{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-04", "title": "Trade-offs between short-term mortality attributable to NO2 and O3 changes during the COVID-19 lockdown across major Spanish cities", "description": "The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic forced most countries to put in place lockdown measures to slow down the transmission of the virus. These lockdowns have led to temporal improvements in air quality. Here, we evaluate the changes in NO2 and O3 levels along with the associated impact upon premature mortality during the COVID-19 lockdown and deconfinement periods along the first epidemic wave across the provincial capital cities of Spain. We first quantify the change in pollutants solely due to the lockdown as the difference between business-as-usual (BAU) pollution levels, estimated with a machine learning-based meteorological normalization technique, and observed concentrations. Second, instead of using exposure-response functions between the pollutants and mortality reported in the literature, we fit conditional quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate city-specific associations between daily pollutant levels and non-accidental mortality during the period 2010-2018. Significant relative risk values are observed at lag 1 for NO2 (1.0047 [95% CI: 1.0014 to 1.0081]) and at lag 0 for O3 (1.0039 [1.0013 to 1.0065]). On average NO2 changed by -51% (intercity range -65.7 to -30.9%) and -36.4% (-53.7 to -11.6%), and O3 by -1.1% (-20.2 to 23.8%) and 0.6% (-12.4 to 23.0%), during the lockdown (57 days) and deconfinement (42 days) periods, respectively. We obtain a reduction in attributable mortality associated with NO2 changes of -119 (95% CI: -273 to -24) deaths over the lockdown, and of -53 (-114 to -10) deaths over the deconfinement. This was partially compensated by an increase in the attributable number of deaths, 14 (-72 to 99) during the lockdown, and 8 (-27 to 50) during the deconfinement, associated with the rise in O3 levels in the most populous cities during the analysed period, despite the overall small average reductions. Our study shows that the potential trade-offs between multiple air pollutants should be taken into account when evaluating the health impacts of environmental exposures.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "SARS-CoV-2", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "COVID-19", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "3. Good health", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Communicable Disease Control", "Humans", "Particulate Matter", "Cities", "Pandemics", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-20", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions From A Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System With Different Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes", "description": "Here, we report on a two-years field experiment aimed at the quantification of the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) from the dominant wheat-maize double cropping system in North China Plain. The experiment had 6 different fertilization strategies, including a control treatment, recommended fertilization, with and without straw and manure applications, and nitrification inhibitor and slow release urea. Application of N fertilizer slightly decreased CH4 uptake by soil. Direct N2O emissions derived from recommended urea application was 0.39% of the annual urea-N input. Both straw and manure had relatively low N2O emissions factors. Slow release urea had a relatively high emission factor. Addition of nitrification inhibitor reduced N2O emission by 55%. We conclude that use of nitrification inhibitors is a promising strategy for N2O mitigation for the intensive wheat-maize double cropping systems.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "China", "oxide emissions", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "organic-carbon", "n2o emissions", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "field experiments", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "calcareous soil", "Air Pollution", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "north china plain", "Agriculture", "temperate forest soils", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "nitrification inhibitor", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "3", "4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate dmpp", "Methane", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-19", "title": "Effects Of Water Regime During Rice-Growing Season On Annual Direct N2o Emission In A Paddy Rice-Winter Wheat Rotation System In Southeast China", "description": "Annual paddy rice-winter wheat rotation constitutes one of the typical cropping systems in southeast China, in which various water regimes are currently practiced during the rice-growing season, including continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F), and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding and moisture but without waterlogging (F-D-F-M). We conducted a field experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system to gain an insight into the water regime-specific emission factors and background emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) over the whole annual cycle. While flooding led to an unpronounced N(2)O emission during the rice-growing season, it incurred substantial N(2)O emission during the following non-rice season. During the non-rice season, N(2)O fluxes were, on average, 2.61 and 2.48 mg N(2)O-Nm(-)(2) day(-1) for the 250 kg N ha(-1) applied plots preceded by the F and F-D-F water regimes, which are 56% and 49% higher than those by the F-D-F-M water regime, respectively. For the annual rotation system experienced by continuous flooding during the rice-growing season, the relationship between N(2)O emission and nitrogen input predicted the emission factor and background emission of N(2)O to be 0.87% and 1.77 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1), respectively. For the plots experienced by the water regimes of F-D-F and F-D-F-M, the emission factors of N(2)O averaged 0.97% and 0.85%, with background N(2)O emissions of 2.00 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) and 1.61 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) for the annual rotation system, respectively. Annual direct N(2)O-N emission was estimated to be 98.1 Gg yr(-1) in Chinese rice-based cropping systems in the 1990s, consisting of 32.3 Gg during the rice-growing season and 65.8 Gg during the non-rice season, which accounts for 25-35% of the annual total emission from croplands in China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Floods", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es103410q", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-14", "title": "Identification Of \u2018Carbon Hot-Spots\u2019 And Quantification Of Ghg Intensities In The Biodiesel Supply Chain Using Hybrid Lca And Structural Path Analysis", "description": "It is expected that biodiesel production in the EU will remain the dominant contributor as part of a 10% minimum binding target for biofuel in transportation fuel by 2020 within the 20% renewable energy target in the overall EU energy mix. Life cycle assessments (LCA) of biodiesel to evaluate its environmental impacts have, however, remained questionable, mainly because of the adoption of a traditional process analysis approach resulting in system boundary truncation and because of issues regarding the impacts of land use change and N(2)O emissions from fertilizer application. In this study, a hybrid LCA methodology is used to evaluate the life cycle CO(2) equivalent emissions of rape methyl ester (RME) biodiesel. The methodology uses input-output analysis to estimate upstream indirect emissions in order to complement traditional process LCA in a hybrid framework. It was estimated that traditional LCA accounted for 2.7 kg CO(2)-eq per kg of RME or 36.6% of total life cycle emissions of the RME supply chin. Further to the inclusion of upstream indirect impacts in the LCA system (which accounted for 23% of the total life cycle emissions), emissions due to direct land use change (6%) and indirect land use change (16.5%) and N(2)O emissions from fertilizer applications (17.9%) were also calculated. Structural path analysis is used to decompose upstream indirect emissions paths of the biodiesel supply chain in order to identify, quantify, and rank high carbon emissions paths or 'hot-spots' in the biodiesel supply chain. It was shown, for instance, that inputs from the 'Other Chemical Products' sector (identified as phosphoric acid, H(3)PO(4)) into the biodiesel production process represented the highest carbon emission path (or hot-spot) with 5.35% of total upstream indirect emissions of the RME biodiesel supply chain.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "02 engineering and technology", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Models", " Structural", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "European Union", "Carbon Footprint", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es103410q"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es103410q", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es103410q", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es103410q"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-13", "title": "Population exposure to multiple air pollutants and its compound episodes in Europe", "description": "Abstract<p>Air pollution remains as a substantial health problem, particularly regarding the combined health risks arising from simultaneous exposure to multiple air pollutants. However, understanding these combined exposure events over long periods has been hindered by sparse and temporally inconsistent monitoring data. Here we analyze daily ambient PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 concentrations at a 0.1-degree resolution during 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932019 across 1426 contiguous regions in 35 European countries, representing 543 million people. We find that PM10 levels decline by 2.72% annually, followed by NO2 (2.45%) and PM2.5 (1.72%). In contrast, O3 increase by 0.58% in southern Europe, leading to a surge in unclean air days. Despite air quality advances, 86.3% of Europeans experience at least one compound event day per year, especially for PM2.5-NO2 and PM2.5-O3. We highlight the improvements in air quality control but emphasize the need for targeted measures addressing specific pollutants and their compound events, particularly amidst rising temperatures.</p", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "Science", "Q", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Environmental Exposure", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "3. Good health", "Environmental impact", "Europe", "Risk factors", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "11. Sustainability", "Humans", "Particulate Matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46103-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-024-46103-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-20", "title": "A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic GHGs: the CO2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2O and CH4 emission", "description": "Abstract<p>Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment of ecosystems, mainly from fuel combustion and fertilizer application, alters biogeochemical cycling of ecosystems in a way that leads to altered flux of biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Our meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of 313 observations across 109 studies evaluated the effect of N addition on the flux of three major GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O. The objective was to quantitatively synthesize data from agricultural and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90agricultural terrestrial ecosystems across the globe and examine whether factors, such as ecosystem type, N addition level and chemical form of N addition influence the direction and magnitude of GHG fluxes. Results indicate that N addition increased ecosystem carbon content of forests by 6%, marginally increased soil organic carbon of agricultural systems by 2%, but had no significant effect on net ecosystem CO2 exchange for non\uffe2\uff80\uff90forest natural ecosystems. Across all ecosystems, N addition increased CH4 emission by 97%, reduced CH4 uptake by 38% and increased N2O emission by 216%. The net effect of N on the global GHG budget is calculated and this topic is reviewed. Most often N addition is considered to increase forest C sequestration without consideration of N stimulation of GHG production in other ecosystems. However, our study indicated that although N addition increased the global terrestrial C sink, the CO2 reduction could be largely offset (53\uffe2\uff80\uff9376%) by N stimulation of global CH4 and N2O emission from multiple ecosystems.</p>", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrogen", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-02", "title": "Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, And Nitrogen Dioxide Fluxes From Soils After Manure And Urea Application", "description": "ABSTRACT<p>Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas, and NO and NO2 play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Nitrous oxide, NO, and NO2 fluxes from fertilized soils were measured six times per day by an automated flux monitoring system for one year, beginning on 21 May 1998. Pac choi (Brassica spp.) was cultivated for two months, and the plots were left fallow the remainder of the year. Two types of manure, poultry manure (PM) and swine manure (SM), and a chemical fertilizer, urea, were applied to the soil. The total amount of nitrogen applied in each case was 15 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 The total fluxes from PM, SM, and urea for the year were 184, 61.3, and 44.8 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for N2O, respectively; 9.95, 16.6, and 148 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for NO, respectively; and \uffe2\uff88\uff926.21, \uffe2\uff88\uff927.23, and \uffe2\uff88\uff927.84 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for NO2, respectively. A negative correlation was found between the NO flux and the NO concentration of the chamber air just after the chamber was closed, when a flux from the atmosphere to soil was observed for 10 months. The mean gross NO production, the NO uptake rate constant, and the apparent compensation point for this period were 0.79 to 0.95 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, 120 to 128 L m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and 5.65 to 7.35 ppbv, respectively.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitric Oxide", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hiroko Akiyama, Haruo Tsuruta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.4230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2003.4230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10230/60632", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:24:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-13", "title": "Population exposure to multiple air pollutants and its compound episodes in Europe", "description": "Abstract<p>Air pollution remains as a substantial health problem, particularly regarding the combined health risks arising from simultaneous exposure to multiple air pollutants. However, understanding these combined exposure events over long periods has been hindered by sparse and temporally inconsistent monitoring data. Here we analyze daily ambient PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 concentrations at a 0.1-degree resolution during 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932019 across 1426 contiguous regions in 35 European countries, representing 543 million people. We find that PM10 levels decline by 2.72% annually, followed by NO2 (2.45%) and PM2.5 (1.72%). In contrast, O3 increase by 0.58% in southern Europe, leading to a surge in unclean air days. Despite air quality advances, 86.3% of Europeans experience at least one compound event day per year, especially for PM2.5-NO2 and PM2.5-O3. We highlight the improvements in air quality control but emphasize the need for targeted measures addressing specific pollutants and their compound events, particularly amidst rising temperatures.</p", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "Science", "Q", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Environmental Exposure", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "3. Good health", "Environmental impact", "Europe", "Risk factors", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "11. Sustainability", "Humans", "Particulate Matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46103-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10230/60632"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10230/60632", "name": "item", "description": "10230/60632", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10230/60632"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3159543879", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:26:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-04", "title": "Trade-offs between short-term mortality attributable to NO2 and O3 changes during the COVID-19 lockdown across major Spanish cities", "description": "The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic forced most countries to put in place lockdown measures to slow down the transmission of the virus. These lockdowns have led to temporal improvements in air quality. Here, we evaluate the changes in NO2 and O3 levels along with the associated impact upon premature mortality during the COVID-19 lockdown and deconfinement periods along the first epidemic wave across the provincial capital cities of Spain. We first quantify the change in pollutants solely due to the lockdown as the difference between business-as-usual (BAU) pollution levels, estimated with a machine learning-based meteorological normalization technique, and observed concentrations. Second, instead of using exposure-response functions between the pollutants and mortality reported in the literature, we fit conditional quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate city-specific associations between daily pollutant levels and non-accidental mortality during the period 2010-2018. Significant relative risk values are observed at lag 1 for NO2 (1.0047 [95% CI: 1.0014 to 1.0081]) and at lag 0 for O3 (1.0039 [1.0013 to 1.0065]). On average NO2 changed by -51% (intercity range -65.7 to -30.9%) and -36.4% (-53.7 to -11.6%), and O3 by -1.1% (-20.2 to 23.8%) and 0.6% (-12.4 to 23.0%), during the lockdown (57 days) and deconfinement (42 days) periods, respectively. We obtain a reduction in attributable mortality associated with NO2 changes of -119 (95% CI: -273 to -24) deaths over the lockdown, and of -53 (-114 to -10) deaths over the deconfinement. This was partially compensated by an increase in the attributable number of deaths, 14 (-72 to 99) during the lockdown, and 8 (-27 to 50) during the deconfinement, associated with the rise in O3 levels in the most populous cities during the analysed period, despite the overall small average reductions. Our study shows that the potential trade-offs between multiple air pollutants should be taken into account when evaluating the health impacts of environmental exposures.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "SARS-CoV-2", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "COVID-19", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "3. Good health", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Communicable Disease Control", "Humans", "Particulate Matter", "Cities", "Pandemics", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3159543879"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3159543879", "name": "item", "description": "3159543879", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3159543879"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC8093093", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:28:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-03", "title": "Trade-offs between short-term mortality attributable to NO2 and O3 changes during the COVID-19 lockdown across major Spanish cities", "description": "The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic forced most countries to put in place lockdown measures to slow down the transmission of the virus. These lockdowns have led to temporal improvements in air quality. Here, we evaluate the changes in NO2 and O3 levels along with the associated impact upon premature mortality during the COVID-19 lockdown and deconfinement periods along the first epidemic wave across the provincial capital cities of Spain. We first quantify the change in pollutants solely due to the lockdown as the difference between business-as-usual (BAU) pollution levels, estimated with a machine learning-based meteorological normalization technique, and observed concentrations. Second, instead of using exposure-response functions between the pollutants and mortality reported in the literature, we fit conditional quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate city-specific associations between daily pollutant levels and non-accidental mortality during the period 2010-2018. Significant relative risk values are observed at lag 1 for NO2 (1.0047 [95% CI: 1.0014 to 1.0081]) and at lag 0 for O3 (1.0039 [1.0013 to 1.0065]). On average NO2 changed by -51% (intercity range -65.7 to -30.9%) and -36.4% (-53.7 to -11.6%), and O3 by -1.1% (-20.2 to 23.8%) and 0.6% (-12.4 to 23.0%), during the lockdown (57 days) and deconfinement (42 days) periods, respectively. We obtain a reduction in attributable mortality associated with NO2 changes of -119 (95% CI: -273 to -24) deaths over the lockdown, and of -53 (-114 to -10) deaths over the deconfinement. This was partially compensated by an increase in the attributable number of deaths, 14 (-72 to 99) during the lockdown, and 8 (-27 to 50) during the deconfinement, associated with the rise in O3 levels in the most populous cities during the analysed period, despite the overall small average reductions. Our study shows that the potential trade-offs between multiple air pollutants should be taken into account when evaluating the health impacts of environmental exposures.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "SARS-CoV-2", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "COVID-19", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "3. Good health", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Communicable Disease Control", "Humans", "Particulate Matter", "Cities", "Pandemics", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/PMC8093093"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC8093093", "name": "item", "description": "PMC8093093", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC8093093"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Nitrogen+Dioxide&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Nitrogen+Dioxide&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Nitrogen+Dioxide&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Nitrogen+Dioxide&offset=10", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 10, "numberReturned": 10, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-26T17:56:28.603401Z"}