{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-03", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization Losses From Surface-Applied Urea With Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors", "description": "Abstract   Urease inhibitor (UI) and nitrification inhibitor (NI) have the potential to improve N-use efficiency of applied urea and minimize N losses via gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere and nitrate       (     NO   3  \u2212    )       leaching into surface and ground water bodies. There is a growing interest in the formulations of coating chemical fertilizers with both UI and NI. However, limited information is available on the combined use of UI and NI applied with urea fertilizer. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treating urea with both UI and NI to minimize NH3 volatilization. Two experiments were set up in volatilization chambers under controlled conditions to examine this process. In the first experiment, UR was treated with the urease inhibitor NBPT [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric acid triamide] at a rate of 1060\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 urea and/or with the nitrification inhibitor DCD (dicyandiamide) at rates equivalent to 5 or 10% of the urea N. A randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replicates was used: 1) UR, 2) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT, 3) UR\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%, 4) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 5%, and 5) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%. The fertilizer treatments were applied to the surface of an acidic Red Latosol soil moistened to 60% of the maximum water retention and placed inside volatilization chambers. Controls chambers were added to allow for NH3 volatilized from unfertilized soil or contained in the air that swept over the soil surface. The second experiment had an additional treatment with surface-applied DCD. The chambers were glass vessels (1.5\u00a0L) fit with air inlet and outlet tubings to allow air to pass over the soil. Ammonia volatilized was swept and carried to a flask containing a boric acid solution to trap the gas and then measured daily by titration with a standardized H2SO4 solution. Continuous measurements were recorded for 19 and 23 days for the first and second experiment, respectively. The soil samples were then analyzed for UR\u2013,       NH   4  +   \u2013    , and       NO   3  \u2212   \u2013  N    . Losses of NH3 by volatilization with unamended UR ranged from 28 to 37% of the applied N, with peak of losses observed the third day after fertilization. NBPT delayed the peak of NH3 losses due to urease inhibition and reduced NH3 volatilization between 54 and 78% when compared with untreated UR. Up to 10 days after the fertilizer application, NH3 losses had not been affected by DCD in the UR or the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments; thereafter, NH3 volatilization tended to decrease, but not when DCD was present. As a consequence, the addition of DCD caused a 5\u201316% increase in NH3 volatilization losses of the fertilizer N applied as UR from both the UR and the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments. Because the effectiveness of NBPT to inhibit soil urease activity was strong only in the first week, it could be concluded that DCD did not affect the action of NBPT but rather, enhanced volatilization losses by maintaining higher soil       NH   4  +      concentration and pH for a longer time. Depending on the combination of factors influencing NH3 volatilization, DCD could even offset the beneficial effect of NBPT in reducing NH3 volatilization losses.", "keywords": ["soil chemistry", "Urease inhibitors", "Surface treatment", "nutrient use efficiency", "Ammonia volatilization", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Ammonia", "Oxidation", "DCD", "Urea", "Urea fertilizers", "Fertilizers", "volatilization", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "soil surface", "coating", "fertilizer application", "Urease inhibitor", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrification inhibitor", "Nitrification", "Inorganic acids", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity", "inhibitor", "pH effects", "Metabolism", "NBPT", "Denitrification", "Leaching", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Experiments", "Stabilized fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-15", "title": "An Inhibitor Of Urease Activity Effectively Reduces Ammonia Emissions From Soil Treated With Urea Under Mediterranean Conditions", "description": "Open Access7 p\u00e1ginas y 3 figuras", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "NBPT", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Ammonia volatilization", "Mediterranean climate", "Urease", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-21", "title": "Effect Of Inhibitors And Fertigation Strategies On Ghg Emissions, No Fluxes And Yield In Irrigated Maize", "description": "Abating large losses of nitrogen (N) oxides while maintaining or enhancing crop yield is a major goal in irrigated maize (Zea mays L) cropping areas. During two consecutive campaigns, the new nitrification inhibitor 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) applied with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and the same fertilizer applied by drip-fertigation without the inhibitor, were evaluated and compared with CAN broadcast to the surface and irrigated with sprinklers. Concurrently, urea-based treatments such as urea-fertigation and the broadcast application of urea combined with sprinkler irrigation, with or without the urease inhibitor N-butyl thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT), were also assessed. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes, grain and biomass yield and yieldscaled N2O emissions ofthe differenttreatments were compared.Additionally, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were measured. On average, fertigation treatments led to a mitigation of N2O emissions with respect to sprinkler irrigation by 80% and 78% for CAN and urea, respectively. With regards to inhibitor-based strategies, the use of DMPSA and NBPT reduced N2O losses by 58% and 51%, respectively, considering the average of both maize cropping seasons. Since no differences in grain yield were observed between fertilized treatments, DMPSA and fertigation treatments gave the lowest values of yield-scaled N2O emissions, leading to reductions of 63%, 71% and 78% for CAN with DMPSA, urea-fertigation and CAN-fertigation, respectively, with respect to conventional management strategies (surface broadcast application and sprinkler irrigation). Low NO emissions during the first campaign masked differences between treatments, whereas during the second season, NO losses significantly decreased in the following order: conventional treatments > inhibitors > fertigation. Comparing conventional management practices, CAN significantly decreased emissions of N oxides compared with urea, but this effect was only observed in the second maize cropping season. The moisture distribution pattern in drip plots (dry and wet areas) caused a reduction of CH4 sink (only in one of the two seasons) and respiration fluxes, in comparison to sprinkler. This study shows that the use of the new nitrification inhibitor DMPSA and drip-fertigation should be promoted in irrigated maize agro-ecosystems, in order to mitigate emissions of N oxides without penalizing grain yield and leading to similar or enhanced biomass production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "GHG emission", "571", "Agricultura", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Nitrification inhibitor DMPSA", "6. Clean water", "Fertigation", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitric oxide emission", "Urease inhibitor NBPT", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15302/j-fase-2014028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-15", "title": "Estimating The Effect Of Urease Inhibitor On Rice Yield Based On Ndvi At Key Growth Stages", "description": "The effect of the urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at a range of application rates on rice production was examined in a field experiment at Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province, China. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was measured at key growth stages in both early and late rice. The results showed that the grain yield increased significantly when urea was applied with NBPT, with the highest yield observed at 1.00% NBPT (wt/wt). NDVI differed with the growth stage of rice; it remained steady from the heading to the filling stage. Rice yield could be predicted from the NDVI taken at key rice growing stages, with R<sup>2</sup> ranging from 0.34 to 0.69 in early rice and 0.49 to 0.70 in late rice. The validation test showed that RMSE (t\u00b7hm<sup>-2</sup>) values were 0.77 and 0.87 in early and late rice, respectively. Therefore, it was feasible to estimate rice yield for different amounts of urease inhibitor using NDVI.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)|N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)|rice|grain yield", "Agriculture (General)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "S1-972"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kailou Liu, Yazhen Li, Huiwen Hu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15302/j-fase-2014028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20of%20Agricultural%20Science%20and%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15302/j-fase-2014028", "name": "item", "description": "10.15302/j-fase-2014028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15302/j-fase-2014028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-11", "title": "Additives Incorporated Into Urea To Reduce Nitrogen Losses After Application To The Soil", "description": "<p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop urea-based fertilizers with internal incorporation of urease inhibitors and other additives in the granule. The effects of the incorporation of NBPT, copper (Cu+2), boric acid (H3BO3), elemental sulphur (S\uffc2\uffba), and a clay mineral from the zeolite group in powder urea - with ten different combinations of these additives - were evaluated as to N losses by volatilization and leaching. The losses in laboratory-developed formulations were compared with those of commercial fertilizers coated with the same additives (Super N, FH Nitro Mais, and FH Nitro Gold). The evaluations were made in greenhouse conditions, using a Ultisol accommodated in PVC columns. Nitrate and ammonium leaching was evaluated in the solution percolated through the soil columns. Ammonia volatilization was measured with a semi-open static chamber. The incorporation of urease inhibitors (NBPT, H3BO3, and Cu+2) into the urea granules was efficient to reduce N volatilization. Ammonia volatilization in the laboratory-developed ureas was lower than in commercial fertilizers coated with the same additives, while ammonium sulfate losses by leaching were similar. The addition of zeolite does not reduce N volatilization. Mineral N leaching in the soil profile is not affected by urease inhibitors.</p>", "keywords": ["volatiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de am\u00f4nia", "Agriculture (General)", "urease inhibitors", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o", "01 natural sciences", "inibidores de urease", "6. Clean water", "S1-972", "leaching", "nitrogen fertilizers", "ammonia volatilization", "NBPT", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fertilizantes nitrogenados", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pesquisa%20Agropecu%C3%A1ria%20Brasileira", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0103-90162008000400011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-08", "title": "Ammonia Volatilisation From Urease Inhibitor-Treated Urea Applied To Sugarcane Trash Blankets", "description": "<p>Legal restrictions from burning sugarcane prior to harvest are causing a sharp increase in acreage which is harvested as green cane. The presence of a thick sugarcane trash mulch left after harvest makes it difficult to incorporate fertilisers in the soil. Since large losses of ammonia may occur when urea is surface applied to trash, it is important to find ways to improve urea-N use efficiency. The urease inhibitor NBPT slows down urea hydrolysis and thus may help decrease ammonia losses. Ammonia traps were set up in seven sugarcane fields covered with trash and fertilised with ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate, urea, and NBPT-treated urea. All N fertilisers were surface-applied at rates of 80 or 100 kg N ha-1. Very little N was lost when ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate were used. However, volatilisation losses as ammonia from the urea treatments varied from 1% (rainy days after fertilisation) to 25% of the applied N. The percentage of reduction in volatilisation due to NBPT application ranged from 15% to 78% depending on the weather conditions during the days following application of N. Addition of NBPT to urea helped to control ammonia losses, but the inhibitor was less effective when rain sufficient to incorporate urea into the soil occurred only 10 to 15 days or latter after fertiliser application.</p>", "keywords": ["adubos nitrogenados", "NBPT", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "perdas de am\u00f4nia", "ammonia losses", "nitrogen fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000400011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientia%20Agricola", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0103-90162008000400011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0103-90162008000400011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0103-90162008000400011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4067/s0718-58392013000200012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:22:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-18", "title": "Rates Of Urea With Or Without Urease Inhibitor For Topdressing Wheat", "description": "The urease inhibitor NBPT(N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) is a management alternative to increase urea efficiency in topdressing because it reduces NH3 volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate N recovery and yield performance of wheat ( Triticum  aestivum   L.) \u2018BRS 254\u2019 fertilized with different urea or urea + NBPT rates in topdressing. The experiment was conducted from May to September 2007 in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Treatments followed a 5 \u00d7 2 + 1 factorial design consisting of five N fertilizer rates (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1) as urea or urea + NBPT (Agrotain\u00ae ) applied as topdressing and a control without N. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Adding NBPT to urea resulted in better N utilization by wheat plants. The 100 kg N ha-1 topdressing rate provided the best apparent N recovery by wheat plants, whereas 90 kg ha-1 provided the best N use efficiency.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Triticum aestivum", "NBPT", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nitrogen fertilization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "NH3 volatilization", "N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Espindula, Marcelo C., Rocha, Valterley S., de Souza, Moacil Alves, Campanharo, Marcela, Paula, Guilherme de Sousa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392013000200012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chilean%20journal%20of%20agricultural%20research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4067/s0718-58392013000200012", "name": "item", "description": "10.4067/s0718-58392013000200012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4067/s0718-58392013000200012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=NBPT&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=NBPT&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=NBPT&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=NBPT&offset=7", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 7, "numberReturned": 7, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-28T08:05:38.823304Z"}