{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-23", "title": "Biofuel Economics In A Setting Of Multiple Objectives And Unintended Consequences", "description": "This paper examines biofuels from an economic perspective and evaluates the merits of promoting biofuel production in the context of the policies\u2019 multiple objectives, life-cycle implications, pecuniary externalities, and other unintended consequences. The policy goals most often cited are to reduce fossil fuel use and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. But the presence of multiple objectives and various indirect effects complicates normative evaluation. To address some of these complicating factors, we look at several combinations of policy alternatives that achieve the same set of incremental gains along the two primary targeted policy dimensions, making it possible to compare the costs and cost-effectiveness of each combination of policies. For example, when this approach is applied to U.S.-produced biofuels, they are found to be 14 to 31 times as costly as alternatives like raising the gas tax or promoting energy efficiency improvements. The analysis also finds the scale of the potential contributions of biofuels to be extremely small in both the U.S. and EU. Mandated U.S. corn ethanol production for 2025 reduces U.S. petroleum input use by 1.75%, and would have negligible net effects on CO2 emissions; and although EU imports of Brazilian ethanol may look better given the high costs of other alternatives, this option is equivalent, at most, to a 1.20% reduction in EU gasoline consumption.", "keywords": ["Q42", "Q54", "Ethanol", "ddc:330", "Q48", "Indirect Land Use Change Effects", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "Biofuel", " Biodiesel", " Cost-Effectiveness", " Indirect Land Use Change Effects", " Net Energy", " Multiple Objectives", " Ethanol", " Ghg", "12. Responsible consumption", "Biofuel", "Net Energy", "13. Climate action", "jel:Q54", "jel:Q42", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "jel:Q48", "Ghg", "Biodiesel", "Cost-Effectiveness", "Multiple Objectives"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William K. Jaeger, Thorsten M. Egelkraut, Thorsten M. 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The findings demonstrate that there are considerable differences between the farming systems and the locations in net energy yields (43.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9349.2\uffc2\uffa0GJ\uffc2\uffa0t\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0biodiesel\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) as well as GHG emissions (1969.6\uffe2\uff80\uff935626.4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0CO2eq\uffc2\uffa0t\uffe2\uff88\uff921 biodiesel\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The output to input ratios are positive in all cases. The largest GHG emissions result from LUC effects, followed by the transesterification, fertilizer production, agricultural production processes, milling, and transportation. Ecosystem carbon payback times range from 11 to 42\uffc2\uffa0years.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "net energy yield", "palm oil biodiesel", "330", "greenhouse gas emissions", "ecosystem carbon payback time", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. 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