{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9906", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:32Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2021-03-04", "title": "Spatiotemporal dynamics of CO2 flux in Basel city centre", "description": "

<p>Independent, timely and accurate monitoring of urban CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is important to assess the progress towards the Paris Agreement goals, evaluate the mitigation potential of the implemented actions and support urban planning, policy- and decision-making processes. However, there are several challenges towards achieving comprehensive urban emission monitoring at the required scales, which are mainly related to the complexities in the urban form, the urban function and their interactions with the atmosphere. Cities are highly heterogeneous mosaics of CO<sub>2</sub> sources and sinks. Typically, the main emission sources in an urban neighbourhood are vehicles and buildings, while the contribution of human, plant and soil respiration can be also significant depending on population density and green area fraction. At the same time, urban vegetation acts as carbon sink, mitigating urban emissions locally. This study attempts to unravel the complex urban CO<sub>2</sub> flux dynamics by modelling each component separately (i.e. building emissions, traffic emissions, human metabolism, photosynthetic uptake, plant respiration, soil respiration) based on high resolution geospatial, meteorological and population activity datasets. The case study is the city centre of Basel, Switzerland. The models are calibrated and evaluated using Eddy Covariance measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> flux from two permanent tower sites in the city centre, covering a significant part of the study area. Moreover, an extended field campaign for the measurement of the biogenic components (i.e. photosynthetic uptake, plant respiration, soil respiration) has been active since the summer of 2020, involving regular chamber flux measurements and soil stations across the study area. The study reveals the spatial and temporal complexity of the urban CO<sub>2</sub> flux dynamics both diurnally and seasonally. The relative contribution of each flux component to the seasonal cycle is presented, while the mitigation potential of urban vegetation is evaluated. Cross-comparison between model outputs and Eddy Covariance measurements are discussed in respect to source area variability, airflow complexity in the urban canopy layer and irregular unrecognized emission sources.</p>

", "keywords": ["diFUME", "urban biogenic carbon dioxide flux", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9906"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9906", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9906", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9906"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6231", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-27", "title": "Potential of natural language processing for metadata extraction from environmental scientific publications", "description": "

<p>Adapting agricultural management practices to changing climate is not straightforward. Effects of agricultural management practices (tillage, cover crops, amendment, …) on soil variables (hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, …) often vary according to pedo-climatic conditions. Hence, it is important to take these conditions into account in quantitative evidence synthesis. Extracting structured information from scientific publications to build large databases with experimental data from various conditions is an effective way to do this. This database can then serve to explain, and possibly also to predict, the effect of management practices in different pedo-climatic contexts.</p><p>However, manually building such a database by going through all publications is tedious. And given the increasing amount of literature, this task is likely to require more and more effort in the future. Natural language processing facilitates this task.  In this work, we built a database of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity from tension-disk infiltrometer measurements from scientific publications. We used tailored regular expressions and dictionaries to extract coordinates, soil texture, soil type, rainfall, disk diameter and tensions applied. The overal results have an F1-score ranging from 0.72 to 0.91.</p><p>In addition, we extracted relationships between a set of driver keywords (e.g. ‘biochar’, ‘zero tillage’, …) and variables (e.g. ‘soil aggregate’, ‘hydraulic conductivity’, …) from publication abstracts based on the shortest dependency path between them. The relationships were further classified according to positive, negative or absent correlations between the driver and variable. This technique quickly provides an overview of the different driver-variable relationships and their abundance for an entire body of literature. For instance, we were able to recover the positive correlation between biochar and yield, as well as its negative correlation with bulk density.</p>

", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Soil Science", "GE1-350", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "420", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/30670/1/blanchy-g-et-al-20230413.pdf"}, {"href": "https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/9/155/2023/soil-9-155-2023.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6231"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/SOIL", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6231", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6231", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6231"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-16-337-2024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-15", "title": "A global catalogue of CO2 emissions and co-emitted species from power plants, including high-resolution vertical and temporal profiles", "description": "

Abstract. We present a high-resolution global emission catalogue of CO2 and co-emitted species (NOx, SO2, CO, CH4) from thermal power plants for the year 2018. The construction of the database follows a bottom-up approach, which combines plant-specific information with national energy consumption statistics and fuel-dependent emission factors for CO2 and emission ratios for co-emitted species (e.g. the amount of NOx emitted relative to CO2: NOx/CO2). The resulting catalogue contains annual emission information for more than 16\u2009000 individual facilities at their exact geographical locations. Each facility is linked to a country- and fuel-dependent temporal profile (i.e. monthly, day of the week and hourly) and a plant-level vertical profile, which were derived from national electricity generation statistics and plume rise calculations that combine stack parameters with meteorological information. The combination of the aforementioned information allows us to derive high-resolution spatial and temporal emissions for modelling purposes. Estimated annual emissions were compared against independent plant- and country-level inventories, including Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA), the Global Infrastructure emission Database (GID) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), as well as officially reported emission data. Overall good agreement is observed between datasets when comparing the CO2 emissions. The main discrepancies are related to the non-inclusion of auto-producer or heat-only facilities in certain countries due to a lack of data. Larger inconsistencies are obtained when comparing emissions from co-emitted species due to uncertainties in the fuel-, country- and region-dependent emission ratios and gap-filling procedures. The temporal distribution of emissions obtained in this work was compared against traditional sector-dependent profiles that are widely used in modelling efforts. This highlighted important differences and the need to consider country dependencies when temporally distributing emissions. The resulting catalogue (https://doi.org/10.24380/0a9o-v7xe, Guevara et al., 2023) is developed in the framework of the Prototype System for a Copernicus CO2 service (CoCO2) European Union (EU)-funded project to support the development of the Copernicus CO2 Monitoring and Verification Support capacity (CO2MVS).

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "550", "Atmospheric carbon dioxide", "Heating plants", "Urbanisation", "Geology", "Environment", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Emission", "Environmental sciences", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental", "Centrals t\u00e8rmiques", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "Anh\u00eddrid carb\u00f2nic atmosf\u00e8ric"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-337-2024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-16-337-2024", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-16-337-2024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-16-337-2024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-08-13", "title": "State of Wildfires 2023\u20132024", "description": "

Abstract. Climate\u00a0change contributes to the increased frequency and intensity of wildfires globally, with significant impacts on society and the environment. However, our understanding of the global distribution of extreme fires remains skewed, primarily influenced by media coverage and regionalised research efforts. This inaugural State of Wildfires report systematically analyses fire activity worldwide, identifying extreme events from the March 2023\u2013February 2024 fire season. We assess the causes, predictability, and attribution of these events to climate change and land use and forecast future risks under different climate scenarios. During the 2023\u20132024 fire season, 3.9\u00d7106\u2009km2 burned globally, slightly below the average of previous seasons, but fire carbon (C) emissions were 16\u2009% above average, totalling 2.4\u2009Pg\u2009C. Global fire C emissions were increased by record emissions in Canadian boreal forests (over 9 times the average) and reduced by low emissions from African savannahs. Notable events included record-breaking fire extent and emissions in Canada, the largest recorded wildfire in the European Union (Greece), drought-driven fires in western Amazonia and northern parts of South America, and deadly fires in Hawaii (100 deaths) and Chile (131 deaths). Over 232\u2009000 people were evacuated in Canada alone, highlighting the severity of human impact. Our analyses revealed that multiple drivers were needed to cause areas of extreme fire activity. In Canada and Greece, a combination of high fire weather and an abundance of dry fuels increased the probability of fires, whereas burned area anomalies were weaker in regions with lower fuel loads and higher direct suppression, particularly in Canada. Fire weather prediction in Canada showed a mild anomalous signal 1 to 2 months in advance, whereas events in Greece and Amazonia had shorter predictability horizons. Attribution analyses indicated that modelled anomalies in burned area were up to 40\u2009%, 18\u2009%, and 50\u2009% higher due to climate change in Canada, Greece, and western Amazonia during the 2023\u20132024 fire season, respectively. Meanwhile, the probability of extreme fire seasons of these magnitudes has increased significantly due to anthropogenic climate change, with a 2.9\u20133.6-fold increase in likelihood of high fire weather in Canada and a 20.0\u201328.5-fold increase in Amazonia. By the end of the century, events of similar magnitude to 2023 in Canada are projected to occur 6.3\u201310.8 times more frequently under a medium\u2013high emission scenario (SSP370). This report represents our first annual effort to catalogue extreme wildfire events, explain their occurrence, and predict future risks. By consolidating state-of-the-art wildfire science and delivering key insights relevant to policymakers, disaster management services, firefighting agencies, and land managers, we aim to enhance society's resilience to wildfires and promote advances in preparedness, mitigation, and adaptation. New datasets presented in this work are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11400539 (Jones et al., 2024) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11420742 (Kelley et al., 2024a).

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "wildfire", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Environmental sciences", "climate change", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Life Science", "GE1-350"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/96389/1/essd_16_3601_2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/3601/2024/essd-16-3601-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu24-105", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-08", "title": "Liming effects on microbial carbon use efficiency and its potential consequences for soil organic carbon stocks", "description": "

The allocation of metabolised carbon (C) between soil microbial growth and respiration, i.e. C use efficiency (CUE) is crucial for SOC dynamics. The pH was shown to be a major driver of microbial CUE in agricultural soils and therefore, management practices to control soil pH, such as liming, could serve as a tool to modify microbial physiology. We hypothesised that raising soil pH would alleviate CUE-limiting conditions and that liming could thus increase CUE, thereby supporting SOC accrual. This study investigated whether CUE can be manipulated by liming and how this might contribute to SOC stock changes. The effects of liming on CUE, microbial biomass C, abundance of microbial domains, SOC stocks and OC inputs were assessed for soils from three European long-term field experiments. Field control soils were additionally limed in the laboratory to assess immediate effects, accounting for lime-derived CO2 emissions (δ13C signature). The shift in soil pHH2O from 4.5 to 7.3 with long-term liming reduced CUE by 40%, whereas the shift from 5.5 to 8.6 and from 6.5 to 7.8 was associated with increases in CUE by 16% and 24%, respectively. The overall relationship between CUE and soil pH followed a U-shaped (i.e. quadratic) curve, implying that in agricultural soils CUE may be lowest at pHH2O = 6.4. The immediate CUE response to liming followed the same trends. Interestingly, liming increased microbial biomass C in all cases. Changes in CUE with long-term liming contributed to the net effect of liming on SOC stocks. Our study confirms the value of liming as a management practice for climate-smart agriculture, but demonstrates that it remains difficult to predict the impact on SOC stocks due its complex effects on the C cycle.

", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Isotopic labelling", "Organic C inputs", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "Agricultural soil", "630", "Climate change mitigation", "03 medical and health sciences", "Long-term field experiment (LTE)", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Microbial soil carbon", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-105"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-egu24-105", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-egu24-105", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-105"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-23", "title": "High-resolution satellite products improve hydrological modeling in northern Italy", "description": "

Abstract. Satellite Earth observations (EO) are an accurate and reliable data source for atmospheric and environmental science. Their increasing spatial and temporal resolution, as well as the seamless availability over ungauged regions, make them appealing for hydrological modeling. This work shows recent advances in the use of high-resolution satellite-based Earth observation data in hydrological modelling. In a set of experiments, the distributed hydrological model Continuum is set up for the Po River Basin (Italy) and forced, in turn, by satellite precipitation and evaporation, while satellite-derived soil moisture and snow depths are ingested into the model structure through a data-assimilation scheme. Further, satellite-based estimates of precipitation, evaporation and river discharge are used for hydrological model calibration, and results are compared with those based on ground observations. Despite the high density of conventional ground measurements and the strong human influence in the focus region, all satellite products show strong potential for operational hydrological applications, with skillful estimates of river discharge throughout the model domain. Satellite-based evaporation and snow depths marginally improve (by 2 % and 4 %) the mean Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) at 27 river gauges, compared to a baseline simulation (KGEmean = 0.51) forced by high-quality conventional data. Precipitation has the largest impact on the model output, though the satellite dataset on average shows poorer skills compared to conventional data. Interestingly, a model calibration heavily relying on satellite data, as opposed to conventional data, provides a skillful reconstruction of river discharges, paving the way to fully satellite-driven hydrological applications.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "DATA", "ASSIMILATION", "Po River", "FLOOD RISK", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0207 environmental engineering", "UNCERTAINTY", "02 engineering and technology", "high resolution satellite products", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "G", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "EARTH", "GE1-350", "continuum hydrological model", "RAINFALL", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "T", "RADAR ALTIMETRY DATA", "LAND-SURFACE", "6. Clean water", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL", "OBSERVATION", "DISCHARGE ESTIMATION", "SOIL-MOISTURE PRODUCTS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/3921/2022/hess-26-3921-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu25-2248", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-03-14", "title": "Efficiency of plant biomass processing pathways for long-term soil carbon storage", "description": "

The potential for soil carbon (C) sequestration strongly depends on the availability of plant biomass inputs, making its efficient use critical for designing net zero strategies. Here, we compared different biomass processing pathways and quantified the long-term effect of the resulting exogenous organic materials (EOMs) on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. We estimated C losses during feed digestion of plant material, storage of manure, composting and anaerobic digestion of plant material and manure, and pyrolysis of plant material based on literature values. Then we applied the widely used SOC model RothC with newly developed parameters to quantify SOC storage efficiency, i.e., accounting for both processing losses and decomposition losses, of the different EOMs. Based on simulations for a 39-year long cropland trial in Switzerland, we found that the SOC storage efficiency is higher for plant material directly added to the soil (16 %) compared to digestate and manure (3 % and 5 % respectively). For compost, the effect was less clear (2 % ̶ 18 %; mean: 10 %) due to a high uncertainty in C-losses during composting. In the case of biochar, 43 % of the initial plant C remained in the soil, due to its high intrinsic stability despite C-losses of 54 % during pyrolysis. To provide robust recommendations for optimal biomass use, additional considerations such as nutrient availability of EOMs, environmental impacts of soil application, and life cycle assessments for the entire production processes should be included. 

", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "compost", "net zero", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "carbon farming", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "630", "333", "modelling", "soil carbon sequestration", "digestate", "manure", "biochar", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-2248"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-egu25-2248", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-egu25-2248", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-2248"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "EC-Earth3-AerChem, a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6", "description": "

Abstract. This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average \uffe2\uff88\uff920.09\uffe2\uff80\uff89W\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25\uffe2\uff80\uff89W\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.005\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995\uffe2\uff80\uff932014 has an average bias of \uffe2\uff88\uff920.86\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.02\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091\uffe2\uff80\uff932100) of 4.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric chemistry", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "MODIFIED BAND APPROACH", "7. Clean energy", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "SULFURIC-ACID", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "EC-EARTH", "ORGANIC AEROSOL", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental", "Aerosols", "QE1-996.5", "Escalfament global", "Global warming", "Geology", "Climatic changes", "16. Peace & justice", "Climate Science", "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE", "DUST AEROSOLS", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "GREENHOUSE-GAS CONCENTRATIONS", "BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS", "Geosciences", "Klimatvetenskap", "Canvis clim\u00e0tics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.polito.it/bitstream/11583/2959536/1/vannoije2021_gmd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5637/2021/gmd-14-5637-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-413"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2020-413"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-07", "title": "A pan-African high-resolution drought index dataset", "description": "

Abstract. Droughts in Africa cause severe problems such as crop failure, food shortages, famine, epidemics and even mass migration. To minimize the effects of drought on water and food security over Africa, a high-resolution drought dataset is essential to establish robust drought hazard probabilities and to assess drought vulnerability considering a multi- and cross-sectorial perspective that includes crops, hydrological systems, rangeland, and environmental systems. Such assessments are essential for policy makers, their advisors, and other stakeholders to respond to the pressing humanitarian issues caused by these environmental hazards. In this study, a high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset is presented to support these assessments. We compute historical SPEI data based on Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) precipitation estimates and Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) potential evaporation estimates. The high resolution SPEI dataset (SPEI-HR) presented here spans from 1981 to 2016 (36 years) with 5\uffe2\uff80\uff89km spatial resolution over the whole Africa. To facilitate the diagnosis of droughts of different durations, accumulation periods from 1 to 48 months are provided. The quality of the resulting dataset was compared with coarse-resolution SPEI based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) datasets, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) project, as well as with root zone soil moisture modelled by GLEAM. Agreement found between coarse resolution SPEI from CRU TS (SPEI-CRU) and the developed SPEI-HR provides confidence in the estimation of temporal and spatial variability of droughts in Africa with SPEI-HR. In addition, agreement of SPEI-HR versus NDVI and root zone soil moisture \uffe2\uff80\uff93 with average correlation coefficient (R) of 0.54 and 0.77, respectively \uffe2\uff80\uff93 further implies that SPEI-HR can provide valuable information to study drought-related processes and societal impacts at sub-basin and district scales in Africa. The dataset is archived in Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) with link: https://doi.org/10.5285/bbdfd09a04304158b366777eba0d2aeb (Peng et al., 2019a)

", "keywords": ["CALIFORNIA DROUGHT", "IMPACTS", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "GLOBAL ASSESSMENT", "WATER-RESOURCES", "DATA PRODUCTS", "0207 environmental engineering", "1. No poverty", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Environmental sciences", "PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY CENTER", "DATA SETS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "GREATER HORN", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/753/2020/essd-12-753-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-13-367-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-13", "title": "Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service TEMPOral profiles (CAMS-TEMPO): global and European emission temporal profile maps for atmospheric chemistry modelling", "description": "

Abstract. We present the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service TEMPOral profiles (CAMS-TEMPO), a dataset of global and European emission temporal profiles that provides gridded monthly, daily, weekly and hourly weight factors for atmospheric chemistry modelling. CAMS-TEMPO includes temporal profiles for the priority air pollutants (NOx; SOx; NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compound; NH3; CO; PM10; and PM2.5) and the greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) for each of the following anthropogenic source categories: energy industry (power plants), residential combustion, manufacturing industry, transport (road traffic and air traffic in airports) and agricultural activities (fertilizer use and livestock). The profiles are computed on a global 0.1\u2009\u00d7\u20090.1\u2218 and regional European 0.1\u2009\u00d7\u20090.05\u2218 grid following the domain and sector classification descriptions of the global and regional emission inventories developed under the CAMS programme. The profiles account for the variability of the main emission drivers of each sector. Statistical information linked to emission variability (e.g. electricity production and traffic counts) at national and local levels were collected and combined with existing meteorology-dependent parametrizations to account for the influences of sociodemographic factors and climatological conditions. Depending on the sector and the temporal resolution (i.e. monthly, weekly, daily and hourly) the resulting profiles are pollutant-dependent, year-dependent (i.e. time series from 2010 to 2017) and/or spatially dependent (i.e. the temporal weights vary per country or region). We provide a complete description of the data and methods used to build the CAMS-TEMPO profiles, and whenever possible, we evaluate the representativeness of the proxies used to compute the temporal weights against existing observational data. We find important discrepancies when comparing the obtained temporal weights with other currently used datasets. The CAMS-TEMPO data product including the global (CAMS-GLOB-TEMPOv2.1, https://doi.org/10.24380/ks45-9147, Guevara et al., 2020a) and regional European (CAMS-REG-TEMPOv2.1, https://doi.org/10.24380/1cx4-zy68, Guevara et al., 2020b) temporal profiles are distributed from the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) system (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/, last access: February 2021).

", "keywords": ["China", "Atmospheric chemistry", "550", "Anthropogenic emissions", "Ammonia emissions", "Urbanisation", "Environment", "7. Clean energy", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "11. Sustainability", "Air-pollution", "GE1-350", "Gridded emissions", "Fuel use", "QE1-996.5", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Inventory", "Geology", "Environmental sciences", "Data product", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "Air quality", "Transport model", "Data sets", "Bottom-up", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "Air pollutants"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/367/2021/essd-13-367-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-367-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-13-367-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-13-367-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-13-367-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-10-405-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-12", "title": "Global Carbon Budget 2017", "description": "

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere \u2013 the global carbon budget \u2013 is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as \u00b11\u03c3. For the last decade available (2007\u20132016), EFF was 9.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, ELUC 1.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, GATM 4.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.1\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, SOCEAN 2.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, and SLAND 3.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.8\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, GATM was 6.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, SOCEAN was 2.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, and SLAND was 2.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.0\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, with a small BIM of \u22120.3\u202fGtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007\u20132016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Ni\u00f1o conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.1\u202fppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6\u20139\u00a0months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0\u202f% (range of 0.8 to 3.0\u202f%) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9 et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).

", "keywords": ["ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES", "550", "530 Physics", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]", "MIXED-LAYER SCHEME", "INTERNATIONAL-TRADE", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "333", "12. Responsible consumption", "FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION", "ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE", "11. Sustainability", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Life Science", "GE1-350", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "ATMOSPHERIC CO2", "DIOXIDE EMISSIONS", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "LAND-COVER CHANGE", "QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "EARTH SYSTEM MODEL", "ddc:550", "VEGETATION MODEL", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "Environmental sciences", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "General Earth and Planetary Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/66578/1/Published_manuscript.pdf"}, {"href": "http://oceanrep.geomar.de/42391/1/essd-10-405-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/116576/1/lequere18essd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15161/1/essd-10-405-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15161/1/essd-10-405-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/10/405/2018/essd-10-405-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-405-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-10-405-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-10-405-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-10-405-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-03-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-12-61-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-06", "title": "An open-source database for the synthesis of soil radiocarbon data: International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD) version 1.0", "description": "

Abstract. Radiocarbon is a critical constraint on our estimates of the timescales of soil carbon cycling that can aid in identifying mechanisms of carbon stabilization and destabilization and improve the forecast of soil carbon response to management or environmental change. Despite the wealth of soil radiocarbon data that have been reported over the past 75\u00a0years, the ability to apply these data to global-scale questions is limited by our capacity to synthesize and compare measurements generated using a variety of methods. Here, we present the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD; http://soilradiocarbon.org, last access: 16\u00a0December\u00a02019), an open-source archive of soil data that include reported measurements from bulk soils, distinct soil carbon pools isolated in the laboratory by a variety of soil fractionation methods, samples of soil gas or water collected interstitially from within an intact soil profile, CO2 gas isolated from laboratory soil incubations, and fluxes collected in situ from a soil profile. The core of ISRaD is a relational database structured around individual datasets (entries) and organized hierarchically to report soil radiocarbon data, measured at different physical and temporal scales as well as other soil or environmental properties that may also be measured and may assist with interpretation and context. Anyone may contribute their own data to the database by entering it into the ISRaD template and subjecting it to quality assurance protocols. ISRaD can be accessed through (1)\u00a0a web-based interface, (2)\u00a0an R package (ISRaD), or (3)\u00a0direct access to code and data through the GitHub repository, which hosts both code and data. The design of ISRaD allows for participants to become directly involved in the management, design, and application of ISRaD data. The synthesized dataset is available in two forms: the original data as reported by the authors of the datasets and an enhanced dataset that includes ancillary geospatial data calculated within the ISRaD framework. ISRaD also provides data management tools in the ISRaD-R package that provide a starting point for data analysis; as an open-source project, the broader soil community is invited and encouraged to add data, tools, and ideas for improvement. As a whole, ISRaD provides resources to aid our evaluation of soil dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales. The ISRaD v1.0 dataset is archived and freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2613911 (Lawrence et al., 2019).

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "QE1-996.5", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "ddc:550", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Panoply", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "004", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/61/2020/essd-12-61-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-12-61-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-12-61-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-01-07", "title": "C-band radar data and in situ measurements for the monitoring of wheat crops in a semi-arid area (center of Morocco)", "description": "

Abstract. A better understanding of the hydrological functioning of irrigated crops using remote sensing observations is of prime importance in the semi-arid areas where the water resources are limited. Radar observations, available at high resolution and revisit time since the launch of Sentinel-1 in 2014, have shown great potential for the monitoring of the water content of the upper soil and of the canopy. In this paper, a complete set of data for radar signal analysis is shared to the scientific community for the first time to our knowledge. The data set is composed of Sentinel-1 products and in situ measurements of soil and vegetation variables collected during three agricultural seasons over drip-irrigated winter wheat in the Haouz plain in Morocco. The in situ data gathers soil measurements (time series of half-hourly surface soil moisture, surface roughness and agricultural practices) and vegetation measurements collected every week/two weeks including above-ground fresh and dry biomasses, vegetation water content based on destructive measurements, cover fraction, leaf area index and plant height. Radar data are the backscattering coefficient and the interferometric coherence derived from Sentinel-1 GRDH (Ground Range Detected High resolution) and SLC (Single Look Complex) products, respectively. The normalized difference vegetation index derived from Sentinel-2 data based on Level-2A (surface reflectance and cloud mask) atmospheric effects-corrected products is also provided. This database, which is the first of its kind made available in open access, is described here comprehensively in order to help the scientific community to evaluate and to develop new or existing remote sensing algorithms for monitoring wheat canopy under semi-arid conditions. The data set is particularly relevant for the development of radar applications including surface soil moisture and vegetation parameters retrieval using either physically based or empirical approaches such as machine and deep learning algorithms. The database is archived in the DataSuds repository and is freely-accessible via the DOI: https://doi.org/10.23708/8D6WQC (Ouaadi et al., 2020a).

", "keywords": ["550", "Arid", "Soil Moisture", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "FOS: Mechanical engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Digital Soil Mapping Techniques", "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index", "630", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Engineering", "Pathology", "GE1-350", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "Vegetation Monitoring", "Water content", "Ecology", "Geography", "Statistics", "Life Sciences", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "Remote Sensing in Vegetation Monitoring and Phenology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability", "6. Clean water", "Satellite Observations", "Archaeology", "Physical Sciences", "Leaf area index", "Telecommunications", "Medicine", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Environmental Engineering", "Data set", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Aerospace Engineering", "Soil Science", "Environmental science", "Digital Soil Mapping", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Global Soil Information", "FOS: Mathematics", "Biology", "Radar", "Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry", "Canopy", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "Soil Properties", "Paleontology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "Surface Deformation Monitoring", "Computer science", "Agronomy", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/3707/2021/essd-13-3707-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2021-358", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-28", "title": "The MONARCH high-resolution reanalysis of desert dust aerosol over Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe (2007\u20132016)", "description": "

Abstract. One of the challenges in studying desert dust aerosol along with its numerous interactions and impacts is the paucity of direct in-situ measurements, particularly in the areas most affected by dust storms. Satellites typically provide columnintegrated aerosol measurements, but observationally-constrained continuous 3D dust fields are needed to assess dust variability, climate effects and impacts upon a variety of socio-economic sectors. Here, we present a high resolution regional reanalysis data set of desert dust aerosols that covers Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe along with the Mediterranean sea and parts of Central Asia, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans between 2007 and 2016. The horizontal resolution is 0.1\u00b0 latitude\u2009\u00d7\u20090.1\u00b0 longitude, and the temporal resolution is 3 hours. The reanalysis was produced using Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) data assimilation in the Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (MONARCH) developed at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). The assimilated data are coarse-mode dust optical depth retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue Level 2 products. The reanalysis data set consists of upper air (dust mass concentrations and extinction coefficient), surface (dust deposition and solar irradiance fields, among them) and total column (e.g., dust optical depth and load) variables. Some dust variables, such as concentrations and wet and dry deposition, are expressed for a binned size distribution that ranges from 0.2 to 20\u2009\u03bcm in particle diameter. Both analysis and first-guess (analysis-initialized simulation) fields are available for the variables that are diagnosed from the state vector. A set of ensemble statistics is archived for each output variable, namely the ensemble mean, standard deviation, maximum and median. The spatial and temporal distribution of the dust fields follows well-known dust cycle features controlled by seasonal changes in meteorology and vegetation cover. The analysis is statistically closer to the assimilated retrievals than the first-guess, which proves the consistency of the data assimilation method. Independent evaluation using AERONET dust-filtered optical depth retrievals indicates that the reanalysis data set is highly accurate (mean bias\u2009=\u2009\u22120.05, RMSE\u2009=\u20090.12, r\u2009=\u20090.81 when compared to retrievals from the spectral de-convolution algorithm on a 3-hourly basis). Verification statistics are broadly homogeneous in space and time with regional differences that can be partly attributed to model limitations (e.g., poor representation of small-scale emission processes), presence of aerosols other than dust in the observations used in the evaluation, and differences in the number of observations among seasons. Such a reliable high-resolution historical record of atmospheric desert dust will allow a better quantification of dust impacts upon key sectors of society and economy, including health, solar energy production and transportation. The reanalysis data set (Di Tomaso et al., 2021) is distributed via a Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Service (THREDDS) at BSC and freely available at http://hdl.handle.net/21.12146/c6d4a608-5de3-47f6-a004-67cb1d498d98.

", "keywords": ["Desert dust aerosol", "550", "Climate", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "Aerosols atmosf\u00e8rics", "01 natural sciences", "Dust emission", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "LETKF", "Local ensemble transform Kalman filter", "DATA ASSIMILATION", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria agroaliment\u00e0ria::Ci\u00e8ncies de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia", "Pols -- Control", "SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being", "MONARCH", "SAHARAN DUST", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SIZE DISTRIBUTION", "GE1-350", "Desert", "CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME", "Aerosol measurements", "Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", ":Enginyeria agroaliment\u00e0ria::Ci\u00e8ncies de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "ddc:550", "Geology", "1 MODEL DESCRIPTION", "OPTICAL-PROPERTIES", "MONARCH modeling system", "Atmospheric aerosols", "Environmental sciences", "Earth sciences", "PM10 CONCENTRATIONS", "900", "Dust aerosol", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO", "MEDITERRANEAN BASIN", "Dust control"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/417480/1/prod_471097-doc_191235.pdf"}, {"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2785/2022/essd-14-2785-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-358"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2021-358", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2021-358", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2021-358"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2021-51", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-02", "title": "GRQA: Global River Water Quality Archive", "description": "

Abstract. A major problem related to global water quality analysis and modelling has been the lack of available good quality and consistent water quality measurement datasets with a global spatial coverage. Current study aims to contribute into improving the global datasets on water quality by aggregating and harmonizing five national, continental and global datasets: CESI, GEMSTAT, GLORICH, WATERBASE and WQP. The GRQA compilation involved converting observation data from the five sources into a common format and harmonizing the corresponding metadata, flagging outliers, calculating time series characteristics and detecting duplicate observations from sources with a spatial overlap. The final dataset extends the spatial and temporal coverage of previously available water quality data and contains 42 parameters and over 16 million measurements around the globe covering the 1898\uffe2\uff80\uff932020 time period. Metadata in the form of statistical tables, maps and figures are provided along with observation time series. The GRQA dataset, supplementary metadata and \uffef\uffac\uff81gures are available for download on the DataCite and OpenAire enabled repository of the University of Tartu, DataDOI, http://dx.doi.org/10.23673/re-273 (Virro et al., 2021).

", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "GE1-350", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-51"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2021-51", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2021-51", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2021-51"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2022-269", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-15", "title": "The Pan-Arctic Catchment Database (ARCADE)", "description": "

Abstract. The Arctic is rapidly changing. Outside the Arctic, large-sample catchment databases have transformed catchment science from focusing on local case studies to more systematic studies of watershed functioning. Here we present an integrated pan-ARctic CAtchments summary DatabasE (ARCADE) of >40,000 catchments that drain into the Arctic Ocean and range in size from 1 km2 to 3.1 x 106 km2 (Speetjens et al., 2022). These watersheds, delineated at a 90-m resolution, are provided with 103 geospatial, environmental, climatic, and physiographic catchment properties. ARCADE is the first aggregated database of pan-Arctic river catchments that also includes numerous small watersheds at a high resolution. These small catchments are experiencing the greatest climatic warming while also storing large quantities of soil carbon in landscapes that are especially prone to degradation of permafrost (i.e., ice-wedge polygon terrain) and associated hydrological regime shifts. ARCADE is a key step toward monitoring the pan-Arctic across scales and is publicly available: https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34894/U9HSPV.

", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "QE1-996.5", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "GE1-350", "Geology", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/541/2023/essd-15-541-2023.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-269"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2022-269", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2022-269", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2022-269"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-25", "title": "European primary emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases in 2020 modulated by the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions", "description": "

Abstract. We present a European dataset of daily-, sector-, pollutant- and country-dependent emission adjustment factors associated to the COVID-19 mobility restrictions for the year 2020. The resulting dataset covers a total of nine emission sectors, including road transport, energy industry, manufacturing industry, residential and commercial combustion, aviation, shipping, off-road transport, use of solvents, and fugitive emissions from transportation and distribution of fossil fuels. The dataset was produced to be combined with the Copernicus CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 business-as-usual (BAU) inventory, which provides high resolution (0.1 \u00d7 0.05 deg.) emission estimates for 2020 omitting the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions. The combination of both datasets allows quantifying spatially- and temporally-resolved reductions in primary emissions from both criteria pollutants (NOx, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (CO2 fossil fuel, CO2 biofuel and CH4), as well as assessing the contribution of each emission sector and European country to the overall emission changes. Estimated overall emission changes in 2020 relative to BAU emissions were as follows: \u221210.5 % for NOx (\u2212602 kt), \u22127.8 % (\u2212260.2 Mt) for CO2 from fossil fuels, \u22124.7 % (\u2212808.5 kt) for CO, \u22124.6 % (\u221280 kt) for SO2, \u22123.3 % (\u221219.1 Mt) for CO2 from biofuels, \u22123.0 % (\u221256.3 kt) for PM10, \u22122.5 % (\u2212173.3 kt) for NMVOC, \u22122.1 % (\u221224.3 kt) for PM2.5, \u22120.9 % (\u2212156.1 kt) for CH4 and \u22120.2 % (\u22128.6 kt) for NH3. The most pronounced drop in emissions occurred in April (up to \u221232.8 % on average for NOx) when mobility restrictions were at their maxima. The emission reductions during the second epidemic wave between October and December, were three to four times lower than those occurred during the Spring lockdown, as mobility restrictions were generally softer (e.g., curfews, limited social gatherings). Italy, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany were, together, the largest contributors to the total EU27 + UK absolute emission decreases. At the sectoral level, the largest emission declines were found for aviation (\u221251 to \u221256 %), followed by road transport (\u221215.5 % to \u221218.8 %), the latter being the main driver of the estimated reductions for the majority of pollutants. The collection of COVID-19 emission adjustment factors (https://doi.org/10.24380/k966-3957, Guevara et al., 2022) and the CAMS-REG_v5.1 2020 BAU gridded inventory (https://doi.org/10.24380/eptm-kn40, Kuenen et al., 2022) have been produced in support of air quality modelling studies.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "330", "Mobility restrictions COVID-19", "Geology", "COVID-19 (Malaltia)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "3. Good health", "Environmental sciences", "COVID-19 (Disease)", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "Simulaci\u00f3 per ordinador", "Air quality", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "Air--Pollution", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica", "Confinament", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2521/2022/essd-14-2521-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-31"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2022-31", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2022-31"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2023-95", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2023-04-11", "title": "A global catalogue of CO2 emissions and co-emitted species from power plants at a very high spatial and temporal resolution", "description": "

Abstract. We present a high-resolution global emission catalogue of CO2 and co-emitted species (NOx, SO2, CO, CH4) from thermal power plants for the year 2018. The construction of the database follows a bottom-up approach, which combines plant-specific information with national energy consumption statistics and fuel-dependent emission factors and emission ratios. The resulting catalog contains annual emission information for more than 16000 individual facilities at their exact geographical location. Each facility is linked to a specific temporal (i.e., monthly, day-of-the-week and hourly) and vertical distribution profile, which were derived from national electricity generation statistics and plume rise calculations that combine stack parameters with meteorological information. The combination of the aforementioned information allows to derive high-resolution spatial and temporal emissions for modelling purposes. Estimated annual emissions were compared against independent plant- and country-level inventories, including the Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) databases, as well as officially reported emission data. An overall good agreement is observed between datasets when comparing the CO2 emissions. The main discrepancies are related to the non-inclusion of auto-producer or heat-only facilities in certain countries due to lack of data. Larger inconsistencies are obtained when comparing emissions from co-emitted species due to uncertainties in the fuel-dependent emission ratios and gap-filling procedures. The temporal distribution of emissions obtained in this work was compared against traditional sector-dependent profiles that are widely used in modelling efforts. This highlighted important differences and the need to consider country dependencies when temporally distributing emissions. The resulting catalogue (https://doi.org/10.24380/mxjo-nram, Guevara et al., 2023) is developed in the framework of the Prototype System for a Copernicus CO2 service (CoCO2) EU-funded project to support the development of the Copernicus CO2 Monitoring and Verification Support capacity (CO2MVS).

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "7. Clean energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-95"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2023-95", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2023-95", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2023-95"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-04-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2024-218", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2024-06-13", "title": "State of Wildfires 2023\u201324", "description": "

Abstract. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires globally, with significant impacts on society and the environment. However, our understanding of the global distribution of extreme fires remains skewed, primarily influenced by media coverage and regional research concentration. This inaugural State of Wildfires report systematically analyses fire activity worldwide, identifying extreme events from the March 2023\u2013February 2024 fire season. We assess the causes, predictability, and attribution of these events to climate change and land use, and forecast future risks under different climate scenarios. During the 2023\u201324 fire season, 3.9 million km2 burned globally, slightly below the average of previous seasons, but fire carbon (C) emissions were 16 % above average, totaling 2.4 Pg C. This was driven by record emissions in Canadian boreal forests (over 9 times the average) and dampened by reduced activity in African savannahs. Notable events included record-breaking wildfire extent and emissions in Canada, the largest recorded wildfire in the European Union (Greece), drought-driven fires in western Amazonia and northern parts of South America, and deadly fires in Hawai\u2019i (100 deaths) and Chile (131 deaths). Over 232,000 people were evacuated in Canada alone, highlighting the severity of human impact. Our analyses revealed that multiple drivers were needed to cause areas of extreme fire activity. In Canada and Greece a combination of high fire weather and an abundance of dry fuels increased the probability of fires by 4.5-fold and 1.9\u20134.1-fold, respectively, whereas fuel load and direct human suppression often modulated areas with anomalous burned area. The fire season in Canada was predictable three months in advance based on the fire weather index, whereas events in Greece and Amazonia had shorter predictability horizons. Formal attribution analyses indicated that the probability of extreme events has increased significantly due to anthropogenic climate change, with a 2.9\u20133.6-fold increase in likelihood of high fire weather in Canada and a 20.0\u201328.5-fold increase in Amazonia. By the end of the century, events of similar magnitude are projected to occur 2.22\u20139.58 times more frequently in Canada under high emission scenarios. Without mitigation, regions like Western Amazonia could see up to a 2.9-fold increase in extreme fire events. For the 2024\u201325 fire season, seasonal forecasts highlight moderate positive anomalies in fire weather for parts of western Canada and South America, but no clear signal for extreme anomalies is present in the forecast. This report represents our first annual effort to catalogue extreme wildfire events, explain their occurrence, and predict future risks. By consolidating state-of-the-art wildfire science and delivering key insights relevant to policymakers, disaster management services, firefighting agencies, and land managers, we aim to enhance society\u2019s resilience to wildfires and promote advances in preparedness, mitigation, and adaptation.

", "keywords": ["Agricultural", "550", "Forestry Sciences", "Veterinary and Food Sciences", "attribution", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "7. Clean energy", "wildfire", "6. Clean water", "Climate Action", "climate change", "extreme fire", "13. Climate action", "Ecological Applications", "11. Sustainability", "Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-218"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2024-218", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2024-218", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2024-218"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-9-697-2017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-12", "description": "

Abstract. Climate, land use, and other anthropogenic and natural drivers have the potential to influence fire dynamics in many regions. To develop a mechanistic understanding of the changing role of these drivers and their impact on atmospheric composition, long-term fire records are needed that fuse information from different satellite and in situ data streams. Here we describe the fourth version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) and quantify global fire emissions patterns during 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff932016. The modeling system, based on the Carnegie\uffe2\uff80\uff93Ames\uffe2\uff80\uff93Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, has several modifications from the previous version and uses higher quality input datasets. Significant upgrades include (1)\uffc2\uffa0new burned area estimates with contributions from small fires, (2)\uffc2\uffa0a revised fuel consumption parameterization optimized using field observations, (3)\uffc2\uffa0modifications that improve the representation of fuel consumption in frequently burning landscapes, and (4)\uffc2\uffa0fire severity estimates that better represent continental differences in burning processes across boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. The new version has a higher spatial resolution (0.25\uffc2\uffb0) and uses a different set of emission factors that separately resolves trace gas and aerosol emissions from temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Global mean carbon emissions using the burned area dataset with small fires (GFED4s) were 2.2\uffe2\uff80\uffaf\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc3\uff97\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff80\uffaf1015\uffc2\uffa0grams of carbon per year (Pg\uffe2\uff80\uffafC\uffe2\uff80\uffafyr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) during 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff932016, with a maximum in 1997 (3.0\uffe2\uff80\uffafPg\uffe2\uff80\uffafC\uffe2\uff80\uffafyr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and minimum in 2013 (1.8\uffe2\uff80\uffafPg\uffe2\uff80\uffafC\uffe2\uff80\uffafyr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). These estimates were 11\uffe2\uff80\uffaf% higher than our previous estimates (GFED3) during 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff932011, when the two datasets overlapped. This net increase was the result of a substantial increase in burned area (37\uffe2\uff80\uffaf%), mostly due to the inclusion of small fires, and a modest decrease in mean fuel consumption (\uffe2\uff88\uff9219\uffe2\uff80\uffaf%) to better match estimates from field studies, primarily in savannas and grasslands. For trace gas and aerosol emissions, differences between GFED4s and GFED3 were often larger due to the use of revised emission factors. If small fire burned area was excluded (GFED4 without the s for small fires), average emissions were 1.5\uffe2\uff80\uffafPg\uffe2\uff80\uffafC\uffe2\uff80\uffafyr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The addition of small fires had the largest impact on emissions in temperate North America, Central America, Europe, and temperate Asia. This small fire layer carries substantial uncertainties; improving these estimates will require use of new burned area products derived from high-resolution satellite imagery. Our revised dataset provides an internally consistent set of burned area and emissions that may contribute to a better understanding of multi-decadal changes in fire dynamics and their impact on the Earth system. GFED data are available from http://www.globalfiredata.org.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric sciences", "QE1-996.5", "Life on Land", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "Atmospheric Sciences", "Climate Action", "Environmental sciences", "Geochemistry", "13. Climate action", "Geoinformatics", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "Earth Sciences", "GE1-350", "Physical geography and environmental geoscience", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt2pm0d581/qt2pm0d581.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-9-697-2017", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-9-697-2017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-12", "title": "A representation of the phosphorus cycle for ORCHIDEE (revision\u00a04520)", "description": "

Abstract. Land surface models rarely incorporate the terrestrial phosphorus cycle and its interactions with the carbon cycle, despite the extensive scientific debate about the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus supply for future land carbon uptake. We describe a representation of the terrestrial phosphorus cycle for the ORCHIDEE land surface model, and evaluate it with data from nutrient manipulation experiments along a\uffc2\uffa0soil formation chronosequence in Hawaii. ORCHIDEE accounts for the influence of the nutritional state of vegetation on tissue nutrient concentrations, photosynthesis, plant growth, biomass allocation, biochemical (phosphatase-mediated) mineralization, and biological nitrogen fixation. Changes in the nutrient content (quality) of litter affect the carbon use efficiency of decomposition and in return the nutrient availability to vegetation. The model explicitly accounts for root zone depletion of phosphorus as a function of root phosphorus uptake and phosphorus transport from the soil to the root surface. The model captures the observed differences in the foliage stoichiometry of vegetation between an early (300-year) and a late (4.1\uffe2\uff80\uffafMyr) stage of soil development. The contrasting sensitivities of net primary productivity to the addition of either nitrogen, phosphorus, or both among sites are in general reproduced by the model. As observed, the model simulates a preferential stimulation of leaf level productivity when nitrogen stress is alleviated, while leaf level productivity and leaf area index are stimulated equally when phosphorus stress is alleviated. The nutrient use efficiencies in the model are lower than observed primarily due to biases in the nutrient content and turnover of woody biomass. We conclude that ORCHIDEE is able to reproduce the shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limited net primary productivity along the soil development chronosequence, as well as the contrasting responses of net primary productivity to nutrient addition.

", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "Chronosequence", "Organic chemistry", "chronos\u00e9quence", "Plant Science", "mod\u00e8le", "Nitrogen cycle", "01 natural sciences", "Nutrient cycle", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil water", "Pathology", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "Global and Planetary Change", "Orchidee", "Ecology", "Physics", "Life Sciences", "Geology", "Phosphorus", "Carbon cycle", "Chemistry", "nutrition", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "[SDU.STU.GP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]", "Ecosystem Functioning", "Vegetation (pathology)", "cycle du carbone", "570", "[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]", "Nitrogen", "hawai", "Soil Science", "mod\u00e8le orchid\u00e9e", "Environmental science", "vegetation", "phosphore du sol", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "Soil Fertility", "ddc:550", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "surface terrestre", "Plant Nutrient Uptake and Signaling Pathways", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "hawaii", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/10/3745/2017/gmd-10-3745-2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gi-2019-38", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-06", "title": "Evaluating the suitability of the consumer low-cost Parrot Flower Power soil moisture sensor for scientific environmental applications", "description": "

Abstract. Citizen science, scientific work and data collection conducted by or with non-experts, is rapidly growing. Although the potential of citizen science activities to generate enormous amounts of data otherwise not feasible is widely recognized, the obtained data are often treated with caution and scepticism. Their quality and reliability is not fully trusted since they are obtained by non-experts using low-cost instruments or scientifically non-verified methods. In this study, we evaluate the performance of Parrot's Flower Power soil moisture sensor used within the European citizen science project the GROW Observatory (GROW; https://growobservatory.org, last access: 30\uffc2\uffa0March\uffc2\uffa02020). The aim of GROW is to enable scientists to validate satellite-based soil moisture products at an unprecedented high spatial resolution through crowdsourced data. To this end, it has mobilized thousands of citizens across Europe in science and climate actions, including hundreds who have been empowered to monitor soil moisture and other environmental variables within 24 high-density clusters around Europe covering different climate and soil conditions. Clearly, to serve as reference dataset, the quality of ground observations is crucial, especially if obtained from low-cost sensors. To investigate the accuracy of such measurements, the Flower Power sensors were evaluated in the lab and field. For the field trials, they were installed alongside professional soil moisture probes in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Austria. We assessed the skill of the low-cost sensors against the professional probes using various methods. Apart from common statistical metrics like correlation, bias, and root-mean-square difference, we investigated and compared the temporal stability, soil moisture memory, and the flagging statistics based on the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) quality indicators. We found a low intersensor variation in the lab and a high temporal agreement with the professional sensors in the field. The results of soil moisture memory and the ISMN quality flags analysis are in a comparable range for the low-cost and professional probes; only the temporal stability analysis shows a contrasting outcome. We demonstrate that low-cost sensors can be used to generate a dataset valuable for environmental monitoring and satellite validation and thus provide the basis for citizen-based soil moisture science.

", "keywords": ["QC801-809", "13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "Geophysics. Cosmic physics", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2019-38"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Instrumentation%2C%20Methods%20and%20Data%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gi-2019-38", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gi-2019-38", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gi-2019-38"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-17", "title": "GLEAM\u00a0v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture", "description": "

Abstract. The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data. Ever since its development in 2011, the model has been regularly revised, aiming at the optimal incorporation of new satellite-observed geophysical variables, and improving the representation of physical processes. In this study, the next version of this model (v3) is presented. Key changes relative to the previous version include (1)\uffc2\uffa0a revised formulation of the evaporative stress, (2)\uffc2\uffa0an optimized drainage algorithm, and (3)\uffc2\uffa0a new soil moisture data assimilation system. GLEAM\uffc2\uffa0v3 is used to produce three new data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, including a 36-year data set spanning 1980\uffe2\uff80\uff932015, referred to as v3a (based on satellite-observed soil moisture, vegetation optical depth and snow-water equivalent, reanalysis air temperature and radiation, and a multi-source precipitation product), and two satellite-based data sets. The latter share most of their forcing, except for the vegetation optical depth and soil moisture, which are based on observations from different passive and active C- and L-band microwave sensors (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA CCI) for the v3b data set (spanning 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932015) and observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite in the v3c data set (spanning 2011\uffe2\uff80\uff932015). Here, these three data sets are described in detail, compared against analogous data sets generated using the previous version of GLEAM (v2), and validated against measurements from 91 eddy-covariance towers and 2325 soil moisture sensors across a broad range of ecosystems. Results indicate that the quality of the v3 soil moisture is consistently better than the one from v2: average correlations against in situ surface soil moisture measurements increase from 0.61 to 0.64 in the case of the v3a data set and the representation of soil moisture in the second layer improves as well, with correlations increasing from 0.47 to 0.53. Similar improvements are observed for the v3b and c data sets. Despite regional differences, the quality of the evaporation fluxes remains overall similar to the one obtained using the previous version of GLEAM, with average correlations against eddy-covariance measurements ranging between 0.78 and 0.81 for the different data sets. These global data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture are now openly available at www.GLEAM.eu and may be used for large-scale hydrological applications, climate studies, or research on land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere feedbacks.

", "keywords": ["TERRESTRIAL WATER FLUXES", "QE1-996.5", "PONDEROSA PINE", "CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE", "WACMOS-ET PROJECT", "TRIPLE COLLOCATION ANALYSIS", "DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "DECIDUOUS FOREST", "EDDY-COVARIANCE", "PARAMETER RETRIEVAL MODEL", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "ENERGY-BALANCE", "14. Life underwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/10/1903/2017/gmd-10-1903-2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-08-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gc-4-507-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-29", "title": "Clear, transparent, and timely communication for fair authorship decisions: a practical guide", "description": "

Abstract. Authorship conflicts are a common occurrence in academic publishing, and they can have serious implications for the careers and well-being of the involved researchers as well as the collective success of research organizations. In addition to not inviting relevant contributors to co-author a paper, the order of authors as well as honorary, gift, and ghost authors are all widely recognized problems related to authorship. Unfair authorship practices disproportionately affect those lower in the power hierarchies\u00a0\u2013 early career researchers, women, researchers from the Global South, and other minoritized groups. Here we propose an approach to preparing author lists based on clear, transparent, and timely communication. This approach aims to minimize the potential for late-stage authorship conflicts during manuscript preparation by facilitating timely and transparent decisions on potential co-authors and their responsibilities. Furthermore, our approach can help avoid imbalances between contributions and credits in published papers by recording planned and executed responsibilities. We present authorship guidelines which also include a novel authorship form along with the documentation of the formulation process for a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary center with more than 250 researchers. Other research groups, departments, and centers can use or build on this template to design their own authorship guidelines as a practical way to promote fair authorship practices.

", "keywords": ["Physical sciences", "Environmental sciences", "G", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Science", "Q", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Geosciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gc.copernicus.org/articles/4/507/2021/gc-4-507-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-507-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscience%20Communication", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gc-4-507-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gc-4-507-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gc-4-507-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gi-9-117-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-06", "title": "Evaluating the suitability of the consumer low-cost Parrot Flower Power soil moisture sensor for scientific environmental applications", "description": "

Abstract. Citizen science, scientific work and data collection conducted by or with non-experts, is rapidly growing. Although the potential of citizen science activities to generate enormous amounts of data otherwise not feasible is widely recognized, the obtained data are often treated with caution and scepticism. Their quality and reliability is not fully trusted since they are obtained by non-experts using low-cost instruments or scientifically non-verified methods. In this study, we evaluate the performance of Parrot's Flower Power soil moisture sensor used within the European citizen science project the GROW Observatory (GROW; https://growobservatory.org, last access: 30\u00a0March\u00a02020). The aim of GROW is to enable scientists to validate satellite-based soil moisture products at an unprecedented high spatial resolution through crowdsourced data. To this end, it has mobilized thousands of citizens across Europe in science and climate actions, including hundreds who have been empowered to monitor soil moisture and other environmental variables within 24 high-density clusters around Europe covering different climate and soil conditions. Clearly, to serve as reference dataset, the quality of ground observations is crucial, especially if obtained from low-cost sensors. To investigate the accuracy of such measurements, the Flower Power sensors were evaluated in the lab and field. For the field trials, they were installed alongside professional soil moisture probes in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Austria. We assessed the skill of the low-cost sensors against the professional probes using various methods. Apart from common statistical metrics like correlation, bias, and root-mean-square difference, we investigated and compared the temporal stability, soil moisture memory, and the flagging statistics based on the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) quality indicators. We found a low intersensor variation in the lab and a high temporal agreement with the professional sensors in the field. The results of soil moisture memory and the ISMN quality flags analysis are in a comparable range for the low-cost and professional probes; only the temporal stability analysis shows a contrasting outcome. We demonstrate that low-cost sensors can be used to generate a dataset valuable for environmental monitoring and satellite validation and thus provide the basis for citizen-based soil moisture science.

", "keywords": ["QC801-809", "13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "Geophysics. Cosmic physics", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-117-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Instrumentation%2C%20Methods%20and%20Data%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gi-9-117-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gi-9-117-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gi-9-117-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-17", "title": "A non-linear Granger-causality framework to investigate climate\u2013vegetation dynamics", "description": "

Abstract. Satellite Earth observation has led to the creation of global climate data records of many important environmental and climatic variables. These come in the form of multivariate time series with different spatial and temporal resolutions. Data of this kind provide new means to further unravel the influence of climate on vegetation dynamics. However, as advocated in this article, commonly used statistical methods are often too simplistic to represent complex climate\uffe2\uff80\uff93vegetation relationships due to linearity assumptions. Therefore, as an extension of linear Granger-causality analysis, we present a novel non-linear framework consisting of several components, such as data collection from various databases, time series decomposition techniques, feature construction methods, and predictive modelling by means of random forests. Experimental results on global data sets indicate that, with this framework, it is possible to detect non-linear patterns that are much less visible with traditional Granger-causality methods. In addition, we discuss extensive experimental results that highlight the importance of considering non-linear aspects of climate\uffe2\uff80\uff93vegetation dynamics.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "0207 environmental engineering", "TIME-SERIES", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "SOIL-MOISTURE", "SAMPLE TESTS", "SURFACE-TEMPERATURE", "01 natural sciences", "RANDOM FORESTS", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "NDVI DATA", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "PRECIPITATION", "GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/10/1945/2017/gmd-10-1945-2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-07-27", "title": "The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0): methodology to determine bulk storage heat flux coefficients", "description": "

Abstract. The net storage heat flux (\uffce\uff94QS) is important in the urban surface energy balance (SEB) but its determination remains a significant challenge. The hysteresis pattern of the diurnal relation between the \uffce\uff94QS and net all-wave radiation (Q\uffe2\uff88\uff97) has been captured in the Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) parameterization of \uffce\uff94QS. Although successfully used in urban areas, the limited availability of coefficients for OHM hampers its application. To facilitate use, and enhance physical interpretations of the OHM coefficients, an analytical solution of the one-dimensional advection\uffe2\uff80\uff93diffusion equation of coupled heat and liquid water transport in conjunction with the SEB is conducted, allowing development of AnOHM (Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model). A sensitivity test of AnOHM to surface properties and hydrometeorological forcing is presented using a stochastic approach (subset simulation). The sensitivity test suggests that the albedo, Bowen ratio and bulk transfer coefficient, solar radiation and wind speed are most critical. AnOHM, driven by local meteorological conditions at five sites with different land use, is shown to simulate the \uffce\uff94QS flux well (RMSE values of \uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uffaf30\uffe2\uff80\uffafW\uffe2\uff80\uffafm\uffe2\uff88\uff922). The intra-annual dynamics of OHM coefficients are explored. AnOHM offers significant potential to enhance modelling of the surface energy balance over a wider range of conditions and land covers.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "551", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/71108/8/gmd-10-2875-2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/10/2875/2017/gmd-10-2875-2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-27", "title": "GOLUM-CNP v1.0: a data-driven modeling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in major terrestrial biomes", "description": "

Abstract. Global terrestrial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles are coupled to the global carbon (C) cycle for net primary production (NPP), plant C allocation, and decomposition of soil organic matter, but N and P have distinct pathways of inputs and losses. Current C-nutrient models exhibit large uncertainties in their estimates of pool sizes, fluxes, and turnover rates of nutrients, due to a lack of consistent global data for evaluating the models. In this study, we present a new model\u2013data fusion framework called the Global Observation-based Land-ecosystems Utilization Model of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus (GOLUM-CNP) that combines the CARbon DAta MOdel fraMework (CARDAMOM) data-constrained C-cycle analysis with spatially explicit data-driven estimates of N and P inputs and losses and with observed stoichiometric ratios. We calculated the steady-state N- and P-pool sizes and fluxes globally for large biomes. Our study showed that new N inputs from biological fixation and deposition supplied >20\u2009% of total plant uptake in most forest ecosystems but accounted for smaller fractions in boreal forests and grasslands. New P inputs from atmospheric deposition and rock weathering supplied a much smaller fraction of total plant uptake than new N inputs, indicating the importance of internal P recycling within ecosystems to support plant growth. Nutrient-use efficiency, defined as the ratio of gross primary production (GPP) to plant nutrient uptake, were diagnosed from our model results and compared between biomes. Tropical forests had the lowest N-use efficiency and the highest P-use efficiency of the forest biomes. An analysis of sensitivity and uncertainty indicated that the NPP-allocation fractions to leaves, roots, and wood contributed the most to the uncertainties in the estimates of nutrient-use efficiencies. Correcting for biases in NPP-allocation fractions produced more plausible gradients of N- and P-use efficiencies from tropical to boreal ecosystems and highlighted the critical role of accurate measurements of C allocation for understanding the N and P cycles.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Organic chemistry", "Carbon Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems", "Deposition (geology)", "01 natural sciences", "Nutrient cycle", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Terrestrial ecosystem", "Biome", "Taiga", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "Ecology", "Primary production", "Nutrient Cycling", "Life Sciences", "Phosphorus", "Geology", "Carbon cycle", "Nitrogen Cycle", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Chemistry", "Physical Sciences", "environment", "Ecosystem Functioning", "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems", "Nitrogen", "Soil Science", "Environmental science", "Environmental Chemistry", "New production", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "ddc:550", "Nitrogen Dynamics", "Paleontology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Phytoplankton", "Sediment", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/11/3903/2018/gmd-11-3903-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-03-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-15", "title": "ORCHIDEE-SOM: modeling soil organic carbon (SOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics along vertical soil profiles in Europe", "description": "

Abstract. Current land surface models (LSMs) typically represent soils in a\u00a0very simplistic way, assuming soil organic carbon (SOC) as a\u00a0bulk, and thus impeding a\u00a0correct representation of deep soil carbon dynamics. Moreover, LSMs generally neglect the production and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to rivers, leading to overestimations of the potential carbon sequestration on land. This common oversimplified processing of SOC in LSMs is partly responsible for the large uncertainty in the predictions of the soil carbon response to climate change. In this study, we present a\u00a0new soil carbon module called ORCHIDEE-SOM, embedded within the land surface model ORCHIDEE, which is able to reproduce the DOC and SOC dynamics in a\u00a0vertically discretized soil to 2\u202fm. The model includes processes of biological production and consumption of SOC and DOC, DOC adsorption on and desorption from soil minerals, diffusion of SOC and DOC, and DOC transport with water through and out of the soils to rivers. We evaluated ORCHIDEE-SOM against observations of DOC concentrations and SOC stocks from four European sites with different vegetation covers: a\u00a0coniferous forest, a\u00a0deciduous forest, a\u00a0grassland, and a\u00a0cropland. The model was able to reproduce the SOC stocks along their vertical profiles at the four sites and the DOC concentrations within the range of measurements, with the exception of the DOC concentrations in the upper soil horizon at the coniferous forest. However, the model was not able to fully capture the temporal dynamics of DOC concentrations. Further model improvements should focus on a\u00a0plant- and depth-dependent parameterization of the new input model parameters, such as the turnover times of DOC and the microbial carbon use efficiency. We suggest that this new soil module, when parameterized for global simulations, will improve the representation of the global carbon cycle in LSMs, thus helping to constrain the predictions of the future SOC response to global warming.

", "keywords": ["550", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/nachhaltigkeitswissenschaft; name=Sustainability Science", "Climate", "/dk/atira/pure/discipline/B000/B006/B410-bodembeheer", "01 natural sciences", "/dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00043", "/dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00022", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/climate_action; name=SDG 13 - Climate Action", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2600/2611; name=Modelling and Simulation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Woods and parks", "QE1-996.5", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Physics", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/life_on_land; name=SDG 15 - Life on Land", "Geology", "Geokemi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Sciences de la terre et du cosmos", "Geochemistry", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900; name=Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "B410-soil-science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/11/937/2018/gmd-11-937-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/282703/1/doi_266330.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-26", "title": "P-model v1.0: an optimality-based light use efficiency model for simulating ecosystem gross primary production", "description": "

Abstract. Terrestrial photosynthesis is the basis for vegetation growth and drives the land carbon cycle. Accurately simulating gross primary production (GPP, ecosystem-level apparent photosynthesis) is key for satellite monitoring and Earth system model predictions under climate change. While robust models exist for describing leaf-level photosynthesis, predictions diverge due to uncertain photosynthetic traits and parameters which vary on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we describe and evaluate a GPP (photosynthesis per unit ground area) model, the P-model, that combines the Farquhar\u2013von Caemmerer\u2013Berry model for C3 photosynthesis with an optimality principle for the carbon assimilation\u2013transpiration trade-off, and predicts a multi-day average light use efficiency (LUE) for any climate and C3 vegetation type. The model builds on the theory developed in Prentice et\u00a0al. (2014) and Wang et\u00a0al. (2017a) and is extended to include low temperature effects on the intrinsic quantum yield and an empirical soil moisture stress factor. The model is forced with site-level data of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and meteorological data and is evaluated against GPP estimates from a globally distributed network of ecosystem flux measurements. Although the P-model requires relatively few inputs, the R2 for predicted versus observed GPP based on the full model setup is 0.75 (8\u2009d mean, 126 sites) \u2013 similar to comparable satellite-data-driven GPP models but without predefined vegetation-type-specific parameters. The R2 is reduced to 0.70 when not accounting for the reduction in quantum yield at low temperatures and effects of low soil moisture on LUE. The R2 for the P-model-predicted LUE is 0.32 (means by site) and 0.48 (means by vegetation type). Applying this model for global-scale simulations yields a total global GPP of 106\u2013122\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 (mean of 2001\u20132011), depending on the fAPAR forcing data. The P-model provides a simple but powerful method for predicting \u2013 rather than prescribing \u2013 light use efficiency and simulating terrestrial photosynthesis across a wide range of conditions. The model is available as an R package (rpmodel).

", "keywords": ["570", "QE1-996.5", "550", "04 Earth Sciences", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Climate Action", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/85488/9/gmd-13-1545-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1545/2020/gmd-13-1545-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2019-200/gmd-2019-200.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt8kq6f96w/qt8kq6f96w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-12", "title": "Implementing the nitrogen cycle into the dynamic global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL (version 5.0)", "description": "

Abstract. The well-established dynamical global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL is extended with a terrestrial nitrogen cycle to account for nutrient limitations. In particular, processes of soil nitrogen dynamics, plant uptake, nitrogen allocation, response of photosynthesis and maintenance respiration to varying nitrogen concentrations in plant organs, and agricultural nitrogen management are included in the model. All new model features are described in full detail and the results of a global simulation of the historic past (1901\uffe2\uff80\uff932009) are presented for evaluation of the model performance. We find that the implementation of nitrogen limitation significantly improves the simulation of global patterns of crop productivity. Regional differences in crop productivity, which had to be calibrated via a scaling of the maximum leaf area index, can now largely be reproduced by the model, except for regions where fertilizer inputs and climate conditions are not the yield-limiting factors. Furthermore, it can be shown that land use has a strong influence on nitrogen losses, increasing leaching by 93\uffe2\uff80\uff89%.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "550", "ddc:550", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://oceanrep.geomar.de/49689/1/gmd-11-2789-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/11/2789/2018/gmd-11-2789-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-11-4139-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-04-25", "title": "Global hydro-climatic biomes identified via multitask learning", "description": "

Abstract. The most widely-used global land cover and climate classifications are based on vegetation characteristics and/or climatic conditions derived from observational data. However, these classification schemes do not directly stem from the interaction between the local climate and the biotic environment. In this work, we model the dynamic interplay between vegetation and local climate in order to delineate ecoregions that share a coherent response to hydro-climate variability. Our novel framework is based on a multi-task learning approach that discovers the spatial relationships among different locations by learning a low-dimensional representation of predictive structures. This low-dimensional representation is combined with a clustering algorithm that yields a classification of biomes with coherent behaviour. Experimental results using global observation-based data sets indicate that, without the need to prescribe any land cover information, our method is able to identify regions of coherent climate-vegetation interactions that agree well with the expectations derived from traditional global land cover maps. The resulting global hydro-climatic biomes can be used to analyse the anomalous behaviour of specific ecosystems in response to climate extremes and to benchmark climate-vegetation interactions in Earth system models.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "QE1-996.5", "0303 health sciences", "INCREASES", "MODELS", "0207 environmental engineering", "Biology and Life Sciences", "INVESTIGATE", "UNCERTAINTY", "Geology", "WORLD MAP", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "FRAMEWORK", "01 natural sciences", "CLASSIFICATION", "03 medical and health sciences", "CONTEXT", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "VEGETATION", "GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/11/4139/2018/gmd-11-4139-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4139-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-11-4139-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-11-4139-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-11-4139-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-07", "title": "The quasi-equilibrium framework revisited: analyzing long-term CO 2 enrichment responses in plant\u2013soil models", "description": "

Abstract. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) can increase plant growth, but the magnitude of this CO2 fertilization effect is modified by soil nutrient availability. Predicting how nutrient availability affects plant responses to elevated CO2 is a key consideration for ecosystem models, and many modelling groups have moved to, or are moving towards, incorporating nutrient limitation in their models. The choice of assumptions to represent nutrient cycling processes has a major impact on model predictions, but it can be difficult to attribute outcomes to specific assumptions in complex ecosystem simulation models. Here we revisit the quasi-equilibrium (QE) analytical framework introduced by Comins & McMurtrie (1993) and explore the consequences of specific model assumptions for ecosystem net primary productivity. We review the literature applying this framework to plant-soil models, and then examine the effect of several new assumptions on predicted plant responses to elevated CO2. Examination of alternative assumptions for plant nitrogen uptake showed that a linear function of the mineral nitrogen pool or a saturating function of root biomass yield similar CO2 responses over time. In contrast, a saturating function of the mineral nitrogen pool yields no soil nutrient feedback at the very long-term, near-equilibrium timescale, meaning that a full CO2 fertilization effect on production is realized. We show that incorporating a priming effect on slow soil organic matter decomposition attenuates the nutrient feedback effect on production, leading to a strong medium-term CO2 response. Finally, we demonstrate that using a \uffe2\uff80\uff9cpotential NPP\uffe2\uff80\uff9d approach to represent nutrient limitation of growth yields a relatively small CO2 fertilization effect across all timescales. Our results highlight that the QE analytical framework is effective for evaluating both the consequence and the mechanism through which different model assumptions affect predictions. To help constrain predictions of the future terrestrial carbon sink, we recommend use of this framework to analyze likely outcomes of new model assumptions before introducing them to complex model structures.

", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "plant nutrients", "0207 environmental engineering", "carbon dioxide", "nutrient cycles", "Geology", "growth (plants)", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "ecology", "mathematical models", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-12-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6", "description": "

Abstract. This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average \u22120.09\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25\u2009W\u2009m\u22122, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08\u2009\u2218C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17\u2009\u2218C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015\u2009\u00b1\u20090.005\u2009\u2218C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9\u2009\u2218C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1\u2009\u2218C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995\u20132014 has an average bias of \u22120.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009\u2218C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35\u2009\u2218C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009\u2218C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05\u2009\u2218C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091\u20132100) of 4.9\u2009\u2218C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5\u2009\u2218C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5\u2009\u2218C.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric chemistry", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "MODIFIED BAND APPROACH", "7. Clean energy", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "SULFURIC-ACID", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "EC-EARTH", "ORGANIC AEROSOL", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental", "Aerosols", "QE1-996.5", "Escalfament global", "Global warming", "Geology", "Climatic changes", "16. Peace & justice", "Climate Science", "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE", "DUST AEROSOLS", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "GREENHOUSE-GAS CONCENTRATIONS", "BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS", "Geosciences", "Klimatvetenskap", "Canvis clim\u00e0tics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.polito.it/bitstream/11583/2959536/1/vannoije2021_gmd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5637/2021/gmd-14-5637-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-15", "title": "DRYP 1.0: a parsimonious hydrological model of DRYland Partitioning of the water balance", "description": "

Abstract. Dryland regions are characterised by water scarcity and are facing major challenges under climate change. One difficulty is anticipating how rainfall will be partitioned into evaporative losses, groundwater, soil moisture, and runoff (the water balance) in the future, which has important implications for water resources and dryland ecosystems. However, in order to effectively estimate the water balance, hydrological models in drylands need to capture the key processes at the appropriate spatio-temporal scales. These include spatially restricted and temporally brief rainfall, high evaporation rates, transmission losses, and focused groundwater recharge. Lack of available input and evaluation data and the high computational costs of explicit representation of ephemeral surface\uffe2\uff80\uff93groundwater interactions restrict the usefulness of most hydrological models in these environments. Therefore, here we have developed a parsimonious distributed hydrological model for DRYland Partitioning (DRYP). The DRYP model incorporates the key processes of water partitioning in dryland regions with limited data requirements, and we tested it in the data-rich Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed against measurements of streamflow, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. Overall, DRYP showed skill in quantifying the main components of the dryland water balance including monthly observations of streamflow (Nash\uffe2\uff80\uff93Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE, \uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff890.7), evapotranspiration (NSE\uffe2\uff80\uff89>\uffe2\uff80\uff890.6), and soil moisture (NSE\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff890.7). The model showed that evapotranspiration consumes\uffe2\uff80\uff89>\uffe2\uff80\uff8990\uffe2\uff80\uff89% of the total precipitation input to the catchment and that\uffc2\uffa0<\uffe2\uff80\uff891\uffe2\uff80\uff89% leaves the catchment as streamflow. Greater than 90\uffe2\uff80\uff89% of the overland flow generated in the catchment is lost through ephemeral channels as transmission losses. However, only \uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff8935\uffe2\uff80\uff89% of the total transmission losses percolate to the groundwater aquifer as focused groundwater recharge, whereas the rest is lost to the atmosphere as riparian evapotranspiration. Overall, DRYP is a modular, versatile, and parsimonious Python-based model which can be used to anticipate and plan for climatic and anthropogenic changes to water fluxes and storage in dryland regions.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/water_and_environmental_engineering; name=Water and Environmental Engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/water_and_environmental_engineering", "name=Water and Environmental Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/144694/4/gmd-14-6893-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/6893/2021/gmd-14-6893-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-02", "title": "Development and testing scenarios for implementing land use and land cover changes during the Holocene in Earth system model experiments", "description": "

Abstract. Anthropogenic changes in land use and land cover\u00a0(LULC) during the pre-industrial Holocene could have affected regional and global climate. Existing scenarios of LULC changes during the Holocene are based on relatively simple assumptions and highly uncertain estimates of population changes through time. Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions have the potential to refine these assumptions and estimates. The Past Global Changes\u00a0(PAGES) LandCover6k initiative is working towards improved reconstructions of LULC globally. In this paper, we document the types of archaeological data that are being collated and how they will be used to improve LULC reconstructions. Given the large methodological uncertainties involved, both in reconstructing LULC from the archaeological data and in implementing these reconstructions into global scenarios of LULC, we propose a protocol to evaluate the revised scenarios using independent pollen-based reconstructions of land cover and climate. Further evaluation of the revised scenarios involves carbon cycle model simulations to determine whether the LULC reconstructions are consistent with constraints provided by ice core records of CO2 evolution and modern-day LULC. Finally, the protocol outlines how the improved LULC reconstructions will be used in palaeoclimate simulations in the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project to quantify the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts on climate through time and ultimately to improve the realism of Holocene climate simulations.

", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "QE1-996.5", "550", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Geology", "Arqueologia", "15. Life on land", "ddc:910", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "S\u00f2l", " \u00das del", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210927/1/210927.pdf"}, {"href": "https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/33591/1/gmd-13-805-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/13/805/2020/gmd-13-805-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-25", "title": "Mineral dust cycle in the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (MONARCH) Version 2.0", "description": "

Abstract. We present the dust module in the Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (MONARCH) version 2.0, a chemical weather prediction system that can be used for regional and global modeling at a range of resolutions. The representations of dust processes in MONARCH were upgraded with a focus on dust emission (emission parameterizations, entrainment thresholds, considerations of soil moisture and surface cover), lower boundary conditions (roughness, potential dust sources), and dust\u2013radiation interactions. MONARCH now allows modeling of global and regional mineral dust cycles using fundamentally different paradigms, ranging from strongly simplified to physics-based parameterizations. We present a detailed description of these updates along with four global benchmark simulations, which use conceptually different dust emission parameterizations, and we evaluate the simulations against observations of dust optical depth. We determine key dust parameters, such as global annual emission/deposition flux, dust loading, dust optical depth, mass-extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and direct radiative effects. For dust-particle diameters up to 20\u2009\u00b5m, the total annual dust emission and deposition fluxes obtained with our four experiments range between about 3500 and 6000\u2009Tg, which largely depend upon differences in the emitted size distribution. Considering ellipsoidal particle shapes and dust refractive indices that account for size-resolved mineralogy, we estimate the global total (longwave and shortwave) dust direct radiative effect (DRE) at the surface to range between about \u22120.90 and \u22120.63\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 and at the top of the atmosphere between \u22120.20 and \u22120.28\u2009W\u2009m\u22122. Our evaluation demonstrates that MONARCH is able to reproduce key features of the spatiotemporal variability of the global dust cycle with important and insightful differences between the different configurations.

", "keywords": ["Mineral dusts", "Previsi\u00f3 del temps", "QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "Weather forecasting", "Climate Action", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Earth sciences", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "Earth Sciences", "Pols", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/6403/2021/gmd-14-6403-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt2r39x8b5/qt2r39x8b5.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-02", "title": "HGS-PDAF (version 1.0): a modular data assimilation framework for an integrated surface and subsurface hydrological model", "description": "

Abstract. This article describes a modular ensemble-based data assimilation (DA) system which is developed for an integrated surface\u2013subsurface hydrological model. The software environment for DA is the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (PDAF), which provides various assimilation algorithms like the ensemble Kalman filters, non-linear filters, 3D-Var and combinations among them. The integrated surface\u2013subsurface hydrological model is HydroGeoSphere (HGS), a physically based modelling software for the simulation of surface and variably saturated subsurface flow, as well as heat and mass transport. The coupling and capabilities of the modular DA system are described and demonstrated using an idealised model of a geologically heterogeneous alluvial river\u2013aquifer system with drinking water production via riverbank filtration. To demonstrate its modularity and adaptability, both single and multivariate assimilations of hydraulic head and soil moisture observations are demonstrated in combination with individual and joint updating of multiple simulated states (i.e.\u00a0hydraulic heads and water saturation) and model parameters (i.e.\u00a0hydraulic conductivity). With the integrated model and this modular DA framework, we have essentially developed the hydrologically and DA-wise robust toolbox for developing the basic model for operational management of coupled surface water\u2013groundwater resources.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-07", "title": "A unified framework to estimate the origins of atmospheric moistureand heat using Lagrangian models", "description": "

Abstract. Despite the existing myriad of tools and models to assess atmospheric source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships, their uncertainties remain largely unexplored and arguably stem from the scarcity of observations available for validation. Yet, Lagrangian models are increasingly used to determine the origin of precipitation and atmospheric heat by scrutinizing the changes in moisture and temperature along air parcel trajectories. Here, we present a unified framework for the process-based evaluation of atmospheric trajectories to infer source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships of both moisture and heat. The framework comprises three steps: (i)\uffc2\uffa0diagnosing precipitation, surface evaporation, and sensible heat from the Lagrangian simulations and identifying the accuracy and reliability of flux detection criteria; (ii)\uffc2\uffa0establishing source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships through the attribution of sources along multi-day backward trajectories; and (iii)\uffc2\uffa0performing a bias correction of source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships. Applying this framework to simulations from the Lagrangian model FLEXPART, driven with ERA-Interim reanalysis data, allows us to quantify the errors and uncertainties associated with the resulting source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships for three cities in different climates (Beijing, Denver, and Windhoek). Our results reveal large uncertainties inherent in the estimation of heat and precipitation origin with Lagrangian models, but they also demonstrate that a source and sink bias correction acts to reduce this uncertainty. The proposed framework paves the way for a cohesive assessment of the dependencies in source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "0207 environmental engineering", "ERA-INTERIM", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE", "DIAGNOSTICS", "01 natural sciences", "VALIDATION", "EVOLUTION", "VARIABILITY", "REANALYSIS", "WATER-VAPOR", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "PRECIPITATION", "RAINFALL", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1875/2022/gmd-15-1875-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-15-8411-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-11-21", "title": "Global biomass burning fuel consumption and emissions at 500\u2009m spatial resolution based on the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED)", "description": "

Abstract. In fire emission models, the spatial resolution of both the modelling framework and the satellite data used to quantify burned area can have considerable impact on emission estimates. Consideration of this sensitivity is especially important in areas with heterogeneous land cover and fire regimes and when constraining model output with field measurements. We developed a global fire emissions model with a spatial resolution of 500\u2009m using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. To accommodate this spatial resolution, our model is based on a simplified version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) modelling framework. Tree mortality as a result of fire, i.e.\u00a0fire-related forest loss, was modelled based on the overlap between 30\u2009m forest loss data and MODIS burned area and active fire detections. Using this new 500\u2009m model, we calculated global average carbon emissions from fire of 2.1\u00b10.2 (\u00b11\u03c3 interannual variability, IAV)\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 during 2002\u20132020. Fire-related forest loss accounted for 2.6\u00b10.7\u2009% (uncertainty range =1.9\u2009%\u20133.3\u2009%) of global burned area and 24\u00b16\u2009% (uncertainty range =16\u2009%\u201331\u2009%) of emissions, indicating that fuel consumption in forest fires is an order of magnitude higher than the global average. Emissions from the combustion of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the boreal region and tropical peatlands accounted for 13\u00b14\u2009% of global emissions. Our global fire emissions estimate was higher than the 1.5\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 from GFED4 and similar to 2.1\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 from GFED4s. Even though GFED4s included more burned area by accounting for small fires undetected by the MODIS burned area mapping algorithm, our emissions were similar to GFED4s due to higher average fuel consumption. The global difference in fuel consumption could mainly be explained by higher SOC emissions from the boreal region as constrained by additional measurements. The higher resolution of the 500\u2009m model also contributed to the difference by improving the simulation of landscape heterogeneity and reducing the scale mismatch in comparing field measurements to model grid cell averages during model calibration. Furthermore, the fire-related forest loss algorithm introduced in our model led to more accurate and widespread estimation of high-fuel-consumption burned area. Recent advances in burned area detection at resolutions of 30\u2009m and finer show a substantial amount of burned area that remains undetected with 500\u2009m sensors, suggesting that global carbon emissions from fire are likely higher than our 500\u2009m estimates. The ability to model fire emissions at 500\u2009m resolution provides a framework for further improvements with the development of new satellite-based estimates of fuels, burned area, and fire behaviour, for use in the next generation of GFED.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8411-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-15-8411-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-15-8411-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-15-8411-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-06-03", "title": "HTAP3 Fires: towards a multi-model, multi-pollutant study of fire impacts", "description": "

Abstract. Open biomass burning has major impacts globally and regionally on atmospheric composition. Fire emissions include particulate matter, tropospheric ozone precursors, and greenhouse gases, as well as persistent organic pollutants, mercury, and other metals. Fire frequency, intensity, duration, and location are changing as the climate warms, and modelling these fires and their impacts is becoming more and more critical to inform climate adaptation and mitigation, as well as land management. Indeed, the air pollution from fires can reverse the progress made by emission controls on industry and transportation. At the same time, nearly all aspects of fire modelling \u2013 such as emissions, plume injection height, long-range transport, and plume chemistry \u2013 are highly uncertain. This paper outlines a multi-model, multi-pollutant, multi-regional study to improve the understanding of the uncertainties and variability in fire atmospheric science, models, and fires' impacts, in addition to providing quantitative estimates of the air pollution and radiative impacts of biomass burning. Coordinated under the auspices of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution, the international atmospheric modelling and fire science communities are working towards the common goal of improving global fire modelling and using this multi-model experiment to provide estimates of fire pollution for impact studies. This paper outlines the research needs, opportunities, and options for the fire-focused multi-model experiments and provides guidance for these modelling experiments, outputs, and analyses that are to be pursued over the next 3\u00a0to 5\u00a0years. The paper proposes a plan for delivering specific products at key points over this period to meet important milestones relevant to science and policy audiences.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Canvi clim\u00e0tic", "Atmospheric composition", "Air pollution", "Geology", "Sediment transport", "Southeast atlantic", "15. Life on land", "Tropospheric ozone", "7. Clean energy", "Fires", "Reactive nitrogen", "Impact studies", "Surface ozone", "13. Climate action", "Air-quality", "11. Sustainability", "Open biomass burning", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "Biomass-burning aerosol", "Wild-land fires", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental::Contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica", "Particulate matter", "Health impacts"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-30", "title": "CTDAS-Lagrange v1.0: A high-resolution data assimilation system for regional carbon dioxide observations", "description": "

Abstract. We have implemented a regional carbon dioxide data assimilation system based on the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) and a high-resolution Lagrangian transport model, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model driven by the Weather Forecast and Research meteorological fields (WRF-STILT). With this system, named CTDAS-Lagrange, we simultaneously optimize terrestrial biosphere fluxes and four parameters that adjust the lateral boundary conditions (BCs) against CO2 observations from the NOAA ESRL North America tall tower and aircraft programmable flask packages (PFPs) sampling program. Least-squares optimization is performed with a time-stepping ensemble Kalman smoother, over a time window of 10\uffc2\uffa0days and assimilating sequentially a time series of observations. Because the WRF-STILT footprints are pre-computed, it is computationally efficient to run the CTDAS-Lagrange system. To estimate the uncertainties in the optimized fluxes from the system, we performed sensitivity tests with various a\uffc2\uffa0priori biosphere fluxes (SiBCASA, SiB3, CT2013B) and BCs (optimized mole fraction fields from CT2013B and CTE2014, and an empirical dataset derived from aircraft observations), as well as with a variety of choices on the ways that fluxes are adjusted (additive or multiplicative), covariance length scales, biosphere flux covariances, BC parameter uncertainties, and model\uffe2\uff80\uff93data mismatches. In pseudo-data experiments, we show that in our implementation the additive flux adjustment method is more flexible in optimizing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) than the multiplicative flux adjustment method, and our sensitivity tests with real observations show that the CTDAS-Lagrange system has the ability to correct for the potential biases in the lateral BCs and to resolve large biases in the prior biosphere fluxes. Using real observations, we have derived a range of estimates for the optimized carbon fluxes from a series of sensitivity tests, which places the North American carbon sink for the year\uffc2\uffa02010 in a range from \uffe2\uff88\uff920.92 to \uffe2\uff88\uff921.26\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. This is comparable to the TM5-based estimates of CarbonTracker (version CT2016, -0.91\uffc2\uffb11.10\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and CarbonTracker Europe (version CTE2016, -0.91\uffc2\uffb10.31\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). We conclude that CTDAS-Lagrange can offer a versatile and computationally attractive alternative to these global systems for regional estimates of carbon fluxes, which can take advantage of high-resolution Lagrangian footprints that are increasingly easy to obtain.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS", "TECHNICAL NOTE", "Geology", "NORTH-AMERICA", "15. Life on land", "AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK", "01 natural sciences", "MODEL", "13. Climate action", "ATMOSPHERIC CO2 INVERSIONS", "Life Science", "ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS", "GREENHOUSE-GAS MEASUREMENTS", "INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY", "EXCHANGE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-222/gmd-2017-222.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-222"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2017-222"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-2021-567", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:38Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2021-11-15", "title": "Agricultural intensification vs climate change: What drives long-term changes of sediment load?", "description": "

Abstract. Climate change and agricultural intensification are expected to increase soil erosion and sediment production from arable land in many regions. However, so far, most studies have been based on short-term monitoring and/or modeling, making it difficult to assess their reliability in terms of long-term changes. We present the results from a unique data set consisting of measurements of sediment loads from a 60ha catchment (the HOAL Petzenkirchen in Austria) over a time window spanning 72 years. Specifically, we compare Period I (1946\u20131954) and Period II (2002\u20132017) by fitting sediment rating curves for the growth and dormant seasons for each of the periods. The results suggest a significant increase in sediment yield from Period I to Period II with an average of 11.6\u2009\u00b1\u200910.8\u2009ton\u00b7yr\u22121 to 63.6\u2009\u00b1\u200984.0\u2009ton\u00b7yr\u22121. The sediment flux changed mainly due to a shift of the sediment rating curves (SRC), given that the annual streamflow varied little between the periods (5.6\u2009l\u00b7s\u22121 and 7.6\u2009l\u00b7s\u22121, respectively, on average). The slopes of the log regression lines of the SRC for the growing season and the dormant season of Period I were 16.72 and 4.9, respectively, whilst they were 5.38 and 1.17 for Period II, respectively. Climate change, considered in terms of rainfall erosivity, was not responsible for this shift, given that erosivity decreased by 30.4\u2009% from the dormant season of Period I to that of Period II, and no significant difference was found between the growing seasons of Periods I and II. However, the sediment flux changes can be explained by changes in crop type and parcel structure. During low and median streamflow conditions (i.e. Q\u2009<\u2009Q20\u2009%), land consolidation in Period II (i.e. theparcel effect) did not exert an apparent influence on sediment production. Whilst with increasing stream flow (Q\u2009>\u2009Q20\u2009%), parcel structure played an increasingly role in sediment yield contribution, and leading to a dominant role due to enhanced sediment connectivity in the landscape at extremely high flow conditions (i.e. Q\u2009>\u2009Q2\u2009%). The increase in cropland in Period II at the expense of grassland had an unfavourable effect on sediment flux, independent of streamflow, with declining relevance as flow increased. We conclude that both land cover change and land consolidation should be accounted for simultaneously when assessing sediment flux changes. Especially during extremely high flow conditions, land consolidation substantially alters sediment fluxes, which is most relevant for long-term sediment loads and land degradation. Increased attention to improving parcel structure is therefore needed in climate adaptation and agricultural catchment management.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-567"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-2021-567", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-2021-567", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-2021-567"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-26-4209-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-12", "title": "Hydrology and riparian forests drive carbon and nitrogen supply and DOC:NO3- stoichiometry along a headwater Mediterranean stream", "description": "

Abstract. In forest headwater streams, metabolic processes are predominately heterotrophic and depend on both the availability of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and a favourable C:N stoichiometry. In this context, hydrological conditions and the presence of riparian forests adjacent to streams can play an important, yet understudied role determining dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) concentrations and DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 molar ratios. Here, we aimed to investigate how the interplay between hydrological conditions and riparian forest coverage drives DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 supply and DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 stoichiometry in an oligotrophic headwater Mediterranean stream. We analysed DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 concentrations, and DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 molar ratios during both base flow and storm flow conditions at three stream locations along a longitudinal gradient of increased riparian forest coverage. Further, we performed an event analysis to examine the hydroclimatic conditions that favour the transfer of DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 from riparian soils to the stream during large storms. Stream DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 concentrations were generally low (overall average\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89SD was 1.0\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.6\uffe2\uff80\uff89mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 0.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.09\uffe2\uff80\uff89mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89N\uffe2\uff80\uff89L\uffe2\uff88\uff921), although significantly higher during storm flow compared to base flow conditions in all three stream sites. Optimal DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 stoichiometry for stream heterotrophic microorganisms (corresponding to DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 molar ratios between 4.8 and 11.7) was prevalent at the midstream and downstream sites under both flow conditions, whereas C-limited conditions were prevalent at the upstream site, which had no surrounding riparian forest. The hydroclimatic analysis of large storm events highlighted different patterns of DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 mobilization depending on antecedent soil moisture conditions: drier antecedent conditions promoted rapid elevations of riparian groundwater tables, hydrologically activating a wider and shallower soil layer, and leading to relatively higher increases in stream DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 concentrations compared to events preceded by wet conditions. These results suggest that (i) increased supply of limited resources during storms can promote in-stream heterotrophic activity during high flows, especially during large storm events preceded by dry conditions, and (ii) C-limited conditions upstream were gradually overcome downstream, likely due to higher C inputs from riparian forests present at lower elevations. The contrasting spatiotemporal patterns in DOC and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 availability and DOC:NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 stoichiometry observed at the study stream suggests that groundwater inputs from riparian forests are essential for maintaining in-stream heterotrophic activity in oligotrophic, forest headwater catchments.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Technology", "Geography & travel", "T", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "910", "15. Life on land", "ddc:910", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "G", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "GE1-350", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/910", "14. Life underwater", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4209/2022/hess-26-4209-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4209-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-26-4209-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-26-4209-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-26-4209-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2021-98", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-30", "title": "Performance analysis of regional AquaCrop (v6.1) biomass and surface soil moisture simulations using satellite and in situ observations", "description": "

Abstract. The current intensive use of agricultural land is affecting the land quality and contributes to climate change. Feeding the world's growing population under changing climatic conditions demands a global transition to more sustainable agricultural systems. This requires efficient models and data to monitor land cultivation practices at the field to global scale. This study outlines a spatially distributed version of the field-scale crop model AquaCrop version 6.1 to simulate agricultural biomass production and soil moisture variability over Europe at a relatively fine resolution of 30\u2009arcsec (\u223c1\u2009km). A highly efficient parallel processing system is implemented to run the model regionally with global meteorological input data from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), soil textural information from the Harmonized World Soil Database version 1.2 (HWSDv1.2), and generic crop information. The setup with a generic crop is chosen as a baseline for a future satellite-based data assimilation system. The relative temporal variability in daily crop biomass production is evaluated with the Copernicus Global Land Service dry matter productivity (CGLS-DMP) data. Surface soil moisture is compared against NASA Soil Moisture Active\u2013Passive surface soil moisture (SMAP-SSM) retrievals, the Copernicus Global Land Service surface soil moisture (CGLS-SSM) product derived from Sentinel-1, and in situ data from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). Over central Europe, the regional AquaCrop model is able to capture the temporal variability in both biomass production and soil moisture, with a spatial mean temporal correlation of 0.8 (CGLS-DMP), 0.74 (SMAP-SSM), and 0.52 (CGLS-SSM). The higher performance when evaluating with SMAP-SSM compared to Sentinel-1 CGLS-SSM is largely due to the lower quality of CGLS-SSM satellite retrievals under growing vegetation. The regional model further captures the short-term and inter-annual variability, with a mean anomaly correlation of 0.46 for daily biomass and mean anomaly correlations of 0.65 (SMAP-SSM) and 0.50 (CGLS-SSM) for soil moisture. It is shown that soil textural characteristics and irrigated areas influence the model performance. Overall, the regional AquaCrop model adequately simulates crop production and soil moisture and provides a suitable setup for subsequent satellite-based data assimilation.

", "keywords": ["YIELD RESPONSE", "2. Zero hunger", "LAND", "QE1-996.5", "Science & Technology", "PRODUCTIVITY", "04 Earth Sciences", "0207 environmental engineering", "UNCERTAINTY", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "WHEAT YIELD", "37 Earth sciences", "DATA ASSIMILATION", "13. Climate action", "ASSESSMENTS", "Physical Sciences", "IMPLEMENTATION", "FAO CROP MODEL", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "HIGH-RESOLUTION", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7309/2021/gmd-14-7309-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-98"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2021-98", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2021-98", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2021-98"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-29", "title": "Hydro-pedotransfer functions: a roadmap for future development", "description": "

Abstract. Hydro-pedotransfer functions\u00a0(PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to soil hydraulic properties\u00a0(SHPs) for applications in a wide range of process-based and empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment of soil hydraulic effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes. At least more than 4 decades of research have been invested to derive such relationships. However, while models, methods, data storage capacity, and computational efficiency have advanced, there are fundamental concerns related to the scope and adequacy of current PTFs, particularly when applied to parameterise models used at the field scale and beyond. Most of the PTF development process has focused on refining and advancing the regression methods, while fundamental aspects have remained largely unconsidered. Most soil systems are not represented in PTFs, which have been built mostly for agricultural soils in temperate climates. Thus, existing PTFs largely ignore how parent material, vegetation, land use, and climate affect processes that shape SHPs. The PTFs used to parameterise the Richards\u2013Richardson equation are mostly limited to predicting parameters of the van\u00a0Genuchten\u2013Mualem soil hydraulic functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another fundamental issue relates to the diverging scales of derivation and application, whereby PTFs are derived based on laboratory measurements while often being applied at the field to regional scales. Scaling, modulation, and constraining strategies exist to alleviate some of these shortcomings in the mismatch between scales. These aspects are addressed here in a joint effort by the members of the International Soil Modelling Consortium\u00a0(ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with the aim of systematising PTF research and providing a roadmap guiding both PTF development and use. We close with a 10-point catalogue for funders and researchers to guide review processes and research.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Technology", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Physikochemische Bodeneigenschaft", "550", "T", "500", "Bodenanalyse", "Modell", "15. Life on land", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "Daten", "333", "630", "6. Clean water", "G", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Life Science", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-05", "description": "

Abstract. Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, and terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are crucial tools in further understanding of how terrestrial carbon is stored and exchanged with the atmosphere across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Improving TBM skills, and quantifying and reducing their estimation uncertainties, pose significant challenges. The Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal multi-scale and multi-model intercomparison effort set up to tackle these challenges. The MsTMIP protocol prescribes standardized environmental driver data that are shared among model teams to facilitate model\uffe2\uff80\uff93model and model\uffe2\uff80\uff93observation comparisons. This paper describes the global and North American environmental driver data sets prepared for the MsTMIP activity to both support their use in MsTMIP and make these data, along with the processes used in selecting/processing these data, accessible to a broader audience. Based on project needs and lessons learned from past model intercomparison activities, we compiled climate, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen deposition, land use and land cover change (LULCC), C3 / C4 grasses fractions, major crops, phenology and soil data into a standard format for global (0.5\uffc2\uffb0 \uffc3\uff97 0.5\uffc2\uffb0 resolution) and regional (North American: 0.25\uffc2\uffb0 \uffc3\uff97 0.25\uffc2\uffb0 resolution) simulations. In order to meet the needs of MsTMIP, improvements were made to several of the original environmental data sets, by improving the quality, and/or changing their spatial and temporal coverage, and resolution. The resulting standardized model driver data sets are being used by over 20 different models participating in MsTMIP. The data are archived at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC, http://daac.ornl.gov) to provide long-term data management and distribution.

", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "QE1-996.5", "550", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "QK Botany", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "QC Physics", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openknowledge.nau.edu/id/eprint/701/7/Wei_Y_etal_2014_North_American_Carbon_Program%281%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2023-229", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-02", "title": "HGS-PDAF (version 1.0): a modular data assimilation framework for an integrated surface and subsurface hydrological model", "description": "

Abstract. This article describes a modular ensemble-based data assimilation (DA) system which is developed for an integrated surface\u2013subsurface hydrological model. The software environment for DA is the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (PDAF), which provides various assimilation algorithms like the ensemble Kalman filters, non-linear filters, 3D-Var and combinations among them. The integrated surface\u2013subsurface hydrological model is HydroGeoSphere (HGS), a physically based modelling software for the simulation of surface and variably saturated subsurface flow, as well as heat and mass transport. The coupling and capabilities of the modular DA system are described and demonstrated using an idealised model of a geologically heterogeneous alluvial river\u2013aquifer system with drinking water production via riverbank filtration. To demonstrate its modularity and adaptability, both single and multivariate assimilations of hydraulic head and soil moisture observations are demonstrated in combination with individual and joint updating of multiple simulated states (i.e.\u00a0hydraulic heads and water saturation) and model parameters (i.e.\u00a0hydraulic conductivity). With the integrated model and this modular DA framework, we have essentially developed the hydrologically and DA-wise robust toolbox for developing the basic model for operational management of coupled surface water\u2013groundwater resources.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-229"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2023-229", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2023-229", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2023-229"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-20", "title": "Multidecadal Change In Streamflow Associated With Anthropogenic Disturbances In The Tropical Andes", "description": "

Abstract. Andean headwater catchments are an important source of freshwater for downstream water users. However, few long-term studies exist on the relative importance of climate change and direct anthropogenic perturbations on flow regimes in these catchments. In this paper, we assess change in streamflow based on long time series of hydrometeorological data (1974\uffe2\uff80\uff932008) and land cover reconstructions (1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009) in the Pangor catchment (282 km2) located in the tropical Andes. Three main land cover change trajectories can be distinguished during the period 1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009: (1) expansion of agricultural land by an area equal to 14 % of the catchment area (or 39 km2) in 46 years' time, (2) deforestation of native forests by 11 % (or \uffe2\uff88\uff9231 km2) corresponding to a mean rate of 67 ha yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and (3) afforestation with exotic species in recent years by about 5 % (or 15 km2). Over the time period 1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009, about 50 % of the 64 km2 of native forests was cleared and converted to agricultural land. Given the strong temporal variability of precipitation and streamflow data related to El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o\uffe2\uff80\uff93Southern Oscillation, we use empirical mode decomposition techniques to detrend the time series. The long-term increasing trend in rainfall is remarkably different from the observed changes in streamflow, which exhibit a decreasing trend. Hence, observed changes in streamflow are not the result of long-term change in precipitation but very likely result from anthropogenic disturbances associated with land cover change.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "Period (music)", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "Urban Flooding", "Precipitation", "02 engineering and technology", "Oceanography", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "land-use change", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Climate change", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "Water Science and Technology", "Climatology", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Physics", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "Programming language", "Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Management", "Physical Sciences", "Cartography", "Land cover", "1443", "Hydrometeorology", "Drainage basin", "0207 environmental engineering", "Streamflow", "Environmental science", "G", "Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management", "Meteorology", "Afforestation", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Land use", " land-use change and forestry", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Acoustics", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Global Drought Monitoring and Assessment", "Land use"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-2018-297", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:23:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-25", "title": "Flooded by jargon: how the interpretation of water-related terms differs between hydrology experts and the general audience", "description": "

Abstract. Communication about hydrology-induced hazards is important, in order to keep the impact of floods, droughts et cetera as low as possible. However, sometimes the boundary between specialized and non-specialized language can be vague. Therefore, a close scrutiny of the use of hydrological vocabulary by both experts and laypeople is necessary. In this study, we compare the expert and lay definitions of 12 common water-related terms and 10 water-related pictures to see where misunderstandings might arise both in text and pictures. Our primary objective is to analyze the degree of agreement between experts and laypeople in their definition of the used terms. In this way, we hope to contribute to improving the communication between these groups in the future. Our study was based on a survey completed by 34 experts and 119 laypeople. Especially concerning the definition of water-related words there are some profound differences between experts and laypeople: words like river and river basin turn out to have a thoroughly different interpretation between the two groups. Concerning the pictures, there is much more agreement between the groups.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "T", "COMMUNICATION", "SCIENCE", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "G", "Environmental sciences", "CONTEXT", "13. Climate action", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Life Science", "GE1-350", "GEOSCIENCE", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/23/393/2019/hess-23-393-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-297"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-2018-297", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-2018-297", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-2018-297"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-25T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Ne&offset=5050&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Ne&offset=5050&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Ne&offset=5000", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Ne&offset=5100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 11182, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T11:00:14.170840Z"}