1. The introduction of certain tertiary branched-chain carboxylic acids into the rumen of sheep, either by continuous infusion or by direct incorporation of the acids in the concentrate food mixture, had no effect on the oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production of the sheep. Methane production was depressed, the extent of the depression increasing with the molecular weight of the carboxylic acid.
2. There was a small decrease in the apparent digestibility of the food and a small increase in urinary energy output.
3. There was no significant increase in the metabolizable energy intake of the sheep. There was, however, a small increase in the amount of energy stored in the body. This small increase was about 84 % of the gross energy of the branched-chain acids added.
4. It is concluded that any practical advantage to be gained from the addition of branched-chain carboxylic acids to the diet of ruminants remains unproven.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Sheep", "Fatty Acids", "Carboxylic Acids", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Urine", "Molecular Weight", "Feces", "Oxygen Consumption", "Animals", "Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena", "Methane", "Stearic Acids"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. L. Clapperton, J. W. Czerkawski,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19710051"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/British%20Journal%20of%20Nutrition", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/bjn19710051", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/bjn19710051", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/bjn19710051"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1971-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/bjn20051517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:18:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-03", "title": "Effect Of Ruminal Administration Of Escherichia Coli Wild Type Or A Genetically Modified Strain With Enhanced High Nitrite Reductase Activity On Methane Emission And Nitrate Toxicity In Nitrate-Infused Sheep", "description": "The effects of two kinds ofEscherichia coli(E. coli) strain, wild-typeE. coliW3110 andE. colinir-Ptac, which has enhanced NO2reduction activity, on oral CH4emission and NO3toxicity in NO3-treated sheep were assessed in a respiratory hood system in a 4\uffc3\uff976 Youden square design. NO3(1\uffc2\uffb73g NaNO3/kg0\uffc2\uffb775body weight) and/orE. colistrains were delivered into the rumen through a fistula as a single dose 30min after the morning meal.Escherichia colicells were inoculated for sheep to provide an initialE. colicell density of optical density at 660nm of 2, which corresponded to 2\uffc3\uff971010cells/ml. The six treatments consisted of saline,E. coliW3110,E. colinir-Ptac, NO3, NO3plusE. coliW3110, and NO3plusE. colinir-Ptac. CH4emission from sheep was reduced by the inoculation ofE. coliW3110 orE. colinir-Ptac by 6% and 12%, respectively. NO3markedly inhibited CH4emission from sheep. Compared with sheep given NO3alone, the inoculation ofE. coliW3110 to NO3-infused sheep lessened ruminal and plasma toxic NO2accumulation and blood methaemoglobin production, while keeping ruminal methanogenesis low. Ruminal and plasma toxic NO2accumulation and blood methaemoglobin production in sheep were unaffected by the inoculation ofE. colinir-Ptac. These results suggest that ruminal methanogenesis may be reduced by the inoculation ofE. coliW3110 orE. colinir-Ptac. The inoculation ofE. coliW3110 may abate NO3toxicity when NO3is used to inhibit CH4emission from ruminants.
", "keywords": ["Male", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Rumen", "Sheep", "Metabolic Clearance Rate", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Nitrate Reductase", "3. Good health", "Oxygen Consumption", "Fermentation", "Escherichia coli", "Animals", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Methane", "Methemoglobin", "Nitrites"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Junichi Takahashi, I. Shinzato, Y. Asakura, C. Sar, B. Pen, R. Morikawa, B. Mwenya, A. Tsujimoto, K. Kuwaki, K. Takaura, N. Isogai, Yasuhiko Toride,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051517"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/British%20Journal%20of%20Nutrition", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/bjn20051517", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/bjn20051517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/bjn20051517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:19:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-05", "title": "Fine-Root Respiration In A Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taedal.) Forest Exposed To Elevated Co2and N Fertilization", "description": "ABSTRACTForest ecosystems release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root respiration (Rr), but the control of this flux and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) are poorly understood. We attempted to: (1) identify the factors limiting this flux using additions of glucose and an electron transport uncoupler (carbonyl cyanide m\uffe2\uff80\uff90chlorophenylhydrazone); and (2) improve yearly estimates of Rr by directly measuring its Q10in situ using temperature\uffe2\uff80\uff90controlled cuvettes buried around intact, attached roots. The proximal limits of Rr of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees exposed to free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and N fertilization were seasonally variable; enzyme capacity limited Rr in the winter, and a combination of substrate supply and adenylate availability limited Rr in summer months. The limiting factors of Rr were not affected by elevated CO2 or N fertilization. Elevated CO2 increased annual stand\uffe2\uff80\uff90level Rr by 34% whereas the combination of elevated CO2 and N fertilization reduced Rr by 40%. Measurements of in situ Rr with high temporal resolution detected diel patterns that were correlated with canopy photosynthesis with a lag of 1\uffe2\uff80\uff83d or less as measured by eddy covariance, indicating a dynamic link between canopy photosynthesis and root respiration. These results suggest that Rr is coupled to daily canopy photosynthesis and increases with carbon allocation below ground.
", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "Analysis of Variance", "Nitrates", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Cell Respiration", "Temperature", "Pinus taeda", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "Glucose", "Oxygen Consumption", "050101 - Ecological Impacts of Climate Change", "13. Climate action", "North Carolina", "Seasons", "Least-Squares Analysis", "Photosynthesis", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-10-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/06-2100.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-12-11", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Plant Species Diversity And Elevated Co2 On Soil Biota And Nutrient Cycling", "description": "Terrestrial ecosystems consist of mutually dependent producer and decomposer subsystems, but not much is known on how their interactions are modified by plant diversity and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Factorially manipulating grassland plant species diversity and atmospheric CO2 concentrations for five years, we tested whether high diversity or elevated CO2 sustain larger or more active soil communities, affect soil aggregation, water dynamics, or nutrient cycling, and whether plant diversity and elevated CO2 interact. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pools, symbiotic N2 fixation, plant litter quality, soil moisture, soil physical structure, soil nematode, collembola and acari communities, soil microbial biomass and microflora community structure (phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] profiles), soil enzyme activities, and rates of C fluxes to soils were measured. No increases in soil C fluxes or the biomass, number, or activity of soil organisms were detected at high plant diversity; soil H2O and aggregation remained unaltered. Elevated CO2 affected the ecosystem primarily by improving plant and soil water status by reducing leaf conductance, whereas changes in C cycling appeared to be of subordinate importance. Slowed-down soil drying cycles resulted in lower soil aggregation under elevated CO2. Collembola benefited from extra soil moisture under elevated CO2, whereas other faunal groups did not respond. Diversity effects and interactions with elevated CO2 may have been absent because soil responses were mainly driven by community-level processes such as rates of organic C input and water use; these drivers were not changed by plant diversity manipulations, possibly because our species diversity gradient did not extend below five species and because functional type composition remained unaltered. Our findings demonstrate that global change can affect soil aggregation, and we advocate that soil aggregation should be considered as a dynamic property that may respond to environmental changes and feed back on other ecosystem functions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Evolution", "Nitrogen", "Water", "Phosphorus", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies", "Soil", "1105 Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Oxygen Consumption", "Behavior and Systematics", "Species Specificity", "13. Climate action", "570 Life sciences; biology", "590 Animals (Zoology)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2100.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/06-2100.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/06-2100.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/06-2100.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-18", "title": "Prairie Restoration And Carbon Sequestration: Difficulties Quantifying C Sources And Sinks Using A Biometric Approach", "description": "We investigated carbon cycling and ecosystem characteristics among two prairie restoration treatments established in 1987 and adjacent cropland, all part of the Conservation Reserve Program in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. We hypothesized that different plant functional groups (cool\uffe2\uff80\uff90season C3vs. warm\uffe2\uff80\uff90season C4grasses) between the two prairie restoration treatments would lead to differences in soil and vegetation characteristics and amount of sequestered carbon, compared to the crop system.
We found significant (P< 0.05) differences between the two prairie restoration treatments in soil CO2respiration and above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground productivity, but no significant differences in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (~16\uffe2\uff80\uff90year) carbon sequestration. We used a biometric approach aggregating short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term observations of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground productivity and CO2respiration to estimate total net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) using varied methods suggested in the literature. Net ecosystem production is important because it represents the ecosystem carbon sequestration, which is of interest to land managers and policymakers seeking or regulating credits for ecosystem carbon storage. Such a biometric approach would be attractive because it might offer the ability to rapidly assess the carbon source/sink status of an ecosystem.
We concluded that large uncertainties in (1) estimating aboveground NPP, (2) determining belowground NPP, and (3) partitioning soil respiration into microbial and plant components strongly affect the magnitude, and even the sign, of NEP estimates made from aggregating its components. A comparison of these estimates across treatments could not distinguish differences in NEP, nor the absolute sign of the overall carbon balance. Longer\uffe2\uff80\uff90term quantification of carbon stocks in the soil, periodically linked to measurements of individual processes, may offer a more reliable measure of the carbon balance in grassland systems, suitable for assigning credits.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Biometry", "Time Factors", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0069.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/08-0069.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/08-0069.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-21", "title": "Experimental Drought In A Tropical Rain Forest Increases Soil Carbon Dioxide Losses To The Atmosphere", "description": "Climate models predict precipitation changes for much of the humid tropics, yet few studies have investigated the potential consequences of drought on soil carbon (C) cycling in this important biome. In wet tropical forests, drought could stimulate soil respiration via overall reductions in soil anoxia, but previous research suggests that litter decomposition is positively correlated with high rainfall fluxes that move large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the litter layer to the soil surface. Thus, reduced rainfall could also limit C delivery to the soil surface, reducing respiration rates. We conducted a throughfall manipulation experiment to investigate how 25% and 50% reductions in rainfall altered both C movement into soils and the effects of those DOM fluxes on soil respiration rates. In response to the experimental drought, soil respiration rates increased in both the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments. Throughfall fluxes were reduced by 26% and 55% in the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments, respectively. However, total DOM fluxes leached from the litter did not vary between treatments, because the concentrations of leached DOM reaching the soil surface increased in response to the simulated drought. Annual DOM concentrations averaged 7.7 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8, 11.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9, and 15.8 \uffc2\uffb1 1.2 mg C/L in the control, \uffe2\uff88\uff9225%, and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% plots, respectively, and DOM concentrations were positively correlated with soil respiration rates. A laboratory incubation experiment confirmed the potential importance of DOM concentration on soil respiration rates, suggesting that this mechanism could contribute to the increase in CO2 fluxes observed in the reduced rainfall plots. Across all plots, the data suggested that soil CO2 fluxes were partially regulated by the magnitude and concentration of soluble C delivered to the soil, but also by soil moisture and soil oxygen availability. Together, our data suggest that declines in precipitation in tropical rain forests could drive higher CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere both via increased soil O2 availability and through responses to elevated DOM concentrations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Time Factors", "Atmosphere", "Rain", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Trees", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2527/1996.7451144x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:21:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-09", "description": "The effects of alfalfa saponins on ruminal pH and VFA concentrations, protozoal numbers, forestomach motility, and digesta flow from the rumen were examined in this experiment. In a preliminary study, either 800 or 1600 mg/kg of saponins per kg BW were administered intraruminally in a single dose to one of two 60-kg wethers. Ruminal contractions were suppressed within 15 min. The study was terminated when one wether didn't recover. Saponins were then administered intraruminally in two equal doses daily into four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wethers (60 +/- 1 kg) in amounts equivalent to 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW daily in a 4 x 4 Latin Square arrangement. Saponins increased VFA concentrations (P = .001) and lowered ruminal pH (P = .001) after 2 d of administration. On d 2 and d 14, saponins decreased (P < .01) protozoal populations. On d 11, pressure changes during ruminal contractions increased by 79% during resting (P = .06), 202% during feeding (P = .05), and 53% during an 8-h period (P = .08) as the level of saponins increased from 0 to 800 mg/kg BW. Administered saponins increased duodenal flows of OM and total N by 19 and 26%, respectively (P = .04 and .01). Apparent total tract N digestibility was reduced (P = .02) by 5% at the highest saponin dosage. We conclude that alfalfa may contain enough saponins to adversely impact ruminoreticular motility. Saponins also caused decreased ruminal protozoal populations, increased flow of total duodenal N, and reduced ruminal and total tract apparent digestibilities.", "keywords": ["Male", "2. Zero hunger", "Rumen", "Sheep", "Dose-Response Relationship", " Drug", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Saponins", "Fatty Acids", " Volatile", "Oxygen Consumption", "Intestine", " Small", "Animals", "Digestion", "Gastrointestinal Motility", "Methane", "Medicago sativa"], "contacts": [{"organization": "P T Klita, T W Fenton, G. W. Mathison, R. T. Hardin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.7451144x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Animal%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2527/1996.7451144x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2527/1996.7451144x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2527/1996.7451144x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oxygen+Consumption&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oxygen+Consumption&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oxygen+Consumption&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Oxygen+Consumption&offset=8", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 8, "numberReturned": 8, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-28T15:57:55.518976Z"}