{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1080/03066150.2010.512460", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-09-24", "title": "Processes Of Inclusion And Adverse Incorporation: Oil Palm And Agrarian Change In Sumatra, Indonesia", "description": "Changes in globalised agriculture raise critical questions as rapid agricultural development leads to widespread social and environmental transformation. With increased global demand for vegetable oils and biofuel, in Indonesia the area under oil palm has doubled over the last decade. This paper presents a case study of how micro-processes that are linked to wider dynamics shape oil palm related agrarian change in villages in Sumatra, Indonesia. It pursues related questions regarding the impact of agribusiness-driven agriculture, the fate of smallholders experiencing contemporary agrarian transition, and the impact of increased demand for vegetable oils and biofuels on agrarian structures in Sumatra. It argues that the paths of agrarian change are highly uneven and depend on how changing livelihood strategies are enabled or constrained by economic, social and political relations that vary over time and space. In contrast to simplifying narratives of inclusion/exclusion, it argues that outcomes depend on the terms under which smallholders engage with oil palm. Distinguishing between exogenous processes of agribusiness expansion and endogenous commodity market expansion, it finds each is associated with characteristic processes of change. It concludes that the way successive policy interventions have worked with the specific characteristics of oil palm have cumulatively shaped the space where agrarian change occurs in Sumatra.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "commodity market", "Economics", "eth Adverse incorporation", "smallholder", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "History", " 21st Century", "agricultural development", "strategic approach", "Social differentiation", "11. Sustainability", "agricultural policy", "Plant Oils", "crop", "demand analysis", "Social Change", "Asia", " Southeastern", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "education", "article", "1. No poverty", "Agriculture", "Keywords: biofuel", "economics", "History", " 20th Century", "15. Life on land", "Southeast Asia", "socioeconomic impact", "Commodity markets", "agrarian change", "vegetable oil", "Indonesia", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Oil palm", "biofuel"], "contacts": [{"organization": "McCarthy, John", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/53926/5/processes_of_mccarthy_2010.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/53926/7/01_McCarthy_Processes_of_inclusion_and_2010.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2010.512460"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Journal%20of%20Peasant%20Studies", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/03066150.2010.512460", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/03066150.2010.512460", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/03066150.2010.512460"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01491.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-04", "title": "Oil Palm, Food Security And Adaptation Among Smallholder Households In Papua New Guinea", "description": "Abstract:\uffe2\uff80\uff83<p>This paper is concerned with food security and access to land for food crop gardening among first and second generation migrant oil palm producers in West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. We examine changes in food security due to the rapid population growth in the presence of growing demand for land for oil palm production. Despite oil palm providing the major source of income for most migrant households, food crop gardening remains a primary livelihood activity, particularly for women, and especially so, during periods of low oil palm prices. Rising population and land pressures pose a threat to household food security and have implications for the supply of food to the rapidly growing urban population in the province. The paper begins by describing how household food security and access to land have changed over the past two decades. Then the paper examines how smallholder households are responding to shortages of garden land through the intensification of land use, intercropping immature oil palm with food crops and seeking access to land beyond the oil palm block. The paper also considers the role that research, agricultural extension and the milling companies can play in supporting strategies to promote food security among smallholders.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Papua New Guinea", "land use pressure", "330", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "smallholder oil palm", "land intensification", "food security", "02 engineering and technology", "15. 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