{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-03", "title": "Impacts Of Woodchip Biochar Additions On Greenhouse Gas Production And Sorption/Degradation Of Two Herbicides In A Minnesota Soil", "description": "A potential abatement to increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere is the use of pyrolysis to convert vegetative biomass into a more stable form of carbon (biochar) that could then be applied to the soil. However, the impacts of pyrolysis biochar on the soil system need to be assessed before initiating large scale biochar applications to agricultural fields. We compared CO(2) respiration, nitrous oxide (N(2)O) production, methane (CH(4)) oxidation and herbicide retention and transformation through laboratory incubations at field capacity in a Minnesota soil (Waukegan silt loam) with and without added biochar. CO(2) originating from the biochar needs to be subtracted from the soil-biochar combination in order to elucidate the impact of biochar on soil respiration. After this correction, biochar amendments reduced CO(2) production for all amendment levels tested (2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% w/w; corresponding to 24-720 tha(-1) field application rates). In addition, biochar additions suppressed N(2)O production at all levels. However, these reductions were only significant at biochar amendment levels >20% w/w. Biochar additions also significantly suppressed ambient CH(4) oxidation at all levels compared to unamended soil. The addition of biochar (5% w/w) to soil increased the sorption of atrazine and acetochlor compared to non-amended soils, resulting in decreased dissipation rates of these herbicides. The recalcitrance of the biochar suggests that it could be a viable carbon sequestration strategy, and might provide substantial net greenhouse gas benefits if the reductions in N(2)O production are lasting.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Toluidines", "Herbicides", "Minnesota", "Nitrous Oxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Atrazine", "Adsorption", "Gases", "Methane", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chemosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/35071062", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-26", "title": "Plant Diversity Enhances Ecosystem Responses To Elevated Co2 And Nitrogen Deposition", "description": "Human actions are causing declines in plant biodiversity, increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and increases in nitrogen deposition; however, the interactive effects of these factors on ecosystem processes are unknown. Reduced biodiversity has raised numerous concerns, including the possibility that ecosystem functioning may be affected negatively, which might be particularly important in the face of other global changes. Here we present results of a grassland field experiment in Minnesota, USA, that tests the hypothesis that plant diversity and composition influence the enhancement of biomass and carbon acquisition in ecosystems subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition. The study experimentally controlled plant diversity (1, 4, 9 or 16 species), soil nitrogen (unamended versus deposition of 4 g of nitrogen per m2 per yr) and atmospheric CO2 concentrations using free-air CO2 enrichment (ambient, 368 micromol mol-1, versus elevated, 560 micromol mol-1). We found that the enhanced biomass accumulation in response to elevated levels of CO2 or nitrogen, or their combination, is less in species-poor than in species-rich assemblages.", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Biomass", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/35071062"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/35071062", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/35071062", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/35071062"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.1217382110", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-02", "title": "Plant Diversity Effects On Soil Food Webs Are Stronger Than Those Of Elevated Co2 And N Deposition In A Long-Term Grassland Experiment", "description": "<p>             Recent metaanalyses suggest biodiversity loss affects the functioning of ecosystems to a similar extent as other global environmental change agents. However, the abundance and functioning of soil organisms have been hypothesized to be much less responsive to such changes, particularly in plant diversity, than aboveground variables, although tests of this hypothesis are extremely rare. We examined the responses of soil food webs (soil microorganisms, nematodes, microarthropods) to 13-y manipulation of multiple environmental factors that are changing at global scales\uffe2\uff80\uff94specifically plant species richness, atmospheric CO             2             , and N deposition\uffe2\uff80\uff94in a grassland experiment in Minnesota. Plant diversity was a strong driver of the structure and functioning of soil food webs through several bottom-up (resource control) effects, whereas CO             2             and N only had modest effects. We found few interactions between plant diversity and CO             2             and N, likely because of weak interactive effects of those factors on resource availability (e.g., root biomass). Plant diversity effects likely were large because high plant diversity promoted the accumulation of soil organic matter in the site\uffe2\uff80\uff99s sandy, organic matter\uffe2\uff80\uff93poor soils. Plant diversity effects were not explained by the presence of certain plant functional groups. Our results underline the prime importance of plant diversity loss cascading to soil food webs (density and diversity of soil organisms) and functions. Because the present results suggest prevailing plant diversity effects and few interactions with other global change drivers, protecting plant diversity may be of high priority to maintain the biodiversity and functioning of soils in a changing world.           </p>", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "Food Chain", "Nitrogen", "Climate Change", "Minnesota", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Linear Models", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217382110"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1217382110", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1217382110", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1217382110"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-05", "title": "Legume Species Identity And Soil Nitrogen Supply Determine Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixation Responses To Elevated Atmospheric [Co2]", "description": "In nitrogen (N)-limited systems, the response of symbiotic N fixation to elevated atmospheric [CO2] may be an important determinant of ecosystem responses to this global change. Experimental tests of the effects of elevated [CO2] have not been consistent. Although rarely tested, differences among legume species and N supply may be important. In a field free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, we determined, for four legume species, whether the effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on symbiotic N fixation depended on soil N availability or species identity. Natural abundance and pool-dilution 15N methods were used to estimate N fixation. Although N addition did, in general, decrease N fixation, contrary to theoretical predictions, elevated [CO2] did not universally increase N fixation. Rather, the effect of elevated [CO2] on N fixation was positive, neutral or negative, depending on the species and N addition. Our results suggest that legume species identity and N supply are critical factors in determining symbiotic N-fixation responses to increased atmospheric [CO2].", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Species Specificity", "13. Climate action", "Nitrogen Fixation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Symbiosis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-08", "title": "Seven Years Of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment, Nitrogen Fertilization And Plant Diversity Influence Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In A Grassland Ecosystem", "description": "\u2022 We tested the prediction that the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are influenced by resource availability and plant community composition by examining the joint effects of carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) enrichment, nitrogen (N) fertilization and plant diversity on AM fungi. \u2022 We quantified AM fungal spores and extramatrical hyphae in 176 plots after 7 yr of treatment with all combinations of ambient or elevated CO(2) (368 or 560 ppm), with or without N fertilization (0 or 4 g Nm(-2) ), and one (monoculture) or 16 host plant species (polyculture) in the BioCON field experiment at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, Minnesota, USA. \u2022 Extramatrical hyphal lengths were increased by CO(2) enrichment, whereas AM spore abundance decreased with N fertilization. Spore abundance, morphotype richness and extramatrical hyphal lengths were all greater in monoculture plots. A structural equation model showed AM fungal biovolume was most influenced by CO(2) enrichment, plant community composition and plant richness, whereas spore richness was most influenced by fungal biovolume, plant community composition and plant richness. \u2022 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi responded to differences in host community and resource availability, suggesting that mycorrhizal functions, such as carbon sequestration and soil stability, will be affected by global change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "Hyphae", "Poaceae", "Models", " Biological", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "Soil", "Mycorrhizae", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "grassland ecology", "grasslands", "carbon dioxide", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Spores", " Fungal", "15. Life on land", "plant diversity", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant Shoots"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1128/aem.04040-14", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-24", "title": "Fungal Communities Respond To Long-Term Co2 Elevation By Community Reassembly", "description": "ABSTRACT           <p>             Fungal communities play a major role as decomposers in the Earth's ecosystems. Their community-level responses to elevated CO             2             (eCO             2             ), one of the major global change factors impacting ecosystems, are not well understood. Using 28S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence ecological network approaches, we analyzed the response of soil fungal communities in the BioCON (biodiversity, CO             2             , and N deposition) experimental site in Minnesota, USA, in which a grassland ecosystem has been exposed to eCO             2             for 12 years. Long-term eCO             2             did not significantly change the overall fungal community structure and species richness, but significantly increased community evenness and diversity. The relative abundances of 119 operational taxonomic units (OTU; \uffe2\uff88\uffbc27% of the total captured sequences) were changed significantly. Significantly changed OTU under eCO             2             were associated with decreased overall relative abundance of Ascomycota, but increased relative abundance of Basidiomycota. Co-occurrence ecological network analysis indicated that eCO             2             increased fungal community network complexity, as evidenced by higher intermodular and intramodular connectivity and shorter geodesic distance. In contrast, decreased connections for dominant fungal species were observed in the eCO             2             network. Community reassembly of unrelated fungal species into highly connected dense modules was observed. Such changes in the co-occurrence network topology were significantly associated with altered soil and plant properties under eCO             2             , especially with increased plant biomass and NH             4             +             availability. This study provided novel insights into how eCO             2             shapes soil fungal communities in grassland ecosystems.           </p>", "keywords": ["580", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "electric network topology", "Minnesota", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Fungi", "carbon dioxide", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Biota", "DNA", " Ribosomal", "333", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 28S", "11. Sustainability", "fungi", "ecology", "DNA", " Fungal", "Soil Microbiology", "biodiversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.04040-14"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.04040-14", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.04040-14", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.04040-14"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1139/x92-146", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-18", "title": "Carbon Storage In Lake States Aspen Ecosystems", "description": "<p> Total ecosystem carbon in the soil and vegetation was measured for a range of aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) ecosystems, including a chronosequence on the same soil ranging in age from 0 to 80 years. Soil carbon stayed relatively constant throughout the stand's life and was not affected by timber harvesting. Changes in ecosystem carbon closely paralleled the changes in standing biomass. Aspen grown on 40-year rotations on good soils will sequester several times as much carbon per year as old-growth forests. </p>", "keywords": ["Management Options", "0106 biological sciences", "Michigan", "Spermatophyta", "Angiosperms", "Broadleaves", "wisconsin", "aspen", "Minnesota", "01 natural sciences", "Dicots", "forest succession", "Spermatophytes", "Populus tremuloides", "Biomass", "Plantae", "Forest Sciences", "USA", "Vascular Plants", "Salicaceae: Dicotyledones", "carbon", "Rotation Length", "age of trees", "Forestry", "Carbon cycle", "plant succession", "Plants", "Timber Harvest", "forest ecosystem", "carbon storage", "15. Life on land", "Angiospermae", "Chronosequence Soil Carbon", "ecosystems"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Alban, David H., Perala, D.A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-146"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1139/x92-146", "name": "item", "description": "10.1139/x92-146", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1139/x92-146"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1992-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-17", "title": "Consistent Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Soil Bacterial Communities In Contrasting Systems", "description": "<p>Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects of increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies have examined impacts on whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term ecological research (LTER) experimental N gradients, both of which have been amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years of N additions) and an agricultural field at Kellogg Biological Station (8 years of N additions). By examining shifts in bacterial communities across these contrasting ecosystem types, we could test competing hypotheses about the direct and indirect factors that might drive bacterial responses to elevated N inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive to N additions. We observed predictable and consistent changes in the structure of the bacterial communities across both ecosystem types. Our results suggest that bacterial communities across these gradients are more structured by N and/or soil carbon availability than by shifts in the plant community or soil pH associated with the elevated nitrogen inputs. In contrast to the pronounced shifts in bacterial community composition and in direct contrast to the patterns often observed in plant communities, increases in N availability did not have consistent effects on the richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Michigan", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RNA", " Bacterial", "13. Climate action", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0426.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-0426.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-27", "title": "Carbon Stocks Across A Chronosequence Of Thinned And Unmanaged Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Stands", "description": "<p>Forests function as a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize C stocks offer one possible means of mitigating the impacts of increasing anthropogenic CO2emissions. We studied the effects of thinning, a common management technique in many forest types, on age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related trends in C stocks using a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands ranging from 9 to 306 years old. Live tree C stocks increased with age to a maximum near the middle of the chronosequence in unmanaged stands, and increased across the entire chronosequence in thinned stands. C in live understory vegetation and C in the mineral soil each declined rapidly with age in young stands but changed relatively little in middle\uffe2\uff80\uff90aged to older stands regardless of management. Forest floor C stocks increased with age in unmanaged stands, but forest floor C decreased with age after the onset of thinning around age 40 in thinned stands. Deadwood C was highly variable, but decreased with age in thinned stands. Total ecosystem C increased with stand age until approaching an asymptote around age 150. The increase in total ecosystem C was paralleled by an age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related increase in total aboveground C, but relatively little change in total belowground C. Thinning had surprisingly little impact on total ecosystem C stocks, but it did modestly alter age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related trends in total ecosystem C allocation between aboveground and belowground pools. In addition to characterizing the subtle differences in C dynamics between thinned and unmanaged stands, these results suggest that C accrual in red pine stands continues well beyond the 60\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 year management rotations typical for this system. Management plans that incorporate longer rotations and thinning in some stands could play an important role in maximizing C stocks in red pine forests while meeting other objectives including timber extraction, biodiversity conservation, restoration, and fuel reduction goals.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Soil", "Time Factors", "Minnesota", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "Pinus", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Ecosystem", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0411.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/11-0411.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-08-10", "title": "Nitrogen Oxide And Methane Emissions Under Varying Tillage And Fertilizer Management", "description": "ABSTRACT<p>Comprehensive assessment of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of reduced tillage agricultural systems must consider emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), each of which have higher global warming potentials than carbon dioxide (CO2). Tillage intensity may also impact nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which can have various environmental and agronomic impacts. In 2003 and 2004, we used chambers to measure N2O, CH4, and NO fluxes from plots that had been managed under differing tillage intensity since 1991. The effect of tillage on non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions varied, in both magnitude and direction, depending on fertilizer practices. Emissions of N2O following broadcast urea (BU) application were higher under no till (NT) and conservation tillage (CsT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). In contrast, following anhydrous ammonia (AA) injection, N2O emissions were higher under CT and CsT compared to NT. Emissions following surface urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) application did not vary with tillage. Total growing season non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions were equivalent to CO2 emissions of 0.15 to 1.9 Mg CO2 ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or 0.04 to 0.53 Mg soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Emissions of N2O from AA\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots were two to four times greater than UAN\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and BU\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots. Total NO + N2O losses in the UAN treatment were approximately 50% lower than AA and BU. This study demonstrates that N2O emissions can represent a substantial component of the total GHG budget of reduced tillage systems, and that interactions between fertilizer and tillage practices can be important in controlling non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions.</p>", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Analysis of Variance", "Chromatography", " Gas", "Time Factors", "Minnesota", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitric Oxide", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "11. 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