022) derived from Sentinel-2 bands (B02&#8211;B12) at 20-meter resolution was employed for geospatial soil property mapping.Given the limited availability of ground truth data, simpler models like Quantile Regression Forests (QRF) and XGBoost were selected. QRF achieved better accuracy for soil texture properties, with R&#178; = 0.62 for clay and outperforming XGBoost for SOC (R&#178; = 0.63) and pH (R&#178; = 0.76) in the agroforestry site. However, XGBoost performed better for SOC (R&#178; = 0.54) and total nitrogen in croplands, as well as for sand, silt, clay, and total nitrogen in the agroforestry site (R&#178; = 0.61 for clay). For AGB estimation in the Dehesas area, a machine learning approach was implemented using SNFI data and remote sensing-derived transformation features. A gradient boosting algorithm (LightGBM) resulted in an R&#178; value of 0.8. In La Canaleja, a bare soil reflectance composite was similarly employed for soil property mapping. Further analysis will be carried out to develop a bottom-up approach for monitoring SOC using these products and process-based modelsUncertainty analysis using Prediction Interval Ratio (PIR) assessment was conducted separately for landscape (L) and sub-landscape (SL) levels. While most properties showed medium to low uncertainty, sand and silt exhibited higher variability in croplands, and SOC displayed the highest uncertainty in the agroforestry site across L and SL levels.This methodology contributes significantly to improving MRV systems by delivering high-quality geospatial layers for SOC dynamics monitoring in complex environments. Increasing ground truth data availability is essential for enhancing model accuracy and minimizing prediction uncertainties further.

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Please keep in mind that: - It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. - Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results may contain inconsistencies, depending in particular on the raw data available and level of accuracy and prior knowledge of the technical choices made. - It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained in order to decide on their relevance in relation to the intended purpose of reuse. - These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use for environmental management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and complementing when necessary the provided results with the best available data. Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. 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