{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:14:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-09-24", "title": "Air Movement And Its Consequences Around A Multiple Shelterbelt System Under Advective Conditions In Semi-Arid Northern Nigeria", "description": "Horizontal wind speed patterns above a scarce millet row crop on inhomogeneous sandy soil revealed insufficient protection from hot winds by multiple shelterbelts in semi-arid Northern Nigeria. This appeared mainly due to too high distances between the belts. Marked yield drops occurred with distance between the belts, in what McNaughton defined (under mechanical damage and microclimate disturbance from strong winds) as the unprotected wake zone. These may, in the case of hot winds, mainly be attributed to combined negative effects on soil moisture and crop physiology of the combination of turbulence, worsened by the shelterbelts, and advected heat. Other parameters confirm the picture of the wake zone and the quiet zone, the latter also being present windward of the belts in a reduced form. The results have serious consequences for the design rules of multiple shelterbelts and alternatives under African semi-arid conditions.", "keywords": ["windbreaks", "13. Climate action", "millet", "scheme", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "crop", "sand", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Onyewotu, L.O.Z., Stigter, C.J., Oladipo, E.O., Owonubi, J.J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Theoretical%20and%20Applied%20Climatology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-02", "title": "Long-Term Piliostigma Reticulatum Intercropping In The Sahel: Crop Productivity, Carbon Sequestration, Nutrient Cycling, And Soil Quality", "description": "Abstract   Throughout the Sahel, food insecurity remains a persistent threat. A few studies have shown that  Piliostigma reticulatum , a dominant native shrub in parklands from Senegal to Sudan, can positively impact crop yields. However, there are no experiments that measure whether this species can stabilize long-term crop productivity under erratic rainfall. Therefore, an 11-year study of an optimized  P. reticulatum  intercropping system (1000 shrubs ha \u22121  with annual coppiced residue soil amendments) was initiated in 2004 in Senegal, West Africa to determine its impacts on crop productivity and soil quality. The experiment was a split-plot factorial design with the main plot shrubs (with and without) and the subplot fertilizer rate (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the recommended N-P-K rate) with an annual groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) crop rotation. Yield, biomass, soil carbon, and soil and plant nutrient data from 2011 to 2015 were compared with data from 2004 to 2007. The presence of shrubs increased millet and groundnut yield from 2011 to 2015 and rainfall water use efficiency (WUE) between 2004 and 2015. Without fertilizer addition, the shrub plots had approximately 2 times greater millet yield throughout the duration of this experiment. The presence of shrubs also improved soil quality, as evidenced by significantly greater C in the fraction  P. reticulatum  intercropping promotes C sequestration. In addition, five macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, S) and two micronutrients (Mn and Cu) were significantly greater in the shrub plots. The results provide strong evidence that intercropping with  P. reticulatum  is an ecological agroforestry system for the Sahel that can remediate soils, increase crop yields, and buffer climate change.", "keywords": ["580", "Pearl millet", "2. Zero hunger", "Parklands", "Groundnut", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agroforestry", "15. Life on land", "West africa", "Shrub intercropping", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2013.02.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-19", "title": "Cover Crops And No-Till Effects On Physical Fractions Of Soil Organic Matter", "description": "Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) Rice and Beans Research Center, Santo Antonio de Goias, GO", "keywords": ["land use change", "Soil management", "Aggregates", "Millet", "fallow", "grass", "Cultivation", "Soil pollution", "soil depth", "Crops", "cover crop", "Plants (botany)", "soil organic matter", "Organic compounds", "soil quality", "zero tillage", "Agricultural machinery", "soil aggregate", "Panicum maximum", "2. Zero hunger", "soil surface", "rice", "Brachiaria brizantha", "Biological materials", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "Agronomy", "Brachiaria ruziziensis", "13. Climate action", "Soils", "conservation tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "total organic carbon", "plowing"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.02.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2013.02.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2013.02.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2013.02.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s0014479700002106", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-27", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Tillage, Phosphorus Fertilization And Crop Rotation On Pearl Millet\u2013Cowpea Productivity In The West-African Sahel", "description": "<p>The millet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based cropping systems that dominate the Sudano\uffe2\uff80\uff93Sahelian Zone of West Africa cannot, as they are currently practised, meet the growing food needs of the region. They must therefore be intensified in a sustainable manner. The present study was initiated in 1986 and continued until 1996 to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization, tillage and rotation with sole cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an operational scale with two cropping systems, namely, sole millet and millet\uffe2\uff80\uff93cowpea intercropping. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The effects of P fertilization, ridging with animal traction and planting on ridges (AT), and rotation with sole cowpea increased the productivity of millet substantially in 10 of the 11 years. Based on the 11-year average, P fertilization alone improved grain yield by 52%, and AT with P fertilization improved grain yield by nearly 135%. Combining AT, P fertilization and the sole cowpea rotation resulted in a 200% increase in grain yield compared with the traditional system of production. Millet productivity did not show a significant decline when intercropped with cowpea. Stability and relative stability analysis showed that the traditional system was more stable than the various agronomic packages, but had the least yield. Conversely, the agronomic package with the highest yield advantage over the traditional system was the least stable. A major portion of the annual variation in the environmental index for grain yield and total dry matter was attributed to the seasonal variation in rainfall and organic matter depletion. Organic matter levels declined linearly with years of cultivation. Significant differences were found in the rate of depletion between the various agronomic treatments tested. After 11 years, nearly 60% of the organic matter was depleted irrespective of the agronomic treatments.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Millets", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Subbarao, G V, Renard, C, Payne, W A, Bationo, A,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002106"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0014479700002106", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0014479700002106", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0014479700002106"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s001447970002038x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-10-03", "title": "The Impact Of Varying Levels Of Competition From Pearl Millet On The Yields Of Groundnut Cultivars", "description": "Summary<p>A series of trials investigated the response of a range of groundnut genotypes to varied levels of competition from millet in intercrop situations in both the Sahelian and Sudanian agro-climatic zones. No genotype interactions were observed in response to different millet population levels. Introducing millet into groundnut cultivation provided considerable benefits to the farmer, particularly at the less dense millet populations, but the introduction of groundnut into millet cropping consistently reduced the yield of millet, with little gain in groundnut yields.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Groundnut", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Millets", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ndunguru, B J, Williams, J H,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970002038x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s001447970002038x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s001447970002038x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s001447970002038x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1993-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8333110", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:23:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Growth Chamber mesocosm experiment to assess the effects of the OSS decoupled from the presence of G. senegalensis (PRJNA930014)", "description": "The Sahel region of West Africa is a vulnerable eco-region where a growing population and climate-change induced drought threaten food security. The subsistence farmers here grow pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) without fertilizers or irrigation. Local and biologically-based means of maintaining yields are needed, and an agroforestry system in Senegal - the Optimized Shrub-intercropping System (OSS) - provides a solution. In the OSS, the shrub Gueira senegalensis performs hydraulic lift, distributing deep subsurface water to neighboring millet plants. The shrub also supports a distinct microbial community and significantly improves carbon storage and nutrient dynamics. Here, we aimed to test whether shrub-impacted soils differed in microbiome and millet outcomes under simulated early-season drought in a growth chamber. Shrub impact was separated into residual impacts on microbiome and soil, versus ongoing shrub-derived organic matter (OM) input. decoupled from the effects of the growing shrub. Methods: We characterized the microbiota through dry-down and rewetting periods, with particular attention to lineages with known plant growth promoting (PGP) properties, via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region and the ITS2, . Results: Both bacterial and fungal communities were significantly altered by imposed drought, OM amendment, and original soil type (+/-OSS). The largest significant bacterial community impact under dry down occurred for +shrub/-OM treatments, and under rewetting for -OM treatment regardless of +/- OSS. Known bacterial PGP lineages were only enriched under drought in +OSS/-OM treatments. The fungal community behaved differently with a significant dry-down impact only in +OSS/+OM treatments, while rewetting enriched for fungal pathogens but only in -OSS/+OM soils. Decoupled from ongoing shrub growth, both residual shrub impacts and shrub OM inputs altered microbiota and increased millet biomass under drought. These results are part of a growing body of work aimed at understanding microbiome roles in increasing ecological resilience and combating food insecurity. Metagenomic and amplicon sequencing data are publicly available via NCBI PRJNA930014. Here we present all associated soil chemical, enzyme, and plant physical and chemical data", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "sustainable agriculture", "Soil microbiome", "13. Climate action", "sahel", "15. Life on land", "pearl millet", "6. Clean water", "growth chamber"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mason, Laura, Charles, Christine, Rich, Virginia, Dick, Richard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8333110"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8333110", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8333110", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8333110"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "29b81436-8b85-4854-b27f-9530fe93d889", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-17.3, -34.6], [-17.3, 38.2], [51.1, 38.2], [51.1, -34.6], [-17.3, -34.6]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2023-01-24T08:52:13", "created": "2013-10-01T17:22:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Suitability weight per crop - ClimAfrica WP4", "description": "The suitability analysis allowed identifying a suitability weight to each crop, based on the climate conditions (ClimAfrica) outputs as well as on the soil quality. Both climate and soil classes have been combined in order to produce one suitability map for each crop and each 30-year period (historical, current, and the 3 future periods).\nThis dataset has been produced in the framework of the \u201cClimate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)\u201d project, Work Package 4 (WP4). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata.", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["suitability weight", "crop", "wheat", "barley", "rye", "rice", "maize", "millet", "sorghum", "pulses", "sugarbeet", "potatoes", "manioc", "soybeans", "common bean", "cowpea", "WP4", "ClimAfrica", "Tag_climafrica", "Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "Christelle Vancutsem", "organization": "FAO-UN", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Christelle.Vancutsem@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO-UN", "roles": ["creator"]}], "distancevalue": "10", "distanceuom": "Km", "edition": "First"}, "links": [{"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/29b81436-8b85-4854-b27f-9530fe93d889/resources/ClimAf_1_1981_2050_Suitweight_TecoCUR05.zip", "description": "Suitability weight per maize - 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