{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s11270-014-1900-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-24", "title": "The Impact Of Biochar Addition On Nutrient Leaching And Soil Properties From Tillage Soil Amended With Pig Manure", "description": "The application of pig manure to a tillage soil can result in pollution of surface and groundwater bodies. Countries in the European Union are required to comply with the Water Framework Directive, which states that all countries should attain at least \u201cgood status\u201d surface and ground water quality by 2015. Amendment of soil with biochar has previously been shown to reduce nutrient leaching and improve soil properties. The objectives of this laboratory study were to investigate if the application of two types of biochar at a rate of 18\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 (a) reduced leaching of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from a low P Index tillage soil amended with pig manure and (b) affected the soil properties before and after pig manure application. Three treatments were examined as follows: (a) non-amended soil (the study control), (b) soil mixed with biochar from the separated solid fraction of anaerobically digested pig manure, and (c) of soil mixed with biochar from Sitka Spruce. Columns, filled with sieved soil (<2\u00a0mm) and biochar (<2\u00a0mm), were incubated for 30\u00a0weeks at 10\u00a0\u00b0C and 75\u00a0% relative humidity and leached with 160\u00a0mL distilled water per week. Pig manure, equivalent to 170\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121 and 36\u00a0kg P ha\u22121, was applied to half of the columns in each treatment after 10\u00a0weeks of incubation. Amendment with pig manure biochar increased the Morgan\u2019s P content of the soil, while leaching of P and C also increased, indicating the unsuitability of pig manure biochar as an amendment to soils which may be used as pig manure spreadlands. However, the addition of wood biochar increased soil water, C and organic matter contents, while reducing nitrate and organic C leaching. The addition of wood-derived biochar to tillage soil which will receive pig manure may be justifiable, as it reduces nutrient leaching from the soil, sequesters C and may allow for higher application rates of pig manure.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-1900-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%2C%20Air%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Soil%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11270-014-1900-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11270-014-1900-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11270-014-1900-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11270-023-06380-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-29", "title": "Effects of Design and Operational Conditions on the Performance of Constructed Wetlands for Agricultural Pollution Control \u2013 Critical Review", "description": "Abstract

Constructed wetlands (CWs) can be considered as an efficient nature-based solution for the treatment of agricultural drainage water (ADW) and consequently for the mitigation of non-point source pollution. Aiming to provide suggestions for the construction and implementation of CWs, this paper proposes and discusses key parameters of CW design and operation. In order to verify the effect of these features, different case studies were reviewed, focusing on the performance of CWs that are treating agricultural drainage water. The findings showed that design and operational factors (e.g., the application of simple hydraulic structures and vegetation establishment) can improve pollutant removal efficiencies by increasing hydraulic retention time. Hydraulic efficiency of CWs can also be enhanced through certain shape characteristics (e.g., adoption of a high aspect ratio and creation of a long and narrow CW shape). The careful consideration of these parameters before and during CW implementation can therefore help these systems to achieve their full potential. However, further study is recommended to assess the effects of some parameters (e.g., flow direction and the application of deep zones).Organic amendments can improve soil quality which has knock-on environmental and agronomic benefits. However, the use of new and emerging organic amendments such as biochar and brown coal waste (BCW) in soil systems requires continuous holistic assessments for robust consensus building in their environmental and agricultural applications. To examine the application of BCW and woodchip biochar (BIO) in agroecosystems, secondary data from literature on environmental (soil, air and water) aspects were compiled with primary agronomic data from a 3-year multicropping field trial and collated with supplementary data on economic factors (e.g. cost and availability). For the field trial, replicated plots were amended with FYM (for comparative reasons), BCW and BIO at 30, 24.2 and 12.8 for t ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931, respectively, with and without NPK and cultivated in a cropping sequence of maize, potato and barley. At the end of each season, soils were characterised for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and fertility (macronutrient contents) in addition to nutrient uptake, nutritional quality and yield of crops. Compared with FYM, biochar and BCW were found to be associated with greater improvements in soil quality (e.g. building of soil structure and C sequestration) and knock-on water and air quality benefits mainly facilitated via increased cation retention and humic-linked sorption which abated gaseous emission and mitigated nutrient and heavy metal leaching. These along with variable improvements in soil chemistry, fertility and nutrient uptake in the agronomic field trial accounted for increased mean crop yield across treatments (higher with NPK): FYM (32.7 and 71.7%), BCW (33.5 and 60.1%) and BIO (21.8 and 48.2%). Additionally, biochar and BCW have lower pollutant (e.g. heavy metals) contents and were found to provide additional sustainability and net abatement cost-benefits. While the agronomic benefits of biochar and BCW were slightly lower compared with that of FYM, their lower environmental footprints and associated sustainability benefits are clear advantages for their adoption in environmental and agricultural applications.To clarify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) content to season\uffe2\uff80\uff90long grazing in the semiarid typical steppes of Inner Mongolia, we examined the aboveground biomass and SOC in both grazing (G\uffe2\uff80\uff90site) and no grazing (NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90site) sites in two typical steppes dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis, as well as one seriously degraded L. chinensis grassland dominated by Artemisia frigida. The NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90sites had been fenced for 20 years in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands and for 10 years in A. frigida grassland. Aboveground biomass at G\uffe2\uff80\uff90sites was 21\uffe2\uff80\uff9335% of that at NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90sites in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands. The SOC, however, showed no significant difference between G\uffe2\uff80\uff90site and NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90site in both grasslands. In the NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90sites, aboveground biomass was significantly lower in A. frigida grassland than in the other two grasslands. The SOC in A. frigida grassland was about 70% of that in L. chinensis grassland. In A. frigida grassland, aboveground biomass in the G\uffe2\uff80\uff90site was 68\uffe2\uff80\uff9382% of that in the NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90site, whereas SOC was significantly lower in the G\uffe2\uff80\uff90site than in the NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90site. Grazing elevated the surface soil pH in L. chinensis and A. frigida communities. A spatial heterogeneity in SOC and pH in the topsoil was not detected the G\uffe2\uff80\uff90site within the minimal sampling distance of 10 m. The results suggested that compensatory growth may account for the relative stability of SOC in G\uffe2\uff80\uff90sites in typical steppes. The SOC was sensitive to heavy grazing and difficult to recover after a significant decline caused by overgrazing in semiarid steppes.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-017-1857-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-31", "title": "Fates Of N-15-Labeled Fertilizer In A Black Soil-Maize System And The Response To Straw Incorporation In Northeast China", "description": "Over-fertilization has caused low nitrogen (N) use efficiency and N pollution in China. A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer N is critical for improved appropriate N management practices. We examined the fate of urea-N applied to a typical black soil-maize system and the response to straw incorporation in Northeast China using the field 15N labeling technique. Large plots (25\u00a0m2) were used to reduce artificial disturbance and facilitate multiple samplings in one growing season. We found that of the applied N (200\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121), 52% was taken up by crops at harvest and 24% was retained in the soil (0\u201340\u00a0cm). The unrecovered 23% was likely lost via gases emission or leaching, which mainly occurred in the early days of maize cultivation. Fertilizer N contributions to the crop N uptake were 42% during vegetative growth and 30% during reproductive growth, which indirectly indicates that native soil N was the dominant N source for maize growth. However, high N uptake by maize resulted in low replenishment of fertilizer N to soil N. As a potential nutrient management approach, straw incorporation (2.4\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121) stimulated N retention and reduced N loss, with 14% unrecovered fertilizer N. To maintain long-term soil N supplies, straw incorporation could be a valid agronomic practice to prevent the degradation of black soil because of long-term N depletion during maize cultivation in Northeast China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen use efficiency", "13. Climate action", "Fertilizer-derived N", "Allocation", "N-15 labeling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mollisol", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1857-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-017-1857-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-017-1857-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-017-1857-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-08-08", "title": "Carbon Stocks Of Mangroves And Losses Arising From Their Conversion To Cattle Pastures In The Pantanos De Centla, Mexico", "description": "The conservation of mangroves and other coastal \u201cblue carbon\u201d ecosystems is receiving heightened attention because of recognition of their high ecosystem carbon stocks as well as vast areas undergoing land conversion. However, few studies have paired intact mangroves with degraded sites to determine carbon losses due to land conversion. To address this gap we quantified total ecosystem carbon stocks in mangroves and cattle pastures formed from mangroves in the large wetland complex of the Pantanos de Centla in SE Mexico. The mean total ecosystem carbon stocks of fringe and estuarine tall mangroves was 1358\u00a0Mg\u00a0C/ha. In contrast the mean carbon stocks of cattle pastures was 458\u00a0Mg\u00a0C/ha. Based upon a biomass equivalence of losses from the top 1\u00a0m of mangrove soils, the losses in carbon stocks from mangrove conversion are conservatively estimated at 1464\u00a0Mg\u00a0CO2e/ha. These losses were 7-fold that of emissions from tropical dry forest to pasture conversion and 3-fold greater than emissions from Amazon forest to pasture conversion. However, we found that limiting ecosystem carbon stocks differences to the surface 1\u00a0m or even 2\u00a0m soil depth will miss losses that occurred from deeper horizons. Mangrove conversion to other land uses comes at a great cost in terms of greenhouse gas emissions as well losses of other important ecosystem services.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "climate change", "cattle", "13. Climate action", "carbon", "mangroves", "emission", "land use", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Wetlands%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11274-011-0809-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-15", "title": "Soil Bacterial Community Composition And Diversity Respond To Cultivation In Karst Ecosystems", "description": "Soil microorganisms play vital roles in recovering and maintaining the health of ecosystems, particularly in fragile Karst ecosystems that are easily degraded after cultivation. We investigated the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities, based on RFLP and 16S rDNA sequencing, in a cropland, a naturally revegetated land with former cultivation disturbance and a primeval forest in the subtropical Karst of southwest China. Our results illustrated that Proteobacteria accounted for 44.8% of the 600 tested clones, making it the most dominant phylum observed. This phylum was followed by Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes for the three Karst soils analyzed. Compared with the primeval forest soil, the proportions of Proteobacteria were decreased by 30.2 and 37.9%, while Acidobacteria increased by 93.9 and 87.9%, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices and the physicochemical parameters declined in the cropland and the revegetated land, respectively. Among the three soils, the proportion of dominant bacterial phyla and the diversity indices in the revegetated land were similar to the cropland, implying the bacterial community in the cropland was relatively stable, and the after-effects of cultivation were difficult to eliminate. However, similar distributions of the four Proteobacteria subphyla were observed between the revegetated land and the primeval forest soil. Furthermore, the proportion of Rhizobiales belonging to \u03b1-Proteobacteria was sharply decreased with cultivation compared to the primeval forest soil, while a small cluster of Rhizobiales recurred with vegetation recovery. These results indicated that although the subphyla of the dominant bacterial phylum had some positive responses to 20\u00a0years of vegetation recovery, it is a slow process. Our results suggest that priority should be given to conserve the primeval forest and inoculation of functional microorganisms on the basis of vegetation recovery may be more effective for the restoration of Karst ecosystems after cultivation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "China", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "Trees", "RNA", " Bacterial", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "Metagenome", "Ecosystem", "Phylogeny", "Polymorphism", " Restriction Fragment Length", "Soil Microbiology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xiangbi Chen, Ya-wei Wei, Wenxue Wei, Jinshui Wu, Yirong Su, Xunyang He,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0809-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/World%20Journal%20of%20Microbiology%20and%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11274-011-0809-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11274-011-0809-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11274-011-0809-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-006-0040-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-27", "title": "Comparing Soil Co2 Emission In Pine Plantation And Oak Shrub: Dynamics And Correlations", "description": "Abstract

The magnitude of soil CO2emission varying significantly among different vegetation types for plants could alter the microclimatic environment of soil. In aPinus tabulaeformisplantation and an adjacentQuercus alienavar.acuteserratashrub, which are located in a dry\uffe2\uff80\uff90hot valley region of Minjiang River in the Southwest of China, the daily soil CO2emission dynamics was measured in August 2004 and in May, July, and October 2005. The results showed that the soil CO2emission in the oak shrub was significantly higher than the pine plantation in each measurement period. Additionally, soil organic matter, microbial biomass carbon, and the leaf litter decomposition rate in the two vegetations differed significantly from each other. The variation of soil organic matter and microbial biomass carbon partially contributed to the evident difference in soil CO2emission. Moreover, the correlations between soil CO2emission, soil temperature, and soil water content were evaluated in this study. The soil temperature positively controlled soil CO2emission in the pine plantation and the oak shrub, while the soil water content negatively influenced soil CO2emission in the two vegetation types. However, the soil temperature and soil water content played varied roles in the different vegetation types. By the means of stepwise regression, the soil temperature more significantly influenced the dynamics of soil CO2emission for the plantation than the soil water content; oppositely, the soil water content was the more significant controlling factor for the shrub. Based on the exponent model between the soil CO2emission and soil temperature, theQ10values were estimated, which was 1.7 in the pine plantation and 3.0 in the oak shrub. The former was lower than the global average level of 2.0, whereas the latter was higher than the global average level.

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bojie Fu, Yaqiong Wu, Guohua Liu, Zhanfeng Liu, Huifeng Hu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0040-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-006-0040-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-006-0040-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-006-0040-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-10-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-006-0170-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-25", "title": "Short-Term Effects Of Thinning And Liming On Forest Soils Of Pitch Pine And Japanese Larch Plantations In Central Korea", "description": "Abstract

The influences of thinning (50% of standing density) and liming (Ca+Mg, 2 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on soil chemical properties were investigated for 2 years (2001, 2002) in 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old pitch pine (Pinus rigidaMill.) and 44\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepisGord.) plantations established on similar soils. In general, soil properties varied significantly among plantations and treatments. For both plantations, thinning significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) concentrations whereas there were no significant changes in soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations. In addition, thinning increased total soil N and Na concentrations for the pitch pine plantation and available P concentration for the Japanese larch plantation in the second year after the treatment. Liming did not affect soil chemical characteristics for the pitch pine plantation except for Na concentration. However, for the Japanese larch plantation, liming significantly increased soil pH and K, Ca and Mg concentrations and decreased SOC and total soil N concentrations. For both plantations, soil Al concentration did not change after thinning and liming and decreased exponentially with increased pH values. The increases in SOC and total soil N concentrations after thinning were possibly due to increases in decomposition of organic matter and root death. Although differences were not statistically significant, soil available P concentration tended to increase at early stages of liming for both plantations. These results suggested that thinning and liming seemed to regulate soil chemical properties for pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations established on similar soils.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yowhan Son, Jaehong Hwang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0170-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-006-0170-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-006-0170-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-006-0170-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-007-0404-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-21", "title": "Warming Effects On Growth And Physiology In The Seedlings Of The Two Conifers Picea Asperata And Abies Faxoniana Under Two Contrasting Light Conditions", "description": "Abstract

The short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of two levels of air temperature (ambient and warmed) and light (full light and ca. 10% of full light regimes) on the early growth and physiology of Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana seedlings was determined using open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers (OTC). The OTC manipulation increased mean air temperature and soil surface temperature by 0.51\uffc2\uffb0C and 0.34\uffc2\uffb0C under the 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90year plantation, and 0.69\uffc2\uffb0C and 0.41\uffc2\uffb0C under the forest opening, respectively. Warming, with either full\uffe2\uff80\uff90light or low\uffe2\uff80\uff90light conditions, generally caused a significant increase in plant growth, biomass accumulation, and stimulated photosynthetic performance of P. asperata seedlings. However, the warming of A. faxoniana seedlings only significantly increased their growth under low\uffe2\uff80\uff90light conditions, possibly as a result of photoinhibition caused by full light, which may shield and/or impair the effects of warming manipulation, per se, on the growth and physiological performance of A. faxoniana seedlings. In response to warming, P. asperata seedlings allocated relatively more biomass to roots and A. faxoniana more to foliage under similar environments. This might provide A. faxoniana with an adaptive advantage when soil moisture was not limiting and an advantage to P. asperata if substantial moisture stress occurred. Warming markedly increased the efficiency of PSII in terms of the increase in Fv/Fm and photosynthetic pigment concentrations for the two conifer seedlings, but the effects of warming were generally more pronounced under low\uffe2\uff80\uff90light conditions than under full\uffe2\uff80\uff90light conditions. On balance, this study suggested that warming had a beneficial impact on the early growth and development of conifer seedlings, at least in the short term. Consequently, warming may lead to changes in forest regeneration dynamics and species composition for subalpine coniferous ecosystems under future climate change.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qing Liu, Ting Lai, Huajun Yin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0404-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-007-0404-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-007-0404-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-007-0404-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-006-0065-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-12-12", "title": "Effect Of Land Use Conversion On Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration In The Loess Hilly Area, Loess Plateau Of China", "description": "Abstract

Changes in land use may alter land cover, which results in carbon stock changes in biomass as well as in the soil. In China's loess plateau, vegetation restoration has been conducted since 1950s to control soil erosion and improve the ecosystem, with significant investment of money and manpower. Despite these efforts, soil erosion has still been severe. To reduce soil erosion and improve land quality, China initiated another state\uffe2\uff80\uff90funded project, Grain\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90Green, in 1999 in the loess plateau. However, it is not clear how effective this newly initiated project will be. In this study, we evaluated the effect of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the potential effect of the current project on SOC sequestration in the Anjiapo catchment area of the loess hilly area of the loess plateau in China. This evaluation is based on SOC measurements in cropland versus in other converted land use types. We found that SOC sequestration mainly occurred in the surface soil after land use conversion took place. Land use conversion from cropland to shrubland or wild grassland (i.e. undisturbed land) was better for SOC sequestration than tree plantation in the semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid loess hilly area. By using the land use change in the study area as a scenario, the potential contribution of land use change on SOC sequestration due to the Grain\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90Green project was estimated. It was found that this project in the loess plateau of China would be helpful for SOC sequestration if successfully implemented.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhilin Huang, Jie Gong, Liding Chen, Bojie Fu, Yilong Huang, Lide Gui,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0065-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-006-0065-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-006-0065-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-006-0065-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-12-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-006-0317-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-08", "title": "Response Of Nutrient Dynamics Of Decomposing Pine (Pinus Massoniana) Needles To Simulated N Deposition In A Disturbed And A Rehabilitated Forest In Tropical China", "description": "Abstract

The effects of simulated N deposition on changes in mass, C, N and P of decomposing pine (Pinus massoniana) needles in a disturbed and a rehabilitated forest in tropical China were studied during a 24\uffe2\uff80\uff90month period. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that litter decomposition in a disturbed forest is more sensitive to N deposition rate than litter decomposition in a rehabilitated forest due to the relatively low nutrient status in the former as a result of constant human disturbance (harvesting understory and litter). The litterbag method and N treatments (control, no N addition; low\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, 5 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922year\uffe2\uff88\uff921; medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, 10 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922year\uffe2\uff88\uff921) were employed to evaluate decomposition. The results revealed that N addition increased (positive effect) mass loss rate and C release rate but suppressed (negative effect) the release rate of N and P from decomposing needles in both disturbed and rehabilitated forests. The enhanced needle decomposition rate by N addition was significantly related to the reduction in the C/N ratio in decomposing needles. However, N availability is not the sole factor limiting needle decomposition in both disturbed and rehabilitated forests. The positive effect was more sensitive to the N addition rate in the rehabilitated forest than in the disturbed forest, however the reverse was true for the negative effect. These results suggest that nutrient status could be one of the important factors in controlling the response of litter decomposition and its nutrient release to elevated N deposition in reforested ecosystems in the study region.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0317-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-006-0317-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-006-0317-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-006-0317-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-007-0405-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-07-30", "title": "Relationship Between Plant Species Diversity And Soil Microbial Functional Diversity Along A Longitudinal Gradient In Temperate Grasslands Of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "Abstract

Numerous experiments have been established to examine the effect of plant diversity on the soil microbial community. However, the relationship between plant diversity and microbial functional diversity along broad spatial gradients at a large scale is still unexplored. In this paper, we examined the relationship of plant species diversity with soil microbial biomass C, microbial catabolic activity, catabolic diversity and catabolic richness along a longitudinal gradient in temperate grasslands of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, China. Preliminary detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that plant composition showed a significant separation along the axis 1, and axis 1 explained the main portion of variability in the data set. Moreover, DCA\uffe2\uff80\uff90axis 1 was significantly correlated with soil microbial biomass C (r= 0.735,P= 0.001), microbial catabolic activity (average well color development;r= 0.775,P< 0.001) and microbial functional diversity (catabolic diversity:r= 0.791,P< 0.001 and catabolic richness:r= 0.812,P< 0.001), which suggested thatsome relationship existed between plant composition and the soil microbial community along the spatial gradient at a large scale. Soil microbial biomass C, microbial catabolic activity, catabolic diversity and catabolic richness showed a significant, linear increase with greater plant species richness. However, many responses that we observed could be explained by greater aboveground plant biomass associated with higher levels of plant diversity, which suggested that plant diversity impacted the soil microbial community mainly through increases in plant production.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bojie Fu, Xiaoxuan Zheng, Guohua Liu, Zhanfeng Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0405-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-007-0405-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-007-0405-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-007-0405-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-008-0544-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-27", "title": "Dynamics Of Soil Respiration In Sparse Ulmus Pumila Woodland Under Semi-Arid Climate", "description": "Abstract

Sparse Ulmus pumila woodlands play an important role in contributing to ecosystem function in semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid grassland of northern China. To understand the key attributes of soil carbon cycling in U. pumila woodland, we studied dynamics of soil respiration in the canopy field (i.e., the projected crown cover area) and the open field at locations differing in distance (i.e., at 1\uffe2\uff80\uff931.5, 3\uffe2\uff80\uff934, 10, and >15 m) to tree stems from July through September of 2005, and measured soil biotic factors (e.g., fine root mass, soil microbial biomass, and activity) and abiotic factors [e.g., soil water content (SWC) and organic carbon] in mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90August. Soil respiration was further separated into root component and microbial component at the end of the field measurement in September. Results showed that soil respiration had a significant exponent relationship with soil temperature at 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. The temperature sensitivity index of soil respiration, Q10, was lower than the global average of 2.0, and declined significantly (P < 0.05) with distance. The rate of soil respiration was generally greater in the canopy field than in the open field; monthly mean of soil respiration was 305.5\uffe2\uff80\uff93730.8 mg CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the canopy field and 299.6\uffe2\uff80\uff93443.1 mg CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the open field from July through September; basal soil respiration at 10\uffc2\uffb0C declined with distance, and varied from ~250 mg CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 near tree stems to <200 mg CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the open field. Variations in soil respiration with distance were consistent with patterns of SWC, fine root mass, microbial biomass and activities. Regression analysis indicated that soil respiration was tightly coupled with microbial respiration and only weakly related to root respiration. Overall, variations in SWC, soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and microbial activity are largely responsible for the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in this semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid U. pumila woodland.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0544-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-008-0544-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-008-0544-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-008-0544-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-018-1933-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-09", "title": "The effect of application of organic manures and mineral fertilizers on the state of soil organic matter and nutrients in the long-term field experiment", "description": "Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystems and agroecosystems. Changes in the agricultural sector in the Czech Republic within the past 25\u00a0years have had a negative impact on SOM content and contribute to gradual soil degradation. The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of long-term application of different mineral fertilizers (NPK) and organic manures (manure, cattle slurry) on soil chemical properties (quality of humus, available nutrients, and soil reaction). Soil samples were collected from Luvisol during two selected periods 1994\u20132003 and 2014\u20132016 from long-term field experiment carried out in Prague-Ruzyn\u011b (Czech Republic). Average annual temperature is 8.5\u00a0\u00b0C, and annual precipitations are 485\u00a0mm. Different fertilization regimes have been applied for 62\u00a0years. The crop rotation was as follows: cereals (45%), root crops (33%) and legumes (22%). Soil analysis\u2014soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined by oxidimetric titration method. Short fractionation method for evaluation of humic substance (HS), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) content was used. Absorbance of HS in UV-VIS spectral range was measured by Varian Carry 50 Probe UV-VIS spectrometer. Degree of humification (DH) and color index (Q4/6) were calculated from fractional composition data. Soil reaction was measured by potentiometric method. Available nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium) were determined by Mehlich II and Mehlich I methods and by ICP-OES. For data analysis, the following are used: exploratory data analysis, ANOVA, and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA analysis differentiated fertilizers into two categories: (1) variant NPK (lower quality of humus)\u2014higher acidity, lower SOC and HS content, predomination of FA, higher DH and lower content of available nutrients; (2) variants with organic manures (higher quality of humus)\u2014lower acidity, higher SOC and HS content, predomination of HA, middle DH, and high content of available nutrients. The main result of presented study is to give a synthesis of effect of different type of fertilizers on a sustainable organic matter management in arable soils, with respect to yields, food security and adaptation to predict climate changes. Long-term application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) without organic matter input can accelerate humus mineralization and soil quality degradation with all negative consequences such as (nitrogen leaching, higher availability of toxic element for plants, slow energy for soil microorganisms etc.). Application of organic fertilizers (manure and cattle slurry) helps to achieve the long-term stable yields while maintaining soil at optimum quality (long-term sustainable management with SOM). Principal component analysis is a useful tool for evaluation of soil quality changes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-1933-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-018-1933-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-018-1933-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-018-1933-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-007-0436-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-26", "title": "Soil Carbon Storage, Litterfall And Co2 Efflux In Fertilized And Unfertilized Larch (Larix Leptolepis) Plantations", "description": "Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of forest fertilization on the forest carbon (C) dynamics in a 36\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old larch (Larix leptolepis) plantation in Korea. Above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground C storage, litterfall, root decomposition and soil CO2 efflux rates after fertilization were measured for 2 years. Fertilizers were applied to the forest floor at rates of 112 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, 75 kg P ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 37 kg K ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for 2 years (May 2002, 2003). There was no significant difference in the above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground C storage between fertilized (41.20 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and unfertilized (42.25 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) plots, and the C increment was similar between the fertilized (1.65 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and unfertilized (1.52 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921) plots. There was no significant difference in the soil C storage between the fertilized and unfertilized plots at each soil depth (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315, 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 and 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9350 cm). The organic C inputs due to litterfall ranged from 1.57 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for fertilized to 1.68 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for unfertilized plots. There was no significant difference in the needle litter decomposition rates between the fertilized and unfertilized plots, while the decomposition of roots with 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932 mm diameters increased significantly with the fertilization relative to the unfertilized plots. The mean annual soil CO2 efflux rates for the 2 years were similar between the fertilized (0.38 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and unfertilized (0.40 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) plots, which corresponded with the similar fluctuation in the organic carbon (litterfall, needle and root decomposition) and soil environmental parameters (soil temperature and soil water content). These results indicate that little effect on the C dynamics of the larch plantation could be attributed to the 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilization trials and/or the soil fertility in the mature coniferous plantation used in this study.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Choonsig Kim", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0436-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-007-0436-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-007-0436-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-007-0436-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-009-0672-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-19", "title": "Leaf-Litter Nitrogen Concentration In Hinoki Cypress Forests In Relation To The Time Of Leaf Fall Under Different Climatic Conditions In Japan", "description": "Abstract

Leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90litter nitrogen concentration was investigated for 17 hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) forests in the Kochi region on the Pacific Ocean side and the Kyoto region on the Sea of Japan side in Japan where both the amount of precipitation and frequency of typhoon attacks differ between regions. Leaf properties were predicted from climatic, stand, and soil properties by multiple regression analysis. Fresh\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaf nitrogen was higher in the Kyoto than Kochi regions and was higher where soil C/N ratio is lower. The time of leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall, i.e., 50% of the annual leaf fall, showed a difference of 86 days among the forests and occurred earlier in forests at higher altitudes. The time of leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall at higher altitudes was earlier due to the higher susceptibility to strong winds from typhoons. Leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90litter nitrogen concentration of annual leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall or winter leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall was lower when the time of leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall occurred later. The results indicate that nitrogen resorption is proficient when leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90fall occurs later, leading to lower leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90litter nitrogen concentration.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0672-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-009-0672-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-009-0672-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-009-0672-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-010-0730-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-07", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Stock And Chemical Composition In Four Plantations Of Indigenous Tree Species In Subtropical China", "description": "Abstract

Subtropical China has more than 60% of the total plantation area in China and over 70% of these subtropical plantations are composed of pure coniferous species. In view of low ecosystem services and ecological instability of pure coniferous plantations, indigenous broadleaf plantations are being advocated as a prospective silvicultural management for substituting in place of large coniferous plantations in subtropical China. However, little information is known about the effects of tree species conversion on stock and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC). The four adjacent monospecific plantations were selected to examine the effects of tree species on the stock and chemical composition of SOC using elemental analysis and solid\uffe2\uff80\uff90state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. One coniferous plantation was composed of Pinus massoniana (PM), and the three broadleaf plantations were Castanopsis hystrix (CH), Michelia macclurei (MM), and Mytilaria laosensis (ML). We found that SOC stock differed significantly among the four plantations in the upper (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm) layer, but not in the underneath (10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm) layer. SOC stocks in the upper (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm) layer were 11, 19, and 18% higher in the CH, MM, and ML plantations than in the PM plantation. The differences in SOC stock among the four plantations were largely attributed to fine root rather than aboveground litterfall input. However, the soils in the broadleaf plantations contained more decomposable C proportion, indicated by lower percentage of alkyl C, higher percentage of O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl C and lower alkyl C/O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl C ratio compared to those in the PM plantation. Our findings highlight that future strategy of tree species selection for substituting in place of large coniferous plantations in subtropical China needs to consider the potential effects of tree species on the chemical composition in addition to the quantity of SOC stock.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hui Wang, Jingxin Wang, Shirong Liu, Franz Makeschin, Jiangming Mo, Maria Wolff,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-010-0730-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-010-0730-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-010-0730-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-010-0730-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-06-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-11", "title": "Belowground Responses Of Picea Asperata Seedlings To Warming And Nitrogen Fertilization In The Eastern Tibetan Plateau", "description": "Abstract

The impacts of global climatic change on belowground ecological processes of terrestrial ecosystems are still not clear. We therefore conducted an experiment in the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem of the eastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau to study roots of Picea asperata seedlings and rhizosphere soil responses to soil warming and nitrogen availability from April 2007 to December 2008. The seedlings were subjected to two levels of temperature (ambient; infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (0 or 25 g m\uffe2\uff88\uff922year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N). We used a free air temperature increase from an overhead infrared heater to raise both air and soil temperature by 2.1 and 2.6\uffc2\uffb0C, respectively. The results showed that warming alone significantly increased total biomass, coarse root biomass and fine root biomass of P. asperata seedlings. Both total biomass and fine root biomass were increased, but coarse root biomass was significantly decreased by nitrogen fertilization and warming combined with nitrogen fertilization. Warming induced a prominent increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90N of rhizosphere soil, while nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased SOC and NH4+\uffe2\uff80\uff90N of rhizosphere soil. The warming, fertilization and warming \uffc3\uff97 N fertilization interaction decreased soil microbial C significantly, but substantially increased soil microbial N. These results suggest that nitrogen deposition combined with warmer temperatures under future climatic change possibly will have no effect on fine root production of P. asperata seedlings, but could enhance the nitrification process of their rhizosphere soils in subalpine coniferous forests.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yunyan Wei, Jinsong Chen, Bo Lin, Huajun Yin, Xinying Cheng, Qing Liu, Chunzhang Zhao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-011-0824-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-07", "title": "The effect of exogenous organic matter on the thermal properties of tilled soils in Poland and the Czech Republic", "description": "Organic matter improves soil fertility and water and thermal properties, but its content often decreases. This decrease may be mitigated by the addition of exogenous organic matter (EOM). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of EOMs, including compost from manure, slurry, and straw (Ag); industrial organic compost from sewage sludge (Ra); animal meal from animal by-products (Mb); and digestate from a biogas fry factory (Dg) on soil thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, water content, and bulk density in the top (0\u201315-cm) layer of two soils in Poland and the Czech Republic. Irrespective of EOM type, the total yearly nitrogen application rate being 200\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha\u22121 (100%) was from a given EOM at the rates 0, 50, 75, and 100% and the remaining parts from the mineral fertilizer. The study was conducted in 2013\u20132014 in Poland (Braszowice) and the Czech Republic (Puste Jakartice) on loam silt and clay silt loam, respectively, as part of a cross-border cooperation project. The soil properties were examined using classical descriptive statistics, semivariograms, and kriging-interpolated maps. Analysis of linear regressions (trends) showed that the EOM application rate influenced (positively or negatively) the soil properties in most measurement occasions. The variability of all soil properties was low and medium (coefficient of variation 7.3\u201334%). Geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial dependence (C0/(C0\u2009+\u2009Cs)) of the soil properties on the EOM-amended plots was very strong or moderate. The maps revealed that the heterogeneity and degree of patch fragmentation were greater for thermal conductivity and heat capacity than for thermal diffusivity, water content, and bulk density. In general, all the soil properties were spatially more variable in the Braszowice than Puste Jakartice soil and in spring than autumn in both sites. The spatial analysis and maps enhance the comprehensive understanding of changes in soil thermal properties in response to EOM application. Suitability of the results from the field experiments in models predicting some thermal properties based on soil bulk density and water content in relation to EOM addition was indicated. Expressing the amount of EOMs added using the organic carbon content basis (% kg OC/kg of soil) instead of the nitrogen content basis allowed identifying areas on the kriging-interpolated maps where the distribution of soil thermal properties resembled that of soil organic carbon content, water content, and bulk density. Thus, the effect of EOMs on soil thermal properties is considered along with changes in soil water content and bulk density. The results will be helpful in forecasting effects of exogenous organic matter on the soil thermal properties affecting surface-energy partitioning, temperature distribution in soil, and plant growth.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "recycled organic matter", "soil thermal properties", "13. Climate action", "kriging maps", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Poland", "semivariograms", "Czech Republic", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-019-02388-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-009-0683-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-05", "title": "Soil Erodibility, Microbial Biomass, And Physical-Chemical Property Changes During Long-Term Natural Vegetation Restoration: A Case Study In The Loess Plateau, China", "description": "Abstract

Soil erodibility (Kfactor) is an important index for measuring soil susceptibility to water erosion, and an essential parameter that is needed for the prediction of soil erosion. Field investigation and laboratory analysis were conducted to study the changes of soil characteristics during long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term vegetation restoration in the hilly gullied loess area. The soil erodibilityKvalues were calculated using the EPIC model and the physico\uffe2\uff80\uff90chemical properties as well as microbial characteristics were evaluated along a chronosequence of natural vegetation recovery (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9350 years) in abandoned land in the Zhifanggou Watershed of Ansai County, northwestern Shaanxi Province, China. The results showed that natural vegetation recovery following abandonment resulted in improvement of the soil properties and structure and these improving effects were closely related to the date of abandonment. Specifically, theKvalue of the surface layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm) was significantly reduced with time, while the total organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil microbial biomass C, microbial N and microbial P and the water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregate increased quickly. During the first 10 years of abandonment, these changes occurred relatively quickly due to a significant increase in soil organic matter, after which they gradually fluctuated for approximately 20 years, reaching their uttermost or minimum levels finally. However, these values differed greatly underPlatycladus orientalisforest, which suggests that soil rehabilitation is a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term task that requires several generations to complete.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0683-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-009-0683-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-009-0683-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-009-0683-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-010-0772-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-05", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon Flux And Carbon Stock Over A Rotation Of Poplar Plantations In Northwest China", "description": "Abstract

Forest soil is a major component of terrestrial ecosystems for carbon sequestration and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Soil carbon flux and soil carbon pools were investigated in a poplar plantation chronosequence over a rotation in northwest China. Based on continuous field observation in 2007, the results showed that mean soil CO2efflux rate was 5.54, 4.81, and 3.93 \uffce\uffbcmol CO2m\uffe2\uff88\uff922s\uffe2\uff88\uff921for stands of 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old, respectively, during the growing season. Significant differences in soil respiration of three age classes were mainly because soil temperature, carbon allocation, and fine root growth changed greatly with stand age. Multiple regression analysis suggested that soil temperature and fine root biomass in the upper layer could explain 78\uffe2\uff80\uff9385% of the variation in soil respiration. Mineral soil C stock at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm depth was 55.77, 55.09, and 58.14 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old stands, respectively. The average rate of soil C sequestration was 0.13 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921year\uffe2\uff88\uff921following afforestation on former crop lands. Although the plantations had similar management practices and soil types since their establishment, many biotic and abiotic factors such as root biomass and turnover rate, soil condition of the plantations had undergone marked changes at different development stages, which could result in the remarkable differences in soil carbon flux and storage over a rotation. Our results highlight the importance of the development stage within a rotation of poplar plantation in assessment of soil carbon budget.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ziqiang Meng, Tieliang Shangguan, Jianbiao Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-010-0772-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-010-0772-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-010-0772-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-010-0772-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-012-0950-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-30", "title": "The Combined Effects Of Warming And Drying Suppress Co2 And N2o Emission Rates In An Alpine Meadow Of The Eastern Tibetan Plateau", "description": "Abstract

The eastern Tibetan Plateau has become increasingly warmer and drier since the 1990s. Such warming and drying has a great impact on ecosystem processes on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. To determine their combined effects on CO2 and N2O emission rates, we conducted a field manipulative experiment in an alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the growing season of 2009. The experiment showed that warming manipulation increased soil temperature by 1 \uffc2\uffb0C, and drying manipulation decreased soil water content by 6.8 %. We found that by counteracting the effect of low temperature in the area, experimental warming significantly increased soil microbial biomass, the number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria and denitrifying bacteria, and facilitated the emission rates of CO2 and N2O by 33.4 and 31.5 %, respectively. However, decreased precipitation further aggravated soil water stress and inhibited the numbers of these organisms, and reduced the emission rates of CO2 and N2O by 47.4 and 37.9 %, respectively. So decreased soil water content tended to offset the positive effect of warming. Compared to the positive effects of warming, decreased soil water content was shown in our study to have even greater impact on the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the growing season. Therefore, inhibition of CO2 and N2O emission rates (32.3 and 29.3 %, respectively) by warming and drying will intensify if the combined effects of these climatic trends persist in the region.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-0950-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-012-0950-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-012-0950-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-012-0950-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-013-1060-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-19", "title": "Effects Of Nitrogen Addition On Litter Decomposition, Soil Microbial Biomass, And Enzyme Activities Between Leguminous And Non-Leguminous Forests", "description": "Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is an expanding problem that affects the functioning and composition of forest ecosystems, particularly the decomposition of forest litters. Legumes play an important role in the nitrogen cycle of forest ecosystems. Two litter types were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Robinia pseudoacacia leaves from a leguminous forest (LF) and Liquidambar formosana leaves from a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90leguminous forest (NF). The litter samples were mixed into original forest soils and incubated in microcosms. Then, they were treated by five forms of N addition: NH4+, NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92, urea, glycine, and a mixture of all four. During a 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90month incubation period, litter mass losses, soil microbial biomass, soil pH, and enzyme activities were investigated. Results showed that mixed N and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90N addition significantly accelerated the litter decomposition rates of LF leaves, while mixed N, glycine\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, and urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90N addition significantly accelerated the litter decomposition rates of NF leaves. Litter decomposition rates and soil enzyme activities under mixed N addition were higher than those under single form of N additions in the two forest types. Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on soil pH and soil microbial biomass. The results indicate that nitrogen addition may alter microbial allocation to extracellular enzyme production without affecting soil microbial biomass, and then affected litter decomposition process. The results further reveal that mixed N is a more important factor in controlling litter decomposition process than single form of N, and may seriously affect soil N cycle and the release of carbon stored belowground.

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-013-1060-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-013-1060-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-013-1060-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-013-1060-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-012-0982-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-04", "title": "Changes In Soil Macrofaunal Community Composition Under Selective Afforestation In Shifting Sand Lands In Horqin Of Inner Mongolia, Northern China", "description": "Abstract

Large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale afforestation programs have had some beneficial effects on reducing severity of dust storms and controlling desertification in arid and semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid regions. However, the influences of selective afforestation on soil arthropod community are largely unknown in desertified ecosystems. Soil macrofaunal communities, soil physico\uffe2\uff80\uff90chemical properties, and herb vegetation were investigated in afforested shrublands and woodlands (both approximately 30 years old post\uffe2\uff80\uff90afforestation), which were compared to shifting sand lands in Horqin, northern China. In the shrublands, environmental parameters (soil and vegetation properties) indicated a significant improvement of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and herbaceous density and cover, in comparison to the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The improved shrubland habitat maintained significantly higher soil macrofaunal abundance and group richness together with higher diversity compared with the woodlands and shifting sand lands. There were no significant differences in soil macrofaunal diversity between the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The results suggest that shrubs can facilitate macrofaunal assemblies and improve soil and vegetation properties when planted in shifting sand lands. Shrub afforestation is beneficial for the restoration of shifting sand lands, and is recommended for management of artificial plantations in these sandy ecosystems.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xue Yong Zhao, Halin Zhao, Ren Tao Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-0982-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-012-0982-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-012-0982-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-012-0982-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-013-1064-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-25", "title": "Flower Production Of Aster Tripolium Is Affected By Behavioral Differences In Livestock Species And Stocking Densities: The Role Of Activity And Selectivity", "description": "Abstract

Semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90natural grasslands are an important habitat for endangered plant and animal species. In grasslands, low\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity livestock grazing is frequently applied as a tool for nature conservation. We aim to investigate how different livestock species in various densities influence the state and flower production of a single plant species by selective defoliation and/or trampling. We hypothesized that (1) moderate stocking densities would cause more damage than low, and that (2) horses would cause more damage than cattle due to their higher activity. The experiment took place in a salt marsh in the Netherlands where grazing treatments with horses and cattle in two stocking densities were installed. Damage to individual Aster tripolium plants and number of flower heads were recorded at the end of the grazing season in late September. We found (1) more damage and fewer flower heads in moderate stocking densities compared to low densities. However, a reduction of flower heads by higher stocking densities was less clear with cattle. No clear difference (2) between livestock species was found, due to opposite trends in moderate and low densities. At low stocking densities, cattle caused more damage by selective defoliation. At moderate densities, horses caused more damage, because of their higher mobility, which led to damage by trampling. We conclude that the response of Aster to grazing is strongly affected by behavioral differences between livestock species. Grazing experiments and management schemes for semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90natural grasslands should therefore not only consider stocking densities, but also livestock species to reach desired conservation goals.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Salt marsh", "AVAILABILITY", "WADDEN SEA", "VEGETATION CHANGE", "EUROPAEA L", "15. Life on land", "Horse", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Grazing", "REPRODUCTION", "Semi-natural grassland", "SALT-MARSH", "RESOURCE", "Cattle", "TOLERANCE", "HERBIVORY", "PERENNIAL HERB"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-013-1064-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-013-1064-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-013-1064-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-013-1064-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-014-1127-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-05", "title": "Snow Cover Manipulation In Agricultural Fields: As An Option For Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "description": "Abstract

Short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N2O emission occurs in relation to snowmelt within seasonally frozen soil. To understand the effects of changing winter climates on the N2O flux, snow cover manipulation experiments are useful. In Japan, snow cover manipulation is practiced by farmers to improve agricultural yield and is executed either by applying a broadcast of blackish agent onto the snow cover, which leads to faster snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90melting thereby extending the crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season, or by snow cover removal/re\uffe2\uff80\uff90accumulation, leading to an enhanced soil frost depth for weed management. Implementation of these practices involves using an amount of fossil fuel, in addition to influencing soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived N2O emissions, therefore, the load factors of snow cover management practices per unit area of agricultural field were estimated in this study. Field data including micrometeorological conditions, ground surface flux of N2O, and amount of fossil fuel consumed during machinery operation for management practices, were obtained at two sites in Hokkaido over 2 years (2008\uffe2\uff80\uff932010). Fuel consumption for the field spreading was found to be unexpectedly small (0.017 Mg CO2 eq ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). It was therefore suggested that acceleration of snowmelt may have the potential to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions if the agent used is a low\uffe2\uff80\uff90degradable C\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich material, such as charcoal. For soil frost control, the fossil fuel consumption during a set of snow cover removal/re\uffe2\uff80\uff90accumulation (estimated as 0.052 Mg CO2 eq ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) is discussed, together with the relationship between possible mechanisms causing stimulation of N2O production in frozen soil and inherent large differences in N2O flux among sites.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1127-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-014-1127-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-014-1127-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-014-1127-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-20", "title": "Changes In Soil Heterotrophic Respiration, Carbon Availability, And Microbial Function In Seven Forests Along A Climate Gradient", "description": "Abstract

Soil microbial communities play an essential role in soil carbon (C) emission and C sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, little information is available regarding the relationship between soil C dynamics and microbial substrate utilization at large scales. Along the North\uffe2\uff80\uff93South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC), seven forests representative of boreal, temperate and tropical biomes were examined. Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh), soil dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and microbial community\uffe2\uff80\uff90level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were investigated using biochemical measurements, static chamber\uffe2\uff80\uff90gas chromatography analysis, and Biolog\uffe2\uff80\uff90Eco microplates, respectively. We found that soil Rh rates were significantly higher in subtropical and boreal forests than in temperate forests. Conversely, the concentrations of soil DOC and MBC, as well as microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity, were consistently higher in temperate forests than in subtropical forests. There were considerably different substrate utilization profiles among the boreal, temperate, and subtropical forests. Soil microorganisms from the temperate and boreal forests mainly metabolized high\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy substrates, while those from the subtropical forests used all substrates equally. In addition, soil Rh rates were significantly and negatively related to soil labile C concentrations, total metabolic activity, and the intensity of individual substrate utilization, indicating that soil microbes assimilated more soil substrates, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Overall, our study suggests that climate factors, as well as substrate availability, dominate the activities and functions of soil microbes at large scales.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-05", "title": "Responses Of A Rice-Wheat Rotation Agroecosystem To Experimental Warming", "description": "Abstract

Climate change is likely to affect agroecosystems in many ways. This study was performed to investigate how a rice\uffe2\uff80\uff93winter wheat rotation agroecosystem in southeast China would respond to global warming. By using an infrared heater system, the soil surface temperature was maintained about 1.5 \uffc2\uffb0C above ambient milieu over 3 years. In the third growing season (2009\uffe2\uff80\uff932010), the evapotranspiration (ET) rate, crop production, soil respiration, and soil carbon pool were monitored. The ET rate was 23 % higher in the warmed plot as compared to the control plot during the rice paddy growing season, and the rice grain yield was 16.3 % lower, but there was no significant difference in these parameters between the plots during the winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season. The phenology of the winter wheat shifted under experimental warming, and ET may decrease late in the winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season. Experimental warming significantly enhanced soil respiration, with mean annual soil respiration rates of 2.57 \uffc2\uffb1 0.17 and 1.96 \uffc2\uffb1 0.06 \uffce\uffbcmol CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921 observed in the warmed and control plots, respectively. After 3 years of warming, a significant decrease in the total organic carbon was observed, but only in the surface soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm). Warming also stimulated the belowground biomass, which may have compensated for any heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced loss of soil organic carbon. Paddy rice seemed to be more vulnerable to warming than winter wheat in terms of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency and grain production.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wen-Wei Ren, Changming Fang, Zeng-Fu Liu, Le-Le Ding, Hao Cheng,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-04", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Stock And Chemical Composition Along An Altitude Gradient In The Lushan Mountain, Subtropical China", "description": "Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in mountain ecosystems is highly heterogeneous because of differences in soil, climate, and vegetation with elevation. Little is known about the spatial distribution and chemical composition of SOC along altitude gradients in subtropical mountain regions, and the controlling factors remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the changes in SOC stock and chemical composition along an elevation gradient (219, 405, 780, and 1268 m a.s.l.) on Lushan Mountain, subtropical China. The results suggested that SOC stocks were significantly higher at high altitude sites (1268 m) than at low altitude ones (219, 405, and 780 m), but the lower altitude sites did not differ significantly. SOC stocks correlated positively with mean annual precipitation but negatively with mean annual temperature and litter C/N ratio. The variations in SOC stocks were related mainly to decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation with altitude, which resulted in decreased litter decomposition at high altitude sites. This effect was also demonstrated by the chemical composition of SOC, which showed lower alkyl C and higher O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl C contents at high altitude sites. These results will improve the understanding of soil C dynamics and enhance predictions of the responses of mountain ecosystem to global warming under climate change.

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-014-1209-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-14", "title": "Soil Microbial Response To Experimental Warming In Cool Temperate Semi-Natural Grassland In Japan", "description": "Abstract

To assess soil microbial response to global warming in cool temperate semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90natural grassland, we conducted an in situ warming experiment in grassland located in the mountains of central Japan. Five pairs of plots (control and warmed) of Zoysia japonica were established. For each pair of plots, one was warmed by ca. 2 \uffc2\uffb0C using infrared heaters during the growing seasons of 2009\uffe2\uff80\uff932011. Above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass of Z.japonica was estimated using the modified point\uffe2\uff80\uff90frame method. Soil organic matter contents, soil total carbon and nitrogen contents, as well as inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) contents were determined from soil samples. Total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) contents and PLFA compositions were determined and used as indices for total microbial biomass and community structure, respectively. Analyses showed that the warming increased the above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass of Z. japonica significantly. Soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen contents were significantly decreased, while soil ammonium content was significantly increased in the warmed plots. Soil microbial biomass (especially fungal biomass) was lower in the warmed plots, probably reflecting higher temperature, lower soil water content, and/or depletion in available nutrients. The significant decrease in fungal biomass, in combination with our PLFA composition data, suggests that the soil microbial community structure shifted from a fungal\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated to a bacteria\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated one, causing changes in community\uffe2\uff80\uff90level physiological activity.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1209-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-014-1209-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-014-1209-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-014-1209-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11355-009-0072-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-06-15", "title": "Seed Germination And Seedling Physiology Of Larix Kaempferi And Pinus Densiflora In Seedbeds With Charcoal And Elevated Co2", "description": "We investigated the effect of ectomycorrhizal colonization, charcoal and CO2 levels on the germination of seeds of Larix kaempferi and Pinus densiflora, and also their subsequent physiological activity and growth. The seeds were sown in brown forest soil or brown forest soil mixed with charcoal, at ambient CO2 (360\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0mol\u22121) or elevated CO2 (720\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0mol\u22121), with or without ectomycorrhiza. The proportions of both conifer seeds that germinated in forest soil mixed with charcoal were significantly greater than for seeds sown in forest soil grown at each CO2 level (P\u00a0<\u00a00.05; t-test). However, the ectomycorrhizal colonization rate of each species grown in brown forest soil mixed with charcoal was significantly lower than in forest soil at each CO2 treatment [CO2] (P\u00a0<\u00a00.01; t-test). The phosphorus concentrations in needles of each seedling colonized with ectomycorrhiza and grown in forest soil were greater than in nonectomycorrhizal seedlings at each CO2 level, especially for L. kaempferi seedlings (P\u00a0<\u00a00.05; t-test), but the concentrations in seedlings grown in brown forest soil mixed with charcoal were not increased at any CO2 level. Moreover, the maximum net photosynthetic rate of each seedling for light and CO2 saturation (P max) increased when the seedlings were grown with ectomycorrhiza at 720\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0mol\u22121 [CO2]. Ectomycorrhizal colonization led to an increase in the stem diameter of each species grown in each soil treatment at each CO2 level. However, charcoal slowed the initial growth of both species of seedling, constraining ectomycorrhizal development. These results indicate that charcoal strongly assists seed germination and physiological activity.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dongsu Choi, Ali M. Quoreshi, Kobayashi Makoto, Laiye Qu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-009-0072-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Landscape%20and%20Ecological%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11355-009-0072-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11355-009-0072-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11355-009-0072-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11284-015-1258-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-29", "title": "Response Of The Plant Community And Soil Water Status To Alpine Kobresia Meadow Degradation Gradients On The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China", "description": "Abstract

Degradation of alpine Kobresia meadow in the Qinghai\uffe2\uff80\uff93Tibetan Plateau is a serious problem, but its effect on the plant community and soil water status is not fully understood. We chose four homogeneous sites with <20, 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9370, 70\uffe2\uff80\uff9390, and >90 % absolute abundance of palatable grasses, and classified them as degradation gradient categories of poor, fair, good, and excellent, respectively. The lowest aboveground biomass and infiltration rate, and the highest root biomass, thickness of mattic epipedon, topsoil (<10 cm) organic matter content and volumetric ratio of root/soil all occurred in fair plots. There was little fluctuation in plant community diversity and topsoil bulk density among the degradation gradients. Results of non\uffe2\uff80\uff90metric multidimensional scaling suggested that vegetation dynamics along degradation processes were non\uffe2\uff80\uff90equilibrium in the alpine Kobresia meadow. The effects of degradation on soil water content and retention were the highest in the top layer (>10 cm). The minimum topsoil water content and maximum topsoil water retention both occurred in fair plots, indicating asynchrony between soil water content and holding capacity along degradation gradients, which likely resulted in a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90equilibrium plant community pattern through physiological desiccation and nutrient deficits. Our findings should be highly informative for threshold\uffe2\uff80\uff90based management of the degraded alpine Kobresia meadow in the future.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fawei Zhang, Jing Li, Hongqin Li, Guangmin Cao, Yangong Du, Li Lin, Yikang Li,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1258-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11284-015-1258-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11284-015-1258-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11284-015-1258-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11355-010-0130-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-19", "title": "Stand Structure And Natural Regeneration Of Degraded Forestland In The Northern Mountainous Region Of Vietnam", "description": "Vietnam experienced significant alterations of forest environments during the last half of the twentieth century, and reforestation efforts have increased since the 1990s. This study developed comparisons of naturally regenerated and plantation forestlands in northern Vietnam in order to gain a better understanding of reforestation options for the dual objectives of biodiversity and commercial tree production. Stand structure of secondary natural forest after logging and shifting cultivation were investigated at two study sites (Hoa Binh Province and Phu Tho Province). Natural regeneration of seedlings between the secondary natural forests and nearby mixed species plantations were measured and compared. The dominant tree species consisted of Aporosa villosa, Ficus racemosa, Machilus bonii and Vernicia montan at the Hoa Binh site and Cinnamomum parthenoxylum, Ormosia balabsae and Lithocarpus gigantophyllus at the Phu Tho site, which are mostly pioneer species. The secondary natural forests had higher abundance and diversity indices of seedlings than the mixed species plantations. Soil fertility of the secondary natural forests was better than that of the mixed species plantations (P < 0.05). An important finding is that, for the study sites examined, secondary natural forest resulted in more diverse and better-stocked forests than plantation forestry, implying that in areas where reforestation is undertaken the silvicultural potential of natural regeneration should not be underestimated.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hung Trieu Thai, Pil Sun Park, Su Young Woo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0130-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Landscape%20and%20Ecological%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11355-010-0130-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11355-010-0130-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11355-010-0130-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-04", "title": "Denitrification Kinetics In Biomass- And Biochar-Amended Soils Of Different Landscape Positions", "description": "Knowledge of how biochar impacts soil denitrification kinetics as well as the mechanisms of interactions is essential in order to better predict the nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation capacity of biochar additions. This study had multiple experiments in which the effect of three biochar materials produced from corn stover (Zea mays L.), ponderosa pine wood residue (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson and C. Lawson), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and their corresponding biomass materials (corn stover, ponderosa pine wood residue, and switchgrass) on cumulative N2O emissions and total denitrification in soils from two different landscape positions (crest and footslope) were studied under varying water-filled pore space (40, 70, and 90% WFPS). Cumulative N2O emissions were reduced by 30 to 70% in both crest and footslope soils. The effect of biochars and biomass treatments on cumulative N2O emissions and total denitrification were only observed at \u226540% WFPS. The denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) kinetic parameters, K s (half-saturation constant), and V max (maximum DEA rate) were both significantly reduced by biochar treatments, with reductions of 70-80% in footslope soil and 80-90 % in the crest soil. The activation energy (E a) and enthalpy of activation of DEA (\u0394H) were both increased with biochar application. The trends in DEA rate constants (K s and V max) were correlated by the trends of thermodynamic parameters (activation energy E a and enthalpy of activation \u0394H) for denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). The rate constant V max/K s evaluated the capacity of biochars to mitigate the denitrification process. Denitrifying enzyme kinetic parameters can be useful in evaluating the ability of biochars to mitigate N2O gas losses from soil.", "keywords": ["Nitrous Oxide", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Panicum", "Wood", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Pinus ponderosa", "Kinetics", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-13", "title": "Effects Of Ambient And Elevated Co2 On Growth, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Photosynthetic Pigments, Antioxidants, And Secondary Metabolites Of Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G Don. Grown Under Three Different Soil N Levels", "description": "Catharanthus roseus L. plants were grown under ambient (375\u2009\u00b1\u200930 ppm) and elevated (560\u2009\u00b1\u200925 ppm) concentrations of atmospheric CO2 at different rates of N supply (without supplemental N, 0 kg N ha(-1); recommended N, 50 kg N ha(-1); and double recommended N, 100 kg N ha(-1)) in open top chambers under field condition. Elevated CO2 significantly increased photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and organic carbon content in leaves at recommended (RN) and double recommended N (DRN), while significantly decreased total nitrogen content in without supplemental N (WSN). Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were declined, while glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase were stimulated under elevated CO2. However, the responses of the above enzymes were modified with different rates of N supply. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced superoxide production rate, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents in RN and DRN. Compared with ambient, total alkaloids content increased maximally at recommended level of N, while total phenolics in WSN under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 stimulated growth of plants by increasing plant height and numbers of branches and leaves, and the magnitude of increment were maximum in DRN. The study suggests that elevated CO2 has positively affected plants by increasing growth and alkaloids production and reducing the level of oxidative stress. However, the positive effects of elevated CO2 were comparatively lesser in plants grown under limited N availability than in moderate and higher N availability. Furthermore, the excess N supply in DRN has stimulated the growth but not the alkaloids production under elevated CO2.", "keywords": ["Chlorophyll", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Catharanthus", "Nitrogen", "Secondary Metabolism", "Hydrogen Peroxide", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Antioxidants", "Fluorescence", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "Plant Leaves", "Oxidative Stress", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Superoxides", "Malondialdehyde", "Photosynthesis"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Madhoolika Agrawal, Aradhana Singh,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-014-3661-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-10-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-015-4557-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-26", "title": "Effects Of Winter Covering Crop Residue Incorporation On Ch4 And N2o Emission From Double-Cropped Paddy Fields In Southern China", "description": "Residue management in cropping systems is useful to improve soil quality. However, the studies on the effects of residue management on methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emission from paddy field in southern China are few. Therefore, the emissions of CH(4) and N(2)O were investigated in double cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems with different winter covering crops using the static chamber-gas chromatography technique to assess the effects of different covering crops on the emissions of greenhouse gases. The experiment was established in 2004 in Hunan Province, China. Three winter cropping systems were used: rice\u2013rice\u2013rape (Brassica napus L.) (T1), rice\u2013rice\u2013potato with straw mulching (Solanum tuberosum L.) (T2), and rice\u2013rice with winter fallow (CK). A randomized block design was adopted in plots, with three replications. The results showed that T2 plots had the largest CH(4) emissions during the early and late rice growing season with 12.506 and 32.991\u00a0g\u00a0m(\u22122), respectively. When compared to CK, total N(2)O emissions in the early rice growth period and the emissions of the gas increased by 0.013\u00a0g\u00a0m(\u22122) in T1 and 0.045\u00a0g\u00a0m(\u22122) in T2, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the late rice growth period; the total N(2)O emissions increased by 0.027\u00a0g\u00a0m(\u22122) in T1 and 0.084\u00a0g\u00a0m(\u22122) in T2, respectively. The mean value of global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH(4) and N(2)O emissions over 100\u00a0years was in the order of T2\u2009>\u2009T1\u2009>\u2009CK, which indicated CK and T1 was significantly lower than T2 (P\u2009<\u20090.05). This suggests that adoption of T1 would be beneficial for greenhouse gas emission mitigation and could be a good option cropping pattern in double rice cropped regions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Health", " Toxicology and Mutagenesis", "Environmental Chemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Pollution", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Weiyan Li, Xiaoping Xiao, Guang-Li Yang, Tang Wenguang, Jimin Sun, Ke Wang, Haiming Tang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4557-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-015-4557-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-015-4557-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-015-4557-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-015-5684-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-31", "title": "Effects Of Improving Nitrogen Management On Nitrogen Utilization, Nitrogen Balance, And Reactive Nitrogen Losses In A Mollisol With Maize Monoculture In Northeast China", "description": "Traditional fertilization led to higher apparent N surplus, and optimized fertilization can reduce residual nitrogen in soils with keeping high yield. But in continuous spring maize cropping zone in Mollisol in Northeast China, the effect of the optimized N management on N balance and comprehensive environment was not clear. The primary objective of this study was to compare the differences of two fertilizations (traditional farmer N management (FNM) with single basal fertilizer and improvement N management (INM) by soil testing with top-dressing) in gain yield, N uptake and N efficiency, soil N balance, reactive N losses, and environment assessment. The results showed that INM treatment has no remarkable effect on grain yield and N uptake; N partial factor productivity (PFPN) of INM treatment was 19.8 % significantly higher than the FNM treatment. Nmin in soils of INM treatment reached to 111.0 kg ha(-1), which was 27.1 % lower than the FNM treatment after 6 years of continuous maize cropping; the apparent N Losses (ANL) and apparent N surplus (ANS) of INM were only half of FNM by soil N balance analysis. In reactive N losses, comparing with FNM treatment, INM treatment reduced NH3 volatilization, N2O emission, N leaching, and N runoff by 17.8, 35.6, 45, and 38.3 %, respectively, during planting period, and in integrated environment assessment by life cycle assessment (LCA) method, producing 1 t maize grain, energy depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and climate change impacts of INM treatment decreased 26.19, 30.16, 32.61, and 22.75 %, respectively. Therefore, INM treatment is a better N management strategy in comprehensive analysis.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Climate Change", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Environment", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Volatilization", "Edible Grain", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5684-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-015-5684-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-015-5684-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-015-5684-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-016-6927-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-27", "title": "Crop Residue Management And Fertilization Effects On Soil Organic Matter And Associated Biological Properties", "description": "Returning crop residue may result in nutrient reduction in soil in the first few years. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess whether this negative effect is alleviated by improved crop residue management (CRM). Nine treatments (3 CRM and 3\u00a0N fertilizer rates) were used. The CRM treatments were (1) R0: 100\u00a0% of the N using mineral fertilizer with no crop residues return; (2) R: crop residue plus mineral fertilizer as for the R0; and (3) Rc: crop residue plus 83\u00a0% of the N using mineral and 17\u00a0% manure fertilizer. Each CRM received N fertilizer rates at 270, 360, and 450\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha(-1) year(-1). At the end of the experiment, soil NO3-N was reduced by 33\u00a0% from the R relative to the R0 treatment, while the Rc treatment resulted in a 21 to 44\u00a0% increase in occluded particulate organic C and N, and 80\u00a0\u00b0C extracted dissolved organic N, 19 to 32\u00a0% increase in microbial biomass C and protease activity, and higher monounsaturated phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA):saturated PLFA ratio from stimulating growth of indigenous bacteria when compared with the R treatment. Principal component analysis showed that the Biolog and PLFA profiles in the three CRM treatments were different from each other. Overall, these properties were not influenced by the used N fertilizer rates. Our results indicated that application of 17\u00a0% of the total N using manure in a field with crop residues return was effective for improving potential plant N availability and labile soil organic matter, primarily due to a shift in the dominant microorganisms.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Minerals", "Enzymatic activity", "550", "Bacteria", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "Fertilizer rate", "Biolog", "PLFA", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6927-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-016-6927-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-016-6927-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-016-6927-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-015-4745-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-05-25", "title": "Accumulation, Availability, And Uptake Of Heavy Metals In A Red Soil After 22-Year Fertilization And Cropping", "description": "Fertilization is important to increase crop yields, but long-term application of fertilizers probably aggravated the risk of heavy metals in acidic soils. In this study, the effect of 22-year fertilization and cropping on accumulation, availability, and uptake of heavy metals in red soil was investigated. The results showed that pig manure promoted significantly cadmium (Cd) accumulation (average 1.1 mg kg(-1)), nearly three times higher than national soil standards and, thus, increased metal availability. But the enrichment of heavy metals decreased remarkably by 50.5 % under manure fertilization, compared with CK (control without fertilization). On the contrary, chemical fertilizers increased greatly lead (Pb) availability and Cd activity; in particular, exceeding 85 % of soil Cd became available to plant under N (nitrogen) treatment during 9-16 years of fertilization, which correspondingly increased their enrichment by 29.5 %. Long-term application of chemical fertilizers caused soil acidification and manure fertilization led to the increase in soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and available phosphorus (Olsen P), which influenced strongly metal behavior in red soil, and their effect had extended to deeper soil layer (20\u223c40 cm). It is advisable to increase application of manure alone with low content of heavy metals or in combination with chemical fertilizers to acidic soils in order to reduce toxic metal risk.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Swine", "Phosphorus", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Metals", " Heavy", "Animals", "Soil Pollutants", "Fertilizers", "Humic Substances", "Cadmium", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nan Sun, Jialong Lv, Jing Liu, Shiwei Zhou, Minggang Xu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4745-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-015-4745-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-015-4745-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-015-4745-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-015-5828-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-26", "title": "The Potential Of Residues Of Furfural And Biogas As Calcareous Soil Amendments For Corn Seed Production", "description": "Intensive corn seed production in Northwest of China produced large amounts of furfural residues, which represents higher treatment cost and environmental issue. The broad calcareous soils in the Northwest of China exhibit low organic matter content and high pH, which led to lower fertility and lower productivity. Recycling furfural residues as soil organic and nutrient amendment might be a promising agricultural practice to calcareous soils. A 3-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of furfural as a soil amendment on corn seed production on calcareous soil with compared to biogas residues. Soil physical-chemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and soil heavy metal concentrations were assessed in the last year after the last application. Corn yield was determined in each year. Furfural residue amendments significantly decreased soil pH and soil bulk density. Furfural residues combined with commercial fertilizers resulted in the greater cumulative on soil organic matter, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity than that of biogas residue. Simultaneously, urease, invertase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase increased even at the higher furfural application rates. Maize seed yield increased even with lower furfural residue application rates. Furfural residues resulted in lower Zn concentration and higher Cd concentration than that of biogas residues. Amendment of furfural residues led to higher soil electrical conductivity (EC) than that of biogas residues. The addition of furfural residues to maize seed production may be considered to be a good strategy for recycling the waste, converting it into a potential resource as organic amendment in arid and semi-arid calcareous soils, and may help to reduce the use of mineral chemical fertilizers in these soils. However, the impact of its application on soil health needs to be established in long-term basis.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Metals", " Heavy", "Seeds", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Furaldehyde", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhijun Ma, Youfu Zhang, Li Zhang, Zhibin Yan, Jiahai Qin, Zhao Yunchen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5828-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-015-5828-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-015-5828-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-015-5828-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-09", "title": "Intra- and inter-specific variations in chitin in lichens along a N-deposition gradient", "description": "The mechanisms of nitrogen (N) tolerance in lichens are not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated how the increase of chitin content is related with N excess at inter- and intra-specific levels, by using species with differing ecological N tolerances (the tolerant Xanthoria parietina and Parmotrema hypoleucinum and the sensitive Evernia prunastri and Usnea sp.) and thalli of X. parietina and P. hypoleucinum from sites with different availabilities of N of agricultural origin (livestock), as confirmed by lichen N content and \u03b415N. Nitrogen, chitin (N-containing compound), and ergosterol contents were measured in lichen thalli. Nitrogen and chitin contents were higher in tolerant species than those in sensitive ones (inter-specific level) and in thalli collected from the N-polluted site than in thalli from the clean site (intra-specific level). We suggest that chitin contributes to N stress tolerance in lichens, and that excess N can be partially stored as chitin (non-toxic form) in the cell walls of tolerant species.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Ascomycota", "Biological Variation", " Population", "Lichens", "Nitrogen", "Ergosterol", "Chitin", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-017-0378-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-23", "title": "Effects Of Straw And Biochar Amendments On Aggregate Stability, Soil Organic Carbon, And Enzyme Activities In The Loess Plateau, China", "description": "Soil from the Loess Plateau of China is typically low in organic carbon and generally has poor aggregate stability. Application of organic amendments to these soils could help to increase and sustain soil organic matter levels and thus to enhance soil aggregate stability. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the application of wheat straw and wheat straw-derived biochar (pyrolyzed at 350-550\u00a0\u00b0C) amendments on soil aggregate stability, soil organic carbon (SOC), and enzyme activities in a representative Chinese Loess soil during summer maize and winter wheat growing season from 2013 to 2015. Five treatments were set up as follows: no fertilization (CK), application of inorganic fertilizer (N), wheat straw applied at 8\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1 with inorganic fertilizer (S8), and wheat straw-derived biochar applied at 8\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1 (B8) and 16\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1 (B16) with inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Compared to the N treatment, straw and straw-derived biochar amendments significantly increased SOC (by 33.7-79.6%), microbial biomass carbon (by 18.9-46.5%), and microbial biomass nitrogen (by 8.3-38.2%), while total nitrogen (TN) only increased significantly in the B16 plot (by 24.1%). The 8\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1 straw and biochar applications had no significant effects on soil aggregation, but a significant increase in soil macro-aggregates (>2\u00a0mm) (by 105.8%) was observed in the B16 treatment. The concentrations of aggregate-associated SOC increased by 40.4-105.8% in macro-aggregates (>2\u00a0mm) under straw and biochar amendments relative to the N treatment. No significant differences in invertase and alkaline phosphatase activity were detected among different treatments. However, urease activity was greater in the biochar treatment than the straw treatment, indicating that biochar amendment improved the transformation of nitrogen in the soil. The carbon pool index and carbon management index were increased with straw and biochar amendments, especially in the B16 treatment. In conclusion, application of carbonized crop residue as biochar, especially at a rate of 16\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1, could be a potential solution to recover the depleted SOC and enhance the formation of macro-aggregates in Loess Plateau soils of China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-12", "title": "Nitrate pollution in the Warta River (Poland) between 1958 and 2016: trends and causes", "description": "The article presents analyses of long-term water quality data from the Warta River between 1958 and 2016. A clear increasing trend in nitrate concentrations was observed from 1958 to the early 1990s. This trend was mainly related to the increasing use of fertilizers in Poland in this period. Then, after the early 1990s, a slow decreasing trend related to improvements in water and sewage management and more rational fertilizer use was observed after political and economic changes in Poland. The influence of long-term hydrological droughts on nitrate concentrations was also investigated. Sharp increases in the nitrate concentration in surface water were related to the accumulation of contaminants in the soil and aeration zone during drought periods and the subsequent transport of these contaminants to groundwater and surface water via recharge infiltration after each drought period. The presented results highlight the importance of surface water-groundwater interactions and suggest that groundwater protection in an entire catchment area is essential for surface water quality protection.", "keywords": ["Nitrates", "0207 environmental engineering", "Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Rivers", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Water Quality", "Humans", "Poland", "Fertilizers", "Groundwater under Threat from Diffuse Contaminants: Improving on-Site Sanitation", " Agriculture and Water Supply Practices", "Groundwater", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-017-9798-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-017-0989-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-16", "title": "Effects Of Rice Straw Mulching On N2o Emissions And Maize Productivity In A Rain-Fed Upland", "description": "In the hilly areas of southern China, uplands and paddies are located adjacent to each other. Using rice straw as mulch for upland soil may improve crop production and partially replace chemical fertilizers, which may mitigate N2O emissions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of rice straw mulching for mitigating N2O emissions and increasing crop production. The treatments included no mulching (CK), 5000\u00a0kg\u00a0ha-1 of straw mulching (SM5), and 10,000\u00a0kg\u00a0ha-1 of straw mulching (SM10). Moreover, all the treatments received equivalent amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from chemical fertilizers plus rice straw. Relative to CK, cumulative N2O emissions decreased by 23.1 and 33.5% with SM5 and SM10, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed between N2O fluxes and soil water-filled pore space (WPFS) (r 2\u2009=\u20090.495, P\u2009<\u20090.05) and between seasonal cumulative N2O fluxes and the chemical N fertilization rate (r 2\u2009=\u20090.814, P\u2009<\u20090.05). These findings indicate that soil WPFS was the key environmental factor in N2O emissions and that the substitution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with rice straw was the main driver of N2O mitigation. Relative to CK, the maize yield increased by 16.5 and 29.6% with SM5 and SM10, respectively, which can be attributed primarily to the increases in soil moisture. The chemical fertilizer input could be decreased and N2O emissions could be mitigated through straw mulching, while achieving improved crop yield. This management strategy has great potential, and this study provides an important reference for low-carbon agriculture.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Rain", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hai Jun Hou, Chun Mei Yin, Xiao Hong Wu, Wei Wang, Xiao Li Xie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0989-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-017-0989-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-017-0989-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-017-0989-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-018-1397-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-06", "title": "Impacts Of Earthworm Activity On The Fate Of Straw Carbon In Soil: A Microcosm Experiment", "description": "Earthworms not only facilitate carbon (C) stabilization, but also accelerate organic matter mineralization by enhancing microbial respiration. However, the fate (mineralization vs stabilization) of newly added C by straw returning in arable lands with earthworm activity is still unclear. In the present 40\u00a0days incubation study, we incorporated artificially 13C-labeled straw into soil with and without presence of earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi). Flux measurements of CO2 from soil (mineralization) were taken regularly, while straw-derived C remaining in the soil (stabilization) was measured at the end of the incubation. There was no significant difference of the cumulative CO2 emission between earthworm presence and absence treatment. However, earthworm presence significantly decreased straw-derived cumulative CO2-C emission when compared with the treatment without earthworm. Besides, earthworm incubation led to a significantly low light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) content and straw-derived LFOC proportion. Relative to the non-earthworm treatment, straw-derived C content significantly decreased in micro-aggregates (<\u20090.25\u00a0mm), but increased in large macro-aggregates (>\u20092\u00a0mm) in the earthworm treatment. In total, only 3.8% of added straw C was assimilated by earthworm within 40\u00a0days, while most of the straw C remained in the soil. Earthworms decreased straw-derived CO2-C emission from 10.0 to 8.1% when compared with the non-earthworm treatment. In the present short period incubation experiment, compared with the soil without earthworms, the presence of Metaphire guillelmi (1) resulted a higher soil CO2 emissions, which may mainly evolved from the older SOC, and (2) stabilized more residue-derived C in the soil aggregates. We therefore propose that Metaphire guillelmi may increase soil organic carbon pool turnover rates in the short term after straw returning by replacement of older SOC with newly added straw C.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Oligochaeta", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1397-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-018-1397-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-018-1397-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-018-1397-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-06T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Life+on+Land&offset=1950&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Life+on+Land&offset=1950&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Life+on+Land&offset=1900", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Life+on+Land&offset=2000", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 12459, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T14:14:09.117984Z"}