Organic agriculture aims to build soil quality and provide long-term benefits to people and the environment; however, organic practices may reduce crop yields. This long-term study near Mead, NE was conducted to determine differences in soil fertility and crop yields among conventional and organic cropping systems between 1996 and 2007. The conventional system (CR) consisted of corn (Zea maysL.) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93sorghum or corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean, whereas the diversified conventional system (DIR) consisted of corn or sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff93sorghum or corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93winter wheat (wheat,Triticum aestivumL.). The animal manure-based organic system (OAM) consisted of soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn or sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat, while the forage-based organic system (OFG) consisted of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93alfalfa\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn or sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat. Averaged across sampling years, soil organic matter content (OMC), P, pH, Ca, K, Mg and Zn in the top 15 cm of soil were greatest in the OAM system. However, by 2008 OMC was not different between the two organic systems despite almost two times greater carbon inputs in the OAM system. Corn, sorghum and soybean average annual yields were greatest in either of the two conventional systems (7.65, 6.36 and 2.60 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively), whereas wheat yields were greatest in the OAM system (3.07 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Relative to the mean of the conventional systems, corn yields were reduced by 13 and 33% in the OAM and OFG systems, respectively. Similarly, sorghum yields in the OAM and OFG systems were reduced by 16 and 27%, respectively. Soybean yields were 20% greater in the conventional systems compared with the OAM system. However, wheat yields were 10% greater in the OAM system compared with the conventional DIR system and 23% greater than yield in the OFG system. Alfalfa in the OFG system yielded an average of 7.41 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921annually. Competitive yields of organic wheat and alfalfa along with the soil fertility benefits associated with animal manure and perennial forage suggest that aspects of the two organic systems be combined to maximize the productivity and sustainability of organic cropping systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Organic matter content", "Organic farming", "Animal manure", "Soil phosphorus", "Plant Sciences", "Botany", "Plant Biology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Horticulture", "15. Life on land", "Perennial forage", "Nutrient budgets", "630", "6. Clean water", "Agronomy and Crop Sciences", "Long-term crop rotations", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agricultural Science"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wortman, Samuel E., Galusha, Tomie D., Mason, Stephen C., Francis, Charles A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000317"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20Agriculture%20and%20Food%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s1742170511000317", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s1742170511000317", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s1742170511000317"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s001447970400211x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-10-14", "title": "Incorporating Short-Season Legumes And Green Manure Crops Into Maize-Based Systems In The Moist Guinea Savanna Of West Africa", "description": "A three-year trial was conducted on a degraded soil in the moist Guinea savanna of northern Nigeria to assess the possibility of improving productivity and economic viability of maize-based systems by incorporating short-season legumes and green manure crops into the cropping pattern. Treatments included double cropping legume-maize systems, full-season sole maize receiving various amounts of nitrogen, green manure crop mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) followed by sole maize and a legume-maize system receiving additional rice mill waste. In comparison with full-season maize, the use of early-season cowpea followed by maize improved productivity as well as economic returns of the cropping system, while the use of mucuna, grown as an early-season crop or full-season crop, resulted in poor overall productivity of the system. The addition of rice mill waste as a soil amendment in cowpea\uffe2\uff80\uff93maize systems stimulated maize yields and rice mill waste can form a cheap source of organic inputs for farmers living nearby rice mills. Given the limited growing season of the northern Guinea savanna, it is concluded that timing of field operations is crucial for the successful application of double cropping systems. In addition, high labour requirements are a serious constraint for wide-scale adoption of double cropping systems by small-scale farmers, stressing the need to reduce soil cultivation operations, for example by maintaining a uniform ridge distance for all crops in the rotation.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "green manures", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "cropping patterns", "15. Life on land", "maize", "cowpeas", "nigeria"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Franke, A., Schulz, S., Oyewole, B., Bako, S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970400211x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s001447970400211x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s001447970400211x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s001447970400211x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/acs.est.6b06470", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-06-02", "title": "How Does Recycling of Livestock Manure in Agroecosystems Affect Crop Productivity, Reactive Nitrogen Losses, and Soil Carbon Balance?", "description": "Recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems to partially substitute synthetic fertilizer nitrogen (N) input is recommended to alleviate the environmental degradation associated with synthetic N fertilization, which may also affect food security and soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, how substituting livestock manure for synthetic N fertilizer affects crop productivity (crop yield; crop N uptake; N use efficiency), reactive N (Nr) losses (ammonia (NH3) emission, N leaching and runoff), GHG (methane, CH4; and nitrous oxide, N2O; carbon dioxide) emissions and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in agroecosystems is not well understood. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 141 studies and found that substituting livestock manure for synthetic N fertilizer (with equivalent N rate) significantly increased crop yield by 4.4% and significantly decreased Nr losses via NH3 emission by 26.8%, N leaching by 28.9% and N runoff by 26.2%. Moreover, annual SOC sequestration was significantly increased by 699.6 and 401.4 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in upland and paddy fields, respectively; CH4 emission from paddy field was significantly increased by 41.2%, but no significant change of that was observed from upland field; N2O emission was not significantly affected by manure substitution in upland or paddy fields. In terms of net soil carbon balance, substituting manure for fertilizer increased carbon sink in upland field, but increased carbon source in paddy field. These results suggest that recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems improves crop productivity, reduces Nr pollution and increases SOC storage. To attenuate the enhanced carbon source in paddy field, appropriate livestock manure management practices should be adopted.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Livestock", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06470"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/acs.est.6b06470", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/acs.est.6b06470", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/acs.est.6b06470"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es3024435", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-05", "title": "Bioenergy Production From Perennial Energy Crops: A Consequential Lca Of 12 Bioenergy Scenarios Including Land Use Changes", "description": "In the endeavor of optimizing the sustainability of bioenergy production in Denmark, this consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluated the environmental impacts associated with the production of heat and electricity from one hectare of Danish arable land cultivated with three perennial crops: ryegrass (Lolium perenne), willow (Salix viminalis) and Miscanthus giganteus. For each, four conversion pathways were assessed against a fossil fuel reference: (I) anaerobic co-digestion with manure, (II) gasification, (III) combustion in small-to-medium scale biomass combined heat and power (CHP) plants and IV) co-firing in large scale coal-fired CHP plants. Soil carbon changes, direct and indirect land use changes as well as uncertainty analysis (sensitivity, MonteCarlo) were included in the LCA. Results showed that global warming was the bottleneck impact, where only two scenarios, namely willow and Miscanthus co-firing, allowed for an improvement as compared with the reference (-82 and -45 t CO\u2082-eq. ha\u207b\u00b9, respectively). The indirect land use changes impact was quantified as 310 \u00b1 170 t CO\u2082-eq. ha\u207b\u00b9, representing a paramount average of 41% of the induced greenhouse gas emissions. The uncertainty analysis confirmed the results robustness and highlighted the indirect land use changes uncertainty as the only uncertainty that can significantly change the outcome of the LCA results.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Manures", "Nitrogen", "Life cycle", "Coal gasification plants", "Sus scrofa", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Crops", "02 engineering and technology", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/responsible_consumption_and_production; name=SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production", "Global Warming", "7. Clean energy", "Environmental impact", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "Anaerobic digestion", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Animals", "Anaerobiosis", "Gas emissions", "2. Zero hunger", "Fossil fuels", "Global warming", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/life_on_land; name=SDG 15 - Life on Land", "Agriculture", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Coal combustion", "Manure", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Land use", "Uncertainty analysis", "Cogeneration plants", "Power generation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es3024435"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es3024435", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es3024435", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es3024435"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es302545b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-27", "title": "Biochar Carbon Stability In A Clayey Soil As A Function Of Feedstock And Pyrolysis Temperature", "description": "The stability of biochar carbon (C) is the major determinant of its value for long-term C sequestration in soil. A long-term (5 year) laboratory experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using 11 biochars made from five C3 biomass feedstocks (Eucalyptus saligna wood and leaves, papermill sludge, poultry litter, cow manure) at 400 and/or 550 \u00b0C. The biochars were incubated in a vertisol containing organic C from a predominantly C4-vegetation source, and total CO(2)-C and associated \u03b4(13)C were periodically measured. Between 0.5% and 8.9% of the biochar C was mineralized over 5 years. The C in manure-based biochars mineralized faster than that in plant-based biochars, and C in 400 \u00b0C biochars mineralized faster than that in corresponding 550 \u00b0C biochars. The estimated mean residence time (MRT) of C in biochars varied between 90 and 1600 years. These are conservative estimates because they represent MRT of relatively labile and intermediate-stability biochar C components. Furthermore, biochar C MRT is likely to be higher under field conditions of lower moisture, lower temperatures or nutrient availability constraints. Strong relationships of biochar C stability with the initial proportion of nonaromatic C and degree of aromatic C condensation in biochar support the use of these properties to predict biochar C stability in soil.", "keywords": ["Paper", "Eucalyptus", "550", "Temperature", "Industrial Waste", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "Carbon", "Poultry", "Manure", "Plant Leaves", "Soil", "Animals", "Clay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Aluminum Silicates", "Cattle"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es302545b"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es302545b", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es302545b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es302545b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1006234523163", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-12-22", "description": "Researchers worked with farmers in eastern Uganda to develop alternatives for soil management using crotalaria (Crotalaria ochroleuca), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), lablab (Dolichos lablab), and canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis) as green manures in short-term fallows. The participatory research was part of a community-based approach for systems improvement. Grain yields of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) following one season of crotalaria fallow were 41% and 43%, respectively, more than following a two-season weedy fallow. Grain yields of maize following a one-season fallow with mucuna and lablab were 60% and 50% higher, respectively, as compared with maize following maize. Maize and bean yield were more, although effects were small, during the second and third subsequent seasons, indicating probable residual effects of the green manures. Mucuna and lablab were successfully produced by intersowing into maize at three weeks after sowing maize, although the yields of the associated maize crop were reduced by 24% to 28%. Farmers estimated the labor requirements for mucuna and lablab to be less than for crotalaria. Farmers independently experimented on how these species can be integrated into banana (Musa spp.), coffee (Coffea robusta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) production systems. Farmers reported that the beneficial effects of the green manures included higher food-crop yields; weed suppression; improved soil fertility, soil moisture, and soil tilth; and erosion control. Mucuna and lablab were preferred because of reduced labor requirements and increased net benefits compared with continuous cropping. Farmer participation in the green manure research resulted in efficient generation and adaptation of green manure technology now being promoted in eastern and central Uganda.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil fertility", "manihot esculenta", "lablad purpureus", "yields", "phaseolus vulgaris", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "fertilidad del suelo", "15. Life on land", "feed crops", "mucuna pruriens", "zea mays", "canavalia ensiformis", "manejo del suelo", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "green manures", "abonos verdes", "soil management", "rendimiento"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fischler, MA, Wortmann, Charles S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006234523163"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1006234523163", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1006234523163", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1006234523163"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Open AccessUsing a three year trial in Nigeria, this article examines the effectiveness of leguminous cover crops on maize yield in West Africa. Testing multiple types of cover crops, the study universally demonstrates the cover crops conserve nitrogen and result in improvements for maize yield in both drier and wetter years. While the cover crop was more effective in improving nitrogen in wetter conditions, yields still improved during the drier year with the cover crop.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Soil management", "fertilizers", "Conservation agriculture", "Nitrogen concentration", "legumes", "trials", "Green manure crops", "crops", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Biomass production", "Legume cover crops", "Soil conservation", "Nitrogen fertilizer replacement index", "West Africa", "Maize yield", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Kang, B.T., Kirchhof, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-15", "title": "Using Mucuna And P Fertilizer To Increase Maize Grain Yield And N Fertilizer Use Efficiency In The Coastal Savanna Of Togo", "description": "To reduce severe soil degradation associated with agriculture an intensified land-use system is being promoted in West African countries. Most soils of the West African savanna zones are so poor that the efficiency of mineral fertilizers, if applied, is very low. For this reason and because of their high cost and unavailability, many small-scale farmers are reluctant to apply fertilizer. This work investigates a fertilizer management strategy using integrated soil fertility management with a leguminous cover crop (mucuna) so as to improve the soil fertility and increase the use efficiency of fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in the coastal savanna of Togo at Djaka Kope. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of mucuna short fallow (MSF) in increasing maize grain yield through an improved use efficiency of mineral fertilizer. A 2-year maize\u2013mucuna relay intercropping system was compared with continuous sole maize cropping. Fertilizer treatments were factorial combinations of 0, 50 and 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha\u20131 and 0, 20 and 40 kg phosphorus (P) ha\u20131. While maize grain yield was significantly increased by N fertilization, P did not show any important effect on grain yield. With no N and P applied, grain yield after MSF was on average 40% (572 kg ha\u20131) higher than without. The response to N was much greater than the response to MSF, indicating that N was undoubtedly the key element for maize yield building. P fertilization and MSF together positively influenced the apparent N recovery fraction (NRF). N uptake alone did not reflect on its own the yield obtained, and the relationship between grain yield and N uptake is shifted by MSF, with the grain yield increase per unit of N uptake being higher with than without MSF. Combining MSF and P fertilization may therefore lead to improved N use efficiency, making the application of fertilizer N (lower rates) more attractive to small-scale farmers.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Cover cropping", "Small-scale farming", "Green manure crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Mucuna", "01 natural sciences", "Coastal savanna", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "Togo", "Fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mineral fertilizers"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fofana, B., Breman, H., Carsky, R. J., Van Reuler, H., Tamelokpo, A., Gnakpenou, K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:fres.0000019457.43677.08"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0111965", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-06-08", "title": "The Effect Of Chemical Amendments Used For Phosphorus Abatement On Greenhouse Gas And Ammonia Emissions From Dairy Cattle Slurry: Synergies And Pollution", "description": "Land application of cattle slurry can result in incidental and chronic phosphorus (P) loss to waterbodies, leading to eutrophication. Chemical amendment of slurry has been proposed as a management practice, allowing slurry nutrients to remain available to plants whilst mitigating P losses in runoff. The effectiveness of amendments is well understood but their impacts on other loss pathways (so-called 'pollution swapping' potential) and therefore the feasibility of using such amendments has not been examined to date. The aim of this laboratory scale study was to determine how the chemical amendment of slurry affects losses of NH3, CH4, N2O, and CO2. Alum, FeCl2, Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)-and biochar reduced NH3 emissions by 92, 54, 65 and 77% compared to the slurry control, while lime increased emissions by 114%. Cumulative N2O emissions of cattle slurry increased when amended with alum and FeCl2 by 202% and 154% compared to the slurry only treatment. Lime, PAC and biochar resulted in a reduction of 44, 29 and 63% in cumulative N2O loss compared to the slurry only treatment. Addition of amendments to slurry did not significantly affect soil CO2 release during the study while CH4 emissions followed a similar trend for all of the amended slurries applied, with an initial increase in losses followed by a rapid decrease for the duration of the study. All of the amendments examined reduced the initial peak in CH4 emissions compared to the slurry only treatment. There was no significant effect of slurry amendments on global warming potential (GWP) caused by slurry land application, with the exception of biochar. After considering pollution swapping in conjunction with amendment effectiveness, the amendments recommended for further field study are PAC, alum and lime. This study has also shown that biochar has potential to reduce GHG losses arising from slurry application.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "Time Factors", "Science", "methane emissions", "Nitrous Oxide", "n2o emissions", "Environment", "Global Warming", "soil", "12. Responsible consumption", "Ammonia", "Air Pollution", "Animals", "volatilization", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Sewage", "Q", "Pollution swapping", "R", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Greenhouse Gas", "field", "6. Clean water", "livestock slurry", "Dairying", "Slurries", "13. Climate action", "manure", "nitrous-oxide emission", "Medicine", "Feasibility Studies", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "grassland", "Methane", "charcoal", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111965"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0111965", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0111965", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0111965"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000400003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-29", "title": "Aggregate Stability As Affected By Short And Long-Term Tillage Systems And Nutrient Sources Of A Hapludox In Southern Brazil", "description": "The ability of a soil to keep its structure under the erosive action of water is usually high in natural conditions and decreases under frequent and intensive cultivation. The effect of five tillage systems (NT = no-till; CP = chisel plowing and one secondary disking; CT = primary and two secondary distings; CTb = CT with crop residue burning; and CTr = CT with removal of crop residues from the field), combined with five nutrient sources (C = control, no nutrient application; MF = mineral fertilizers according to technical recommendations for each crop; PL = 5 Mg ha-1 y-1 fresh matter of poultry litter; CM = 60 m\uffc2\uffb3 ha-1 y-1 slurry cattle manure; and SM = 40 m\uffc2\uffb3 ha-1 y-1 slurry swine manure) on wet-aggregate stability was determined after nine years (four sampled soil layers) and on five sampling dates in the 10th year (two sampled soil layers) of the experiment. The size distribution of the air-dried aggregates was strongly affected by soil bulk density, and greater values of geometric mean diameter (GMD AD) found in some soil tillage or layer may be partly due to the higher compaction degree. After nine years, the GMD AD on the surface was greater in NT and CP compared to conventional tillage systems (CT, CTb and CTr), due to the higher organic matter content, as well as less soil mobilization. Aggregate stability in water, on the other hand, was affected by the low variation in previous gravimetric moisture of aggregates, which contributed to a high coefficient of variation of this attribute. The geometric mean diameter of water-stable aggregates (GMD WS) was highest in the 0.00-0.05 m layer in the NT system, in the layers 0.05-0.10 and 0.12-0.17 m in the CT, and values were intermediate in CP. The stability index (SI) in the surface layers was greater in treatments where crop residues were kept in the field (NT, CP and CT), which is associated with soil organic matter content. No differences were found in the layer 0.27-0.32 m. The effect of nutrient sources on GMD AD and GMD WS was small and did not affect SI.
", "keywords": ["preparo do solo", "agrega\u00e7\u00e3o", "sampling time", "soil tillage", "manure", "estercos", "aggregation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil structure", "tempo de coleta", "estrutura do solo"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000400003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000400003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832009000400003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832009000400003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14644", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-07", "title": "A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity", "description": "AbstractCover crops play an increasingly important role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this critical global review and systematic analysis were to assess cover crop practices in the context of their impacts on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balances (NGHGB) and crop productivity. Only studies that investigated the impacts of cover crops and measured one or a combination of nitrogen leaching, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrous oxide (N2O), grain yield and nitrogen in grain of primary crop, and had a control treatment were included in the analysis. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies were uncommon, with most data coming from studies lasting 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffc2\uffa0years. The literature search resulted in 106 studies carried out at 372 sites and covering different countries, climatic zones and management. Our analysis demonstrates that cover crops significantly (p\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001) decreased N leaching and significantly (p\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001) increased SOC sequestration without having significant (p\uffc2\uffa0>\uffc2\uffa00.05) effects on direct N2O emissions. Cover crops could mitigate the NGHGB by 2.06\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.10\uffc2\uffa0Mg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. One of the potential disadvantages of cover crops identified was the reduction in grain yield of the primary crop by \uffe2\uff89\uff884%, compared to the control treatment. This drawback could be avoided by selecting mixed cover crops with a range of legumes and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90legumes, which increased the yield by \uffe2\uff89\uff8813%. These advantages of cover crops justify their widespread adoption. However, management practices in relation to cover crops will need to be adapted to specific soil, management and regional climatic conditions.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "net greenhouse gas balance", "330", "Supplementary Data", "Nitrogen", "QH301 Biology", "Supplementary data available", "12. Responsible consumption", "Nitrous oxide emissions", "QH301", "Greenhouse Gases", "Soil", "N content", "nitrate", "C sequestration", "N leaching", "Environmental Chemistry", "General Environmental Science", "NE/M019691/1", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Catch crop", "Ecology", "Soil organic carbon", "green manure", "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)", "Research Review", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Crop Production", "13. Climate action", "N in grain", "Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)", "Cover crop", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BB/N013484/1", "BB/N013468/1"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14644"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14644", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14644", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14644"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep36981", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-11", "title": "Increase Phosphorus Availability From The Use Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L) Green Manure In Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Agroecosystem", "description": "AbstractAlfalfa is a good green manure source, but its effect on rice growth has not been fully elucidated. Two green manure species, alfalfa and broad bean (Vicia faba L.), and two N fertilizer levels, alone or combination, were applied to a rice field. The results indicated that alfalfa had more pronounced effects on increasing soil labile phosphorus (P) fractions (including NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi), P uptake and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase) than broad bean and N fertilizer. The transformation of NaHCO3-Po to labile P regulated by alfalfa played a significant direct and indirect effect on grain yield. Although a much lower N input from alfalfa addition, a similar grain yield with N fertilizer treatment was achieved, and the integration of alfalfa with N fertilizer produced the highest grain yield and P availability, which was associated with the highest urease, acid phosphatase and \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase activity in soil. These results indicate that alfalfa green manure had a great ability of increasing grain yield through enhancing P availability in rice paddy, which could give us a way to reduce N fertilizer application by enhancing P availability.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Vicia faba", "Manure", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Medicago sativa"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xiaoye Gao, Shili Yuan, Dongyan Shi, Yuan An, Aimin Lv, Peng Zhou, Shengyin Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36981"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep36981", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep36981", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep36981"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/09064710.2014.919347", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-06-05", "title": "Summer Fallow Soil Management - Impact On Rainfed Winter Wheat", "description": "Summer fallow soil management is an important approach to improve soil and crop management in dryland areas. In the Loess Plateau regions, the annual precipitation is low and varies annually and seasonally, with more than 60% concentrated in the summer months from July to September, which is the summer fallow period in the winter wheat-summer fallow cropping system. With bare fallow in summer as a control, a 3-year location-fixed field experiment was conducted in the Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of wheat straw retention (SR), green manure (GM) planting, and their combination on soil water retention (WR) during summer fallow, winter wheat yield, and crop water use and nitrogen (N) uptake. The results showed that SR increased soil WR during summer fallow by 20 mm on average compared with the control over 3 experimental years but reduced the grain yield by 8% in the third year and the grain N content by 6\u201315% in all 3 years. In contrast, GM planting markedly reduced soil WR by 16 mm and 33 mm in ...", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "dryland soil", "green manure", "nitrate nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "straw retention", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "water retention"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2014.919347"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Agriculturae%20Scandinavica%2C%20Section%20B%20%E2%80%94%20Soil%20%26amp%3B%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/09064710.2014.919347", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/09064710.2014.919347", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/09064710.2014.919347"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/10440040802121320", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-11-07", "title": "Influence Of Planted Fallows And Manure Application On Soil Quality And Maize Yields On A Colombian Volcanic Ash Soil", "description": "ABSTRACT Due to increasing land-use pressure, Colombian volcanic-ash soils have been subjected to short-duration natural fallows, leading to severe degradation. The influence of planted fallows, with and without chicken manure application, on soil nitrogen availability, phosphorus and organic matter fractions, and on grain yield of maize was investigated on two on-farm experimental sites (BM1 and BM2) with the same soil type and recent cropping history. The soil at the two sites contained 33% sand and 39% clay, respectively, with a bulk density of 0.8 Mg m\u22123. The soils had pH (H2O) of 5.1, organic carbon content of 50 g kg\u22121, and exchangeable Al of 1.1 cmol kg\u22121 . The effect of chicken manure varied in the two sites. In BM1, Tithonia diversifolia (with chicken manure), had a positive impact compared with the other fallow treatments. In BM2, Indigofera zollingeriana (with chicken manure), on average, performed better. Simple correlations between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in LL and LM soil or...", "keywords": ["barbecho", "2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "volcanic soils", "suelo volc\u00e1nico", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "esti\u00e9rcol", "farmyard manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "maize", "development", "ma\u00edz"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10440040802121320"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Sustainable%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/10440040802121320", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/10440040802121320", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/10440040802121320"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-06-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effect Of A Legume Cover Crop (Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis) On Soil Carbon In An Ultisol Under Maize Cultivation In Southern Benin", "description": "Abstract. Long term fallow is no longer possible in densely populated tropical areas, but legume cover crops can help maintain soil fertility. Our work aimed to study changes in soil carbon in a sandy loam Ultisol in Benin, which involved a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment on three maize cropping systems under manual tillage: traditional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cultivation (T), mineral fertilized cultivation (NPK), and association with Mucuna pruriens (M). The origin of soil carbon was also determined through the natural abundance of soil and biomass 13C. In T, NPK and M changes in soil carbon at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm were \uffe2\uff88\uff920.2, +0.2 and +1.3 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with residue carbon amounting to 3.5, 6.4 and 10.0 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. After 12 years of experimentation, carbon originating from maize in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm) represented less than 4% of both total carbon and overall maize residue carbon. In contrast, carbon originating from mucuna in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented more than 50% of both total carbon and overall mucuna residue carbon in M, possibly due to accelerated mineralization of native soil carbon (priming effect) and slow mulch decomposition. Carbon originating from weeds in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented c. 10% of both total carbon and overall weed residue carbon in T and NPK. Thus mucuna mulch was very effective in promoting carbon sequestration in the soil studied.
", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Carbon sequestration", "13C natural abundance", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Npk", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "630", "plante de couverture", "Legume cover crops", "Benin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "legume cover crop", "Mucuna pruriens", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4971", "ANALYSE STATISTIQUE", "580", "LEGUMINEUSE TROPICALE", "Acrisol", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical zones", "mucuna", "BIOMASSE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Green manure crops", "RESIDU VEGETAL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_101", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mucuna", "Soil carbon", "CARBONE ORGANIQUE", "soil organic carbon", "STOCK ORGANIQUE", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "MAIS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "FERTILISATION DU SOL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12438", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-16", "title": "Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis", "description": "AbstractThe impact of animal manure application on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes is of interest for both agronomic and environmental purposes. There is a specific need to quantify SOC change for use in national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories. We quantified the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies and determined the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics. Our study is based on a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of 42 research articles totaling 49 sites and 130 observations in the world. A dominant effect of cumulative manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90C input on SOC response was observed as this factor explained at least 53% of the variability in SOC stock differences compared to mineral fertilized or unfertilized reference treatments. However, the effects of other determining factors were not evident from our data set. From the linear regression relating cumulative C inputs and SOC stock difference, a global manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90C retention coefficient of 12%\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04 (95% Confidence Interval, CI) could be estimated for an average study duration of 18\uffc2\uffa0years. Following an approach comparable to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we estimated a relative SOC change factor of 1.26\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.14 (95% CI) which was also related to cumulative manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90C input. Our results offer some scope for the refinement of manure retention coefficients used in crop management guidelines and for the improvement of SOC change factors for national GHG inventories by taking into account manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90C input. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to further document the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term impact of manure characteristics such as animal species, especially pig and poultry, and manure management systems, in particular liquid vs. solid storage.
", "keywords": ["Manure", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Climate", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Animal Husbandry", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Denis A. Angers, \u00c9milie Maillard, \u00c9milie Maillard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12438"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12438", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12438", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12438"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00297.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effects Of Organic Versus Conventional Arable Farming On Soil Structure And Organic Matter Dynamics In A Marine Loam In The Netherlands", "description": "Abstract. We compared the effects of conventional and organic arable farming on soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil structure, aggregate stability and C and N mineralization, which are considered important factors in defining sustainable land management. Within one soil series, three different farming systems were selected, including a conventional and an organic arable system and permanent pasture without tillage. The old pasture represents optimal conditions in terms of soil structure and organic matter inputs and is characterized by high earthworm activity. More than 70 years of different management has caused significant differences in soil properties. SOM content, mineralization, earthworm activity and water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregation decreased as a result of tillage and arable cropping when compared with pasture, but were significantly greater under organic farming than under conventional farming. Total SOM contents between 0 and 20 cm depth amounted to 15, 24 and 46 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the conventional arable, organic arable and permanent pasture fields, respectively. Although less sensitive to slaking than the conventionally managed field, the soil under organic farming was susceptible to compaction when high pressures were exerted on the soil under wet conditions. The beneficial effects of organic farming are generally associated with soil biochemical properties, but soil physical aspects should also be considered. Depending on soil type and climate, organic farmers need to be careful not to destroy the soil structure, so that they can enjoy maximum advantage from their organic farming systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "aggregation", "netherlands", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "arable farming", "fertilizer", "loam soils", "populations", "6. Clean water", "land", "cultivation", "13. Climate action", "organic farming", "manure", "soil organic matter", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "compaction", "soil structure", "earthworm activity", "silt loam", "management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00297.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00297.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00297.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00297.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00036.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-12", "title": "Carbon Sequestration In A Temperate Grassland; Management And Climatic Controls", "description": "AbstractSoil management practices that result in increased soil carbon (C) sequestration can make a valuable contribution to reducing the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We studied the effect of poultry manure, cattle slurry, sewage sludge, NH4NO3 or urea on C cycling and sequestration in silage grass production. Soil respiration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured with chambers, and soil samples were analysed for total C and dissolved organic C (DOC). Treatments were applied over 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83years and measurements were carried out over 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83years to assess possible residual effects. Organic fertilizer applications increased CO2 loss through soil respiration but also enhanced soil C storage compared with mineral fertilizer. Cumulative soil respiration rates were highest in poultry manure treatments with 13.7\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2003, corresponding to 1.6 times the control value, but no residual effect was seen. Soil respiration showed an exponential increase with temperature, and a bimodal relationship with soil moisture. The greatest NEE was observed on urea treatments (with a CO2 uptake of \uffe2\uff88\uff924.4\uffe2\uff80\uff83g CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Total C and DOC were significantly greater in manure treatments in the soil surface (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm). Of the C added in the manures, 27% of that in the sewage pellets, 32% of that in the cattle slurry and 39% of that in the poultry manure remained in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm soil layer at the end of the experiment. Mineral fertilizer treatments had only small C sequestration rates, although uncertainties were high. Expressed as global warming potentials, the benefits of increased C sequestration on poultry manure and sewage pellet treatments were outweighed by the additional losses of N2O, particularly in the wet year 2002. Methane was emitted only for 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffe2\uff80\uff83days on cattle slurry treatments, but the magnitudes of fluxes were negligible compared with C losses by soil respiration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N-fertilization", "13. Climate action", "manure", "C sequestration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "grassland", "15. Life on land", "CO2 flux", "soil respiration", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00036.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00036.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00036.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00036.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-09-29", "title": "Effect Of Selected Organic Materials And Inorganic Fertilizer On The Soil Fertility Of A Humic Nitisol In The Central Highlands Of Kenya", "description": "AbstractThe effect on soil fertility of applying particular organic resources to a humic Nitisol in the central highlands of Kenya was studied. The organic resources (Calliandra calothyrsus,Leucaena trichandra,Tithonia diversifolia,Mucuna pruriens,Crotalaria ochroleucaand cattle manure) were either applied solely or along with inorganic fertilizer in a cropping trial using maize as the experimental crop. After 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83years of continuous cultivation and manuring, soil fertility effects varied among treatments. Cattle manure proved to be the most effective and improved soil fertility by increasing pH, cations (Ca, K and Mg), and C.Calliandra, Leucaena, Tithoniaand herbaceous legumes generally reduced soil pH, C and N but increased Ca, K and Mg. Cattle manure is therefore an important resource for maintaining soil organic matter (SOM) in the area and in other similar areas with arable\uffe2\uff80\uff90livestock systems. Reduction of soil C and N by the high quality organic materials suggests that their role in maintaining SOM in the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term is limited in this area. A sound nutrient management system should strive to make a balance between maximizing crop production and sustaining soil quality.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Calliandra calothyrsus", "Leucaena trichandra", "Herbaceous legumes", "cattle manure", "Tithonia diversifolia", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00244.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/jam.13606", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-09", "title": "Soil Microbiota Respond To Green Manure In Organic Vineyards", "description": "The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of biodynamic management with and without the addition of green manure, in comparison with organic management, on the microbiota in vineyards soil.High throughput sequencing was used to compare the taxonomic structure of the soil bacterial and fungal communities from vineyards managed with different methods (organic, biodynamic or biodynamic with green manure). Our results showed that microbial communities associated with biodynamic and organic farming systems were very similar, while green manure was the greatest source of soil microbial biodiversity and significantly changed microbial richness and community composition compared with other soils. Green manure also significantly enriched bacterial taxa involved in the soil nitrogen cycle (e.g. Microvirga sp., Pontibacter sp. and Nitrospira sp.).Our results showed that the diversity and composition of the microbial communities associated with biodynamic and organic farming systems were similar, indicating that the use of biodynamic preparations 500 and 501 did not cause any significant detectable changes to the soil microbial community in the short term, while the effects of green manure were significant in soil microbiota.The microbiological richness and structure of soil are used as a sensitive indicator of soil quality. The extension of organic/biodynamic farming, associated with green manure application, could contribute to increase the abundance of functional groups of biological and agronomical relevance and maintaining microbial biodiversity in vineyard soils.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Microbial diversity", "Organic Agriculture", "0303 health sciences", "bacteria; biodynamic vineyard; fungi; green manure; microbial community structure; microbial diversity; organic vineyard; soil microbiology; soil vineyard", "Microbiota", "Green manure", "Microbial community structure", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "630", "Manure", "Soil vineyard", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Soil microbiology", "13. Climate action", "Settore AGR/16 - MICROBIOLOGIA AGRARIA", "Vitis", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unitn.it/bitstream/11572/283669/1/jam.13606.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13606"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/jam.13606", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/jam.13606", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/jam.13606"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.1071148", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-27", "title": "Soil Fertility And Biodiversity In Organic Farming", "description": "An understanding of agroecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Nutrient turnover", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Soil quality", "Manure", "Soil", "Soil biology", "Biodiversity and ecosystem services", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Pesticides", "Fertilizers", "Arthropods", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Switzerland", "Triticum", "Solanum tuberosum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071148"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/science.1071148", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/science.1071148", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/science.1071148"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1128/aem.01536-06", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-14", "title": "Community Structure Of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Under Long-Term Application Of Mineral Fertilizer And Organic Manure In A Sandy Loam Soil", "description": "ABSTRACTThe effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the \uffce\uffb1 subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Minerals", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Ammonia", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Oxidoreductases", "Ecosystem", "Gammaproteobacteria", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01536-06"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.01536-06", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.01536-06", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.01536-06"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-06", "title": "The interaction of soil aggregate stability with other soil properties as influenced by manure and nitrogen fertilization", "description": "Soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability is one of the most important indicators of soil health, because it influences chemical, biological and other physical properties. At the same time, WSA formation, stabilization and degradation are also some of the most complex processes that occur in the soil, making them difficult to fully understand. In particular, there is a lack of research on WSA stability in the Baltic region. To gain a better understanding how aggregation occurs in Estonian pedo-climatic conditions, this study was conducted in 2014\u2013 2015 in a sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol (LV-st) (WRB, 2014). Potato and barley plots were analysed in a three-year crop rotation (potato \u2192 spring wheat \u2192 barley) with straw removal. The nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 yr-1 N, both without and with 40 Mg ha-1 fermented cattle farmyard manure (FYM) application prior to potato planting in the previous autumn. WSA stability was determined by Eijkelkamp\u2019s wet sieving apparatus from air-dried soil samples of less than 2 mm in diameter. The study revealed a negative correlation (r = \u22120.16) between increased N rates and WSA stability, regardless of FYM applications. Although soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased with additional N fertilization rates, the reduction in soil acidity (pHKCl) levels caused by N fertilization, most likely repealed the positive SOC content effect on WSA stability. In general, compared with sole N fertilization, FYM application had a positive effect on WSA stability. However, even though WSA stability did not always increase with FYM applications, it still had a positive effect on bulk density, SOC content and soil acidity levels. Further research is needed in Estonia due to the complexities involved in the soil aggregation process.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil aggregate stability", "articles", "barley", "potato", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farmyard manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "nitrogen fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Zemdirbyste-Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025", "name": "item", "description": "10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-08-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0131713", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-15", "title": "Changes In Olsen Phosphorus Concentration And Its Response To Phosphorus Balance In Black Soils Under Different Long-Term Fertilization Patterns", "description": "The Olsen phosphorus (P) concentration of a soil is a key index that can be used to evaluate the P supply capacity of the soil and to estimate the optimal P fertilization rate. A study of the relationship between the soil Olsen P concentration and the P balance (P input minus P output) and their variations among different fertilization patterns will help to provide useful information for proper management of P fertilization. In this paper, the two investigated long-term experiments were established on black soils in the northeast region of China. Six fertilization treatments were selected: (1) unfertilized (CK); (2) nitrogen only (N); (3) nitrogen and potassium (NK); (4) nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); (5) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); and (6) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and manure (NPKM). The results showed that the average Olsen P concentrations in the black soils at Gongzhuling and Harbin (16- and 31-year study periods, respectively), decreased by 0.49 and 0.56 mg kg-1 a-1, respectively, without P addition and increased by 3.17 and 1.78 mg kg-1 a-1, respectively, with P fertilization. The changes in soil Olsen P concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the P balances at both sites except for the NP and NPK treatments at Gongzhuling. Under an average deficit of 100 kg ha-1 P, the soil Olsen P concentration at both sites decreased by 1.36~3.35 mg kg-1 in the treatments without P addition and increased by 4.80~16.04 mg kg-1 in the treatments with 100 kg ha-1 of P accumulation. In addition, the changes in Olsen P concentrations in the soil with 100 kg ha-1of P balance were significantly correlated with the P activation coefficient (PAC, percentage of Olsen P to total P, r=0.99, P<0.01) and soil organic matter content (r=0.91, P<0.01). A low pH was related to large changes of Olsen P by 1 kg ha-1 of P balance. These results indicated that soil organic matter and pH have important effects on the change in soil Olsen P by 1 kg ha-1 of P balance.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "Potassium", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0131713"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0131713", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0131713", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0131713"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0056536", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-20", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Manure And Fertilizer On Soil Organic Carbon Pools In Dryland Farming In Northwest China", "description": "Open AccessEs imperativo comprender la din\u00e1mica del carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo (COS) afectado por las pr\u00e1cticas agr\u00edcolas para mantener la productividad del suelo y mitigar el calentamiento global. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron investigar los efectos de la fertilizaci\u00f3n a largo plazo en el COS y las fracciones de COS para todo el perfil del suelo (0\u2013100 cm) en el noroeste de China. El estudio se inici\u00f3 en 1979 en Gansu, China, e incluy\u00f3 seis tratamientos: control no fertilizado (CK), fertilizante de nitr\u00f3geno (N), fertilizantes de nitr\u00f3geno y f\u00f3sforo (P) (NP), fertilizantes de paja m\u00e1s N y P (NP+S), esti\u00e9rcol de granja (FYM) y esti\u00e9rcol de granja m\u00e1s fertilizantes de N y P (NP+FYM). Los resultados mostraron que la concentraci\u00f3n de COS en la capa de suelo de 0\u201320 cm aument\u00f3 con el tiempo, excepto en los tratamientos con CK y N. La fertilizaci\u00f3n a largo plazo influy\u00f3 significativamente en las concentraciones de COS y el almacenamiento a 60 cm de profundidad. Por debajo de 60 cm, las concentraciones y almacenamientos de COS no fueron estad\u00edsticamente significativos entre todos los tratamientos. La concentraci\u00f3n de COS a diferentes profundidades en el perfil de suelo de 0\u201360 cm fue mayor bajo NP+FYM seguido por bajo NP+S, en comparaci\u00f3n con bajo CK. El almacenamiento de SOC en 0\u201360 cm en los tratamientos NP+FYM, NP+S, FYM y NP aument\u00f3 en un 41,3%, 32,9%, 28,1% y 17,9%, respectivamente, en comparaci\u00f3n con el tratamiento con CK. El esti\u00e9rcol org\u00e1nico m\u00e1s la aplicaci\u00f3n de fertilizantes inorg\u00e1nicos tambi\u00e9n aumentaron las piscinas de carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo l\u00e1bil en 0\u201360 cm de profundidad. La concentraci\u00f3n promedio de carbono org\u00e1nico particulado (POC), carbono org\u00e1nico disuelto (DOC) y carbono de biomasa microbiana (MBC) en esti\u00e9rcol org\u00e1nico m\u00e1s tratamientos con fertilizantes inorg\u00e1nicos (NP+S y NP+FYM) en 0\u201360 cm de profundidad aument\u00f3 en un 64.9-91.9%, 42.5-56.9% y 74.7\u201399.4%, respectivamente, sobre el tratamiento CK. Las concentraciones de POC, MBC y DOC aumentaron linealmente con el aumento del contenido de SOC. Estos resultados indican que las adiciones a largo plazo de esti\u00e9rcol org\u00e1nico tienen los efectos m\u00e1s beneficiosos en la construcci\u00f3n de dep\u00f3sitos de carbono entre los tipos de fertilizaci\u00f3n investigados.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "China", "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Environmental science", "Meta-analysis in Ecology and Agriculture Research", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Fertilizer", "Soil water", "Environmental Chemistry", "Fertilizers", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Biology", "Triticum", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Q", "Total organic carbon", "R", "Soil Chemical Properties", "Life Sciences", "Straw", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental chemistry", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Animal science", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Enke Liu, Yan Cai, Xurong Mei, Yanqing Zhang, Tingting Fan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056536"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0056536", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0056536", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0056536"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-10", "title": "Effects Of Manure Compost Application On Soil Microbial Community Diversity And Soil Microenvironments In A Temperate Cropland In China", "description": "The long-term application of excessive chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degeneration of soil quality parameters such as soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content, which in turn affects crop health, productivity, and soil sustainable productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient solution for rehabilitating degraded cropland soils by precisely quantifying soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or its combination during maize growth. We investigated dynamic impacts on soil microbial count, biomass, basal respiration, community structure diversity, and enzyme activity using six different treatments [no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer (NB), manure compost (M), manure compost + bacterial fertilizer (MB), and bacterial fertilizer (B)] in the plowed layer (0-20 cm) of potted soil during various maize growth stages in a temperate cropland of eastern China. Denaturing gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis showed that the structure and composition of bacterial and fungi communities in the six fertilizer treatments varied at different levels. The Shannon index of bacterial and fungi communities displayed the highest value in the MB treatments and the lowest in the N treatment at the maize mature stage. Changes in soil microorganism community structure and diversity after different fertilizer treatments resulted in different microbial properties. Adding manure compost significantly increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, thus enhancing soil respiration and enzyme activities (p<0.01), whereas N treatment showed the opposite results (p<0.01). However, B and NB treatments minimally increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, with no obvious influence on community structure and soil enzymes. Our findings indicate that the application of manure compost plus bacterial fertilizers can immediately improve the microbial community structure and diversity of degraded cropland soils.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "Cluster Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gaoming Jiang, Jie Meng, Na Wang, Na Ding, Guanglei Wu, Haitao Liu, Zhen Zhen, Liyue Guo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108555"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0108555"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-09-29", "title": "Carbon Sequestration Efficiency Of Organic Amendments In A Long-Term Experiment On A Vertisol In Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982-2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate \u200a=\u200a0.16 Cinput -0.10, R\u200a=\u200a0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.", "keywords": ["Carbon Sequestration", "China", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Swine", "Science", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "2. Zero hunger", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "13. Climate action", "Potassium", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Daozhong Wang, Xisheng Guo, Zibin Guo, Keke Hua,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108594"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108594", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0108594"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-16", "title": "Effects Of Different Organic Manures On The Biochemical And Microbial Characteristics Of Albic Paddy Soil In A Short-Term Experiment", "description": "Open AccessCette \u00e9tude visait \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les effets des engrais chimiques (NPK), NPK avec du fumier de b\u00e9tail (NPK+M), NPK avec de la paille (NPK+S) et NPK avec du fumier vert (NPK+G) sur les activit\u00e9s enzymatiques du sol et les caract\u00e9ristiques microbiennes du sol de paddy albique, qui est un sol typique avec une faible productivit\u00e9 en Chine. Les r\u00e9ponses des activit\u00e9s enzymatiques extracellulaires et de la diversit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s microbiennes (d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques [PLFA] et \u00e9lectrophor\u00e8se sur gel \u00e0 gradient d\u00e9naturant [DGGE]) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mesur\u00e9es. Les r\u00e9sultats ont montr\u00e9 que NPK+M et NPK+S augmentaient significativement le rendement du riz, NPK+M \u00e9tant sup\u00e9rieur d'environ 24\u00a0% \u00e0 NPK. Le NPK+M a significativement augment\u00e9 le carbone organique du sol (SOC) et les phosphates disponibles (P) et am\u00e9lior\u00e9 les activit\u00e9s de la phosphatase, de la \u03b2-cellobiosidase, de la L-leucine aminopeptidase et de l'ur\u00e9ase. Le NPK+S a significativement augment\u00e9 le COS et le potassium disponible (K) et significativement augment\u00e9 les activit\u00e9s de la N-ac\u00e9tyl-glucosamidase, de la \u03b2-xylosidase, de l'ur\u00e9ase et de la ph\u00e9nol oxydase. Le NPK+G a significativement am\u00e9lior\u00e9 l'azote total (N), l'ammonium N, le P disponible et l'activit\u00e9 de la N-ac\u00e9tyl-glucosamidase. La biomasse de PLFA \u00e9tait la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e sous NPK+S, suivie des traitements NPK+M et NPK+G. L'analyse en composantes principales (ACP) du PLFA a indiqu\u00e9 que les sols avec NPK+M et NPK+S contenaient des proportions plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es d'acides gras insatur\u00e9s et de cyclopropane (biomarqueurs de champignons et de bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 Gram n\u00e9gatif) et que les sols sous NPK+G contenaient plus d'acides gras satur\u00e9s \u00e0 cha\u00eene droite (repr\u00e9sentant des bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 Gram positif). La PCA des patrons DGGE a montr\u00e9 que les amendements organiques avaient une plus grande influence sur la communaut\u00e9 fongique. L'analyse en grappes des profils DGGE fongiques a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que NPK+G \u00e9tait clairement s\u00e9par\u00e9. Pendant ce temps, la communaut\u00e9 bact\u00e9rienne du traitement NPK+M \u00e9tait la plus distincte. L'analyse RDA a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les changements dans la composition de la communaut\u00e9 microbienne d\u00e9pendaient principalement de la \u03b2-xylosidase, des activit\u00e9s de la \u03b2-cellobiosidase, de l'azote total et des teneurs en K disponibles. Les abondances de PLFA bact\u00e9riens et fongiques gram-n\u00e9gatifs probablement efficaces pour am\u00e9liorer la fertilit\u00e9 des sols de paddy albique \u00e0 faible rendement en raison de leur influence significative sur le profil DGGE.", "keywords": ["China", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Microbial population biology", "Science", "Materials Science", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Biochemistry", "Gene", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Biomaterials", "Food science", "Soil", "Engineering", "Genetics", "Biology", "Soil Microbiology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "Applications of Clay Nanotubes in Various Fields", "2. Zero hunger", "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis", "Bacteria", "Q", "R", "Fungi", "Life Sciences", "Straw", "Oryza", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Urease", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Chemistry", "Enzyme", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Animal science", "Research Article", "16S ribosomal RNA"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qian Zhang, Wei Zhou, Gaofeng Liang, Xiu\u2010Bin Wang, Jingwen Sun, Ping He, LI Lu-jiu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124096"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0124096"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0172767", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-06", "title": "Effects Of Inorganic And Organic Amendment On Soil Chemical Properties, Enzyme Activities, Microbial Community And Soil Quality In Yellow Clayey Soil", "description": "Open AccessComprender los efectos de los componentes org\u00e1nicos e inorg\u00e1nicos externos sobre la fertilidad y la calidad del suelo es esencial para mejorar los suelos de bajo rendimiento. Realizamos un estudio de campo durante dos temporadas consecutivas de cultivo de arroz para investigar el efecto de la aplicaci\u00f3n de fertilizantes qu\u00edmicos (NPK), NPK m\u00e1s esti\u00e9rcol verde (NPKG), NPK m\u00e1s esti\u00e9rcol de cerdo (NPKM) y NPK m\u00e1s paja (NPKS) en el estado de nutrientes del suelo, las actividades enzim\u00e1ticas involucradas en el ciclo de C, N, P y S, la comunidad microbiana y los rendimientos de arroz del suelo arcilloso amarillo. Los resultados mostraron que los tratamientos fertilizados mejoraron significativamente los rendimientos de arroz durante las tres primeras temporadas experimentales. En comparaci\u00f3n con el tratamiento NPK, las enmiendas org\u00e1nicas produjeron efectos m\u00e1s favorables en la productividad del suelo. En particular, el tratamiento NPKM exhibi\u00f3 los niveles m\u00e1s altos de disponibilidad de nutrientes, carbono de biomasa microbiana (MBC), actividades de la mayor\u00eda de las enzimas y la comunidad microbiana. Esto dio como resultado el \u00edndice de calidad del suelo (SQI) m\u00e1s alto y el rendimiento del arroz, lo que indica una mejor fertilidad y calidad del suelo. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las actividades enzim\u00e1ticas y la comunidad microbiana entre los tratamientos, y el an\u00e1lisis de redundancia mostr\u00f3 que MBC y N disponible fueron los determinantes clave que afectaron las actividades enzim\u00e1ticas del suelo y la comunidad microbiana. La puntuaci\u00f3n de SQI del control no fertilizado (0,72) fue comparable a la de los tratamientos con NPK (0,77), NPKG (0,81) y NPKS (0,79), pero significativamente menor en comparaci\u00f3n con NPKM (0,85). La correlaci\u00f3n significativa entre el rendimiento del arroz y el SQI sugiere que el SQI puede ser \u00fatil para cuantificar los cambios en la calidad del suelo causados por diferentes pr\u00e1cticas de manejo agr\u00edcola. Los resultados indican que la aplicaci\u00f3n de NPK m\u00e1s esti\u00e9rcol de cerdo es la opci\u00f3n preferida para mejorar la acumulaci\u00f3n de COS, mejorar la fertilidad y calidad del suelo y aumentar el rendimiento de arroz en suelos arcillosos amarillos.", "keywords": ["Microbial population biology", "FOS: Political science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Agricultural soil science", "Fertilizer", "Soil water", "Biomass", "Political science", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "Organic Agriculture", "Soil Physical Properties", "Ecology", "Q", "Soil Quality", "R", "Soil Chemical Properties", "Life Sciences", "Straw", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Soil carbon", "6. Clean water", "Chemistry", "Medicine", "Research Article", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Soil Science", "FOS: Law", "Environment", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Meta-analysis in Ecology and Agriculture Research", "Genetics", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Soil Fertility", "Effects of Soil Compaction on Crop Production", "Bacteria", "15. Life on land", "Soil biodiversity", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "Manure", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Amendment", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Law", "Nutrient"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhanjun Liu, Qinlei Rong, Wei Zhou, Gaofeng Liang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172767"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0172767", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0172767", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0172767"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832006000200006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-08-02", "title": "Biomassa Microbiana E Mat\u00e9ria Org\u00e2nica Leve Em Solos Sob Sistemas Agr\u00edcolas Org\u00e2nico E Convencional Na Chapada Da Ibiapaba - Ce", "description": "Em muitos casos, a substitui\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o da vegeta\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o nativa por sistemas agr\uffc3\uffadcolas resulta em decr\uffc3\uffa9scimo nos conte\uffc3\uffbados de C e N nos diferentes compartimentos da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica do solo. Para testar se as pr\uffc3\uffa1ticas de manejo que priorizam o aporte de res\uffc3\uffadduos org\uffc3\uffa2nicos promovem aumento dos compartimentos da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica mais sens\uffc3\uffadveis ao manejo, este estudo se prop\uffc3\uffb4s estudar \uffc3\uffa1reas de uma propriedade que utiliza um sistema de produ\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de acerola em larga escala, sob manejo org\uffc3\uffa2nico, e uma \uffc3\uffa1rea sob cultivo convencional de cenoura e beterraba em rota\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o com milho, pertencentes \uffc3\uffa0 Fazenda Amway Nutrilite do Brasil e \uffc3\uffa0 Associa\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de Horticultores do Pivot Central, respectivamente, ambas localizadas na regi\uffc3\uffa3o da Chapada da Ibiapaba, Cear\uffc3\uffa1. Selecionou-se, tamb\uffc3\uffa9m, uma \uffc3\uffa1rea de pastagem localizada no interior da primeira propriedade amostrada, bem como \uffc3\uffa1reas sob mata nativa, pr\uffc3\uffb3ximas \uffc3\uffa0s \uffc3\uffa1reas de cultivo. Amostras de um Neossolo Quartzar\uffc3\uffaanico foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-15 cm e foram determinados os teores de C org\uffc3\uffa2nico total, de C e N microbiano (Cmic e Nmic) e da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica leve (Cmol e Nmol), al\uffc3\uffa9m do C mineraliz\uffc3\uffa1vel obtido por respirometria. O ac\uffc3\uffbamulo m\uffc3\uffa9dio nos estoques de Nmic nas \uffc3\uffa1reas sob manejo org\uffc3\uffa2nico em rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o \uffc3\uffa0 mata nativa foi de 11,7 kg ha-1, o que representou um incremento de 585 % de Nmic nas \uffc3\uffa1reas de cultivo. J\uffc3\uffa1 na pastagem, ocorreu ac\uffc3\uffbamulo de 211 kg ha-1 no estoque de Cmic em rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o \uffc3\uffa0 mata nativa em subsuperf\uffc3\uffadcie, representando um incremento de 514,6 %. Por outro lado, os estoques de Cmic no cultivo convencional sofreram redu\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es de 59 e 53 %, nas camadas de 0-5 e de 5-15 cm, respectivamente, em rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o \uffc3\uffa0 mata nativa. Os estoques de Cmol obtidos nas linhas de cultivo nos sistemas org\uffc3\uffa2nicos apresentaram incremento de 106 %, na camada de 0-5 cm, em rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o \uffc3\uffa0 mata; no sistema convencional, por\uffc3\uffa9m, constatou-se uma redu\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o em 31 % no estoque de Cmol na camada superficial. Os resultados indicaram que o manejo realizado nas \uffc3\uffa1reas sob cultivo org\uffc3\uffa2nico com acerola e pastagem contribuiu para a manuten\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o e recupera\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o dos conte\uffc3\uffbados de C e N da biomassa microbiana (BMS) e da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica leve (MOL) do solo. Os incrementos e, ou, redu\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es de C e N nos compartimentos BMS e MOL, comparativamente \uffc3\uffa0 \uffc3\uffa1rea nativa de refer\uffc3\uffaancia, foram proporcionalmente maiores que os valores obtidos, quando considerados somente os estoques de C org\uffc3\uffa2nico e N totais, principalmente na \uffc3\uffa1rea sob sistema de cultivo convencional. Isto indica serem tais compartimentos sens\uffc3\uffadveis \uffc3\uffa0s mudan\uffc3\uffa7as no estado da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica de acordo com o manejo. Os sistemas de manejo org\uffc3\uffa2nico e pastagem constituem estrat\uffc3\uffa9gias de manejo importantes que devem ser consideradas para a conserva\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o e, ou, aumento da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica e, conseq\uffc3\uffbcentemente, para a melhoria da qualidade do solo e implementa\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o do seq\uffc3\uffbcestro de C na regi\uffc3\uffa3o da Chapada da Ibiapaba, Cear\uffc3\uffa1.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "C mineraliz\u00e1vel", "green manure", "biodynamic agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "aduba\u00e7\u00e3o verde", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "pasture", "agricultura biodin\u00e2mica", "pastagem", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "qualidade do solo", "soil quality", "sustentabilidade", "mineralizable C", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832006000200006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832006000200006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832006000200006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832006000200006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-10-15", "title": "Short And Long-Term Effects Of Tillage Systems And Nutrient Sources On Soil Physical Properties Of A Southern Brazilian Hapludox", "description": "Soil tillage promotes changes in soil structure. The magnitude of the changes varies with the nature of the soil, tillage system and soil water content and decreases over time after tillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term (one year period) and long-term (nine year period) effects of soil tillage and nutrient sources on some physical properties of a very clayey Hapludox. Five tillage systems were evaluated: no-till (NT), chisel plow + one secondary disking (CP), primary + two (secondary) diskings (CT), CT with burning of crop residues (CTb), and CT with removal of crop residues from the field (CTr), in combination with five nutrient sources: control without nutrient application (C); mineral fertilizers, according to technical recommendations for each crop (MF); 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of poultry litter (wetmatter) (PL); 60 m\uffc2\uffb3 ha-1 yr-1 of cattle slurry (CS) and; 40 m\uffc2\uffb3 ha-1 yr-1 of swine slurry (SS). Bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), and parameters related to the water retention curve (macroporosity, mesoporosity and microporosity) were determined after nine years and at five sampling dates during the tenth year of the experiment. Soil physical properties were tillage and time-dependent. Tilled treatments increased total porosity and macroporosity, and reduced bulk density in the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m), but this effect decreased over time after tillage operations due to natural soil reconsolidation, since no external stress was applied in this period. Changes in pore size distribution were more pronounced in larger and medium pore diameter classes. The bulk density was greatest in intermediate layers in all tillage treatments (0.05-0.10 and 0.12-0.17 m) and decreased down to the deepest layer (0.27-0.32 m), indicating a more compacted layer around 0.05-0.20 m. Nutrient sources did not significantly affect soil physical and hydraulic properties studied.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tamanho de poros", "bulk density", "pore size distribution", "manure", "dejetos animais", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "densidade do solo", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-204x2010000500011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-04", "title": "Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Mineralization Caused By Pig Slurry Application Under Different Soil Tillage Systems", "description": "The objective of this work was to evaluate the change in soil C and N mineralization due to successive pig slurry application under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) systems. The experiment was carried out in a clayey Latossolo Vermelho eutr\uffc3\uffb3fico (Rhodic Eutrudox) in Palotina, PR, Brazil. Increasing doses of pig slurry (0, 30, 60 and 120 m\uffc2\uffb3 ha-1 per year) were applied in both tillage systems, with three replicates. Half of the pig slurry was applied before summer soil preparation, and the other half before the winter crop season. The areas were cultivated with soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in the summers of 1998 and 1999, respectively, and with wheat (Triticum sativum Lam.) in the winters of both years. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm depths. Under both CT and NT systems, pig slurry application increased C and N mineralization. However, increasing pig slurry additions decreased the C to N mineralization ratio. Under the NT system, C and N mineralization was greater than in CT system.
", "keywords": ["potential mineralization", "plantio convencional", "plantio direto", "no tillage", "swine manure", "potencial de mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o", "conventional tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "res\u00edduos de su\u00ednos", "nutrient cycling", "ciclagem de nutrientes", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balota, Elcio Liborio, Machineski, Oswaldo, Truber, Priscila Viviane,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010000500011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pesquisa%20Agropecu%C3%A1ria%20Brasileira", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-204x2010000500011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-204x2010000500011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-204x2010000500011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s1415-43662012000500004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-28", "title": "Soil Microbial Biomass Under Different Tillage And Levels Of Applied Pig Slurry", "description": "ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in microbial biomass C, N and P due to the application of pig slurry under different soil tillage systems. The experiment was established in a clayey Oxisol, Eutrophic Red Latossol in Palotina, PR. Different quantities of pig slurry (0, 30, 60 and 120 m3 ha-1 year-1) were applied to the soil prior to the summer and winter crop season under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT), in three replicates. The area was cultivated with soybean (Glycine max L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) in the summer and wheat (Triticum sativum Lam.) or oat (Avena sativa L.) in the winter. The soil samples were collected in March and October of 1998 and 1999 at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm. The soil tillage and pig slurry application influenced the microbial biomass C, N and P. The microbial biomass and the microbial activity presented high sensibility to detect changes in the soil due to tillage and the application of pig slurry. The soil microbial biomass and Cmic/Corg relation increased as the quantity of applied pig slurry increased. The metabolic quotient under CT increased with depth while under NT it decreased. The soil microbial biomass was enriched in N and P under NT and as the quantity of applied pig slurry increased.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "plantio direto", "swine manure", "res\u00c3duos de su\u00c3nos", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nutrient cycling", "ciclagem de nutrientes", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "soil management", "microbial activity", "6. Clean water", "atividade microbiana"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balota, Elcio L., Machineski, Oswaldo, Matos, Maria A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662012000500004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Engenharia%20Agr%C3%ADcola%20e%20Ambiental", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s1415-43662012000500004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s1415-43662012000500004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s1415-43662012000500004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/200/2009-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Mineral And Organic Fertilization Efficiency In Long-Term Stationary Experiments", "description": "In long-term stationary experiments under different soil-climatic conditions, an influence of mineral and organic fertilization on yield of winter wheat, spring barley and potato tubers was evaluated. Statistically significantly lowest grain yields of winter wheat (4.00 t/ha) and spring barley (2.81 t/ha) were obtained in non-fertilized plots at all experimental sites. In the case of potatoes, the lowest yield of dry matter (5.71 t/ha) was recorded in the control plot, but the result was not statistically significant. The manure-fertilized plot gave the average yield of wheat higher by 30%, of barley by 22%. Application of sewage sludge resulted in wheat yield higher by 41% and barley yield higher by 26% over control. On average, application of sewage sludge and manure increased the yield of potatoes by 30% over control. The highest yield was obtained after application of mineral fertilizers; average yield increased by 59, 50 and 36% in winter wheat, spring barley and potatoes, respectively. No statistically significant differences among the plots with mineral fertilizers were observed. At different sites, the yield of studied crops varied; however, the effect of fertilization on yield increments was similar at all experimental sites except for Lukavec. It is the site with the lowest natural soil fertility, and it showed the highest effect of the applied fertilizers.", "keywords": ["long-term field experiment", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "sewage sludge", "mineral fertilizers", "Plant culture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "spring barley", "6. Clean water", "winter wheat", "SB1-1110", "manure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "potatoes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "V. Nedv\u011bd, Ji\u0159\u00ed Bal\u00edk, K. \u010c\u00e1sov\u00e1, J. \u010cern\u00fd, M. Kulh\u00e1nek,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/200/2009-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/200/2009-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/200/2009-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/200/2009-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/233/2010-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:19:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Effect Of Poultry Litter And Livestock Manure On Soil Physical And Biological Indicators In A Rice-Wheat Rotation System", "description": "Organic manure is considered as a beneficial fertilizer on soil quality and an excellent alternative resource of chemical fertilizer (CF). However, organic manure from intensive farms may have a negative impact on soil quality because of containing some harmful components, such as heavy metal and antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of poultry litter (PL) and livestock manure (LM) from intensive farming on soil physical and biological indicators of soil quality. Results showed that PL and LM amendment increased soil macropore and mesopore volumes and decreased soil micropore volumes. Tensile strength in PL and LM treatment were lower than those in CF, while soil aggregate wet stability index were greater than those in CF. Compared with CF treatment, the microbial biomass C and N contents (+89%, +74%), soil basal respiration rate (+49%) and soil microbial quotient (+45%) in PL and LM treatment were significantly greater. Significant linear correlations were found between soil organic carbon and most soil physical and biological properties (P < 0.01). The results suggested that modern intensive farm manures can be alternate chemical fertilizers as a main fertilizer to improve soil physical and biological indicators in a rice-wheat system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "chemical fertilizer", "soil aggregate stability", "Plant culture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil pore structure", "soil quality", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "intensive farm manures", "6. Clean water", "SB1-1110"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Q. G. Zhao, F. Wang, X. L. Zhong, J. T. Li,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/233/2010-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/233/2010-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/233/2010-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/233/2010-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2017.09.0382", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:20:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-04-26", "description": "Agronomic management is aimed at managing the crop environment to maximize crop yield, but soil biology is often ignored. This study aimed to compare the application of poultry litter via broadcast and subsurface banding versus standard inorganic fertilizer to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their effects on soil bacterial populations and fecal indicator bacteria. The study comprised a randomized complete block design, with fertilizer and time of application as treatment effects and cover crop as a main effect. Soil cores were collected and analyzed from 2008 to 2014. Fecal indicator bacteria were at detection limits for all treatments, where the integron 1 gene was significantly elevated in litter plots. There were few differences between litter application approaches, but both significantly increased key biogeochemical genes over control plots, whereas a cover crop only increased soil moisture and urease C. Data suggested a positive residual effect of litter application with 16S, phosphatase A, and urease C genes elevated over controls, but similar to standard fertilizer plots. High\uffe2\uff80\uff90throughput 16S ribosomal RNA analysis suggested increased diversity and enrichment indices in litter and standard fertilizer over untreated control plots. Litter and standard fertilizer effects persisted 4 and 2 yr after application, respectively, as evidenced by residual library community structures. This study demonstrated the positive effects of litter application on the soil bacterial community when compared with untreated control plots. Some differences between standard fertilization and litter practices were noted and suggest that there is a positive residual effect on soil microbial populations associated with both practices.
Core Ideas
Poultry litter application changed microbial populations in soil.
Standard fertilization and poultry litter had residual effects on microbial population.
Key biogeochemical genes were increased as a result of fertilization with litter.
Fecal indicator bacteria were not readily detectable in litter or soil.
Application of litter has long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term desirable effects on soil.
", "keywords": ["Manure", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Poultry", "Soil Microbiology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.09.0382"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2017.09.0382", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2017.09.0382", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2017.09.0382"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:20:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-27", "title": "Effect Of Tillage, Cropping, And Fertilizer Management On Soil-Nitrogen Mineralization Potential", "description": "AbstractNitrogen mineralization potentials (No) were determined on soil from a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term crop rotation tillage experiment on a Palouse silt loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls). Crop rotations included continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alternate winter wheat and (pea Pisum sativum L.), alternate winter wheat and spring wheat, and pea\uffe2\uff80\uff90alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90green manure, followed by 5 y of alternate spring wheat and winter wheat. Tillage variables were moldboard plowing, chisel plowing, or no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N fertilizer rate plots were also studied on a Ritzville silt loam (coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90silty, mixed, mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls). The tillage plots were cropped annually, whereas the fertilization rate plots were alternately fallowed and cropped to winter wheat with and without spring supplemental irrigation. Moldboard plowing resulted in uniform No values throughout the top 15 cm of soil, but N mineralization potential (No) was greater for chisel plowing and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till than for moldboard plowing at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth and less at the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depths. The net result was that average No for 0 to 15 cm was unaffected by tillage or crop rotation in the fall sampling. In the spring sampling, average No for either chisel plowing or no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till was significantly higher than for moldboard plowing. Also, peas\uffe2\uff80\uff90alfalfa\uffe2\uff80\uff90green manure followed by alternate spring wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter wheat had a significantly higher No averge than both continuous winter wheat and winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90pea but was not different from winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90spring wheat. The No of the tillage and the crop rotation management treatments were significantly greater with samples obtained in the fall than from those obtained in the spring. Nitrogen mineralization potentials increased linearly with increased N rate on both the dryland and supplemental irrigated treatments. However, supplemental irrigation uniformly increased No compared with the corresponding nonirrigated treatments.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "Conservation agriculture", "Green manure crops", "No-till", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Chisel plow", "Fertilization", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Moldboard plow", "Field Scale", "Conservation tillage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "El-Haris, M. K., Cochran, V. L., Elliott, L. F., Bezdicek, D. F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20Society%20of%20America%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700060020x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1983-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/iecag2021-10017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:20:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-28", "title": "Application of Dairy Manure Amended with Mineral Fertilizer on Stubble-Covered Soil: Effects on Ammonia Emissions", "description": "Open AccessPresented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Agronomy, 3\u201317 May 2021", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "manure", "no-tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "ammonia", "nitrogen", "6. Clean water", "organic-mineral fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/3/1/19/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/iecag2021-10017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%201st%20International%20Electronic%20Conference%20on%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/iecag2021-10017", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/iecag2021-10017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/iecag2021-10017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-11T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Manure&offset=50&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Manure&offset=50&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Manure&offset=0", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Manure&offset=100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 173, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-02T02:17:30.138715Z"}