Transitions towards more sustainable agricultural systems are often characterised by \uffe2\uff80\uff98lock-ins\uffe2\uff80\uff99, understood as self-reinforcing mechanisms that reproduce the status quo and impede change. While socioeconomic, technological and institutional lock-ins have been widely used to understand processes of sustainable transitions in agri-food systems, the role of so-called cognitive lock-ins is still under-investigated. In this study, we focus on how institutional settings create cognitive lock-ins in farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 decision-making related to the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. We apply goal framing for environmental behaviour and transition theory in explaining how socio-technical conditions may shape farmer\uffe2\uff80\uff99s decision-making. Empirically, we focus on the example of diversifying crop rotations with legumes as an established strategy to increase biodiversity and soil health, and reduce agrochemical use, emissions and pollution, which still remains rare in European agriculture. We use two cases in the Atlantic pedo-climatic region, Cornwall, UK, and Gelderland, Netherlands. Using in-depth interview data with farmers and extensive supplementary secondary data, we explore how context-specific socio-technical settings interact with farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 normative, gain-oriented and hedonic goal frames to shape the (un-)desirability of crop diversification with legumes. This creates conditions recognisable as cognitive lock-ins: the context of farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 decision-making creates cognitive processes that drastically reduce the perceived viability of alternative agricultural practices. Our findings in this case suggest the framework developed for this study may help to identify regionally specific, as well as common, barriers and solutions to crop diversification and comparable practices that are relevant to transitions towards sustainability in agri-food systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Goal framing", "330", "Lock-in", "05 social sciences", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Crop diversification", "0502 economics and business", "Sustainability transition \u00b7 Legumes \u00b7 Crop diversification \u00b7 Lock-in \u00b7 Goal framing", "Sustainability transition"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11625-022-01156-5.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01156-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11625-022-01156-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11625-022-01156-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11625-022-01156-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-17", "title": "Effects Of Drought, Temperature, Herbivory, And Genotype On Plant-Insect Interactions In Soybean (Glycine Max)", "description": "Climate change is predicted to cause continued increases in global temperatures, greater variability in precipitation and in some cases, more frequent insect pest outbreaks. Here we seek to understand how abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change can affect plant-herbivore interactions in a model crop species (soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by answering three questions: (1) Do the combined effects of abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change cause synergistic negative effects on plant biomass? (2) Can abiotic stress affect resistance of plants to insect herbivores? (3) Does genetic variation in plant traits modify a plant\u2019s response to stress? We performed three experiments in controlled growth environments using up to 51 soybean genotypes selected to vary in numerous traits associated with drought and resistance against pests (e.g., insect herbivores, nematodes, and pathogenic fungi), and up to 3 generalist-feeding herbivorous noctuid moth species (Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, and Spodoptera exigua) that commonly feed on soybean in North America. Drought and herbivory had the largest and the most consistent negative effects on plant performance, reducing the above- and below-ground biomass by 10-45 %, whereas increased temperature had little to no effect on plants. Drought also increased susceptibility to generalist noctuid herbivores, but these results varied dramatically in magnitude and direction among plant genotypes. Our experiments show that the effects of abiotic and biotic stress on soybean biomass were largely due to the additive effects of these stresses, and there exists substantial genetic variation in the soybean germplasm pool we studied that could be used as a source of parental stock in breeding new crops that can more effectively tolerate and resist the combined negative effects of insect herbivory and drought.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "0303 health sciences", "15. Life on land", "Herbivore resistance", "630", "6. Clean water", "Legume", "03 medical and health sciences", "Pulsed stress hypothesis", "Plant defense", "13. Climate action", "Plant stress hypothesis", "Wilt avoidance"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Grinnan, Rose, Carter, Thomas E., Jr., Johnson, Marc T. J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arthropod-Plant%20Interactions", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-18", "title": "Legumes For Mitigation Of Climate Change And The Provision Of Feedstock For Biofuels And Biorefineries. A Review", "description": "Humans are currently confronted by many global challenges. These include achieving food security for a rapidly expanding population, lowering the risk of climate change by reducing the net release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activity, and meeting the increasing demand for energy in the face of dwindling reserves of fossil energy and uncertainties about future reliability of supply. Legumes deliver several important services to societies. They provide important sources of oil, fiber, and protein-rich food and feed while supplying nitrogen (N) to agro-ecosystems via their unique ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with the soil bacteria rhizobia, increasing soil carbon content, and stimulating the productivity of the crops that follow. However, the role of legumes has rarely been considered in the context of their potential to contribute to the mitigation of climate change by reducing fossil fuel use or by providing feedstock for the emerging biobased economies where fossil sources of energy and industrial raw materials are replaced in part by sustainable and renewable biomass resources. The aim of this review was to collate the current knowledge regarding the capacity of legumes to (1) lower the emissions of the key greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compared to N-fertilized systems, (2) reduce the fossil energy used in the production of food and forage, (3) contribute to the sequestration of carbon (C) in soils, and (4) provide a viable source of biomass for the generation of biofuels and other materials in future biorefinery concepts. We estimated that globally between 350 and 500\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 could be emitted as a result of the 33 to 46\u00a0Tg\u00a0N that is biologically fixed by agricultural legumes each year. This compares to around 300\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 released annually from the manufacture of 100\u00a0Tg fertilizer N. The main difference is that the CO2 respired from the nodulated roots of N2-fixing legumes originated from photosynthesis and will not represent a net contribution to atmospheric concentrations of CO2, whereas the CO2 generated during the synthesis of N fertilizer was derived from fossil fuels. Experimental measures of total N2O fluxes from legumes and N-fertilized systems were found to vary enormously (0.03\u20137.09 and 0.09\u201318.16\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121, respectively). This reflected the data being collated from a diverse range of studies using different rates of N inputs, as well as the large number of climatic, soil, and management variables known to influence denitrification and the portion of the total N lost as N2O. Averages across 71 site-years of data, soils under legumes emitted a total of 1.29\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 during a growing season. This compared to a mean of 3.22\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 67 site-years of N-fertilized crops and pastures, and 1.20\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 33 site-years of data collected from unplanted soils or unfertilized non-legumes. It was concluded that there was little evidence that biological N2 fixation substantially contributed to total N2O emissions, and that losses of N2O from legume soil were generally lower than N-fertilized systems, especially when commercial rates of N fertilizer were applied. Elevated rates of N2O losses can occur following the termination of legume-based pastures, or where legumes had been green- or brown-manured and there was a rapid build-up of high concentrations of nitrate in soil. Legume crops and legume-based pastures use 35% to 60% less fossil energy than N-fertilized cereals or grasslands, and the inclusion of legumes in cropping sequences reduced the average annual energy usage over a rotation by 12% to 34%. The reduced energy use was primarily due to the removal of the need to apply N fertilizer and the subsequently lower N fertilizer requirements for crops grown following legumes. Life cycle energy balances of legume-based rotations were also assisted by a lower use of agrichemicals for crop protection as diversification of cropping sequences reduce the incidence of cereal pathogens and pests and assisted weed control, although it was noted that differences in fossil energy use between legumes and N-fertilized systems were greatly diminished if energy use was expressed per unit of biomass or grain produced. For a change in land use to result in a net increase C sequestration in soil, the inputs of C remaining in plant residues need to exceed the CO2 respired by soil microbes during the decomposition of plant residues or soil organic C, and the C lost through wind or water erosion. The net N-balance of the system was a key driver of changes in soil C stocks in many environments, and data collected from pasture, cropping, and agroforestry systems all indicated that legumes played a pivotal role in providing the additional organic N required to encourage the accumulation of soil C at rates greater than can be achieved by cereals or grasses even when they were supplied with N fertilizer. Legumes contain a range of compounds, which could be refined to produce raw industrial materials currently manufactured from petroleum-based sources, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, or food additives as valuable by-products if legume biomass was to be used to generate biodiesel, bioethanol, biojet A1 fuel, or biogas. The attraction of using leguminous material feedstock is that they do not need the inputs of N fertilizer that would otherwise be necessary to support the production of high grain yields or large amounts of plant biomass since it is the high fossil energy use in the synthesis, transport, and application of N fertilizers that often negates much of the net C benefits of many other bioenergy sources. The use of legume biomass for biorefineries needs careful thought as there will be significant trade-offs with the current role of legumes in contributing to the organic fertility of soils. Agricultural systems will require novel management and plant breeding solutions to provide the range of options that will be required to mitigate climate change. Given their array of ecosystem services and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower the use of fossil energy, accelerate rates of C sequestration in soil, and provide a valuable source of feedstock for biorefineries, legumes should be considered as important components in the development of future agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "571", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Air and water emissions", "Greenhouses and coverings", "7. Clean energy", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Greenhouse gases", "2305 Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "Biological N2 fixation", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "Farm nutrient management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Recycling", " balancing and resource management", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-15", "title": "Winter Legumes In Rice Crop Rotations Reduces Nitrogen Loss, And Improves Rice Yield And Soil Nitrogen Supply", "description": "Intensive irrigated rice-wheat crop systems have caused serious soil depletion and nitrogen loss in the Tai Lake region of China. A possible solution is the incorporation of legumes in rice because legumes are a source of nitrogen. There is actually little knowledge on the impact of legumes on rotation, soil fertility, and nitrogen loss. Therefore, we studied the effect of five rice-based rotations, including rice-wheat, rice-rape, rice-fallow, rice-bean, and rice-vetch, on soil nitrogen, rice yield, and runoff loss. A field experiment was conducted in the Tai Lake region from 2009 to 2012. Crop residues from rape, bean, and vetch were used to partially replace chemical fertilizer in rice. Results show that replacing 9.5\u201321.4\u00a0% of mineral nitrogen fertilizer by residues maintained rice yields of rice-rape, rice-bean, and rice-vetch rotations, compared to the rice-wheat reference. Moreover, using legumes as a winter crop in rice-bean and rice-vetch combinations increased rice grain yield over 5\u00a0%, and increased rice residue nitrogen content by 9.7\u201320.5\u00a0%. Nitrogen runoff decreased 30\u201360\u00a0% in rice-rape, rice-bean, and rice-vetch compared with rice-wheat. Soil mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen content were also improved by application of leguminous residues.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Runoff nitrogen loss", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Non-point pollution", "Crop rotations", "Legumes", "16. Peace & justice", "6. Clean water", "Soil nitrogen supply capacity", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Chemical nitrogen fertilizer reduction", "Rice yield"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yingliang Yu, Lihong Xue, Linzhang Yang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-22", "title": "Integrated organic and inorganic fertilization and reduced irrigation altered prokaryotic microbial community and diversity in different compartments of wheat root zone contributing to improved nitrogen uptake and wheat yield", "description": "Open AccessThe effect of long-term water and integrated fertilization on prokaryotic microorganisms and their regulation for crop nutrient uptake remains unknown. Therefore, the impact of soil water and integrated fertilization after eight years on prokaryotic microbial communities in different compartments of root zone and their association with wheat nitrogen (N) absorption and yield were investigated. The results showed that compared with fertilization treatments (F), water regimes (W) more drastically modulated the prokaryotic microbial community structure and diversity in bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere. The increase of irrigation improved the prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere and endosphere while decreased the diversity in the bulk soil. Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents, increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversity, and elevated the relative abundance of aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification-related functional microorganisms in rhizosphere and endosphere. Increasing irrigation elevated the relative abundance of functional microorganisms related to aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification in the rhizosphere and endosphere. Soil water content (SWC) and NH4+-N as well as NO3\u2212-N were key predictors of prokaryotic microbial community composition under W and F treatments, respectively. Appropriate application of irrigation and organic fertilizers increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacterium. Water and fertilization treatments regulated the prokaryotic microbial communities of bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere by altering SWC and SOM, and provided evidence for the modulation of prokaryotic microorganisms to promote nitrogen uptake and wheat yield under long-term irrigation and fertilization. Conclusively, the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content, improved prokaryotic diversity, and changed prokaryotic microbial community structure in the wheat root zone, resulting in enhanced nutrient uptake and wheat yield.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Yield", "Microorganism", "Microbial population biology", "Nitrogen", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Plant Science", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Fertilizers", "Biology", "Irrigation", "Soil Microbiology", "Triticum", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Physicochemical factors", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Microbiota", "Marine Microbial Diversity and Biogeography", "Water", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Chemistry", "Human fertilization", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Rhizosphere", "Bulk soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Prokaryotic microorganisms", "Endosphere", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.030", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Different Management Practices On Soil Conservation And Soil Water In A Rainfed Olive Orchard", "description": "Open Access16 pages, figures, and tables statistics.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Sustainable agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Soil fertility", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant covers", "Weeds", "Soil moisture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.030"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.030", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.030", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.030"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105975", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-10", "title": "SunnGro: A new crop model for the simulation of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) grown under alternative management practices", "description": "Abstract Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast growing, drought tolerant legume crop with potential as a biomass feedstock for advanced biofuels in Southern Europe, grown in either a single or double crop system. This study presents a new simulation model, SunnGro, which reproduces sunn hemp productivity, while providing a detailed description of leaf/branch size heterogeneity and its evolution during the vegetative season. The model was calibrated and validated using 20 field datasets collected from 2016 to 2018 in Greece, Spain, and Italy under non-limiting soil water conditions. High correlation between the simulated and measured values of branch number (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.80), leaf number (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.92), and biomass accumulation (0.67", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Advanced biofuel; Bioenergy crop; BioMA modeling platform; Crop intensification; Crop rotation; Double crop; Legume", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/855058/2/1-s2.0-S096195342100012X-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105975"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105975", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105975", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105975"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-31", "title": "Effects Of Undersown Crops On Soil Mineral N And Grain Yield Of Spring Barley", "description": "Undersowing a cereal crop can reduce nitrogen (N) leaching and increase available N for the successive crop. An undersown crop can also compete with the main crop. Seventeen plant species were undersown in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to study their suitability regarding establishment, biomass production, competition with the main crop and effects on soil mineral N. Three different seeding rates were evaluated. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) decreased nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content in late autumn and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in the succeeding spring. A mixture was optimal to reduce N leaching. Italian ryegrass is a very competitive species that should be undersown at moderate seeding rates to avoid large yield reduction in the main crop. Black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) slightly increased N leaching risk, but red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) did not increase soil NO3-N content. As clovers did not compete strongly with the main crop, fairly high seeding rates can be used to maximise N fixation to benefit the successive crop. \u00a9 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["legumes", "yields", "cover crop", "nitrogen", "soil", "soil nitrate nitrogen", "typpi", "sato", "ohra", "sekaviljely", "viljanviljely", "typpiyhdisteet", "Hordeum vulgare", "cereals", "2. Zero hunger", "maaper\u00e4", "soil ammonium nitrogen", "legume", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "viljakasvit", "grasses", "palkokasvit", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ka", "nurmihein\u00e4t", "intercropping"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-22", "title": "The Intercropping Common Bean With Maize Improves The Rhizobial Efficiency, Resource Use And Grain Yield Under Low Phosphorus Availability", "description": "In order to better understand how mixed crop cultures mitigate stressful conditions, this study aims to highlight the beneficial effect of the intercropping legume-cereal in enhancing soil phosphorus (P) availability for plant growth and productivity in a P-deficient soil of a northern Algerian agroecosystem. To address this question, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. El Djadida) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Filou), were grown as sole- and inter-crops in two experimental sites; S1 (P-deficient) and S2 (P-sufficient) during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012). Growth, nodulation and grain yield were assessed and correlated with the rhizosphere soil P availability. Results showed that P availability significantly increased in the rhizosphere of both species, especially in intercropping under the P-deficient soil conditions. This increase was associated with high efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis (high correlation between plant biomass and nodulation), plant growth and resource (nitrogen (N) and P) use efficiency as indicated by higher land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) and N nutrition index (for maize) in intercropping over sole cropping treatments. Moreover, the rhizosphere P availability and nodule biomass were positively correlated (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.01 and r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) in the intercropped common bean grown in the P-deficient soil during 2011 and 2012. The increased P availability presumably improved biomass and grain yield in intercropping, though it mainly enhanced grain yield in intercropped maize. Our findings suggest that modification in the intercropped common bean rhizosphere-induced parameters facilitated P uptake, plant biomass and grain yield for the intercropped maize under P-deficiency conditions.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nodulation", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Intercropping", "Algeria", "Rhizosphere", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Symbiosis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-09-16", "title": "Benefits Of Legume\u2013Maize Rotations: Assessing The Impact Of Diversity On The Productivity Of Smallholders In Western Kenya", "description": "Abstract Agricultural intensification of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is a prerequisite to alleviate rural poverty and improve livelihoods. Legumes have shown great potential to enhance system productivity. On-farm experiments were conducted in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Western Kenya to assess the agronomic and economic benefits of promising legumes. In each zone, trials were established in fields of high, medium and low fertility to assess the effect of soil fertility heterogeneity on legume productivity and subsequent maize yield. Common bean, soybean, groundnut, lima bean, lablab, velvet bean, crotalaria, and jackbean were grown in the short rains season, followed by maize in the long rains season. Alongside, continuous maize treatments fertilised at different rates were established. AEZs and soil fertility gradients within these zones greatly affected crop productivity, returns to land and labour of rotations, as well as the relative performance of rotations. Poorer soil fertility and AEZs with lower rainfall gave smaller legume and maize yields and consequently, smaller returns to land and labour. The cultivation of legumes increased maize yields in the subsequent long rains season compared with continuous maize receiving fertiliser at a similar rate, while the increase of maize after green manure legumes was stronger than that after grain legumes. Maize yield responded strongly to increasing amounts of N applied as legume residues with diminishing returns to legume-N application rates above 100\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121. In the low potential zones, factors other than improved N availability likely also stimulated maize yield. Rotations with grain legumes generally provided better returns than those with green manures. Intercropping bean with maize in the long rains season provided an additional bean yield that did not come at the expense of maize yield and improved returns to land and labour, but more so in the high potential zones. The results demonstrate the strong impact of biophysical diversity on the productivity of the legumes and suggest the need for careful targeting of legume technologies to the different biophysical conditions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "semiarid kenya", "soil fertility", "legumes", "sustainable intensification", "cattle manure", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "maize", "exploring diversity", "nitrogen", "economic analysis", "soybean glycine-max", "soil fertility management", "biophysics", "on-farm productivity", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farming systems", "crop-livestock systems", "degraded soils"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-06", "title": "Unravelling The Causes Of Variability In Crop Yields And Treatment Responses For Better Tailoring Of Options For Sustainable Intensification In Southern Mali", "description": "Options that contribute to sustainable intensification offer an avenue to improve crop yields and farmers\u2019 livelihoods. However, insufficient knowledge on the performance of various options in the context of smallholder farm systems impedes local adaptation and adoption. Therefore, together with farmers in southern Mali we tested a range of options for sustainable intensification including intensification of cereal (maize and sorghum) and legume (groundnut, soyabean and cowpea) sole crops and cereal-legume intercropping during three years on on-farm trials. There was huge variability among fields in crop yields of unamended control plots: maize yielded from 0.20 to 5.24 t ha\u22121, sorghum from 0 to 3.53 t ha\u22121, groundnut from 0.10 to 1.16 t ha\u22121, soyabean from 0 to 2.48 t ha\u22121 and cowpea from 0 to 1.02 t ha\u22121. This variability was partly explained by (i) soil type and water holding capacity, (ii) previous crop, its management and the nutrient carry-over and (iii) inter-annual weather variability. Farmers recognized three soil types: gravelly soils, sandy soils and black soils. Yields were very poor on gravelly soils and two to three times greater (depending on the crop) on black soils. Yields were also poor at the end of the typical crop rotation, i.e., after sorghum and millet, and 1.3\u20131.7 times greater (depending on the crop) after the fertilized crops maize and cotton. We diagnosed a number of cases of technology failure where no improvement in yield was observed with hybrid varieties of maize and sorghum and rhizobial inoculation of soyabean. Regardless of soil type and previous crop, mineral fertilizer improved yields by 34\u2013126% depending on the crop. Targeting options to a given soil type and/or place in the rotation enhanced their agronomic performance: (i) the biomass production of the cowpea fodder variety was doubled on black soils compared with gravelly soils, (ii) the additive maize/cowpea intercropping option after cotton or maize resulted in an average overall LER of 1.47, no maize grain penalty, and 1.38 t ha\u22121 more cowpea fodder production compared with sole maize. Soil type and position in the rotation, two indicators easy to assess by farmers and extension workers, allowed the identification of specific niches for enhanced agronomic performance of legume sole cropping and/or intercropping.", "keywords": ["F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Rotation", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil type", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4540", "Intercropping", "F01 - Culture des plantes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:15:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-05", "title": "Is Maize-Cowpea Intercropping A Viable Option For Smallholder Farms In The Risky Environments Of Semi-Arid Southern Africa?", "description": "Intercropping cereals with legumes can potentially enhance productivity and soil fertility. There is limited experimental evidence on the mechanisms underlying benefits or risks in intercropping systems and below-ground interactions in intercrops remain largely unstudied. Such understanding can inform strategies towards maximising returns to investments, particularly in poor fertility soils on smallholder farms in semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Additive intercropping experiments were established covering several seasons (2010/11\u20132014/15) and different conditions (on-station and on-farm) to determine effects on soil chemical variables, root dynamics and yield of intercrops. Maize was planted with the first effective rains and received either no fertiliser or 40 kg N ha\u22121. Cowpea was planted on the same date as maize or three weeks after planting maize in intercrops or sole stands and received no fertiliser. End-of-season available N was highest (P 1. Intercropping, however, resulted in compromised cowpea yields especially under the relay intercrop compared with the sole cowpea stands whilst maize yield was either not affected or improved. We attributed this to the lack of below-ground niche differentiation in root distribution between maize and cowpea. Maize\u2013cowpea intercropping with low doses of N fertiliser resulted in over-yielding compared with monocropping. Intercropping proved to be a robust option across seasons and soil types, confirming that it is a promising option for resource-poor smallholders.", "keywords": ["Zimbabwe", "Interspecific facilitation", "Root length density", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Land-use efficiency", "Maize", "Soil", "Niche differentiation", "Intercropping", "Drylands Agriculture", "African Agriculture", "Legume Crops", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield", "Root distribution", "Southern Africa", "Below-ground complementarity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102816", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-01", "title": "Comparative analysis of plant-based high-protein ingredients and their impact on quality of high-protein bread", "description": "Abstract The orientation of consumers and industry towards plant-based foods on one hand and high-protein products on the other is persistently increasing. Bread, as a staple food, is a promising matrix for the incorporation of plant-based high-protein ingredients to combine both trends. This study aims to provide a better understanding of techno-functional changes and impacts of plant-proteins during bread production, which could advance the development of high-quality products with high levels of plant-protein. A selection of high-protein ingredients from wheat, maize, potato, carob, pea, lupin and faba bean were subjected to compositional analysis and applied in wheat bread formulations, replacing 15% of wheat flour. Their impact on dough properties (gluten-aggregation, pasting behaviour, rheology) as well as bread quality (volume, crumb structure, crumb hardness) was analysed. The high-protein ingredients were found to affect gluten-aggregation, pasting and bread characteristics. Results indicated a weakened gluten-network in doughs containing potato and pea protein. Also pasting behaviour was mostly affected by the potato protein suggesting a heat induced improvement of its baking performance. Good bread quality, represented by high specific volumes and low crumb hardness, was observed for gluten, zein and carob. Breads with pea, lupin and faba bean showed only slightly inferior quality characteristics.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carob", "0404 agricultural biotechnology", "Lupin", "Faba bean", "Wheat bread", "carob; faba bean; gluto peak; legumes; lupin; plant protein; potato; wheat bread", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "GlutoPeak", "Plant-protein", "Legumes", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "Potato"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102816"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cereal%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102816", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102816", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102816"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-10", "title": "The Cover Crop Determines The Amf Community Composition In Soil And In Roots Of Maize After A Ten-Year Continuous Crop Rotation", "description": "Intensive agricultural practices are responsible for soil biological degradation. By stimulating indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), cover cropping enhances soil health and promotes agroecosystem sustainability. Still, the legacy effects of cover crops (CCs) and the major factors driving the AM fungal community are not well known; neither is the influence of the specific CC. This work describes a field experiment established in Central Spain to test the effect of replacing winter fallow by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or vetch (Vicia sativa L.) during the intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.). We examined the community composition of the AMF in the roots and rhizosphere soil associated with the subsequent cash crop after 10\u202fyears of cover cropping, using Illumina technology. The multivariate analysis showed that the AMF communities under the barley treatment differed significantly from those under fallow, whereas no legacy effect of the vetch CC was detected. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, Ca and microbial biomass carbon were identified as major factors shaping soil AMF communities. Specific AMF taxa were found to play a role in plant uptake of P, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cd, which may shed light on the functionality of these taxa. In our conditions, the use of barley as a winter CC appears to be an appropriate choice with respect to promotion of AMF populations and biological activity in agricultural soils with intercropping systems. However, more research on CC species and their legacy effect on the microbial community composition and functionality are needed to guide decisions in knowledge-based agriculture.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Diversity", "Cover cropping", "Grass", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Agriculture", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Zea mays", "Crop Production", "Legume", "Spain", "Long-term experiment", "Mycorrhizae", "Long-term experiments", "Rhizosphere", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Illumina technology", "Mediterranean climate", "Soil Microbiology", "Mycobiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-15", "title": "Soil C And N Stocks As Affected By Cropping Systems And Nitrogen Fertilisation In A Southern Brazil Acrisol Managed Under No-Tillage For 17 Years", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N stock", "Cropping systems", "No-tillage", "C stocks", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "N fertilization"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2008.05.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-09-10", "title": "Effect Of Organic And Inorganic Nutrient Sources On Soil Mineral Nitrogen And Maize Yields In Central Highlands Of Kenya", "description": "Abstract High population pressure in the central highlands of Kenya has led to continuous cultivation of land with minimal additional inputs leading to soil nutrient depletion. Research work has reported positive results from use of manure and biomass from Tithonia , Calliandra , Leucaena , Mucuna and Crotolaria for soil fertility replenishment. An experimental field was set up in Chuka Division to test different soil nutrient replenishment treatments. The experimental design was randomised complete block with 14 treatments replicated three times. At the beginning and end of the experiment, soil was sampled at 0\u201315\u00a0cm depth and analysed for pH, Ca, Mg, K, C, N and P. End of the 2000/2001 short rains (SR) season and 2001 long rains (LR) season, soil samples were taken at 0\u201330, 30\u2013100 and 100\u2013150\u00a0cm for nitrate and ammonium analysis. All the treatments received an equivalent of 60\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 , except herbaceous legume treatments, where N was determined by the amount of the biomass harvested and incorporated in soil and control treatment received no inputs. Results indicate soil fertility increased slightly in all treatments (except control) over the 2-year study period. Average maize grain yield across the treatments was 1.1, 5.4, 3.5 and 4.0\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 during the 2000 LR, 2000/2001 SR, 2001 LR and 2001/2002 SR, respectively. The reduced yield in 2000 LR and 2001 LR are attributed to poor rainfall distribution during the two seasons. On average, Tithonia with half recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer recorded the highest (4.8\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 ) maize yield followed by sole Tithonia (4.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 ). Highest average concentration (144.8 and 115.5\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 ) of mineral N was recorded at the 30\u2013100\u00a0cm soil depth at the end of both 2000/2001 SR and LR, respectively. The lowest average concentration (67.1\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 ) was recorded in the 100\u2013150\u00a0cm soil depth in both seasons, while during the 2001 LR, the 0\u201330\u00a0cm soil depth recorded the lowest concentration (52.3\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 ). The residual mineral N in the 100\u2013150\u00a0cm soil depth doubled at the end of the LR 2001 compared to what was present and the end of the SR 2000/2001 season in all treatments. This shows that there is substantial amount of mineral N that is being leached below the rooting zone of maize in this region.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Long rains", "Central highlands of Kenya", "Herbaceous legumes", "Short rains", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Maize yield", "15. Life on land", "Biomass transfer", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2008.05.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2008.05.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-24", "title": "Grain Legume-Based Rotations Managed Under Conventional Tillage Need Cover Crops To Mitigate Soil Organic Matter Losses", "description": "Inserting legumes in low-input innovative cropping systems can represent a good strategy to reduce current N fertilizer dependency while enhancing ecosystem services. However, although the impact of the use of legumes as cover crops has been broadly studied, very little is known about the effects of grain legume-based rotations on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON). A cropping system experiment with three 3-year rotations with different levels of inclusion of grain legumes: GL0, GL1 and GL2 (none, one, and two grain legumes, respectively), with (CC) or without (BF, bare fallow) cover crops was established in SW France (Auzeville) under temperate climate. Durum wheat was present in all the rotations to act as an indicator of their performance. Soil organic C and SON were quantified before the beginning of the experiment and after 3 and 6 years (i.e. after one and two complete 3-yr rotations). Aboveground C and N inputs to the soil, and C and N harvest indexes and grain yield of the cash crops were also measured. Inserting grain legumes in the rotations significantly affected the amount of C and N inputs and consequently SOC and SON. After two cycles of the 3-yr rotation, the GL1 and GL2 treatments showed a greater decrease in SOC and SON when compared to GL0. However, the inclusion of cover crops in the rotations led to mitigate this loss. Durum wheat produced significantly greater grain yields in GL1 when compared to GL0, while GL2 presented intermediate values. In turn, the incorporation of cover crops did not reduce C and N harvest indexes or the grain yield of the different cash crops. We concluded that, in such conventionally-tilled grain legume-based rotations, the use of cover crops was efficient to mitigate SOC and SON losses and then increase N use efficiency at the cropping system level without reducing productivity. The constructive suggestions of an anonymous Reviewer greatly improved this manuscript. We acknowledge the field and laboratory assistance of Didier Chesneau, Andr\u00e9 Gavaland and Eric Bazerthe. This research was supported by the FP6 Grain Legumes Integrated Project (Food-CT-2004-506223) and INRA. We also acknowledge the French Ministry of Agriculture for funding the CASDAR Leg-N-GES project coordinated by Jean-Pierre Cohan (Arvalis Institut du Vegetal).", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Rotation", "grain legumes", "Grain legumes", "Soil organic carbon", "cover crop", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "rotation", "630", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "Cover crop", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil organic nitrogen"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2022.105397", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:16:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-16", "title": "Biomass yield, yield stability and soil carbon and nitrogen content under cropping systems destined for biorefineries", "description": "Sustainable agriculture should aim to increase biomass yield and yield stability, while protecting soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content. However, few studies have concurrently explored changes in biomass yield, yield stability and soil C and N content under different cropping systems targeting biorefinery. In this study, 10 different cropping systems were simultaneously investigated from 2012 to 2017 in central Denmark on a loamy sand soil, including (1) two continuous monocultures of annual crops, (2) one optimized crop rotation, (3) five intensively fertilized perennial grasses, and (4) two grass-legume mixtures without nitrogen (N) fertilization. Our results showed that biomass yield and yield stability differed highly across the cropping systems, highlighting crop-specific characteristics. Of the 10 cropping systems, tall fescue significantly increased soil C and N content at 0\u201320 cm depth, while sustaining high biomass yield and yield stability. There was no clear relationship between biomass yield, yield stability and changes in soil C and N content, challenging some recent findings on the conflicts between increasing biomass yield and protecting soil C and N content. Indeed, the lack of relationships suggest that there is considerable potential to increase biomass yield and yield stability without compromising soil C and N content through selecting proper cropping systems and managements. Altogether, our results underscore how crop-specific documentation of biomass yield, yield stability and changes in soil C and N content on the same experimental platform can advance the understanding of sustainable agriculture for biorefineries, although long-term continuous observations are still required to better clarify the relations between them.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Optimized crop rotation", "Climate mitigation", "Sustainable agriculture", "Aboveground biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Diversified cropping systems", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Grass legume mixture", "Perennial grass", "Conventional agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105397"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2022.105397", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2022.105397", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2022.105397"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-21", "title": "No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis", "description": "The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve\u00a0a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Cytokinins", "hormones", "nodule", "Fabaceae", "legume", "Review Article", "Ethylenes", "Plant Root Nodulation", "symbiosis", "Gibberellins", "03 medical and health sciences", "Plant Growth Regulators", "nitrogen fixation", "Nitrogen Fixation", "Symbiosis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Do Species And Functional Groups Differ In Acquisition And Use Of C, N And Water Under Varying Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability Regimes? A Field Test With 16 Grassland Species", "description": "Summary
\uffe2\uff80\uff82To evaluate whether functional groups have a similar response to global change, the responses to CO2 concentration and N availability of grassland species from several functional groups are reported here.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Sixteen perennial grassland species from four trait\uffe2\uff80\uff90based functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses, non\uffe2\uff80\uff90leguminous forbs, legumes) were grown in field monocultures under ambient or elevated (560\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5mol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) CO2 using free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE), in low N (unamended field soil) or high N (field soil +4\uffc2\uffa0g\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 years\uffe2\uff88\uff921) treatments.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82There were no CO2\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0N interactions. Functional groups responded differently to CO2 and N in terms of biomass, tissue N concentration and soil solution N. Under elevated CO2, forbs, legumes and C3 grasses increased total biomass by 31%, 18%, and 9%, respectively, whereas biomass was reduced in C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90grass monocultures. Two of the four legume species increased biomass and total plant N pools under elevated CO2, probably due to stimulated N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixation. Only one species markedly shifted the proportional distribution of below\uffe2\uff80\uff90 vs aboveground biomass in response to CO2 or N.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Although functional groups varied in responses to CO2 and N, there was also substantial variation in responses among species within groups. These results suggest that current trait\uffe2\uff80\uff90based functional classifications might be useful, but not sufficient, for understanding plant and ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and N availability.
", "keywords": ["580", "N availability", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "570", "biomass", "legumes", "070601 - Horticultural Crop Growth and Development", "elevated carbon dioxide", "carbon dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "forbs", "grasses", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "Functional groups", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-04-04", "title": "Assessment Of Management Options On Striga Infestation And Maize Grain Yield In Kenya", "description": "AbstractThe parasitic purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica(Del.) Benth.] is a serious constraint to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in poor soils. VariousStrigaspp. control measures have been developed, but these have not been assessed in an integrated system. This study was conducted to evaluate a set of promising technologies forS. hermonthicamanagement in western Kenya. We evaluated three maize genotypes either intercropped with peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], or silverleaf desmodium [Desmodium uncinatum(Jacq.) DC] or as a sole crop at two locations under artificialS. hermonthicainfestation and at three locations under naturalS. hermonthicainfestation between 2011 and 2013. Combined ANOVA showed significant (P<0.05) cropping system and cropping system by environment interactions for most traits measured. Grain yield was highest for maize grown in soybean rotation (3,672 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under artificial infestation and inD. uncinatumand peanut cropping systems (3,203 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921and 3,193 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under natural infestation. Grain yield was highest for theStrigaspp.-resistant hybrid under both methods of infestation. A lower number of emergedS. hermonthicaplants per square meter were recorded at 10 and 12 wk after planting on maize grown underD. uncinatumin the artificialS. hermonthicainfestation. A combination of herbicide-resistant maize varieties intercropped with legumes was a more effective method forS. hermonthicacontrol than individual-component technologies. Herbicide-resistant andStrigaspp.-resistant maize integrated with legumes would help reduce theStrigaspp. seedbank in the soil. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt an integrated approach to controlStrigaspp. for better maize yields.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "striga infestation", "legumes", "Infestation", "Plant Science", "Striga", "maize", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes", "peanuts", "Biology", "Sowing", "Sorghum", "Taxonomy", "2. Zero hunger", "Crop Diversity", "Life Sciences", "cropping systems", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Strigolactone Signaling in Plant Interactions", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Agronomy", "soybeans", "Striga hermonthica", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "varieities", "intercropping", "Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Weed%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/wsc.2018.4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/wsc.2018.4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004868502539", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Leaf Litter Decomposition Of Piper Aduncum, Gliricidia Sepium And Imperata Cylindrica In The Humid Lowlands Of Papua New Guinea", "description": "No information is available on the decomposition and nutrient release pattern of Piper aduncum and Imperata cylindrica despite their importance in shifting cultivation systems of Papua New Guinea and other tropical regions. We conducted a litter bag study (24 weeks) on a Typic Eutropepts in the humid lowlands to assess the rate of decomposition of Piper aduncum, Imperata cylindrica and Gliricidia sepium leaves under sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Decomposition rates of piper leaf litter were fastest followed closely by gliricidia, and both lost 50% of the leaf biomass within 10 weeks. Imperata leaf litter decomposed much slower and half-life values exceeded the period of observation. The decomposition patterns were best explained by the lignin plus polyphenol over N ratio which was lowest for piper (4.3) and highest for imperata (24.7). Gliricidia leaf litter released 79 kg N ha(-1), whereas 18 kg N ha(-1) was immobilised in the imperata litter. The mineralization of P was similar for the three species, but piper litter released large amounts of K. The decomposition and nutrient release patterns had significant effects on the soil. The soil contained significantly more water in the previous imperata plots at 13 weeks due to the relative slow decomposition of the leaves. Soil N levels were significantly reduced in the previous imperata plots due to immobilisation of N. Levels of exchangeable K were significantly increased in the previous piper plots due to the large addition of K. It can be concluded that piper leaf litter is a significant and easily decomposable source of K which is an important nutrient for sweet potato. Gliricidia leaf litter contained much N, whereas imperata leaf litter releases relatively little nutrients and keeps the soil more moist. Gliricidia fallow is more attractive than an imperata fallow for it improves the soil fertility and produces fuelwood as additional saleable products.", "keywords": ["Polyphenol", "Tropical Legumes", "Leaves", "tropical legumes", "Soil Science", "Nitrogen Mineralization", "Lignin", "n-release", "soil", "Soil", "residues", "C1", "Soil Changes", "nitrogen mineralization", "Chemical-composition", "580", "nutrient release", "Plant Sciences", "Sweet-potato", "Agriculture", "Residues", "Quality", "Agronomy", "Improved Fallow", "quality", "Natural Fallow", "sweet-potato", "Nutrient Release", "300104 Land Capability and Soil Degradation", "chemical-composition", "leaves", "N-release", "770800 Farmland (incl. Arable Land and Permanent Crop Land)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004868502539"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004868502539", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004868502539", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004868502539"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Open AccessUsing a three year trial in Nigeria, this article examines the effectiveness of leguminous cover crops on maize yield in West Africa. Testing multiple types of cover crops, the study universally demonstrates the cover crops conserve nitrogen and result in improvements for maize yield in both drier and wetter years. While the cover crop was more effective in improving nitrogen in wetter conditions, yields still improved during the drier year with the cover crop.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Soil management", "fertilizers", "Conservation agriculture", "Nitrogen concentration", "legumes", "trials", "Green manure crops", "crops", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Biomass production", "Legume cover crops", "Soil conservation", "Nitrogen fertilizer replacement index", "West Africa", "Maize yield", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Kang, B.T., Kirchhof, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-019-14197-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-24", "title": "High-quality genome sequence of white lupin provides insight into soil exploration and seed quality", "description": "AbstractWhite lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an annual crop cultivated for its protein-rich seeds. It is adapted to poor soils due to the production of cluster roots, which are made of dozens of determinate lateral roots that drastically improve soil exploration and nutrient acquisition (mostly phosphate). Using long-read sequencing technologies, we provide a high-quality genome sequence of a cultivated accession of white lupin (2n\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff8950, 451\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mb), as well as de novo assemblies of a landrace and a wild relative. We describe a modern accession displaying increased soil exploration capacity through early establishment of lateral and cluster roots. We also show how seed quality may have been impacted by domestication in term of protein profiles and alkaloid content. The availability of a high-quality genome assembly together with companion genomic and transcriptomic resources will enable the development of modern breeding strategies to increase and stabilize white lupin yield.
", "keywords": ["Repetitive Sequences", " Nucleic Acid/genetics", "0301 basic medicine", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Plant Roots/genetics", "Gene Dosage", "Plant Science", "Crop", "Alkaloids/chemistry", "Plant Roots", "Gene", "Repetitive Sequences", "630", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Domestication", "Soil", "Models", "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes", "Gene Duplication", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3224", "Plant Proteins/metabolism", "Plant Proteins", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Genome", "Q", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583", "Life Sciences", "Transcriptome/genetics", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92382", "Polymorphism", " Single Nucleotide/genetics", "Lupinus", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Protein Crop", "Seeds", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5956", "White (mutation)", "Single Nucleotide/genetics", "Sequence Analysis", "Genome", " Plant", "expression des g\u00e8nes", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4464", "Synteny/genetics", "Evolution", "Lupin Seeds", "Science", "Centromere", "Lupinus/genetics", "Polymorphism", " Single Nucleotide", "Article", "g\u00e9nomique", "Evolution", " Molecular", "Evolution and Nutritional Properties of Lupin Seeds", "physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "03 medical and health sciences", "Alkaloids", "Genetic", "Nucleic Acid/genetics", "Seeds/physiology", "Centromere/genetics", "Genetics", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Polymorphism", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Repetitive Sequences", " Nucleic Acid", "Sequence assembly", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189", "Ecotype", "Models", " Genetic", "g\u00e9nome", "Botany", "Molecular", "Genetic Variation", "Molecular Sequence Annotation", "Plant", "DNA", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "s\u00e9quence nucl\u00e9otidique", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27527", "Agronomy", "Plant Leaves", "Evolution and Ecology of Endophyte-Grass Symbiosis", "Lupinus albus", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Genomic Structural Variation", "Plant Leaves/metabolism", "Gene expression", "Transcriptome", "am\u00e9lioration des plantes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14197-9.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14197-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-019-14197-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-019-14197-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-019-14197-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-12", "title": "Implications Of Productivity And Nutrient Requirements On Greenhouse Gas Balance Of Annual And Perennial Bioenergy Crops", "description": "AbstractBiomass from dedicated crops is expected to contribute significantly to the replacement of fossil resources. However, sustainable bioenergy cropping systems must provide high biomass production and low environmental impacts. This study aimed at quantifying biomass production, nutrient removal, expected ethanol production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of six bioenergy crops: Miscanthus\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0giganteus, switchgrass, fescue, alfalfa, triticale, and fiber sorghum. Biomass production and N, P, K balances (input\uffe2\uff80\uff90output) were measured during 4\uffc2\uffa0years in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiment, which included two nitrogen fertilization treatments. These results were used to calculate a posteriori \uffe2\uff80\uff98optimized\uffe2\uff80\uff99 fertilization practices, which would ensure a sustainable production with a nil balance of nutrients. A modified version of the cost/benefit approach proposed by Crutzen et\uffc2\uffa0al. (2008), comparing the GHG emissions resulting from N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P\uffe2\uff80\uff90K fertilization of bioenergy crops and the GHG emissions saved by replacing fossil fuel, was applied to these \uffe2\uff80\uff98optimized\uffe2\uff80\uff99 situations. Biomass production varied among crops between 10.0 (fescue) and 26.9\uffc2\uffa0t\uffc2\uffa0DM\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early) and the expected ethanol production between 1.3 (alfalfa) and 6.1\uffc2\uffa0t\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early). The cost/benefit ratio ranged from 0.10 (miscanthus harvested late) to 0.71 (fescue); it was closely correlated with the N/C ratio of the harvested biomass, except for alfalfa. The amount of saved CO2 emissions varied from 1.0 (fescue) to 8.6\uffc2\uffa0t CO2eq\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early or late). Due to its high biomass production, miscanthus was able to combine a high production of ethanol and a large saving of CO2 emissions. Miscanthus and switchgrass harvested late gave the best compromise between low N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P\uffe2\uff80\uff90K requirements, high GHG saving per unit of biomass, and high productivity per hectare.
", "keywords": ["legume crops", "2. Zero hunger", "660", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "nitrogen", "lignocelluloses", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "greenhouse gas", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "biofuel", "nutrient use Efficiency", "biomasse", "ethanol", "C3 crops"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.science/hal-01173307/file/Cadoux_etal_2014.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/sr9960273", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-06", "title": "Comparison Of Legume-Based Cropping Systems At Warra, Queensland .1. Soil Nitrogen And Organic Carbon Accretion And Potentially Mineralisable Nitrogen", "description": "Effects on soil nitrogen accretion and potentially mineralisable nitrogen were studied as part of a long-term field experiment established in 1986 to test alternative legume-based systems for restoring fertility in a Vertisol. Organic C accretion was also measured to ascertain the changes in organic matter content. The systems, which were studied only during 1989 and 1990, were a grass+legume ley (purple pigeon grass, Rhodes grass, lucerne, annual medics) of 4 years duration followed by wheat; a 2-year rotation of wheat (lucerne undersown) and lucerne; a 2-year rotation of wheat (medic undersown) and medic; a 2-year rotation of chickpea and wheat; and continuous wheat as control. Soil total N and organic C significantly increased in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm soil layer only under the grass+legume ley. There was no significant change in the soil C/N ratio. Plant residues contained from 52 to 104 kg N/ha in 1990 at the end of the legume phase, with high values for root N in the grass+legume ley. A comparison of N accretion versus fixation at the end of the legume-based systems in 1990 showed that net accumulation of N exceeded fixation in soil under lucerne and grass+legume leys; in the latter, net accumulation of 779 kg N/ha over 3.75 years was measured compared with 384 kg N/ha for N2 fixation. Part of the accumulation of N may have been due to uptake of NH4-N from the deep subsoil. Although values for soil mineral N (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93120 cm) were low at the end of all the legume-based systems, a deep subsoil (120\uffe2\uff80\uff93300 cm) accumulation of NH4-N was found in all treatments. The nitrogen mineralisation potentials (No) for 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm depth samples taken at the end of the legume phase in 1989 were higher in all the legume-based systems (105\uffe2\uff80\uff93182 mg N/kg) than the wheat control (57 mg N/kg). The rapid biological tests of N availability, both waterlogged and aerobic incubation, were more sensitive to treatment differences than No, in the surface and subsoil (range 12\uffe2\uff80\uff9378 mg N/kg for 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm soil for the waterlogged procedure). The rapid chemical tests, hot KCl extraction and the autoclave index, showed small treatment effects and did not appear to be useful availability indices. The pasture management (graced v. mown and removed) had no significant effect on total N, organic C and N availability indices in this alkaline Vertisol during the study period.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Cropping systems", "Availability", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "630", "Accumulation", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "Methods and systems of culture. Cropping systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soils. Soil science", "Pasture leys", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr9960273"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr9960273", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr9960273", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr9960273"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/sr9960289", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:17:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-06", "title": "Comparison Of Legume-Based Cropping Systems At Warra, Queensland .2. Mineral Nitrogen Accumulation And Availability To The Subsequent Wheat Crop", "description": "Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85\uffe2\uff80\uff932.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08\uffe2\uff80\uff933.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7\uffe2\uff80\uff9315.8%) than following wheat (8.0\uffe2\uff80\uff939.4%) or chickpea (9.4\uffe2\uff80\uff9310.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "571", "Field crops", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "0402 animal and dairy science", "Methods and systems of culture. Cropping systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soils. Soil science", "Pasture leys", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr9960289"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr9960289", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr9960289", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr9960289"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12924", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-29", "title": "The effects of integrated food and bioenergy cropping systems on crop yields, soil health, and biomass quality: The EU and Brazilian experience", "description": "AbstractIntegrated food and bioenergy production is a promising way to ensure regional/national food and energy security, efficient use of soil resources, and enhanced biodiversity, while contributing to the abatement of CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was to assess alternative crop rotation schemes as the basis for integrating and enhancing the sustainable biomass production within the food\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy agricultural context. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria spp.) in rotation with wheat (Triticum spp.) in the EU and with sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in Brazil were evaluated. Sunn hemp did not negatively affect crop's productivity and soil fertility; wheat grain yields were maintained around the mean regional production levels (6, 7, 3 and Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in Greece, Italy, and Spain, respectively), and the cumulative biomass in the extended rotation (wheat straw+sunn hemp) was between 1.5 and 2.0 times higher than in the conventional rotation. In Brazil, sugarcane stalks yield in clay soils increased by around 15\uffc2\uffa0Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 under sunn hemp rotation in comparison with bare fallow. Moreover, sunn hemp in the EU rotations did not have negative effects on soil available macronutrients, organic matter, pH, and cation exchange capacity, neither on C and N stocks in Brazil. The qualitative characteristics (mineral, ash, and hemicelluloses contents) of the cumulated biomass were somehow higher (in average +26%, +35%, and +3.4%, respectively) than in the conventional system. In summary, in temperate and tropical climates the integration of dedicated biomass legume crops within conventional systems could lead to enhanced biomass availability, crop diversification, and efficient use (in space and time) of the land resources.
", "keywords": ["legume crops", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "advanced biofuels", "biomass", "TJ807-830", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Renewable energy sources", "12. Responsible consumption", "lignocellulose", "advanced biofuels; biomass; legume crops; lignocellulose; quantitative; qualitative traits; SOC; soil fertility; sugarcane", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "HD9502-9502.5", "SOC", "quantitative/qualitative traits"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/895750/2/GCB%20Bioenergy%20-%202022%20-%20Zegada%e2%80%90Lizarazu%20-%20The%20effects%20of%20integrated%20food%20and%20bioenergy%20cropping%20systems%20on%20crop%20yields%20%20soil.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12924", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12924", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effect Of A Legume Cover Crop (Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis) On Soil Carbon In An Ultisol Under Maize Cultivation In Southern Benin", "description": "Abstract. Long term fallow is no longer possible in densely populated tropical areas, but legume cover crops can help maintain soil fertility. Our work aimed to study changes in soil carbon in a sandy loam Ultisol in Benin, which involved a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment on three maize cropping systems under manual tillage: traditional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cultivation (T), mineral fertilized cultivation (NPK), and association with Mucuna pruriens (M). The origin of soil carbon was also determined through the natural abundance of soil and biomass 13C. In T, NPK and M changes in soil carbon at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm were \uffe2\uff88\uff920.2, +0.2 and +1.3 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with residue carbon amounting to 3.5, 6.4 and 10.0 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. After 12 years of experimentation, carbon originating from maize in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm) represented less than 4% of both total carbon and overall maize residue carbon. In contrast, carbon originating from mucuna in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented more than 50% of both total carbon and overall mucuna residue carbon in M, possibly due to accelerated mineralization of native soil carbon (priming effect) and slow mulch decomposition. Carbon originating from weeds in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented c. 10% of both total carbon and overall weed residue carbon in T and NPK. Thus mucuna mulch was very effective in promoting carbon sequestration in the soil studied.
", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Carbon sequestration", "13C natural abundance", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Npk", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "630", "plante de couverture", "Legume cover crops", "Benin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "legume cover crop", "Mucuna pruriens", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4971", "ANALYSE STATISTIQUE", "580", "LEGUMINEUSE TROPICALE", "Acrisol", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical zones", "mucuna", "BIOMASSE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Green manure crops", "RESIDU VEGETAL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_101", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mucuna", "Soil carbon", "CARBONE ORGANIQUE", "soil organic carbon", "STOCK ORGANIQUE", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "MAIS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "FERTILISATION DU SOL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-06", "title": "Improvement Of The Physical Fertility Of A Degraded Alfisol With Planted And Natural Fallows Under Humid Tropical Conditions", "description": "Abstract. Topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 cm) bulk density, aggregate stability, soil dispersibility, water retention and infiltration were measured between 1989 and 1996 on an Alfisol under rehabilitation in southwestern Nigeria. The planted leguminous species were Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and A. auriculiformis. Also, plots with natural fallow and maize/cassava intercropping were included. Level (minimum) and mound tillage with hoes was adopted for the cultivated areas under study after 4 and 6 year fallow periods. Under fallow, the soil bulk density decreased from1.56 to 1.11 t m73.The continuously cropped treatment (level tillage) had significantly higher bulk density than the fallowed subplots after 6 years. Mean soil penetrometer resistance ranged from 75 to 157 kPa for fallowed plots and from 192 to 295 kPa for the continuously cropped (level tillage) subplot. Surface soilwater contentswere similar for all the treatments during the soil strength measurements. Although soil aggregates were generally of low stability and not well formed, they were improved by fallowing.
Soil structural improvement by planted fallows was similar to that by natural fallow, but the trees were more promising for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fallow (>6 years) than the herbaceous P. phaseoloides. However, the improvement in soil structure after 4 or 6 year fallow could not be maintained in subsequent cropping. Furthermore, the significant improvement in soil bulk density caused by A. auriculiformis and natural fallow was more rapidly lost on the cultivated subplots compared with other fallow treatments. Thus, soil structure recovery under a fallow does not imply a sustained improvement when stress is applied to this soil. Post\uffe2\uff80\uff90fallow soil management options such as residue incorporation and tillage to ameliorate compaction or soil strength will be necessary to enhance the improvements by fallow species.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "soil fertility", "legumes", "soil physical properties", "pollution", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "alfisols", "trees", "humid tropics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Salako, F., Hauser, S., Babalola, O., Tian, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-09-29", "title": "Effect Of Selected Organic Materials And Inorganic Fertilizer On The Soil Fertility Of A Humic Nitisol In The Central Highlands Of Kenya", "description": "AbstractThe effect on soil fertility of applying particular organic resources to a humic Nitisol in the central highlands of Kenya was studied. The organic resources (Calliandra calothyrsus,Leucaena trichandra,Tithonia diversifolia,Mucuna pruriens,Crotalaria ochroleucaand cattle manure) were either applied solely or along with inorganic fertilizer in a cropping trial using maize as the experimental crop. After 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83years of continuous cultivation and manuring, soil fertility effects varied among treatments. Cattle manure proved to be the most effective and improved soil fertility by increasing pH, cations (Ca, K and Mg), and C.Calliandra, Leucaena, Tithoniaand herbaceous legumes generally reduced soil pH, C and N but increased Ca, K and Mg. Cattle manure is therefore an important resource for maintaining soil organic matter (SOM) in the area and in other similar areas with arable\uffe2\uff80\uff90livestock systems. Reduction of soil C and N by the high quality organic materials suggests that their role in maintaining SOM in the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term is limited in this area. A sound nutrient management system should strive to make a balance between maximizing crop production and sustaining soil quality.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Calliandra calothyrsus", "Leucaena trichandra", "Herbaceous legumes", "cattle manure", "Tithonia diversifolia", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:18:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-06", "title": "Soil Type Is The Primary Determinant Of The Composition Of The Total And Active Bacterial Communities In Arable Soils", "description": "ABSTRACTDegradation of agricultural land and the resulting loss of soil biodiversity and productivity are of great concern. Land-use management practices can be used to ameliorate such degradation. The soil bacterial communities at three separate arable farms in eastern England, with different farm management practices, were investigated by using a polyphasic approach combining traditional soil analyses, physiological analysis, and nucleic acid profiling. Organic farming did not necessarily result in elevated organic matter levels; instead, a strong association with increased nitrate availability was apparent. Ordination of the physiological (BIOLOG) data separated the soil bacterial communities into two clusters, determined by soil type. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA identified three bacterial communities largely on the basis of soil type but with discrimination for pea cropping. Five fields from geographically distinct soils, with different cropping regimens, produced highly similar profiles. The active communities (16S rRNA) were further discriminated by farm location and, to some degree, by land-use practices. The results of this investigation indicated that soil type was the key factor determining bacterial community composition in these arable soils. Leguminous crops on particular soil types had a positive effect upon organic matter levels and resulted in small changes in the active bacterial population. The active population was therefore more indicative of short-term management changes.
", "keywords": ["Polymerase Chain Reaction", "geography", "630", "1000 Technology", "Soil", "soil type", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "C500 - Microbiology", "genetic polymorphism", "soil analysis", "Bacteria (microorganisms)", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "article", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "Biodiversity", "legume", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Bacterial Typing Techniques", "microbial community", "Polymorphism", " Restriction Fragment Length", "0605 Microbiology", "Electrophoresis", "16S", "570", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "productivity", "RNA 16S", "soil microorganism", "0600 Biological Sciences", "DNA", " Ribosomal", "0700 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences", "controlled study", "community composition", "Polymorphism", "Pisum sativum", "Ecosystem", "Ribosomal", "nonhuman", "Bacteria", "bacterial flora", "land use", "DNA", "15. Life on land", "bacterial disease", "Restriction Fragment Length", "C180 - Ecology", "physiology", "RNA", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "bioavailability"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000100008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:19:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-16", "title": "Microbial Biomass And Activity In Litter During The Initial Development Of Pure And Mixed Plantations Of Eucalyptus Grandis And Acacia Mangium", "description": "Studies on microbial activity and biomass in forestry plantations often overlook the role of litter, typically focusing instead on soil nutrient contents to explain plant and microorganism development. However, since the litter is a significant source of recycled nutrients that affect nutrient dynamics in the soil, litter composition may be more strongly correlated with forest growth and development than soil nutrient contents. This study aimed to test this hypothesis by examining correlations between soil C, N, and P; litter C, N, P, lignin content, and polyphenol content; and microbial biomass and activity in pure and mixed second-rotation plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium before and after senescent leaf drop. The numbers of cultivable fungi and bacteria were also estimated. All properties were correlated with litter C, N, P, lignin and polyphenols, and with soil C and N. We found higher microbial activity (CO2 evolution) in litter than in soil. In the E. grandis monoculture before senescent leaf drop, microbial biomass C was 46 % higher in litter than in soil. After leaf drop, this difference decreased to 16 %. In A. mangium plantations, however, microbial biomass C was lower in litter than in soil both before and after leaf drop. Microbial biomass N of litter was approximately 94 % greater than that of the soil in summer and winter in all plantations. The number of cultivable fungi and bacteria increased after leaf drop, especially so in the litter. Fungi were also more abundant in the E. grandis litter. In general, the A. mangium monoculture was associated with higher levels of litter lignin and N, especially after leaf drop. In contrast, the polyphenol and C levels in E. grandis monoculture litter were higher after leaf drop. These properties were negatively correlated with total soil C and N. Litter in the mixed stands had lower C:N and C:P ratios and higher N, P, and C levels in the microbial biomass. This suggests more effective nutrient cycling in mixed plantations in the long term, greater stimulation of microbial activity in litter and soil, and a more sustainable system in general.
", "keywords": ["microorganism", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "legumes", "Agriculture (General)", "forestry", "floresta", "respirometria", "microrganismos", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "leguminosas", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "S1-972", "liteira", "basal respiration", "bioindicators", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "bioindicadores", "litterfall"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bini, Daniel, Figueiredo, Aline Fernandes, Silva, Mylenne Cacciolari Pinheiro da, Vasconcellos, Rafael Leandro de Figueiredo, Cardoso, Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000100008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000100008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000100008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832013000100008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fpls.2022.903661", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:20:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-10", "title": "Diversity and Agronomic Performance of Lupinus mutabilis Germplasm in European and Andean Environments", "description": "The introduction of Lupinus mutabilis (Andean lupin) in Europe will provide a new source of protein and oil for plant-based diets and biomass for bio-based products, while contributing to the improvement of marginal soils. This study evaluates for the first time the phenotypic variability of a large panel of L. mutabilis accessions both in their native environment and over two cropping conditions in Europe (winter crop in the Mediterranean region and summer crop in North-Central Europe), paving the way for the selection of accessions adapted to specific environments. The panel of 225 accessions included both germplasm pools from the Andean region and breeding lines from Europe. Notably, we reported higher grain yield in Mediterranean winter-cropping conditions (18 g/plant) than in the native region (9 g/plant). Instead, North European summer-cropping conditions appear more suitable for biomass production (up to 2 kg/plant). The phenotypic evaluation of 16 agronomical traits revealed significant variation in the panel. Principal component analyses pointed out flowering time, yield, and architecture-related traits as the main factors explaining variation between accessions. The Peruvian material stands out among the top-yielding accessions in Europe, characterized by early lines with high grain yield (e.g., LIB065, LIB072, and LIB155). Bolivian and Ecuadorian materials appear more valuable for the selection of genotypes for Andean conditions and for biomass production in Europe. We also observed that flowering time in the different environments is influenced by temperature accumulation. Within the panel, it is possible to identify both early and late genotypes, characterized by different thermal thresholds (600\uffc2\uffb0C\uffe2\uff80\uff93700\uffc2\uffb0C and 1,000\uffe2\uff80\uff931,200\uffc2\uffb0C GDD, respectively). Indications on top-yielding and early/late accessions, heritability of morpho-physiological traits, and their associations with grain yield are reported and remain largely environmental specific, underlining the importance of selecting useful genetic resources for specific environments. Altogether, these results suggest that the studied panel holds the genetic potential for the adaptation of L. mutabilis to Europe and provide the basis for initiating a breeding program based on exploiting the variation described herein.Establishment of the root-nodule symbiosis in legumes involves rhizobial infection of nodule primordia in the root cortex that is dependent on rhizobia crossing the root epidermal barrier. Two mechanisms have been described: either through root hair infection threads or through the intercellular passage of bacteria. Among the legume genera investigated, around 75% use root hair entry and around 25% the intercellular entry mode. Root-hair infection thread-mediated infection has been extensively studied in the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. In contrast, the molecular circuit recruited during intercellular infection, which is presumably an ancient and simpler pathway, remains poorly known. In recent years, important discoveries have been made to better understand the transcriptome response and the genetic components involved in legumes with obligate (Aeschynomene and Arachis spp.) and conditional (Lotus and Sesbania spp.) intercellular rhizobial infections. This review addresses these novel findings and briefly considers possible future research to shed light on the molecular players that orchestrate intercellular infection in legumes.The Lotus japonicus population carrying new Lotus retrotransposon 1 (LORE1) insertions represents a valuable biological resource for genetic research. New insertions were generated by activation of the endogenous retroelement LORE1a in the germline of the G329-3 plant line and arranged in a 2-D system for reverse genetics. LORE1 mutants identified in this collection contributes substantially to characterize candidate genes involved in symbiotic association of L. japonicus with its cognate symbiont, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Mesorhizobium loti that infects root nodules intracellularly. In this study we aimed to identify novel players in the poorly explored intercellular infection induced by Agrobacterium pusense IRBG74 sp. For this purpose, a forward screen of > 200,000 LORE1 seedlings, obtained from bulk propagation of G329-3 plants, inoculated with IRBG74 was performed. Plants with perturbed nodulation were scored and the offspring were further tested on plates to confirm the symbiotic phenotype. A total of 110 Lotus mutants with impaired nodulation after inoculation with IRBG74 were obtained. A comparative analysis of nodulation kinetics in a subset of 20 mutants showed that most of the lines were predominantly affected in nodulation by IRBG74. Interestingly, additional defects in the main root growth were observed in some mutant lines. Sequencing of LORE1 flanking regions in 47 mutants revealed that 92 Lotus genes were disrupted by novel LORE1 insertions in these lines. In the IM-S34 mutant, one of the insertions was located in the 5\uffc2\uffb4UTR of the LotjaGi5g1v0179800 gene, which encodes the AUTOPHAGY9 protein. Additional mutant alleles, named atg9-2 and atg9-3, were obtained in the reverse genetic collection. Nodule formation was significantly reduced in these mutant alleles after M. loti and IRBG74 inoculation, confirming the effectiveness of the mutant screening. This study describes an effective forward genetic approach to obtain novel mutants in Lotus with a phenotype of interest and to identify the causative gene(s).Mineral deficiencies in livestock are often prevented by using prophylactic supplementation, which is imprecise and inefficient. Instead, the trend for increased species diversity in swards is an opportunity to improve mineral concentrations in the basal diet. Currently, there are limited data on the mineral concentrations of different species and botanical groups, particularly for I and Se, which are among the most deficient minerals in livestock diets. We grew 21 pasture species, including some cultivar/wild type comparisons, of grasses, legumes and forbs, as single species stands in a pot study in a standard growth medium. Herbage concentrations of Co, Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn, S, Mo and Fe showed no consistent differences between the wild and cultivated types. There were significant differences between botanical groups for many minerals tested. Forbs were highest in I and Se, grasses in Mn and legumes in Cu, Co, Zn and Fe. Comparing species concentrations to recommended livestock intakes, the forbs Achillea millefolium, Cichorium intybus and Plantago lanceolata, and the legumes Medicago lupulina, Trifolium hybridum and Lotus corniculatus, appear to be good sources of Co, Cu, I, Se and Zn. Further work is required to ensure these results are consistent in multispecies mixtures, in different soil types and in field trials.
", "keywords": ["forb", "0106 biological sciences", "grass", "trace elements", "01 natural sciences", "Sward", "Forb", "Multifunctional", "Micronutrients", "multifunctional", "Antagonism", "2. Zero hunger", "Trace elements", "S", "Multispecies", "Grass", "Livestock intake", "Agriculture", "legume", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "antagonism", "Legume", "multispecies", "micronutrients", "livestock intake", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "sward"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1463/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1463/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101463"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy10101463", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy10101463", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy10101463"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agronomy10111836", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-11-23", "title": "Legume Ecotypes and Commercial Cultivars Differ in Performance and Potential Suitability for Use as Permanent Living Mulch in Mediterranean Vegetable Systems", "description": "Weed control in organic conservative vegetable systems is extremely challenging and the use of legume permanent living mulches (pLM) presents an interesting opportunity. The successful use of pLM is largely determined by the choice of appropriate legumes which are able to combine adequate weed control with a marginal competitive effect on the cash crop(s). However, the availability of legumes for such systems is limited and their characterization based on growth traits can support the selection of suitable legumes for conservation organic vegetable systems. The current study investigated weed control capacity and variability in morphological and phenological traits relevant in inter-plant competition among a range of 11 commercial cultivars of legumes and seven ecotypes of Medicago polymorpha (bur medic). For commercial cultivars, Lotus corniculatus (bird\uffe2\uff80\uff99s-foot trefoil) and Trifolium repens (white clover) showed the best weed control capacity, while Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) and Medicago polymopha had more suitable characteristics for a rapid and complete establishment of the pLM. Overall, legume mulches appear more effective in dicotyledonous than in monocotyledonous weed control. Trifolium subterraneum cv. Antas and T. repens cv. Haifa were identified as the potentially most suitable legumes for use as pLM and their use in mixtures could be a promising solution. In addition, the ecotypes of Medicago polymorpha Manciano and Talamone proved to be well adapted for local environmental conditions and they showed a better weed suppression than the commercial cultivars of Medicago polymorpha.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "weed control", "S", "bur clover", "dead mulch", "Weed management", "Agriculture", "reduced tillage", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "clover", "15. Life on land", "Soil tillage", "legume screening", "organic farming", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "organic farming; weed control; legume screening; dead mulch; clover; bur clover; reduced tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/11/1836/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.iris.sssup.it/bitstream/11382/535991/1/Leoni%20et%20al_2020_permanent%20living%20mulches_agronomy%28MDPI%29-10-01836_final.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/11/1836/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111836"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy10111836", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy10111836", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy10111836"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/genes10010068", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-16T16:20:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-22", "title": "Convergent Evolution of the Seed Shattering Trait", "description": "Loss of seed shattering is a key trait in crop domestication, particularly for grain crops. For wild plants, seed shattering is a crucial mechanism to achieve greater fitness, although in the agricultural context, this mechanism reduces harvesting efficiency, especially under dry conditions. Loss of seed shattering was acquired independently in different monocotyledon and dicotyledon crop species by \uffe2\uff80\uff98convergent phenotypic evolution\uffe2\uff80\uff99, leading to similar low dehiscent and indehiscent phenotypes. Here, the main aim is to review the current knowledge about seed shattering in crops, in order to highlight the tissue modifications that underlie the convergent phenotypic evolution of reduced shattering in different types of fruit, from the silique of Brassicaceae species, to the pods of legumes and spikes of cereals. Emphasis is given to legumes, with consideration of recent data obtained for the common bean. The current review also discusses to what extent convergent phenotypes arose from parallel changes at the histological and/or molecular levels. For this reason, an overview is included of the main findings relating to the genetic control of seed shattering in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and in other important crops.
", "keywords": ["QTL mapping", "common bean", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "legumes", "Quantitative Trait Loci", "Common bean; Crop domestication; Gene expression; Legumes; Pod anatomy; QTL mapping; Genetics; Genetics (clinical)", "legume", "Review", "QH426-470", "pod anatomy", "15. Life on land", "Evolution", " Molecular", "crop domestication", "Magnoliopsida", "03 medical and health sciences", "Seed Dispersal", "Seeds", "Genetics", "gene expression"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/1/68/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Genes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/genes10010068", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/genes10010068", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-19T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Legume&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Legume&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Legume&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Legume&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 68, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-16T16:49:32.559583Z"}