{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:14:39Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2019-06-22", "title": "The Effect of Densification on Pieve di Cento Sands in Cyclic Simple Shear Tests", "description": "The main aim of this work is to study the effectiveness of densification as a mitigation technique against liquefaction, by means of cyclic simple shear tests carried out on specimens reconstituted at several relative densities. The adopted cyclic simple shear apparatus works with a sophisticated control system, which allows to carry out tests in k0 condition without using confining rings. Two different Italian sands were tested, both retrieved at Pieve di Cento (Emilia Romagna Region, affected by 2012 earthquake) at different depths. The results of cyclic simple shear tests show that densification increases the resistance to liquefaction. The expression of Booker et al. (1976) has been also used to simulate the trend of excess pore pressure ratio with the ratio between number of cycles and number of cycles at liquefaction of the experimental undrained cyclic tests.", "keywords": ["Cyclic simple shear tests", " Densification", " Soil liquefaction", "cyclic simple shear tests.", "densification", "", "Soil liquefaction", "Densification", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Cyclic simple shear tests", "02 engineering and technology", "soil liquefaction", ""]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/978-3-030-21359-6_47"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-06-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-23", "title": "Comparative analysis of liquefaction susceptibility assessment methods based on the investigation on a pilot site in the greater Lisbon area", "description": "In Portugal, particularly in the greater Lisbon area, there are widespread alluvial sandy deposits, which need to be carefully assessed in terms of liquefaction susceptibility and risk zonation. For this purpose, a pilot site has been set up, as part of the European H2020 LIQUEFACT project. An extensive database of geological and geotechnical reports was collected and a comprehensive site investigation campaign was carried out, including boreholes with standard penetration (SPT), piezocone penetrometer and seismic dilatometer tests as well as geophysical methods, complemented by undisturbed soil sampling for laboratory characterisation. The assessment of liquefaction susceptibility based on field tests was made using the simplified procedure, considering the factor of safety against liquefaction (FSliq), which relates the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) with the cyclic stress ratio (CSR). While the computation of the CSR is relatively straightforward, the reliability of the CRR strongly depends on the adopted in situ testing technique. Alternative approaches to liquefaction assessment have been proposed, based on quantitative liquefaction damage indexes, namely the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) and Liquefaction Severity Number. In this paper, the geotechnical field data is integrated in these distinct approaches to liquefaction assessment. A comparative and in-depth analysis of the conventional approach is presented and the inclusion of specific information on soil type, as a means to overcome the observed differences, is discussed particularly for SPT and VS results. The combination of these criteria enabled to clearly identify the most critical layers, in terms of liquefaction potential and severity.", "keywords": ["Earthquake-induced liquefaction \u00b7 Liquefaction potential \u00b7 Site characterisation \u00b7In situ tests \u00b7 Lisbon earthquake", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10518-019-00721-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-16", "title": "Assessment of post-liquefaction consolidation settlement", "description": "This paper presents a simplified procedure for the evaluation of the free-field consolidation settlement induced by liquefaction, using the results of 1D site response analysis in effective stress and a\u00a0simplified approach based on empirical chart. The excess pore water pressures induced by the seismic action are generated by both a simple stress-based model implemented on a non-linear dynamic analysis and a simplified relationship between the safety factor against liquefaction and the excess pore pressure. The post-cyclic settlement is finally calculated on the obtained distribution of excess pore water pressure along the soil column. The proposed method has been used to estimate the consolidation settlements in a centrifuge test and in well-documented case histories of widespread liquefaction: Treasure Island and Marina District after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The results have been compared to the measured settlements and to the values obtained by previous studies. It is shown that the proposed approach leads to a much more accurate estimate of the post-liquefaction consolidation settlement, with just a little increase of the calculation effort.", "keywords": ["1D seismic soil response", "liquefaction", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Liquefaction", " Excess pore pressure", " Post-liquefaction settlement", " In situ testing", " 1D seismic soil response", "excess pore pressure", "post-liquefaction settlement", "02 engineering and technology", "in-situ testing", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10518-019-00695-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-20", "title": "On the apparent viscosity of granular soils during liquefaction tests", "description": "Liquefaction is a phenomenon marked by a rapid loss of soil strength and stiffness, which generally occurs in loose saturated sandy deposit during earthquake because of the generation of excess pore water pressure. Several experimental researches concluded that liquefied soil behaves as a fluid during ground movement, but after the earthquake motion ceases, due to the dissipation of excess pore water pressure and soil dilatancy, the liquefied soil recovers its initial stiffness and returns to behave as a solid. Such a change of state can be analysed by considering the soil as an equivalent visco-plastic material, characterized by an apparent viscosity (\u03b7) that changes during the cyclic loading. Following this approach, the authors analysed the results of some cyclic undrained triaxial tests carried out on reconstituted and undisturbed (frozen) specimens of sandy and gravelly soils in terms of apparent viscosity decay law (\u03b7-Ncyc), highlighting the relevance of \u03b7 as physically based parameter for the correct identification of the liquefaction triggering. The experimental results confirm that the apparent viscosity decreases with the increase of the shear strain rate and highlight that the flow characteristics of liquefied soils (consistency coefficient and liquidity index) are affected by both grain size distributions and soil state conditions (relative density and confining stress).", "keywords": ["soil liquefaction", "Apparent viscosity", "Soil liquefaction", "Apparent viscosity; Soil liquefaction; Undrained cyclic triaxial tests", "Undrained cyclic triaxial tests", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "apparent viscosity", "undrained cyclic triaxial tests"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10518-019-00706-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106032", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:16:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-19", "title": "Hydrothermal liquefaction of pre-treated municipal solid waste (biopulp) with recirculation of concentrated aqueous phase.", "description": "This study investigates the integration of a biomass mechanical pretreatment technology and hydrothermal liquefaction for the valorization of biopulp; the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. A preliminary screening of the hydrothermal liquefaction conditions was carried out to investigate the impact of temperature (350 and 400 \u00b0C) and the presence of alkali catalyst (K2CO3) during the hydrothermal conversion of biopulp. Sub-critical conditions and the presence of the catalyst were noticed to have a significant positive impact on the energy recovery of the bio-crude. Therefore, the 350 \u00b0C-catalytic experiment was deemed as the reference test. To increase the energy recovery in the biocrude, recirculation of the aqueous phase was further investigated. In this case, the obtained aqueous phase was fractionated into a distillate and a concentrate phase. By recirculating the concentrate phase in four consecutive cycles, the bio-crude production yield and energy recovery increased to 49.3% and 84.3%, respectively. Additionally, evaporation of the aqueous phase revealed to have a positive impact on the removal of nitrous compounds (mostly in the form of ammonia) during the fractionation process. In conclusion, the recirculation-assisted HTL of biopulp is an energy efficient process to valorize the organic matter of municipal solid waste.", "keywords": ["Biopulp", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Municipal solid waste", "recirculation of aqueous phase", "7. Clean energy", "Hydrothermal liquefaction", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106032"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106032", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106032", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106032"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130383", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-05", "title": "Microplastics degradation through hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater treatment sludge", "description": "Wastewater treatment plant sludge contains large quantities of microplastics (MPs), which is a problematic substance that impedes sustainability efforts, such as in land management. MPs are resilient to degradation, but extreme conditions, such as high temperature and pressure, can lead to residues that can be used as fertilizers on farmlands. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) creates such conditions, converting sludge into valuable bio-crude. To this end, the current study examined the resilience of MPs in sewage sludge that were treated by continuous HTL operated at supercritical water conditions (400 \u25e6C, 30 MPa). MPs were extracted before and after the HTL process and quantified by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Particles of 10\u2013500 \u03bcm were quantified using Focal Plane Array (FPA) based micro-FTIR (FPA-\u03bc-FTIR) imaging combined with an automated analysis of the generated spectral image, while Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-FTIR was used for MPs >500 \u03bcm. The continuous HTL led to an MP reduction of approximately 76% in terms of MP number and 97% in terms of MP mass. The difference in reduction of the number of MPs versus their accumulated mass was the result of MPs being smaller after the HTL process. A total of 18 polymer types were detected in the sludge and slurry entering the continuous HTL while only 11 types were identified in the residual materials. No MPs were detected in the bio-crude, i.e. the most favorable product of the process. The polymer composition changed considerably as a result of the HTL process. Polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyethylene were the dominant polymers in the feedstock, while polypropylene and polyethylene were the most present in the residual products. The findings indicate that HTL can be efficient in reducing MPs in highly polluted sludge from wastewater treatment plants, leaving the byproducts and residuals significantly less polluted, hereby reducing the movement of MPs to the terrestrial environment. Thus the products are better suited for sustainability efforts than the raw material.", "keywords": ["Bio-crude", "Polymers", "Microplastics", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/clean_water_and_sanitation; name=SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Sewage sludge", "Hydrothermal liquefaction", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130383"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130383", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130383", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130383"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102427", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-14", "title": "Treatment of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater with ultrafiltration and air stripping for oil and particle removal and ammonia recovery", "description": "

This study aims to evaluate the application of ultrafiltration technology for the separation of particles and oil droplets and the recovery of ammonia from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) wastewater. Real HTL wastewater from the hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge was used in this study. Experiments were carried out using a submerged polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weight cutoff of 100 kDa in combination with air stripping and addition to acid and base traps for recovery of volatiles. Results showed, that the best operation mode of ultrafiltration is with backwash cycles of the permeate, maintaining a flux lower than the critical flux of 6 L/h\u00b7m2. The setup led to fast stripping of ammonia, which was successfully recovered by 88% in the acid trap. This application can be considered an adequate first stage treatment of the HTL wastewater. The importance of this work is that it proves that membrane technology can be successful in treating complex real HTL wastewater, and is not only limited for applications using model solutions.

", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/660", "550", "660", "ddc:660", "Hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Ultrafiltration", "Oil and particle removal", "02 engineering and technology", "Ammonia recovery", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Chemical engineering", "Air stripping", "628", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102427"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Water%20Process%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102427", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102427", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102427"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-28", "title": "Design of horizontal drains for the mitigation of liquefaction risk", "description": "Abstract Drainage is one of the most popular protecting measures to mitigate ground liquefaction. Deploying the drains horizontally may be convenient where conventional vertical ones cannot be used, like beneath existing structures. The spacing among drains must be designed to limit the pore pressure build-up during shaking. The usual assumptions of radial consolidation around vertical drains, stemming from the assumption of an infinite number of drains, may not be appropriate for horizontal ones, since the latter are generally arranged in few rows at a shallow depth, especially if drainage at the ground level is possible as well. Hence, existing solutions for vertical \u201cearthquake\u201d drains have been modified in this work to take into account such different geometrical features. The resulting solution has been validated against numerical and experimental sets of data. Charts covering a wide range of geometrical layouts, soil properties, and seismic actions are finally proposed. They can be used to design the drain spacing that is needed so as not to exceed the target value of excess pore pressure in the ground.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", "Design approach", "Consolidation", " Design approach", " Drainage", " Horizontal drains", " Liquefaction", " Risk mitigation", "Risk mitigation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Drainage", "02 engineering and technology", "Horizontal drains", "Consolidation", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soils%20and%20Foundations", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-04", "title": "On the prediction of liquefaction resistance of unsaturated sands", "description": "Abstract The increasing interest in the undrained cyclic behaviour of unsaturated soils is justified by the evidence of the beneficial effect of desaturation on liquefaction resistance and is thus strictly connected with the need to put forth sound tools to be used in the design of Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) interventions. IPS is still far from being a routine technology because of the lack of such design tools, as well as of simple technologies to obtain and preserve it on site. This paper offers a contribution to the first issue, based on the energetic interpretation of laboratory results that highlights the role of the volumetric and deviatoric components of the specific energy spent during undrained cycling on the liquefaction mechanism. Independent experimental results taken from the literature are successfully simulated using this interpretation. Then, stemming from the theoretical and experimental considerations reported in the first part of the paper, two possible approaches to calculate the desired degree of saturation of a loose sand (design goal for IPS) are introduced and discussed.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", "Liquefaction specific energy", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Design of induced partial saturation (IPS)", " Liquefaction", " Liquefaction specific energy", " Partial saturation", "Design of induced partial saturation (IPS)", "Partial saturation", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Dynamics%20and%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-06", "title": "Scenario-Based Seismic Risk Assessment for Buried Transmission Gas Pipelines at Regional Scale", "description": "AbstractBuried gas pipelines in seismic-prone regions may suffer leaks or breaks as a consequence of an earthquake, especially if the pipeline is subjected to large differential displacements due t...", "keywords": ["Landslide risk", "Liquefaction risk", "550", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Shake map", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Decision support systems", "Cross-correlated intensity measures", "13. Climate action", "Loss curve", "11. Sustainability", "Damage map"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29PS.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Pipeline%20Systems%20Engineering%20and%20Practice", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "name": "item", "description": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/membranes12030255", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:21:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-24", "title": "Treatment of Hydrothermal-Liquefaction Wastewater with Crossflow UF for Oil and Particle Removal", "description": "

This study aims to evaluate the application of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes in the crossflow mode for the separation of particles and oil in water emulsions (free oil droplets and micelles) from hydrothermal-liquefaction wastewater (HTL-WW) from the hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out using one-channel TiO2 membranes with pore sizes of 30, 10 and 5 nm. The results showed that the highest stable permeability could be achieved with a membrane-pore size of 10 nm, which experienced less fouling, especially through pore blockage, in comparison to the two other pore sizes. Instead of observing an increase in the permeability, the application of a higher feed temperature as well as backwash cycles led to a clear increase in irreversible fouling due to the presence of surfactants in the HTL-WW. Among several physical and chemical cleaning methods, alkaline cleaning at pH 12 proved to be the most efficient in removing fouling and maintaining stable performance on a long-term basis. Ceramic-membrane ultrafiltration can be considered as an adequate first-stage treatment of real HTL wastewater.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "ddc:600", "hydrothermal-liquefaction wastewater; crossflow ultrafiltration; ceramic membranes; oil and particle removal", "Chemical technology", "hydrothermal-liquefaction wastewater", "600", "TP1-1185", "02 engineering and technology", "ceramic membranes", "crossflow ultrafiltration", "6. Clean water", "630", "Article", "Chemical engineering", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600", "TP155-156", "0210 nano-technology", "oil and particle removal"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/3/255/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/3/255/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030255"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Membranes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/membranes12030255", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/membranes12030255", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/membranes12030255"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3208/jgssp.v10.os-10-04", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:21:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-06-16", "title": "A new Graph Neural Network (GNN) based model for the evaluation of lateral spreading displacement in New Zealand", "description": "The increased availability of high quality data from post disaster field reconnaissance, enabled the use of deep learning algorithms in the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering. The 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand caused significant damage due to abundant manifestation of liquefaction induced lateral spreading. The data available from this sequence is an ideal case study for deep learning analyses due to the amount and quality of information available through the New Zealand Geotechnical Database (NZGD). A dataset of about 7500 datapoints was collected and organized by the authors to develop a new Graph Neural Network (GNN) algorithm for lateral spreading in the Canterbury area. The comparison between predicted and observed data is performed using feed forward Neural Network. Several GNN models with different hyperparameters are explored and the best model is presented in this paper, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence is applied to the model that provides the best performance. These computationally expensive analyses were carried out utilizing cloud based computing capabilities offered by the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) available to the natural hazard community through the cyberinfrastructure DesignSafe.", "keywords": ["lateral spreading; liquefaction; artificial intelligence; geotechnical earthquake engineering"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Giovanna Durante, Maria, Terremoto, Giovanni, Adornetto, Carlo, Greco, Gianluigi, M Rathje, Ellen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v10.os-10-04"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Japanese%20Geotechnical%20Society%20Special%20Publication", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3208/jgssp.v10.os-10-04", "name": "item", "description": "10.3208/jgssp.v10.os-10-04", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3208/jgssp.v10.os-10-04"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/en14154492", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:21:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-26", "title": "Bio-Crude Production Improvement during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biopulp by Simultaneous Application of Alkali Catalysts and Aqueous Phase Recirculation", "description": "

This study focuses on the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (biopulp) by hydrothermal liquefaction. Thereby, homogeneous alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, and Na2CO3) and a residual aqueous phase recirculation methodology were mutually employed to enhance the bio-crude yield and energy efficiency of a sub-critical hydrothermal conversion (350 \uffc2\uffb0C, 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 Mpa, 15 min). Interestingly, single recirculation of the concentrated aqueous phase positively increased the bio-crude yield in all cases, while the higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-crudes slightly dropped. Compared to the non-catalytic experiment, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 effectively increased the bio-crude yield by 14 and 7.3%, respectively. However, KOH and NaOH showed a negative variation in the bio-crude yield. The highest bio-crude yield (37.5 wt.%) and energy recovery (ER) (59.4%) were achieved when K2CO3 and concentrated aqueous phase recirculation were simultaneously applied to the process. The inorganics distribution results obtained by ICP reveal the tendency of the alkali elements to settle into the aqueous phase, which, if recovered, can potentially boost the circularity of the HTL process. Therefore, wise selection of the alkali catalyst along with aqueous phase recirculation assists hydrothermal liquefaction in green biofuel production and environmentally friendly valorization of biopulp.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "ddc:600", "Biopulp", "T", "Municipal solid waste", "hydrothermal liquefaction", "600", "municipal solid waste", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "aqueous phase recirculation", "Alkali catalyst", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "Aqueous phase recirculation", "13. Climate action", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600", "biopulp", "Hydrothermal liquefaction", "alkali catalyst"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/15/4492/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154492"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energies", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/en14154492", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/en14154492", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/en14154492"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/pr9030491", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:21:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-09", "title": "Sequential Hydrothermal Processing of Sewage Sludge to Produce Low Nitrogen Biocrude", "description": "

A hydrothermal pre-treatment has been developed to improve sewage sludge quality or to produce low nitrogen biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a subsequent step. The mild hydrothermal pre-treatment (150 \uffc2\uffb0C) step was performed with deionized water, sulfuric acid (0.5 M), or citric acid (0.5 M) to solubilize nitrogen containing compounds in the aqueous supernatant. Downstream, the residual solid material was liquefied with the addition of sodium carbonate via hydrothermal liquefaction (350 \uffc2\uffb0C). The pre-treatment with citric acid transferred up to 66.7 wt. % of nitrogen into the aqueous supernatant, while 62.0 wt. % of carbon was recovered in the solid. Due to the pre-treatment lipids retained in the sewage sludge solid, which increased the favored biocrude yield up to 42.9 wt. % and the quality evaluating value H/Ceff ratio significantly to 1.48. Multi-method characterization of the resulted biocrude samples showed a lower concentration of N-heterocycles, while long-chain aliphatics and free fatty acid are increased.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "ddc:600", "sewage sludge", "nitrogen extraction", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600", "600", "sequential hydrothermal liquefaction", "hydrothermal hydrolysis", "pre-treatment", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/3/491/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/3/491/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030491"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Processes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/pr9030491", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/pr9030491", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/pr9030491"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4154/gc.2019.12", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:22:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-06", "title": "Liquefaction potential of sands at the Kr\u0161ko-Bre\u017eice field, Slovenia", "description": "The Krsko-Bre\u017eice field is one of the most seismically active areas in Slovenia. The most damaging recorded earthquake with an intensity of VIII (EMS) occurred on 29th January 1917. It caused damage and claimed two lives. In the last 100 years, 9 earthquakes with intensity higher than VI (EMS) have been recorded. At the investigated area, a top layer up to 5 m thick, consisting of recent deposit of very loose silts and sands (ML, SM, SP), covers the medium dense to dense Quaternary gravel, beneath which there are over-consolidated, uncemented Miocene silts and marls. The top layer could be prone to liquefaction, as reported for the close surroundings of Bre\u017eice, where the liquefaction phenomenon was observed during the Zagreb earthquake in 1880 and during the Kupa Valley earthquake in 1909. The paper presents the results of laboratory index tests, cyclic simple shear tests and field investigations (SPT, CPT, (S)DMT, vs measurements), which were carried out to assess the liquefaction potential of the top layer at the location of the Bre\u017eice Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP). All results show that the top layer is prone to liquefaction for an earthquake with a 475 year return period. Cyclic simple shear test results show that the liquefaction potential of horizontal ground for an earthquake with a 475 year return period can be reduced by the densification of the top layer to at least 95% of maximum Proctor density.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "earthquake", " CSR", " liquefaction potential", " silty sand", " laboratory investigations", " field tests"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2019.12"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geologia%20Croatica", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4154/gc.2019.12", "name": "item", "description": "10.4154/gc.2019.12", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4154/gc.2019.12"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3465229", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2019-10-23", "title": "3D geological model reconstruction for liquefaction hazard assessment in the Po Plain", "description": "Proceedings of the VII ICEGE 7th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019.", "keywords": ["dynamic", "550", "earthquake; site effects; topographic effect", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "600", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "laboratory tests", "name=General Earth and Planetary Sciences", "620", "site effects", " Central italy earthquake 2016", " Amatrice", "2-D numerical models", " GIS", "0201 civil engineering", "3D Geological model", " liquefaction hazard", " earthquake", " Po Plain.", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900/1900", "name=General Environmental Science", "sandy", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2300"], "contacts": [{"organization": "C. Meisina, R. Boni\u0300, M. Bordoni, C. Lai, A. Fama\u0300, F. Bozzoni, R. M. Cosentini, D. Castaldini, D. Fontana, S. Lugli, A. Ghinoi, L. Martelli, P. Severi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/386431/2/ch385.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3465229"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3465229", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3465229", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3465229"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463377", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "A high-performance computational platform to assess liquefaction-induced damage at critical structures and infrastructures", "description": "LIQUEFACT is a multi-disciplinary project, funded under the European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 framework program, with aim to develop a holistic understanding of the phenomenon of earthquake liquefaction and the effectiveness of mitigation techniques to protect structural and non-structural systems and components from its effects. One of the main products of this multi-disciplinary project funded under the European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 framework program, is the LIQUEFACT Reference Guide (LRG) software which incorporates both data and methodologies collected and elaborated in the project\u2019s various work packages. Specifically, this refers to liquefaction hazard maps, methodologies and results of liquefaction vulnerability analysis for both building typologies and critical infrastructures, liquefaction mitigation measures as well as cost-benefit considerations. The LRG toolbox is targeting a wider range of user groups (urban planners, facility managers, structural and geotechnical engineers, or seismic risk modelers) with different levels of technical background as well as requirements. In doing so, the LRG software toolbox shall allow
users assessing the liquefaction-related risk as well as assisting them in liquefaction mitigation planning. Dependent on the users\u2019 requirements, the LRG software can be used to separately conduct the liquefaction hazard analysis, the risk analysis, and the mitigation analysis. At the stage of liquefaction hazard, the end-user can conduct qualitative analyses to identify how likely an individual building asset or a portfolio of spatially distributed buildings or infrastructure assets are susceptible to liquefaction. If the end-user wants to conduct a risk analysis as well, which is aimed to estimate the level of impact of the potential liquefaction threat on the asset and evaluate the performance, then a quantitative analysis of the liquefaction potential is required followed by structural response and damage analysis, and performance evaluation. For the Mitigation Analysis, the end-user can develop a customized mitigation framework based on the outcome of the risk analysis", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Liquefaction-induced damage", " Risk Assessment", ""], "contacts": [{"organization": "Meslem, Abdelghani, Iversen, H\u00e5vard, Lang, Dominik, Kaschwich, Tina, Drange, Linn Sir,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463377"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earthquake%20Geotechnical%20Engineering%20for%20Protection%20and%20Development%20of%20Environment%20and%20Constructions", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463377", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463377", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463377"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3049007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of liquefaction mitigation strategies", "description": "This paper presents a cost-benefit model as part of the options appraisal process to evaluate
alternative ground mitigation interventions to reduce vulnerability and/or improve resilience of
built assets to earthquake induced liquefaction disaster (EILD) events. The paper presents a review
of alternative approaches to cost-benefit analysis and develops forward looking (risk based) and
backward looking (impact based) cost-benefit models that can be used by practitioners and policy
makers to improve community resilience through better contingency and disaster management
planning. The paper customises the models against EILD scenarios and identifies the cost and benefit
attributes that need to be assessed if the models are to be effectively integrated into a resilience
assessment and improvement framework for improved community resilience to EILD events.", "keywords": ["community resilience", "liquefaction", "built asset management.", "disaster management", "cost-benefit modelling;", "ground mitigation", "contingency planning"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Keith Jones,, Morga, Mariantonietta, Nadeeshani Wanigarathna, Pascale, Federica,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3049007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/IABSE%20Symposium%202019%20Guimaraes%20-%20Towards%20a%20Resilient%20Built%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3049007", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3049007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3049007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463366", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "LOW PRESSURE GROUTING WITH NANOSILICATES TO REDUCE THE LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SAND", "description": "Open AccessThe paper reports an experimental laboratory study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of low pressure grouting with nano-silica compounds as a remedial against liquefaction of sandy soils and to optimize the technique rendering it more attractive from the technical and economical viewpoint.
The grout herein adopted is a three-component mix of an aqueous suspension of sub-micrometric silica particles, water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The latter, raising the pH of the suspension triggers the formation of the silica gel that clogging the soil pores reduces the mobility of the grains and, hopefully, produces a stiffer response and a reduced contractive tendency of the material.
A preliminary set of laboratory vane tests is performed to observe the gelling time of the material and fix the curing time of the samples by measuring the increase of shear resistance.
Thus, reconstituted samples of a silica sand, manufactured at two different initial levels of density are treated with nano-silica grout prepared with a silica concentration ranging from 1.2% to 5.0% in weight. The samples are transferred into a fully servo-controlled triaxial cell and subjected to monotonic drained and cyclic undrained tests at variable stress amplitudes.
The comparison among the monotonic tests on treated and untreated samples reveals an increase of peak strength and a more dilative tendency, increasing with the amount of injected silica. The comparison of cyclic undrained tests shows a lower tendency of the treated material to accumulate excess pore pressures with cycles and a retarded liquefaction proving that the grouting of sands with nano-silica can be profitably adopted to mitigate the effects of liquefaction of loose sandy deposits.", "keywords": ["sand", " liquefaction susceptibility", " ground improvement", " low-pressure grouting", " nanosilicate", "ground improvement", "sand", "liquefaction susceptibility", "low-pressure grouting", "nanosilicate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Erminio SALVATORE, Giuseppe MODONI, Maria Cristina MASCOLO, Davide GRASSI, Diletta TRALDI, Roberta PROIA, Paolo CROCE,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463366"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/XVI%20European%20Conference%20on%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463366", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463366", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463366"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463402", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Liquefaction risk assessment: lesson learned from a case study", "description": "A detailed and comprehensive assessment of risk is the basis to protect communities
and assist decision-making towards the sustainable management of territories. For liquefaction
this process implies to simultaneously investigate seismic hazard, susceptibility of the subsoil,
vulnerability of structures, economic and social relevance of critical infrastructures and
ultimately build a comprehensive multi-level model that considers the interaction among all aspects.
Developing a methodology to achieve this goal is the scope of Liquefact, a EU H2020
project. A case study pervasively affected by liquefaction damages is here studied as a real scale
scenario to identify the main factors of uncertainty. The available data concerning seismic motion,
subsoil and building characteristics, damage and economic loss are used to develop a methodology
aimed at quantifying and reducing uncertainties in the spatial distribution of risk.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", "13. Climate action", "LIQUEFACTION", " RISK ASSESSMENT", "11. Sustainability", "12. Responsible consumption", "Risk assessment"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Modoni, Giuseppe, Spacagna, Rose Line, Paolella, Luca, Salvatore, Erminio, Rasulo, Alessandro, Martelli, Luca,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463402"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earthquake%20Geotechnical%20Engineering%20for%20Protection%20and%20Development%20of%20Environment%20and%20Constructions", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463402", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463402", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463402"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463412", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Prediction of liquefaction damage with artificial neural networks", "description": "The survey of the damage occurred on land, buildings and infrastructures
extensively affected by liquefaction, coupled with a comprehensive investigation of the subsoil
properties enables to identify the factors that determine the spatial distribution of the phenomenon.
With this goal, a database was created in a Geographic Information platform merging
records of local seismicity, subsoil layering evaluated by cone penetration tests and
groundwater level distribution for the relevant case study of San Carlo (Emilia Romagna-
Italy) struck by a severe earthquake in 2012. Here liquefaction phenomena were observed on a
portion of the village in the form of sand ejecta, lateral spreading and various damages on
buildings and infrastructures. The location of damage allows to test possible relations with the
factors characterizing susceptibility, triggering and severity of liquefaction. The relation
among the different variables has been herein sought by training a specifically implemented
Artificial Neural Network. A relation has thus been inferred between damage and thickness of
the liquefiable layer and of the upper crust, seismic input and soil characteristics.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", "Liquefaction", " Artificial Neural Networks", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Artificial Neural Networks"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Paolella Luca, Erminio, Salvatore, Spacagna Rose Line, Modoni Giuseppe, Ochmanski Maciej,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463412"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earthquake%20Geotechnical%20Engineering%20for%20Protection%20an%20Development%20of%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463412", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463412", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463412"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463422", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Low pressure grouting with nanosilicate to reduce the liquefaction susceptibility of sand", "description": "The severe damages on buildings and infrastructures induced by earthquake
liquefaction has highlighted the importance of implementing reliable techniques to reduce the
susceptibility of loose sandy deposits beneath new or existing buildings. In this direction, the
present paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed at analyzing the effectiveness
of low-pressure grouting of sand with nanosilicatesto mitigate the effects of liquefaction.
Sandy specimens, reconstituted at two initial relative densities have been treated with
grout prepared with silica content ranging from 1.2% to 5.0% by weight, cured for different
periods and have then been subjected to different physical and mechanical tests. The results
reveal a lower tendency of the treated material to accumulate excess pore pressuresduring
undrained cyclic loading, proving in this way that the technique can be successfully adopted
to mitigate the effects of liquefaction of loose sandy deposits.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", "Mitigation", "Liquefaction", " Nanosilicates", " Mitigation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Nanosilicates"], "contacts": [{"organization": "E. Salvatore, M. C. Mascolo, R. Proia, G. Modoni, Grassi D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463422"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earthquake%20Geotechnical%20Engineering%20for%20Protection%20and%20Development%20of%20Environment%20and%20Constructions", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463422", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463422", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463422"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463481", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Centrifuge modelling in liquefiable ground before and after the application of remediation techniques", "description": "This paper describes the small scale centrifuge modelling activities performed at ISMGEO (Istituto Sperimentale Modelli Geotecnici, formerly ISMES \u2013 Italy) laboratory in the frame of the H2020 LIQUEFACT project (http://www.liquefact.eu/). The main aim of the experimentation was to analyze the seismic behavior of loose, saturated, sandy deposits, homogeneous or stratified, subjected to increasing seismic excitations up to liquefaction and to verify the effectiveness of different liquefaction mitigation techniques. Some tests were carried out under free field condition, in some others a simple structure based on shallow foundations was modelled. Thirty-seven centrifuge tests were carried out to this aim, organized in three series: the first one aimed at investigating the liquefaction triggering conditions, the second and third ones devoted at analyzing the effectiveness of three selected liquefaction mitigation techniques: vertical drains, horizontal drains and \u201cInduced Partial Saturation\u201d (IPS). Some of the most significant results are presented in this paper.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction; centrifuge; mitigation techniques", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Liquefaction", " centrifuge", " mitigation techniques"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://aisberg.unibg.it/bitstream/10446/189887/1/ch048.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463481"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proc.%20of%20the%207th%20International%20Conference%20on%20Earthquake%20Geotechnical%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463481", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463481", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463481"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3464108", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-02-27", "title": "Empirical damage and liquefaction fragility curves from 2012 Emilia earthquake data", "description": "

The study focuses on the effects of liquefaction on structures taken from data on about 1000 private residential masonry buildings located in several municipalities struck by the 2012 Emilia earthquake. Survey data were collected by teams of experts coordinated by the Italian Department of Civil Protection in the immediate post-earthquake emergency phase. They included information on building characteristics and the level and extent of the damage to structural and non-structural components. Furthermore, according to data related to the reconstruction process, information on the liquefaction-induced type and extent of the damage was also collected. Through a comparative analysis of the empirical damage, it was found that liquefaction strongly affected the buildings, confirming its relevance in the damage scenario under specific subsoil conditions. Based on this evidence, the article proposes a correlation between structural damage and liquefaction when it comes to deriving proper preliminary empirical fragility curves. A suitable parameter to define liquefaction effects at ground level is introduced and correlated to damage grades defined according to the European Macroseismic Scale: EMS-98.

", "keywords": ["empirical damge", "residential buildings", "fragility curves", "liquefaction", "earthquake", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "earthquake; empirical damge; fragility curves; liquefaction; residential buildings"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Di Ludovico M., Chiaradonna A., Bilotta E., Flora A., Prota A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3464108"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earthquake%20Spectra", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3464108", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3464108", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3464108"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-02-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3048844", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-14", "title": "Toolkit for resilience assessment of critical infrastructures to earthquake induced soil liquefaction disasters", "description": "

The critical infrastructure resilience depends on several factors that go beyond the physical reliability and capacity to repair the system after a disruption. The overall critical infrastructure resilience includes aspects related to the social and economic backbone governing its capacity to deliver its service. This contribution presents a theoretical toolkit to calculate the overall resilience of critical infrastructures developed within the European project LIQUEFACT for earthquake- induced soil liquefaction disasters. The toolkit combine several aspects organized in three dimensions: organizational and management, the physical or technical system and operational capacity to deliver the service. The toolkit clearly defines also resilience aspects, such as preparedness, absorption, recovery and adaptation. For each dimension and aspect of the resilience several indicators are developed. A critical and technical explanation of each indicator is here proposed, as well a systematic methodology to combine them in the resilience toolkit. The novelty of this study is the systematic analysis of dimensions, aspects and indicators that made the proposed resilience toolkit original. The study is concluded with analyses of feasibility of the toolkit to natural disasters and applicability to localized disasters, such as earthquake-induced soil liquefaction events. Finally, the key factors of toolkit influencing a built asset model of critical infrastructures are identified.

", "keywords": ["soil liquefaction", "critical infrastructures", "built asset management", "11. Sustainability", "0502 economics and business", "05 social sciences", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "resilience", "earthquakes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mariantonietta Morga,, Jones, Keith,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/704300/6/Morga_Jones_2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3048844"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/IABSE%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3048844", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3048844", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3048844"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463308", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "THE LRG SOFTWARE FOR ASSESSING RISKS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LIQUEFACTION, MITIGATION PLANNING, AND DECISION SUPPORT", "description": "In the framework of LIQUEFACT project, a multi-disciplinary research activity funded under the European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 program, LIQUEFACT Reference Guide (LRG) software has been developed, incorporating both data and methodologies collected and elaborated in the project\u2019s various work packages. Specifically, this refers to liquefaction hazard maps, methodologies and results of liquefaction vulnerability analysis for both building typologies and critical infrastructures, liquefaction mitigation measures as well as cost-benefit considerations. The software is targeting a wider range of user groups (urban planners, facility managers, structural and geotechnical engineers, or risk modelers) with different levels of technical background as well as requirements. In doing so, the LRG software shall allow users assessing the liquefaction-related risk as well as assisting them in liquefaction mitigation planning. Dependent on the users\u2019 requirements, the LRG software can be used to separately conduct the liquefaction hazard analysis, the risk analysis, and the mitigation analysis. At the stage of liquefaction hazard, the end-user can conduct qualitative analyses to identify how likely an individual building asset or a portfolio of spatially distributed buildings or infrastructure assets are susceptible to liquefaction. If the end-user wants to conduct a risk analysis as well, which is aimed to estimate the level of impact of the potential liquefaction threat on the asset and evaluate the performance, then a quantitative analysis of the liquefaction potential is required followed by structural response and damage analysis, and performance evaluation. For the Mitigation Analysis, the end-user can develop a customized mitigation framework based on the outcome of the risk analysis.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction", " Risk Assessment", " Mitigation", "11. Sustainability"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Meslem, Abdelghani, Iversen, H\u00e5vard, Kamran, Iranpour, Kaschwich, Tina, Jones, Keith,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463308"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2019%20Conference%20on%20Earthquake%20Risk%20and%20Engineering%20towards%20a%20Resilient%20World", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463308", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463308", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463308"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463346", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-14", "title": "Experimental evidences of the effectiveness of some liquefaction mitigation measures", "description": "

Earthquakes induced liquefaction is one of the most significant causes of damage to structures during an earthquake. Ground improvement is currently considered to be the most appropriate mitigation tecnique to prevent soil liquefaction. This work is aimed to compare different liquefaction mitigation techniques for protection of small-to-medium sized \uffe2\uff80\uff98critical\uffe2\uff80\uff99 infrastructures and low-rise buildings. The effectiveness of some techniques (densification, addition of fine contents, induced partial saturation and drainage systems) was verified via experimental evidences coming from laboratory testing, physical modelling and liquefaction field prototype tests. Starting from the calibration of advanced soil constitutive models, numerical modelling activities were extended to the back-analysis of centrifuge tests and field prototype tests, up to a parametric study with different geometrical layouts.

", "keywords": ["laboratory tests", "", "soil liquefaction; mitigation techniques", " laboratory tests", " numerical modelling", " centrifuge tests", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "numerical modelling", "numerical modelling", "", "02 engineering and technology", "laboratory tests", "soil liquefaction;", "6. Clean water", "centrifuge tests.", "soil liquefaction", "mitigation techniques", "", "mitigation techniques", "centrifuge tests"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Emilio Bilotta, Anna Chiaradonna, Gianluca Fasano, Alessandro Flora, Lucia Mele, Valeria Nappa, Stefania Lirer, Vincenzo Fioravante,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463346"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/IABSE%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463346", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463346", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463346"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463360", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "SPATIAL VARIBILITY OF CPT DATA FOR LIQUEFACTION ASSESSMENT", "description": "Open AccessThe seismic liquefaction is often responsible for the major part of the economic losses caused by earthquakes. Usually damages involve the foundations of buildings, bridges, embankments, underground constructions and are widely diffused over the cities. The strategies for the mitigation of risk aim to evaluate susceptibility and hazard on given areas by quantifying the liquefaction potential indexes from the results of fast investigations. The empirical relations proposed in the literature based on the results of cone penetration tests CPT, allow to calculate the indexes at each vertical, which can be reductive for the complete risk assessment of larger territorial extension. The present study moves at two distinct levels, one carried out with traditional geographic information systems aiming to map the liquefaction hazard over the territory, the second one aiming to define the three-dimensional distribution of the liquefiable deposit in the subsoil.
The analysis focuses on the district of San Carlo, in the municipality of Sant\u2019Agostino (Italy), located near the epicenter of the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake (Mw = 6.15). Several dozens of CPT profiles have been processed to compute the liquefaction potential maps and the individuation of the liquefiable deposits, using geostatistical methodologies. The results, validated with the observations of ground failures and damaged buildings recorded after the earthquake and with the geological structure of the investigated area, improve the quality of Microzonation studies with the addition of the liquefaction hazard and helps to precisely identify the susceptible subsoil deposit.", "keywords": ["liquefaction", "geostatistical analysis", "seismic hazard", " liquefaction", " spatial variability", " geostatistical analysis", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "seismic hazard", "spatial variability", "02 engineering and technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Spacagna, Rose Line, Paolella, Luca, Rasulo, Alessandro, Modoni, Giuseppe,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463360"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/XVI%20European%20Conference%20on%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463360", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463360", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463360"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463383", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-14", "title": "Guidelines and codes for liquefaction mitigation by ground improvement", "description": "

Ground improvement has become one of the most effective tools of geotechnical engineering, being adopted for an always larger variety of civil engineering applications. To reduce the role of subjective choices of operators, the use of different techniques tends to be codified by specific guidelines. In the European Union there is an ongoing effort to standardize execution and design within codes continuously reviewed by designated committees. A widespread and systematic standardisation on the ground improvement as a mean to mitigate the effects of liquefaction on buildings and infrastructures is missing. The paper presents and overview of traditional and new ground improvement technologies suitable for this application. The methods are firstly classified by considering their effects on the ground (e.g. densification, stabilization, drainage, desaturation, etc.). Design principles are then outlined for new or pre-existing buildings and infrastructures, considering the ongoing review process of the design Eurocodes.

", "keywords": ["Critical infrastructures", "Ground improvement", "Liquefaction", "Eurocodes", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Liquefaction", " critical infrastructures", " ground improvement", " standardisation", " Euroc", "Standardisation", "02 engineering and technology", "0201 civil engineering"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Modoni, Giuseppe, Croce, Paolo, Proia, Roberta, Spacagna, Rose Line,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463383"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/IABSE%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463383", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463383", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463383"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463420", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Numerical Simulation of soil liquefaction during the 20 may 2012 M6.1 Emilia earthquake in Northern Italy: the case study of Pieve di Cento", "description": "On May 20, 2012, a seismic event of moment magnitude MW = 6.1 hit and caused severe damage on a large area in the river Po Valley, located in the northern Italy. This earthquake was characterized by extensive occurrence of soil liquefaction and basin effects lying over deep deposits. Within the scope of the European research project titled LIQUEFACT, a reference site located in the countryside near the hamlet of Pieve di Cento (at the boundary of the province of Bologna towards Ferrara) was selected as a trial field in order to assess the effectiveness of several mitigation measures against liquefaction. As a first step of the task, this paper presents the geotechnical model of the site based on in-situ investigations and pre-existing geological studies, which allowed to locate the bedrock depth. As a second step, representative input motions for the LIQUEFACT project were selected aiming at simulating the 20.V.2012 seismic event as well as three possible future scenarios with an increasing level of seismic intensity. Finally, preliminary dynamic analyses are presented, that reproduce the observed liquefaction triggering after the 2012 main event and predict the seismic soil response at the test site.", "keywords": ["Liquefaction analyses; numerical modeling; 2012 Emilia earthquake; LIQUEFACT"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anna CHIARADONNA, Ali G. O\u0308ZCEBE, Francesca BOZZONI, Antonino FAMA, Elisa ZUCCOLO, Carlo G. LAI, Alessandro FLORA, Renato M. COSENTINI, Anna d\u2019ONOFRIO, Emilio BILOTTA, Francesco SILVESTRI,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463420"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ptoc.%20of%20teh%2016th%20European%20Conference%20on%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463420", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463420", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463420"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3463437", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2018-11-16", "title": "Dynamic centrifuge testing to assess liquefaction potential", "description": "A set of centrifuge tests has been carried out at ISMGEO (Italy) laboratory on models of a liquefiable soil. A natural sand from the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy was used in the tests, in order to reproduce typical ground conditions where liquefaction occurred during the seismic sequence of 2012. The models were instrumented with miniaturised accelerometers and with pore pressure and displacement transducers. Spectrum-compatible acceleration time histories were applied at the base of the model. In this way triggering of the liquefaction was detected and post-liquefaction settlements were evaluated. The paper describes with the tests carried out on free-field models. Further tests are currently ongoing to assess the seismic response of simple model structures lying on liquefiable ground. The testing programme, funded within the H2020 research project LIQUEFACT, is aimed at an experimental verification of ground improvement techniques used to mitigate the liquefaction susceptibility of fully saturated loose sands.", "keywords": ["liquefaction susceptibility", " centrifuge", " seismic response", " post-liquefaction settlements", "seismic response", "centrifuge", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "centrifuge; liquefaction;", "02 engineering and technology", "CENTRIFUGE; LIQUEFACTION", "post-liquefaction settlements", "liquefaction susceptibility"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://aisberg.unibg.it/bitstream/10446/190009/1/c145.pdf"}, {"href": "https://sfera.unife.it/bitstream/11392/2409106/4/Fasano%20et%20al.%202018%20ICPMG.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.iris.unina.it/bitstream/11588/760926/1/Fasano%20et%20al.%20ICPMG2018%20unformatted.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463437"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3463437", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3463437", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3463437"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3465201", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:24:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "VULNERABILITY OF TRAFFIC EMBANKMENTS TO LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DEFORMATIONS", "description": "Liquefaction-induced deformations on traffic embankments were studied using software package FLAC in combination with advanced material model PM4Sand in order to simulate the liquefaction phenomenon. A parametric study was carried out, where the geometry of the embankment and soil profile was varied. In addition, numerical analyses were performed for two sets of material properties of the liquefiable sandy layer \u2013 medium dense and loose state. On the basis of numerical results, fragility curves were derived in terms of crest settlement as damage state parameter and Arias intensity or peak ground acceleration as intensity measure.", "keywords": ["Embankment", " Liquefaction", " FLAC", " Vulnerability Analysis", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Oblak Ale\u0161, Janko, Logar, Kuder Sebastjan, Antonio, Viana Da Fonseca,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3465201"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/27th%20European%20Young%20Geotechnical%20Engneers%20Conference", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3465201", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3465201", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3465201"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11573/1722782", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:26:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-06-16", "title": "A new Graph Neural Network (GNN) based model for the evaluation of lateral spreading displacement in New Zealand", "description": "The increased availability of high quality data from post disaster field reconnaissance, enabled the use of deep learning algorithms in the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering. The 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand caused significant damage due to abundant manifestation of liquefaction induced lateral spreading. The data available from this sequence is an ideal case study for deep learning analyses due to the amount and quality of information available through the New Zealand Geotechnical Database (NZGD). A dataset of about 7500 datapoints was collected and organized by the authors to develop a new Graph Neural Network (GNN) algorithm for lateral spreading in the Canterbury area. The comparison between predicted and observed data is performed using feed forward Neural Network. Several GNN models with different hyperparameters are explored and the best model is presented in this paper, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence is applied to the model that provides the best performance. These computationally expensive analyses were carried out utilizing cloud based computing capabilities offered by the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) available to the natural hazard community through the cyberinfrastructure DesignSafe.", "keywords": ["lateral spreading; liquefaction; artificial intelligence; geotechnical earthquake engineering"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Giovanna Durante, Maria, Terremoto, Giovanni, Adornetto, Carlo, Greco, Gianluigi, M Rathje, Ellen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1722782/2/Durante_A-new-Graph_2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/11573/1722782"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Japanese%20Geotechnical%20Society%20Special%20Publication", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11573/1722782", "name": "item", "description": "11573/1722782", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11573/1722782"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|od______2659::21603d5b4608f8b68f5cbb614459287e", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:28:09Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "A global review of subaqueous spreading and its morphological and sedimentological characteristics: A database for highlighting the current state of the art", "description": "Subaqueous spreading, a type of extensional mass transport that is characterized by a ridge and trough morphology, has been documented globally but is poorly understood. Subaqueous spreading is observed on gently inclined surfaces (typically <3\u25e6) when sediment bodies experience a sudden reduction of shear strength along their basal plane during clay softening or liquefaction of sands or silty sand sediment. Historically, spreading has been associated with very large landslides, but many unknown aspects of these mass movements have yet to be clarified. Does spreading influences the large catastrophic failure? What are the sedimentological and morphological aspects that contribute in initiating this process? These are some of the research questions that spurred the present work. Here, we introduce a database that incorporates information from thirty-two case studies, and use this to provide key insights into the sedimentary and morphological aspects of subaqueous spreading that will assist in the identification of spreading elsewhere. We find that subaqueous spreading is most common along passive glacial margins, but is also observed along active margins. The occurrence of contourites interlayered with glaciogenic deposits is, in most cases, associated with landslides (or landslide complexes) with spreading morphology. The database shows that seismic loading is commonly suggested to be the dominant trigger mechanism, although more geotechnical observations and modelling analysis would be needed to support this conclusion. We compare subaqueous spreading with terrestrial spreading, in particular to earthquake-related lateral spreading and clay landslides. We find that subaqueous spreading shares the same driving processes and potentially also some of the trigger mechanisms that are associated with the terrestrial spreading cases. Future work will be required to address the association between spreading and its occurrence on some of the largest landslides on Earth, its development mechanism, and its potential hazard implications.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "Subaqueous spreading", " clay softening", " liquefaction", " spreading morphology", " database", " earthquake"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Monica Giona Bucci, Aaron Micallef, Morelia Urlaub, Joshu Mountjoy, Rachel Barrett,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/50|od______2659::21603d5b4608f8b68f5cbb614459287e"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "50|od______2659::21603d5b4608f8b68f5cbb614459287e", "name": "item", "description": "50|od______2659::21603d5b4608f8b68f5cbb614459287e", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/50|od______2659::21603d5b4608f8b68f5cbb614459287e"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-08-05T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Liquefaction&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Liquefaction&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Liquefaction&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Liquefaction&offset=34", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 34, "numberReturned": 34, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-30T21:02:21.714509Z"}