Forests provide important ecological, economic, and social services, and recent interest has emerged in the potential for using residue from timber harvest as a source of renewable woody bioenergy. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term consequences of such intensive harvest are unclear, particularly as forests face novel climatic conditions over the next century. We used a simulation model to project the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of management and climate change on above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground forest carbon storage in a watershed in northwestern Oregon. The multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90ownership watershed has a diverse range of current management practices, including little\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90no harvesting on federal lands, short\uffe2\uff80\uff90rotation clear\uffe2\uff80\uff90cutting on industrial land, and a mix of practices on private nonindustrial land. We simulated multiple management scenarios, varying the rate and intensity of harvest, combined with projections of climate change. Our simulations project a wide range of total ecosystem carbon storage with varying harvest rate, ranging from a 45% increase to a 16% decrease in carbon compared to current levels. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy caused a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933% decrease in ecosystem carbon relative to conventional harvest practices. Soil carbon was relatively insensitive to harvest rotation and intensity, and accumulated slowly regardless of harvest regime. Climate change reduced carbon accumulation in soil and detrital pools due to increasing heterotrophic respiration, and had small but variable effects on aboveground live carbon and total ecosystem carbon. Overall, we conclude that current levels of ecosystem carbon storage are maintained in part due to substantial portions of the landscape (federal and some private lands) remaining unharvested or lightly managed.\uffc2\uffa0Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy on currently harvested land, however,\uffc2\uffa0led to a relatively small reduction in the ability of forests to store carbon. Climate change is unlikely to substantially alter carbon storage in these forests, absent shifts in disturbance regimes.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon dioxide mitigation", "Forest ecology -- Oregon -- Oregon Coast Range", "Forest biomass", "13. Climate action", "Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)", "Biomass energy", "Forest Biology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Climatic change", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12255"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12255", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12255", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12255"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/eap.1460", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-10-21", "title": "Forest Management Scenarios In A Changing Climate: Trade-Offs Between Carbon, Timber, And Old Forest", "description": "AbstractBalancing economic, ecological, and social values has long been a challenge in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, where conflict over timber harvest and old\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth habitat on public lands has been contentious for the past several decades. The Northwest Forest Plan, adopted two decades ago to guide management on federal lands, is currently being revised as the region searches for a balance between sustainable timber yields and habitat for sensitive species. In addition, climate change imposes a high degree of uncertainty on future forest productivity, sustainability of timber harvest, wildfire risk, and species habitat. We evaluated the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, landscape\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs among carbon (C) storage, timber yield, and old forest habitat given projected climate change and shifts in forest management policy across 2.1 million hectares of forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Projections highlight the divergence between private and public lands under business\uffe2\uff80\uff90as\uffe2\uff80\uff90usual forest management, where private industrial forests are heavily harvested and many public (especially federal) lands increase C and old forest over time but provide little timber. Three alternative management scenarios altering the amount and type of timber harvest show widely varying levels of ecosystem C and old\uffe2\uff80\uff90forest habitat. On federal lands, ecological forestry practices also allowed a simultaneous increase in old forest and natural early\uffe2\uff80\uff90seral habitat. The ecosystem C implications of shifts away from current practices were large, with current practices retaining up to 105\uffc2\uffa0Tg more C than the alternative scenarios by the end of the century. Our results suggest climate change is likely to increase forest productivity by 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9341% and total ecosystem C storage by 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9315% over the next century as warmer winter temperatures allow greater forest productivity in cooler months. These gains in C storage are unlikely to be offset by wildfire under climate change, due to the legacy of management and effective fire suppression. Our scenarios of future conditions can inform policy makers, land managers, and the public about the potential effects of land management alternatives, climate change, and the trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs that are inherent to management and policy in the region.
", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Forest management -- Economic aspects", "0106 biological sciences", "Climate Change", "Forestry", "Forest fires -- Effect of climate change on", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "Oregon", "Forest management -- Social aspects", "13. Climate action", "Northwest Forest Plan (U.S.)", "Environmental Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1460"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/eap.1460", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/eap.1460", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/eap.1460"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00267-011-9715-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-13", "title": "Are There Benefits To Mowing Wyoming Big Sagebrush Plant Communities? An Evaluation In Southeastern Oregon", "description": "Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) communities frequently are mowed in an attempt to increase perennial herbaceous vegetation. However, there is limited information as to whether expected benefits of mowing are realized when applied to Wyoming big sagebrush communities with intact understory vegetation. We compared vegetation and soil nutrient concentrations in mowed and undisturbed reference plots in Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities at eight sites for three years post-treatment. Mowing generally did not increase perennial herbaceous vegetation cover, density, or biomass production (P > 0.05). Annual forbs and exotic annual grasses were generally greater in the mowed compared to the reference treatment (P < 0.05). By the third year post-treatment annual forb and annual grass biomass production was more than nine and sevenfold higher in the mowed than reference treatment, respectively. Our results imply that the application of mowing treatments in Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities does not increase perennial herbaceous vegetation, but may increase the risk that exotic annual grasses will dominate the herbaceous vegetation. We suggest that mowing Wyoming big sagebrush communities with intact understories does not produce the expected benefits. However, the applicability of our results to Wyoming big sagebrush communities with greater sagebrush cover and/or degraded understories needs to be evaluated.", "keywords": ["Wyoming", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Oregon", "Soil", "Artemisia", "Evaluation Studies as Topic", "Agriculture", "Biomass", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kirk W. Davies, Jon D. Bates, Aleta M. Nafus,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9715-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00267-011-9715-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00267-011-9715-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00267-011-9715-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:17:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-27", "title": "Forest Wildfire, Fuel Reduction Treatments, And Landscape Carbon Stocks: A Sensitivity Analysis", "description": "Fuel reduction treatments prescribed in fire-suppressed forests of western North America pose an apparent paradox with respect\u00a0to terrestrial carbon management. Such treatments have the immediate effect of reducing forest carbon stocks but likely reduce future carbon losses through the combustion and mortality caused by high-severity wildfires. Assessing the long-term impact of fuel treatment on the carbon balance of fire-prone forests has been difficult because of uncertainties regarding treatment and wildfire impacts on any given landscape. In this study we attempt to remove some of the confusion surrounding this subject by performing a sensitivity analysis wherein long-term, landscape-wide carbon stocks are simulated under a wide range of treatment efficacy, treatment lifespan, fire impacts, forest recovery rates, forest decay rates, and the longevity of wood products. Our results indicate a surprising insensitivity of long-term carbon stocks to both management and biological variables. After 80 years, a 1600% change in either forest growth or decomposition resulted in only a 40% change in total system carbon, and a 1600% change in either treatment application rate or efficacy in arresting fire spread resulted in only a 10% change in total system carbon. This insensitivity of long-term carbon stocks is due in part by the infrequency of treatment-wildfire interaction and in part by the controls imposed by maximum forest biomass. None of the fuel treatment simulation scenarios resulted in increased system carbon.", "keywords": ["Oregon", "13. Climate action", "Forestry", "Biomass", "15. Life on land", "Models", " Biological", "01 natural sciences", "Fires", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/08-0501.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:20:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-18", "title": "Forest Fuel Reduction Alters Fire Severity And Long-Term Carbon Storage In Three Pacific Northwest Ecosystems", "description": "Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90off between fire restoration and carbon sequestration. The former strategy would reduce fuel (and therefore C) that has accumulated through a century of fire suppression and exclusion which has led to extreme fire risk in some areas. The latter strategy would manage forests for enhanced C sequestration as a method of reducing atmospheric CO2and associated threats from global climate change. We explored the trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90off between these two strategies by employing a forest ecosystem simulation model, STANDCARB, to examine the effects of fuel reduction on fire severity and the resulting long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C dynamics among three Pacific Northwest ecosystems: the east Cascades ponderosa pine forests, the west Cascades western hemlock\uffe2\uff80\uff93Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir forests, and the Coast Range western hemlock\uffe2\uff80\uff93Sitka spruce forests. Our simulations indicate that fuel reduction treatments in these ecosystems consistently reduced fire severity. However, reducing the fraction by which C is lost in a wildfire requires the removal of a much greater amount of C, since most of the C stored in forest biomass (stem wood, branches, coarse woody debris) remains unconsumed even by high\uffe2\uff80\uff90severity wildfires. For this reason, all of the fuel reduction treatments simulated for the west Cascades and Coast Range ecosystems as well as most of the treatments simulated for the east Cascades resulted in a reduced mean stand C storage. One suggested method of compensating for such losses in C storage is to utilize C harvested in fuel reduction treatments as biofuels. Our analysis indicates that this will not be an effective strategy in the west Cascades and Coast Range over the next 100 years. We suggest that forest management plans aimed solely at ameliorating increases in atmospheric CO2should forgo fuel reduction treatments in these ecosystems, with the possible exception of some east Cascades ponderosa pine stands with uncharacteristic levels of understory fuel accumulation. Balancing a demand for maximal landscape C storage with the demand for reduced wildfire severity will likely require treatments to be applied strategically throughout the landscape rather than indiscriminately treating all stands.
", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "0106 biological sciences", "Bioelectric Energy Sources", "Forestry", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "Models", " Biological", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Carbon", "Fires", "Pseudotsuga", "Pinus ponderosa", "Oregon", "13. Climate action", "Computer Simulation", "Picea", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0501.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/08-0501.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/08-0501.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/08-0501.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0201", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-07-07", "title": "Long-Term Cropping System Effects On Carbon Sequestration In Eastern Oregon", "description": "ABSTRACTSoil organic carbon (SOC) has beneficial effects on soil quality and productivity. Cropping systems that maintain and/or improve levels of SOC may lead to sustainable crop production. This study evaluated the effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term cropping systems on C sequestration. Soil samples were taken at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depth profiles from grass pasture (GP), conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (CTWF), and fertilized and unfertilized plots of continuous winter wheat (WW), spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) (SB) monocultures under CT and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT). The samples were analyzed for soil organic matter (SOM) and SOC was derived. Ages of experiments ranged from 6 to 73 yr. Compared to 1931 SOC levels (initial year), CTWF reduced SOC by 9 to 12 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone. Grass pasture increased SOC by 6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone but decreased SOC by 3 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone. Continuous CT monocultures depleted SOC in the top 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone and the bottom 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone but maintained SOC levels close to 1931 SOC levels in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layer. Continuous NT monocultures accumulated more SOC in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone than in deeper zones. Total SOC (0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone) was highest under GP and continuous cropping and lowest under CTWF. Fertilizer increased total SOC only under CTWW and CTSB by 13 and 7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in 13 yr, respectively. Practicing NT for only 6 yr had started to reverse the effect of 73 yr of CTWF. Compared to CTWF, NTWW and NTSW sequestered C at rates of 2.6 and 1.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm zone. This study showed that the potential to sequester C can be enhanced by increasing cropping frequency and eliminating tillage.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Geography", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Oregon", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Organic Chemicals", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Karl Rhinhart, Steve Petrie, Stephen Machado,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0201"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0201", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0201", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0201"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oregon&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oregon&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oregon&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oregon&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-25T10:13:41.793077Z"}