Soils of grasslands represent a large potential reservoir for storingCO2, but this potential likely depends on how grasslands are managed for large mammal grazing. Previous studies found both strong positive and negative grazing effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) but explanations for this variation are poorly developed. Expanding on previous reviews, we performed a multifactorial meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of grazer effects onSOCdensity on 47 independent experimental contrasts from 17 studies. We explicitly tested hypotheses that grazer effects would shift from negative to positive with decreasing precipitation, increasing fineness of soil texture, transition from dominant grass species with C3to C4photosynthesis, and decreasing grazing intensity, after controlling for study duration and sampling depth. The six variables of soil texture, precipitation, grass type, grazing intensity, study duration, and sampling depth explained 85% of a large variation (\uffc2\uffb1150\uffc2\uffa0g\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in grazing effects, and the best model included significant interactions between precipitation and soil texture (P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.002), grass type, and grazing intensity (P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.012), and study duration and soil sampling depth (P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.020). Specifically, an increase in mean annual precipitation of 600\uffc2\uffa0mm resulted in a 24%decreasein grazer effect size on finer textured soils, while on sandy soils the same increase in precipitation produced a 22%increasein grazer effect onSOC. Increasing grazing intensity increasedSOCby 6\uffe2\uff80\uff937% on C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated and C4\uffe2\uff80\uff93C3mixed grasslands, but decreasedSOCby an average 18% in C3\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated grasslands. We discovered these patterns despite a lack of studies in natural, wildlife\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated ecosystems, and tropical grasslands. Our results, which suggest a future focus on why C3vs. C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated grasslands differ so strongly in their response ofSOCto grazing, show that grazer effects onSOCare highly context\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific and imply that grazers in different regions might be managed differently to help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Food Chain", "Livestock", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Feeding Behavior", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Ecosystem"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Megan E. McSherry, Mark E. Ritchie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12144"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12144", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12144", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12144"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12039", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-25", "title": "Tree Species Diversity Interacts With Elevated Co2to Induce A Greater Root System Response", "description": "AbstractAs a consequence of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change and the burning of fossil fuels, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing and altering the dynamics of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems. In a number of studies using single tree species, fine root biomass has been shown to be strongly increased by elevated CO2. However, natural forests are often intimate mixtures of a number of co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring species. To investigate the interaction between tree mixture and elevated CO2, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica were planted in areas of single species and a three species polyculture in a free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment study (BangorFACE). The trees were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (580\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) for 4\uffc2\uffa0years. Fine and coarse root biomass, together with fine root turnover and fine root morphological characteristics were measured. Fine root biomass and morphology responded differentially to the elevated CO2 at different soil depths in the three species when grown in monocultures. In polyculture, a greater response to elevated CO2 was observed in coarse roots to a depth of 20\uffc2\uffa0cm, and fine root area index to a depth of 30\uffc2\uffa0cm. Total fine root biomass was positively affected by elevated CO2 at the end of the experiment, but not by species diversity. Our data suggest that existing biogeochemical cycling models parameterized with data from species grown in monoculture may be underestimating the belowground response to global change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "fine roots", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "free-air CO2 enrichment", "Trees", "mixture", "Polyculture", "Temperate forest", "monoculture", "Species Specificity", "13. Climate action", "temperate forest", "Mixture", "Monoculture", "polyculture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Free-air CO2 enrichment", "Fine roots", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12039"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12039", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12039", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12039"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12160", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-06", "title": "How Much Land-Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Can Be Achieved Without Compromising Food Security And Environmental Goals?", "description": "AbstractFeeding 9\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well\uffe2\uff80\uff90being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and demand\uffe2\uff80\uff90side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in theAFOLUsector under possible future scenarios in which demand\uffe2\uff80\uff90side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply\uffe2\uff80\uff90side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand\uffe2\uff80\uff90side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand\uffe2\uff80\uff90side measures offer a greater potential (1.5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315.6\uffc2\uffa0GtCO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq. yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in meeting both challenges than do supply\uffe2\uff80\uff90side measures (1.5\uffe2\uff80\uff934.3\uffc2\uffa0GtCO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq. yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921at carbon prices between 20 and 100\uffc2\uffa0US$ tCO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq. yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply\uffe2\uff80\uff90side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand\uffe2\uff80\uff90side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Mitigation", "330", "Climate", "Climate Change", "AFOLU", "710", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "Food Supply", "12. Responsible consumption", "11. Sustainability", "Ecosystem services", "Humans", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "food security", "Food security", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "004", "13. Climate action", "GHG", "Gases", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12160"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12160", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12160", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12160"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12189", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-05", "title": "Soil Carbon Stocks And Carbon Sequestration Rates In Seminatural Grassland In Aso Region, Kumamoto, Southern Japan", "description": "AbstractGlobal soil carbon (C) stocks account for approximately three times that found in the atmosphere. In the Aso mountain region of Southern Japan, seminatural grasslands have been maintained by annual harvests and/or burning for more than 1000\uffc2\uffa0years. Quantification of soil C stocks and C sequestration rates in Aso mountain ecosystem is needed to make well\uffe2\uff80\uff90informed, land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use decisions to maximize C sinks while minimizing C emissions. Soil cores were collected from six sites within 200\uffc2\uffa0km2 (767\uffe2\uff80\uff93937\uffc2\uffa0m asl.) from the surface down to the k\uffe2\uff80\uff90Ah layer established 7300\uffc2\uffa0years ago by a volcanic eruption. The biological sources of the C stored in the Aso mountain ecosystem were investigated by combining C content at a number of sampling depths with age (using 14C dating) and \uffce\uffb413C isotopic fractionation. Quantification of plant phytoliths at several depths was used to make basic reconstructions of past vegetation and was linked with C\uffe2\uff80\uff90sequestration rates. The mean total C stock of all six sites was 232\uffc2\uffa0Mg C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (28\uffe2\uff80\uff93417\uffc2\uffa0Mg C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), which equates to a soil C sequestration rate of 32\uffc2\uffa0kg C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 over 7300\uffc2\uffa0years. Mean soil C sequestration rates over 34, 50 and 100\uffc2\uffa0years were estimated by an equation regressing soil C sequestration rate against soil C accumulation interval, which was modeled to be 618, 483 and 332\uffc2\uffa0kg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Such data allows for a deeper understanding in how much C could be sequestered in Miscanthus grasslands at different time scales. In Aso, tribe Andropogoneae (especially Miscanthus and Schizoachyrium genera) and tribe Paniceae contributed between 64% and 100% of soil C based on \uffce\uffb413C abundance. We conclude that the seminatural, C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated grassland system serves as an important C sink, and worthy of future conservation.
", "keywords": ["470", "2. Zero hunger", "plant phytolith", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Miscanthus sinensis", "soil 14C dating", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "soil carbon sequestration", "Japan", "13. Climate action", "\u03b413C", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "C4 plant"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12189"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12189", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12189", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12189"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12238", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-30", "title": "Winter Climate Change Effects On Soil C And N Cycles In Urban Grasslands", "description": "AbstractDespite growing recognition of the role that cities have in global biogeochemical cycles, urban systems are among the least understood of all ecosystems. Urban grasslands are expanding rapidly along with urbanization, which is expected to increase at unprecedented rates in upcoming decades. The large and increasing area of urban grasslands and their impact on water and air quality justify the need for a better understanding of their biogeochemical cycles. There is also great uncertainty about the effect that climate change, especially changes in winter snow cover, will have on nutrient cycles in urban grasslands. We aimed to evaluate how reduced snow accumulation directly affects winter soil frost dynamics, and indirectly greenhouse gas fluxes and the processing of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the subsequent growing season in northern urban grasslands. Both artificial and natural snow reduction increased winter soil frost, affecting winter microbial C and N processing, accelerating C and N cycles and increasing soil\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa0atmosphere greenhouse gas exchange during the subsequent growing season. With lower snow accumulations that are predicted with climate change, we found decreases in N retention in these ecosystems, and increases inN2OandCO2flux to the atmosphere, significantly increasing the global warming potential of urban grasslands. Our results suggest that the environmental impacts of these rapidly expanding ecosystems are likely to increase as climate change brings milder winters and more extensive soil frost.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Climate Change", "Urbanization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12238"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12238", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12238", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12238"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-03", "title": "Effects Of Straw Carbon Input On Carbon Dynamics In Agricultural Soils: A Meta-Analysis", "description": "AbstractStraw return has been widely recommended as an environmentally friendly practice to manage carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural ecosystems. However, the overall trend and magnitude of changes in soil C in response to straw return remain uncertain. In this meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, we calculated the response ratios of soil organic C (SOC) concentrations, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, nutrient contents and other important soil properties to straw addition in 176 published field studies. Our results indicated that straw return significantly increased SOC concentration by 12.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.4% on average, with a 27.4\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.4% to 56.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.8% increase in soil active C fraction. CO2 emission increased in both upland (27.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.0%) and paddy systems (51.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.0%), while CH4 emission increased by 110.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.2% only in rice paddies. N2O emission has declined by 15.2\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa01.1% in paddy soils but increased by 8.3\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.5% in upland soils. Responses of macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregates and crop yield to straw return showed positively linear with increasing SOC concentration. Straw\uffe2\uff80\uff90C input rate and clay content significantly affected the response of SOC. A significant positive relationship was found between annual SOC sequestered and duration, suggesting that soil C saturation would occur after 12\uffc2\uffa0years under straw return. Overall, straw return was an effective means to improve SOC accumulation, soil quality, and crop yield. Straw return\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced improvement of soil nutrient availability may favor crop growth, which can in turn increase ecosystem C input. Meanwhile, the analysis on net global warming potential (GWP) balance suggested that straw return increased C sink in upland soils but increased C source in paddy soils due to enhanced CH4 emission. Our meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis suggested that future agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystem models and cropland management should differentiate the effects of straw return on ecosystem C budget in upland and paddy soils.
", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Carbon Sequestration", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Gases", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12517"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12517", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12532", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-27", "title": "Increased Nitrogen Leaching Following Soil Freezing Is Due To Decreased Root Uptake In A Northern Hardwood Forest", "description": "AbstractThe depth and duration of snow pack is declining in the northeastern United States as a result of warming air temperatures. Since snow insulates soil, a decreased snow pack can increase the frequency of soil freezing, which has been shown to have important biogeochemical implications. One of the most notable effects of soil freezing is increased inorganic nitrogen losses from soil during the following growing season. Decreased nitrogen retention is thought to be due to reduced root uptake, but has not yet been measured directly. We conducted a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90removal experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA to determine the effects of soil freezing on root uptake and leaching of inorganic nitrogen simultaneously. Snow removal significantly increased the depth of maximal soil frost by 37.2 and 39.5\uffc2\uffa0cm in the first and second winters, respectively (P\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001 in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010). As a consequence of soil freezing, root uptake of ammonium declined significantly during the first and second growing seasons after snow removal (P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.023 for 2009 and P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.005 for 2010). These observed reductions in root nitrogen uptake coincided with significant increases in soil solution concentrations of ammonium in the Oa horizon (P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.001 for 2009 and 2010) and nitrate in the B horizon (P\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001 and P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.003 for 2009 and 2010, respectively). The excess flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the Oa horizon that was attributable to soil freezing was 7.0 and 2.8\uffc2\uffa0kg N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The excess flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the B horizon was lower, amounting to 1.7 and 0.7\uffc2\uffa0kg N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Results of this study provide direct evidence that soil freezing reduces root nitrogen uptake, demonstrating that the effects of winter climate change on root function has significant consequences for nitrogen retention and loss in forest ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Acer", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Snow", "Ammonium Compounds", "Freezing", "New Hampshire", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12532"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12532", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12532", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12532"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12576", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-14", "title": "Soil carbon stock change following afforestation in Northern Europe: a meta-analysis", "description": "AbstractNorthern Europe supports large soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and has been subjected to high frequency of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use changes during the past decades. However, this region has not been well represented in previous large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale syntheses of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change effects onSOC, especially regarding effects of afforestation. Therefore, we conducted a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis ofSOCstock change following afforestation in Northern Europe. Response ratios were calculated for forest floors and mineral soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320/30\uffc2\uffa0cm layers) based on paired control (former land use) and afforested plots. We analyzed the influence of forest age, former land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use, forest type, and soil textural class. Three major improvements were incorporated in the meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis: analysis of major interaction groups, evaluation of the influence of nonindependence between samples according to study design, and mass correction. Former land use was a major factor contributing to changes inSOCafter afforestation. In former croplands,SOCchange differed between soil layers and was significantly positive (20%) in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm layer. Afforestation of former grasslands had a small negative (nonsignificant) effect indicating limitedSOCchange following this land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change within the region. Forest floors enhanced the positive effects of afforestation onSOC, especially with conifers. Meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90estimates calculated for the periods <30\uffc2\uffa0years and >30\uffc2\uffa0years since afforestation revealed a shift from initial loss to later gain ofSOC. The interaction group analysis indicated that meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90estimates in former land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use, forest type, and soil textural class alone were either offset or enhanced when confounding effects among variable classes were considered. Furthermore, effect sizes were slightly overestimated if sample dependence was not accounted for and if no mass correction was performed. We conclude that significantSOCsequestration in Northern Europe occurs after afforestation of croplands and not grasslands, and changes are small within a 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90year perspective.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "Europe", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12576"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12576", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12576", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12576"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12701", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-06", "title": "Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Water Use, And Grain Arsenic Levels In Rice Systems", "description": "AbstractAgriculture is faced with the challenge of providing healthy food for a growing population at minimal environmental cost. Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple crop for the largest number of people on earth, is grown under flooded soil conditions and uses more water and has higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than most crops. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that alternate wetting and drying (AWD \uffe2\uff80\uff93 flooding the soil and then allowing to dry down before being reflooded) water management practices will maintain grain yields and concurrently reduce water use, greenhouse gas emissions and arsenic (As) levels in rice. Various treatments ranging in frequency and duration of AWD practices were evaluated at three locations over 2\uffc2\uffa0years. Relative to the flooded control treatment and depending on the AWD treatment, yields were reduced by <1\uffe2\uff80\uff9313%; water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency was improved by 18\uffe2\uff80\uff9363%, global warming potential (GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions) reduced by 45\uffe2\uff80\uff9390%, and grain As concentrations reduced by up to 64%. In general, as the severity of AWD increased by allowing the soil to dry out more between flood events, yields declined while the other benefits increased. The reduction in GWP was mostly attributed to a reduction in CH4 emissions as changes in N2O emissions were minimal among treatments. When AWD was practiced early in the growing season followed by flooding for remainder of season, similar yields as the flooded control were obtained but reduced water use (18%), GWP (45%) and yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled GWP (45%); although grain As concentrations were similar or higher. This highlights that multiple environmental benefits can be realized without sacrificing yield but there may be trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs to consider. Importantly, adoption of these practices will require that they are economically attractive and can be adapted to field scales.
", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Arkansas", "Models", " Statistical", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Arsenic", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Seeds", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12701"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12701", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12701", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12701"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-18", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Ozone Concentration On Ch4 And N2o Emission From Paddy Soil Under Fully Open-Air Field Conditions", "description": "AbstractWe investigated the effects of elevated ozone concentration (E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3) on CH4 and N2O emission from paddies with two rice cultivars: an inbred Indica cultivar Yangdao 6 (YD6) and a hybrid one II\uffe2\uff80\uff90you 084 (IIY084), under fully open\uffe2\uff80\uff90air field conditions in China. A mean 26.7% enhancement of ozone concentration above the ambient level (A\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3) significantly reduced CH4 emission at tillering and flowering stages leading to a reduction of seasonal integral CH4 emission by 29.6% on average across the two cultivars. The reduced CH4 emission is associated with O3\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced reduction in the whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant biomass (\uffe2\uff88\uff9213.2%), root biomass (\uffe2\uff88\uff9234.7%), and maximum tiller number (\uffe2\uff88\uff9210.3%), all of which curbed the carbon supply for belowground CH4 production and its release from submerged soil to atmosphere. Although no significant difference was detected between the cultivars in the CH4 emission response to E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3, a larger decrease in CH4 emission with IIY084 (\uffe2\uff88\uff9233.2%) than that with YD6 (\uffe2\uff88\uff927.0%) was observed at tillering stage, which may be due to the larger reduction in tiller number in IIY084 by E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3. Additionally, E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3 reduced seasonal mean NOx flux by 5.7% and 11.8% with IIY084 and YD6, respectively, but the effects were not significant statistically. We found that the relative response of CH4 emission to E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3 was not significantly different from those reported in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chamber experiments. This study has thus confirmed that increasing ozone concentration would mitigate the global warming potential of CH4 and suggested consideration of the feedback mechanism between ozone and its precursor emission into the projection of future ozone effects on terrestrial ecosystem.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Ozone", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gang Liu, Haoye Tang, Haoye Tang, Kazuhiko Kobayashi, Jianguo Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12810"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12810"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01970.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-08", "title": "Solar Uvb And Warming Affect Decomposition And Earthworms In A Fen Ecosystem In Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina", "description": "AbstractCombined effects of co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring global climate changes on ecosystem responses are generally poorly understood. Here, we present results from a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field experiment in aCarexfen ecosystem on the southernmost tip of South America, where we examined the effects of solar ultraviolet B (UVB, 280\uffe2\uff80\uff93315\uffe2\uff80\uff83nm) and warming on above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground plant production, C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios, decomposition rates and earthworm population sizes. Solar UVB radiation was manipulated using transparent plastic filter films to create a near\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient (90% of ambient UVB) or a reduced solar UVB treatment (15% of ambient UVB). The warming treatment was imposed passively by wrapping the same filter material around the plots resulting in a mean air and soil temperature increase of about 1.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C. Aboveground plant production was not affected by warming, and marginally reduced at near\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient UVB only in the second season. Aboveground plant biomass also tended to have a lower C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio under near\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient UVB and was differently affected at the two temperatures (marginal UVB \uffc3\uff97 temperature interaction). Leaf decomposition of one dominant sedge species (Carex curta) tended to be faster at near\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient UVB than at reduced UVB. Leaf decomposition of a codominant species (Carex decidua) was significantly faster at near\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient UVB; root decomposition of this species tended to be lower at increased temperature and interacted with UVB. We found, for the first time in a field experiment that epigeic earthworm density and biomass was 36% decreased by warming but remained unaffected by UVB radiation. Our results show that present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day solar UVB radiation and modest warming can adversely affect ecosystem functioning and engineers of this fen. However, results on plant biomass production also showed that treatment manipulations of co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring global change factors can be overridden by the local climatic situation in a given study year.
", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "EARTHWORMS", "0106 biological sciences", "CAREX CURTA", "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "BIOMASS PRODUCTION", "SOIL HETEROTROPHS", "01 natural sciences", "CAREX DECIDUA", "13. Climate action", "DENDROBAENA OCTAEDRA", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GLOBAL WARMING", "GLOBAL CHANGE", "OZONE DEPLETION", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01970.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01970.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01970.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01970.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13111", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-01", "title": "Shifting Grassland Plant Community Structure Drives Positive Interactive Effects Of Warming And Diversity On Aboveground Net Primary Productivity", "description": "AbstractEcosystems worldwide are increasingly impacted by multiple drivers of environmental change, including climate warming and loss of biodiversity. We show, using a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term factorial experiment, that plant diversity loss alters the effects of warming on productivity. Aboveground primary productivity was increased by both high plant diversity and warming, and, in concert, warming (\uffe2\uff89\uff881.5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C average above and belowground warming over the growing season) and diversity caused a greater than additive increase in aboveground productivity. The aboveground warming effects increased over time, particularly at higher levels of diversity, perhaps because of warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increases in legume and C4 bunch grass abundances, and facilitative feedbacks of these species on productivity. Moreover, higher plant diversity was associated with the amelioration of warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced environmental conditions. This led to cooler temperatures, decreased vapor pressure deficit, and increased surface soil moisture in higher diversity communities. Root biomass (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) was likewise consistently greater at higher plant diversity and was greater with warming in monocultures and at intermediate diversity, but at high diversity warming had no detectable effect. This may be because warming increased the abundance of legumes, which have lower root\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa0shoot ratios than the other types of plants. In addition, legumes increase soil nitrogen (N) supply, which could make N less limiting to other species and potentially decrease their investment in roots. The negative warming\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0diversity interaction on root mass led to an overall negative interactive effect of these two global change factors on the sum of above and belowground biomass, and thus likely on total plant carbon stores. In total, plant diversity increased the effect of warming on aboveground net productivity and moderated the effect on root mass. These divergent effects suggest that warming and changes in plant diversity are likely to have both interactive and divergent impacts on various aspects of ecosystem functioning.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Climate Change", "Water", "Fabaceae", "Biodiversity", "Plant Components", " Aerial", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Grassland", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Biomass", "Seasons"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13111"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13111", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13111", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13111"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13431", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-14", "title": "Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems: a meta-analysis", "description": "AbstractLivestock grazing activities potentially alter ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in grassland ecosystems. Despite the fact that numerous individual studies and a few meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analyses had been conducted, how grazing, especially its intensity, affects belowground C and N cycling in grasslands remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of 115 published studies to examine the responses of 19 variables associated with belowground C and N cycling to livestock grazing in global grasslands. Our results showed that, on average, grazing significantly decreased belowground C and N pools in grassland ecosystems, with the largest decreases in microbial biomass C and N (21.62% and 24.40%, respectively). In contrast, belowground fluxes, including soil respiration, soil net N mineralization and soil N nitrification increased by 4.25%, 34.67% and 25.87%, respectively, in grazed grasslands compared to ungrazed ones. More importantly, grazing intensity significantly affected the magnitude (even direction) of changes in the majority of the assessed belowground C and N pools and fluxes, and C\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa0N ratio as well as soil moisture. Specifically,light grazing contributed to soil C and N sequestration whereas moderate and heavy grazing significantly increased C and N losses. In addition, soil depth, livestock type and climatic conditions influenced the responses of selected variables to livestock grazing to some degree. Our findings highlight the importance of the effects of grazing intensity on belowground C and N cycling, which may need to be incorporated into regional and global models for predicting effects of human disturbance on global grasslands and assessing the climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90biosphere feedbacks.
", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Mineralization", "Livestock", "Nitrogen", "Soil microbial biomass", "Poaceae", "333", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "Animals", "mineralization", "Herbivory", "FoR 06 (Biological Sciences)", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "Ecology", "050205 Environmental Management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrogen Cycle", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "Grassland", "soil microbial biomass", "Carbon", "Environmental sciences", "Biological sciences", "Heavy grazing", "13. Climate action", "heavy grazing", "CO2 emission", "Biodiversity Conservation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "FoR 05 (Environmental Sciences)", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13431"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13431", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13431", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13431"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14139", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-23", "title": "Elevated CO 2 did not affect the hydrological balance of a mature native Eucalyptus woodland", "description": "AbstractElevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCa) might reduce forest water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use, due to decreased transpiration, following partial stomatal closure, thus enhancing water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency and productivity at low water availability. If evapotranspiration (Et) is reduced, it may subsequently increase soil water storage (\uffce\uff94S) or surface runoff (R) and drainage (Dg), although these could be offset or even reversed by changes in vegetation structure, mainly increased leaf area index (L). To understand the effect of eCa in a water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited ecosystem, we tested whether 2\uffc2\uffa0years of eCa (~40% increase) affected the hydrological partitioning in a mature water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited Eucalyptus woodland exposed to Free\uffe2\uff80\uff90Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). This timeframe allowed us to evaluate whether physiological effects of eCa reduced stand water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use irrespective of L, which was unaffected by eCa in this timeframe. We hypothesized that eCa would reduce tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy transpiration (Etree), but excess water from reduced Etree would be lost via increased soil evaporation and understory transpiration (Efloor) with no increase in \uffce\uff94S, R or Dg. We computed Et, \uffce\uff94S, R and Dg from measurements of sapflow velocity, L, soil water content (\uffce\uffb8), understory micrometeorology, throughfall and stemflow. We found that eCa did not affect Etree, Efloor, \uffce\uff94S or \uffce\uffb8 at any depth (to 4.5\uffc2\uffa0m) over the experimental period. We closed the water balance for dry seasons with no differences in the partitioning to R and Dg between Ca levels. Soil temperature and \uffce\uffb8 were the main drivers of Efloor while vapour pressure deficit\uffe2\uff80\uff90controlled Etree, though eCa did not significantly affect any of these relationships. Our results suggest that in the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, eCa does not significantly affect ecosystem water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use at this site. We conclude that water\uffe2\uff80\uff90savings under eCa mediated by either direct effects on plant transpiration or by indirect effects via changes in L or soil moisture availability are unlikely in water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited mature eucalypt woodlands.
", "keywords": ["plant-water relationships", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Vapor Pressure", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "interception", "Forests", "01 natural sciences", "free-air CO2 enrichment", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "water-use efficiency", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "580", "tree water", "Eucalyptus", "Temperature", "carbon dioxide", "Water", "Plant Transpiration", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Eucalyptus tereticornis", "6. Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Plant Leaves", "climate change", "stomatal conductance", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Seasons", "Hydrology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14139"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14139"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14139", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14139", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14139"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-16", "title": "Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems", "description": "AbstractMicroplastics (plastics <5\uffc2\uffa0mm, including nanoplastics which are <0.1\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm) originate from the fragmentation of large plastic litter or from direct environmental emission. Their potential impacts in terrestrial ecosystems remain largely unexplored despite numerous reported effects on marine organisms. Most plastics arriving in the oceans were produced, used, and often disposed on land. Hence, it is within terrestrial systems that microplastics might first interact with biota eliciting ecologically relevant impacts. This article introduces the pervasive microplastic contamination as a potential agent of global change in terrestrial systems, highlights the physical and chemical nature of the respective observed effects, and discusses the broad toxicity of nanoplastics derived from plastic breakdown. Making relevant links to the fate of microplastics in aquatic continental systems, we here present new insights into the mechanisms of impacts on terrestrial geochemistry, the biophysical environment, and ecotoxicology. Broad changes in continental environments are possible even in particle\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich habitats such as soils. Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that microplastics interact with terrestrial organisms that mediate essential ecosystem services and functions, such as soil dwelling invertebrates, terrestrial fungi, and plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90pollinators. Therefore, research is needed to clarify the terrestrial fate and effects of microplastics. We suggest that due to the widespread presence, environmental persistence, and various interactions with continental biota, microplastic pollution might represent an emerging global change threat to terrestrial ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["microplastics", "Fungi", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "environmental health", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Invertebrates", "01 natural sciences", "nanoplastics", "13. Climate action", "soil geochemistry", "pollution", "Animals", "14. Life underwater", "Environmental Pollution", "Plastics", "global change", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14020"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14163", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-04-12", "title": "Long-term nitrogen fertilization decreases bacterial diversity and favors the growth of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in agro-ecosystems across the globe", "description": "AbstractLong\uffe2\uff80\uff90term elevated nitrogen (N) input from anthropogenic sources may cause soil acidification and decrease crop yield, yet the response of the belowground microbial community to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N input alone or in combination with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is poorly understood. We explored the effect of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N and NPK fertilization on soil bacterial diversity and community composition using meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of a global dataset. Nitrogen fertilization decreased soil pH, and increased soil organic carbon (C) and available N contents. Bacterial taxonomic diversity was decreased by N fertilization alone, but was increased by NPK fertilization. The effect of N fertilization on bacterial diversity varied with soil texture and water management, but was independent of crop type or N application rate. Changes in bacterial diversity were positively related to both soil pH and organic C content under N fertilization alone, but only to soil organic C under NPK fertilization. Microbial biomass C decreased with decreasing bacterial diversity under long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, but reduced the abundance of Acidobacteria, consistent with the general life history strategy theory for bacteria. The positive correlation between N application rate and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria indicates that increased N availability favored the growth of Actinobacteria. This first global analysis of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N and NPK fertilization that differentially affects bacterial diversity and community composition provides a reference for nutrient management strategies for maintaining belowground microbial diversity in agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystems worldwide.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Microbiota", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Actinobacteria", "13. Climate action", "Proteobacteria", "Potassium", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14163"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14163", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14163", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14163"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14325", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-26", "title": "Biotic responses buffer warming\u2010induced soil organic carbon loss in Arctic tundra", "description": "AbstractClimate warming can result in both abiotic (e.g., permafrost thaw) and biotic (e.g., microbial functional genes) changes in Arctic tundra. Recent research has incorporated dynamic permafrost thaw in Earth system models (ESMs) and indicates that Arctic tundra could be a significant future carbon (C) source due to the enhanced decomposition of thawed deep soil C. However, warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced biotic changes may influence biologically related parameters and the consequent projections inESMs. How model parameters associated with biotic responses will change under warming and to what extent these changes affect projected C budgets have not been carefully examined. In this study, we synthesized six data sets over 5\uffc2\uffa0years from a soil warming experiment at the Eight Mile Lake, Alaska, into the TerrestrialECOsystem (TECO) model with a probabilistic inversion approach. TheTECOmodel used multiple soil layers to track dynamics of thawed soil under different treatments. Our results show that warming increased light use efficiency of vegetation photosynthesis but decreased baseline (i.e., environment\uffe2\uff80\uff90corrected) turnover rates ofSOCin both the fast and slow pools in comparison with those under control. Moreover, the parameter changes generally amplified over time, suggesting processes of gradual physiological acclimation and functional gene shifts of both plants and microbes. TheTECOmodel predicted that field warming from 2009 to 2013 resulted in cumulative C losses of 224 or 87\uffc2\uffa0g/m2, respectively, without or with changes in those parameters. Thus, warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced parameter changes reduced predicted soil C loss by 61%. Our study suggests that it is critical to incorporate biotic changes inESMs to improve the model performance in predicting C dynamics in permafrost regions.Vast amounts of carbon are bound in both active layer and permafrost soils in the Arctic. As a consequence of climate warming, the depth of the active layer is increasing in size and permafrost soils are thawing. We hypothesize that pulses of biogenic volatile organic compounds are released from the near\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface active layer during spring, and during late summer season from thawing permafrost, while the subsequent biogeochemical processes occurring in thawed soils also lead to emissions. Biogenic volatile organic compounds are reactive gases that have both negative and positive climate forcing impacts when introduced to the Arctic atmosphere, and the knowledge of their emission magnitude and pattern is necessary to construct reliable climate models. However, it is unclear how different ecosystems and environmental factors such as drainage conditions upon permafrost thaw affect the emission and compound composition. Here we show that incubations of frozen B horizon of the active layer and permafrost soils collected from a High Arctic heath and fen release a range of biogenic volatile organic compounds upon thaw and during subsequent incubation experiments at temperatures of 10\uffc2\uffb0C and 20\uffc2\uffb0C. Meltwater drainage in the fen soils increased emission rates nine times, while having no effect in the drier heath soils. Emissions generally increased with temperature, and emission profiles for the fen soils were dominated by benzenoids and alkanes, while benzenoids, ketones, and alcohols dominated in heath soils. Our results emphasize that future changes affecting the drainage conditions of the Arctic tundra will have a large influence on volatile emissions from thawing permafrost soils \uffe2\uff80\uff93 particularly in wetland/fen areas.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "tundra", "Climate Change", "Permafrost", "01 natural sciences", "meltwater drainage", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Arctic", "11. Sustainability", "biogenic volatile organic compounds", "gas fluxes", "Tundra", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Volatile Organic Compounds", "Arctic Regions", "Water", "15. Life on land", "soil ecology", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "Gases", "Seasons", "permafrost", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14582"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14582"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14582", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14582", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14582"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14620", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-18", "title": "Aquatic carbon fluxes dampen the overall variation of net ecosystem productivity in the Amazon basin: An analysis of the interannual variability in the boundless carbon cycle", "description": "AbstractThe river\uffe2\uff80\uff93floodplain network plays an important role in the carbon (C) cycle of the Amazon basin, as it transports and processes a significant fraction of the C fixed by terrestrial vegetation, most of which evades as CO2 from rivers and floodplains back to the atmosphere. There is empirical evidence that exceptionally dry or wet years have an impact on the net C balance in the Amazon. While seasonal and interannual variations in hydrology have a direct impact on the amounts of C transferred through the river\uffe2\uff80\uff93floodplain system, it is not known how far the variation of these fluxes affects the overall Amazon C balance. Here, we introduce a new wetland forcing file for the ORCHILEAK model, which improves the representation of floodplain dynamics and allows us to closely reproduce data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven estimates of net C exports through the river\uffe2\uff80\uff93floodplain network. Based on this new wetland forcing and two climate forcing datasets, we show that across the Amazon, the percentage of net primary productivity lost to the river\uffe2\uff80\uff93floodplain system is highly variable at the interannual timescale, and wet years fuel aquatic CO2 evasion. However, at the same time overall net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and C sequestration are highest during wet years, partly due to reduced decomposition rates in water\uffe2\uff80\uff90logged floodplain soils. It is years with the lowest discharge and floodplain inundation, often associated with El Nino events, that have the lowest NEP and the highest total (terrestrial plus aquatic) CO2 emissions back to atmosphere. Furthermore, we find that aquatic C fluxes display greater variation than terrestrial C fluxes, and that this variation significantly dampens the interannual variability in NEP of the Amazon basin. These results call for a more integrative view of the C fluxes through the vegetation\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90river\uffe2\uff80\uff90floodplain continuum, which directly places aquatic C fluxes into the overall C budget of the Amazon basin.Cover crops play an increasingly important role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this critical global review and systematic analysis were to assess cover crop practices in the context of their impacts on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balances (NGHGB) and crop productivity. Only studies that investigated the impacts of cover crops and measured one or a combination of nitrogen leaching, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrous oxide (N2O), grain yield and nitrogen in grain of primary crop, and had a control treatment were included in the analysis. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies were uncommon, with most data coming from studies lasting 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffc2\uffa0years. The literature search resulted in 106 studies carried out at 372 sites and covering different countries, climatic zones and management. Our analysis demonstrates that cover crops significantly (p\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001) decreased N leaching and significantly (p\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.001) increased SOC sequestration without having significant (p\uffc2\uffa0>\uffc2\uffa00.05) effects on direct N2O emissions. Cover crops could mitigate the NGHGB by 2.06\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.10\uffc2\uffa0Mg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. One of the potential disadvantages of cover crops identified was the reduction in grain yield of the primary crop by \uffe2\uff89\uff884%, compared to the control treatment. This drawback could be avoided by selecting mixed cover crops with a range of legumes and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90legumes, which increased the yield by \uffe2\uff89\uff8813%. These advantages of cover crops justify their widespread adoption. However, management practices in relation to cover crops will need to be adapted to specific soil, management and regional climatic conditions.
", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "net greenhouse gas balance", "330", "Supplementary Data", "Nitrogen", "QH301 Biology", "Supplementary data available", "12. Responsible consumption", "Nitrous oxide emissions", "QH301", "Greenhouse Gases", "Soil", "N content", "nitrate", "C sequestration", "N leaching", "Environmental Chemistry", "General Environmental Science", "NE/M019691/1", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Catch crop", "Ecology", "Soil organic carbon", "green manure", "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)", "Research Review", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Crop Production", "13. Climate action", "N in grain", "Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)", "Cover crop", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BB/N013484/1", "BB/N013468/1"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14644"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14644", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14644", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14644"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14739", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-20", "title": "Continental\u2010scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles", "description": "AbstractThe continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multivariable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time series of population abundance from 17 European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45\uffc2\uffa0years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25\uffc2\uffa0years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1%/year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Climate Change", "Reptiles", "Bayes Theorem", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Amphibians", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "14. Life underwater", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "alien species; climate change; demography; land-cover change; meta-analysis; population trends; species distribution models", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/652580/2/Falaschi_etal_pnlinefirst_2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/652580/5/Falaschi_et_al-2019-Global_Change_Biology%20%281%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/652580/7/Falaschi%20et%20al%202019%20Global%20Change%20Biology%20submitted.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14739"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14739"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14739", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14739", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14739"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14658", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-19", "title": "Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate-smart agriculture practices: A meta-analysis", "description": "AbstractClimate\uffe2\uff80\uff90smart agriculture (CSA) management practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops, and biochar applications) have been widely adopted to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity. However, current measurements regarding the influences of CSA management practices on SOC sequestration diverge widely, making it difficult to derive conclusions about individual and combined CSA management effects and bringing large uncertainties in quantifying the potential of the agricultural sector to mitigate climate change. We conducted a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of 3,049 paired measurements from 417 peer\uffe2\uff80\uff90reviewed articles to examine the effects of three common CSA management practices on SOC sequestration as well as the environmental controlling factors. We found that, on average, biochar applications represented the most effective approach for increasing SOC content (39%), followed by cover crops (6%) and conservation tillage (5%). Further analysis suggested that the effects of CSA management practices were more pronounced in areas with relatively warmer climates or lower nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Our meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis demonstrated that, through adopting CSA practices, cropland could be an improved carbon sink. We also highlight the importance of considering local environmental factors (e.g., climate and soil conditions and their combination with other management practices) in identifying appropriate CSA practices for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Agriculture", "cover crop", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil organic carbon", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14658"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14658", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14658", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14658"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-15", "title": "Changes in soil organic carbon under perennial crops", "description": "AbstractThis study evaluates the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under perennial crops across the globe. It quantifies the effect of change from annual to perennial crops and the subsequent temporal changes in SOC stocks during the perennial crop cycle. It also presents an empirical model to estimate changes in the SOC content under crops as a function of time, land use, and site characteristics. We used a harmonized global dataset containing paired\uffe2\uff80\uff90comparison empirical values of SOC and different types of perennial crops (perennial grasses, palms, and woody plants) with different end uses: bioenergy, food, other bio\uffe2\uff80\uff90products, and short rotation coppice. Salient outcomes include: a 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period encompassing a change from annual to perennial crops led to an average 20% increase in SOC at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (6.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04.6\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha gain) and a total 10% increase over the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm soil profile (5.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa010.9\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). A change from natural pasture to perennial crop decreased SOC stocks by 1% over 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff922.5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04.2\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha) and 10% over 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff9213.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa08.9\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). The effect of a land use change from forest to perennial crops did not show significant impacts, probably due to the limited number of plots; but the data indicated that while a 2% increase in SOC was observed at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (16.81\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa055.1\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha), a decrease in 24% was observed at 30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff9240.1\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa016.8\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). Perennial crops generally accumulate SOC through time, especially woody crops; and temperature was the main driver explaining differences in SOC dynamics, followed by crop age, soil bulk density, clay content, and depth. We present empirical evidence showing that the FAO perennialization strategy is reasonable, underscoring the role of perennial crops as a useful component of climate change mitigation strategies.Woody plant encroachment is a major land management issue. Woody removal often aims to restore the original grassy ecosystem, but few studies have assessed the role of woody removal on ecosystem functions and biodiversity at global scales. We collected data from 140 global studies and evaluated how different woody plant removal methods affected biodiversity (plant and animal diversity) and ecosystem functions (plant production, hydrological function, soil carbon) across global rangelands. Our results indicate that the impact of removal is strongly context dependent, varying with the specific response variable, removal method, and traits of the target species. Over all treatments, woody plant removal increased grass biomass and total groundstorey diversity. Physical and chemical removal methods increased grass biomass and total groundstorey biomass (i.e., non\uffe2\uff80\uff90woody plants, including grass biomass), but burning reduced animal diversity. The impact of different treatment methods declined with time since removal, particularly for total groundstorey biomass. Removing pyramid\uffe2\uff80\uff90shaped woody plants increased total groundstorey biomass and hydrological function but reduced total groundstorey diversity. Environmental context (e.g., aridity and soil texture) indirectly controlled the effect of removal on biomass and biodiversity by influencing plant traits such as plant shape, allelopathic, or roots types. Our study demonstrates that a one\uffe2\uff80\uff90size\uffe2\uff80\uff90fits\uffe2\uff80\uff90all approach to woody plant removal is not appropriate, and that consideration of woody plant identity, removal method, and environmental context is critical for optimizing removal outcomes. Applying this knowledge is fundamental for maintaining diverse and functional rangeland ecosystems as we move toward a drier and more variable climate.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Rangeland management", "Biodiversity", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Wood", "01 natural sciences", "Encroachment", "", "Removal method", "raits", "Woody plant traits", "Shrub removal", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Meta\u2010analysis", "Animals", "Thickening", "Biomass", "Global synthesis", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14839"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14839", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14839", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14839"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14878", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "AbstractThere is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.Warming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5\uffc2\uffb0C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%\uffe2\uff80\uff9344% (Salix) and 60%\uffe2\uff80\uff9368% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%\uffe2\uff80\uff9358% (Salix) and 87%\uffe2\uff80\uff9395% (Betula). Analyses of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground 12/13C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "volatile organic compound", "Volatile Organic Compounds", "0303 health sciences", "tundra", "net ecosystem exchange", "Arctic Regions", "15. Life on land", "global warming", "Primary Research Articles", "Global Warming", "13co2 ; Arctic ; Climate Change ; De Novo Biosynthesis ; Global Warming ; Net Ecosystem Exchange ; Subarctic Heath ; Terpene ; Tundra ; Volatile Organic Compound", "03 medical and health sciences", "Arctic", "climate change", "de novo biosynthesis", "subarctic heath", "13. Climate action", "(CO2)-C-13", "11. Sustainability", "terpene", "Tundra", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14935"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14935"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14935", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14935", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14935"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14986", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-07", "title": "Soil carbon loss with warming: New evidence from carbon\u2010degrading enzymes", "description": "AbstractClimate warming affects soil carbon (C) dynamics, with possible serious consequences for soil C stocks and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the mechanisms underlying changes in soil C storage are not well understood, hampering long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term predictions of climate C\uffe2\uff80\uff90feedbacks. The activity of the extracellular enzymes ligninase and cellulase can be used to track changes in the predominant C sources of soil microbes and can thus provide mechanistic insights into soil C loss pathways. Here we show, using meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, that reductions in soil C stocks with warming are associated with increased ratios of ligninase to cellulase activity. Furthermore, whereas long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (\uffe2\uff89\uffa55\uffc2\uffa0years) warming reduced the soil recalcitrant C pool by 14%, short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term warming had no significant effect. Together, these results suggest that warming stimulates microbial utilization of recalcitrant C pools, possibly exacerbating long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90C feedbacks.<p>Plant litter chemistry is altered during decomposition but it remains unknown if these alterations, and thus the composition of residual litter, will change in response to climate. Selective microbial mineralization of litter components and the accumulation of microbial necromass can drive litter compositional change, but the extent to which these mechanisms respond to climate remains poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying needle litter decomposition along a boreal forest climate transect. Specifically, we investigated how the composition and/or metabolism of the decomposer community varies with climate, and if that variation is associated with distinct modifications of litter chemistry during decomposition. We analyzed the composition of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the litter layer and measured natural abundance &#948;<sup>13</sup>C<sub>PLFA</sub> values as an integrated measure of microbial metabolisms. Changes in litter chemistry and &#948;<sup>13</sup>C values were measured in litterbag experiments conducted at each transect site. A warmer climate was associated with higher litter nitrogen concentrations as well as altered microbial community structure (lower fungi:bacteria ratios) and microbial metabolism (higher &#948;<sup>13</sup>C<sub>PLFA</sub>). Litter in warmer transect regions accumulated less aliphatic&#8208;C (lipids, waxes) and retained more O&#8208;alkyl&#8208;C (carbohydrates), consistent with enhanced <sup>13</sup>C&#8208;enrichment in residual litter, than in colder regions. These results suggest that chemical changes during litter decomposition will change with climate, driven primarily by indirect climate effects (e.g., greater nitrogen availability and decreased fungi:bacteria ratios) rather than direct temperature effects. A positive correlation between microbial biomass &#948;<sup>13</sup>C values and <sup>13</sup>C&#8208;enrichment during decomposition suggests that change in litter chemistry is driven more by distinct microbial necromass inputs than differences in the selective removal of litter components. Our study highlights the role that microbial inputs during early litter decomposition can play in shaping surface litter contribution to soil organic matter as it responds to climate warming effects such as greater nitrogen availability.</p>
", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "C-13", "CP‐", "necromass", "litter decomposition", "COMMUNITY COMPOSITION", "Soil", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "Taiga", "boreal forest", "bacteria", "C-13 NMR", "TEMPERATURE", "Biochemistry", " cell and molecular biology", "Soil Microbiology", "FUNGAL", "2. Zero hunger", "MAS C-13‐", "Fungi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "NMR", "6. Clean water", "climate transect", "Plant Leaves", "13. Climate action", "FOREST SOILS", "PLFA", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fungi", "FATTY-ACIDS", "BULK CARBON", "LIGNIN"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15420", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15420", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15460", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-11-29", "title": "Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from mineral soils plays a significant role in the terrestrial carbon balance", "description": "AbstractThe leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to the river network is an overlooked component of the terrestrial soil C budget. Measurements of DOC concentrations in soil, runoff and drainage are scarce and their spatial distribution highly skewed towards industrialized countries. The contribution of terrestrial DOC leaching to the global\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale C balance of terrestrial ecosystems thus remains poorly constrained. Here, using a process based, integrative, modelling approach to upscale from existing observations, we estimate a global terrestrial DOC leaching flux of 0.28\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.07\uffc2\uffa0Gt\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 which is conservative, as it only includes the contribution of mineral soils. Our results suggest that globally about 15% of the terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP, calculated as the difference between Net Primary Production and soil respiration) is exported to aquatic systems as leached DOC. In the tropical rainforest, the leached fraction of terrestrial NEP even reaches 22%. Furthermore, we simulated spatial\uffe2\uff80\uff90temporal trends in DOC leaching from soil to the river networks from 1860 to 2010. We estimated a global increase in terrestrial DOC inputs to river network of 35\uffc2\uffa0Tg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (14%) from 1860 to 2010. Despite their low global contribution to the DOC leaching flux, boreal regions have the highest relative increase (28%) while tropics have the lowest relative increase (9%) over the historical period (1860s compared to 2000s). The results from our observationally constrained model approach demonstrate that DOC leaching is a significant flux in the terrestrial C budget at regional and global scales.The role of soils in the global carbon cycle and in reducing GHG emissions from agriculture has been increasingly acknowledged. The \uffe2\uff80\uff984 per 1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 (4p1000) initiative has become a prominent action plan for climate change mitigation and achieve food security through an annual increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks by 0.4%, (i.e. 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 per year). However, the feasibility of the 4p1000 scenario and, more generally, the capacity of individual countries to implement soil carbon sequestration (SCS) measures remain highly uncertain. Here, we evaluated country\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific SCS potentials of agricultural land for 24 countries in Europe. Based on a detailed survey of available literature, we estimate that between 0.1% and 27% of the agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can potentially be compensated by SCS annually within the next decades. Measures varied widely across countries, indicating differences in country\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific environmental conditions and agricultural practices. None of the countries' SCS potential reached the aspirational goal of the 4p1000 initiative, suggesting that in order to achieve this goal, a wider range of measures and implementation pathways need to be explored. Yet, SCS potentials exceeded those from previous pan\uffe2\uff80\uff90European modelling scenarios, underpinning the general need to include national/regional knowledge and expertise to improve estimates of SCS potentials. The complexity of the chosen SCS measurement approaches between countries ranked from tier 1 to tier 3 and included the effect of different controlling factors, suggesting that methodological improvements and standardization of SCS accounting are urgently required. Standardization should include the assessment of key controlling factors such as realistic areas, technical and practical feasibility, trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs with other GHG and climate change. Our analysis suggests that country\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific knowledge and SCS estimates together with improved data sharing and harmonization are crucial to better quantify the role of soils in offsetting anthropogenic GHG emissions at global level.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Ecology", "Soil Science", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Primary Research Articles", "S590 Soill / Talajtan", "7. Clean energy", "333", "Carbon", "12. Responsible consumption", "Europe", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agricultural Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/26185/1/rodrigues_l_et_al_211122.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15897"}, {"href": "https://real.mtak.hu/139396/1/GlobalChangeBiology-2021-Rodrigues-AchievableagriculturalsoilcarbonsequestrationacrossEuropefrom.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15897"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15897", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15897", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15897"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15596", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-12", "title": "Phenological stage of tundra vegetation controls bidirectional exchange of BVOCs in a climate change experiment on a subarctic heath", "description": "AbstractTraditionally, biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are often considered a unidirectional flux, from the ecosystem to the atmosphere, but recent studies clearly show the potential for bidirectional exchange. Here we aimed to investigate how warming and leaf litter addition affect the bidirectional exchange (flux) of BVOCs in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term field experiment in the Subarctic. We also assessed changes in net BVOC fluxes in relation to the time of day and the influence of different plant phenological stages. The study was conducted in a full factorial experiment with open top chamber warming and annual litter addition treatments in a tundra heath in Abisko, Northern Sweden. After 18\uffc2\uffa0years of treatments, ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level net BVOC fluxes were measured in the experimental plots using proton\uffe2\uff80\uff90transfer\uffe2\uff80\uff90reaction time\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90flight mass spectrometry (PTR\uffe2\uff80\uff93ToF\uffe2\uff80\uff93MS). The warming treatment increased monoterpene and isoprene emissions by \uffe2\uff89\uff8850%. Increasing temperature, due to diurnal variations, can both increase BVOC emission and simultaneously, increase ecosystem uptake. For any given treatment, monoterpene, isoprene, and acetone emissions also increased with increasing ambient air temperatures caused by diurnal variability. Acetaldehyde, methanol, and sesquiterpenes decreased likely due to a deposition flux. For litter addition, only a significant indirect effect on isoprene and monoterpene fluxes (decrease by ~50%\uffe2\uff80\uff9375%) was observed. Litter addition may change soil moisture conditions, leading to changes in plant species composition and biomass, which could subsequently result in changes to BVOC emission compositions. Phenological stages significantly affected fluxes of methanol, isoprene and monoterpenes. We suggest that plant phenological stages differ in impacts on BVOC net emissions, but ambient air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) also interact and influence BVOC net emissions differently. Our results may also suggest that BVOC fluxes are not only a response to changes in temperature and light intensity, as the circadian clock also affects emission rates.
", "keywords": ["BVOC", "Sweden", "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts", "Volatile Organic Compounds", "tundra", "Methanol", "Terpenoids", "Climate Change", "plant volatiles", "15. Life on land", "Primary Research Articles", "phenology", "01 natural sciences", "Arctic", "climate change", "Phenology", "terpenoids", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Plant volatiles", "Tundra", "Ecosystem", "methanol", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15596"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15596"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15596", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15596", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15596"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15773", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-29", "title": "Synergistic effects of insect herbivory and changing climate on plant volatile emissions in the subarctic tundra.", "description": "AbstractClimate change increases the insect abundance, especially in Arctic ecosystems. Insect herbivory also significantly increases plant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are highly reactive in the atmosphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and physics. However, it is unclear how the effects of insect herbivory on VOC emissions interact with climatic changes, such as warming and increased cloudiness. We assessed how experimental manipulations of temperature and light availability in subarctic tundra, that had been maintained for 30\uffc2\uffa0years at the time of the measurements, affect the VOC emissions from a widespread dwarf birch (Betula nana) when subjected to herbivory by local geometrid moth larvae, the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) and the winter moth (Operophtera brumata). Warming and insect herbivory on B. nana stimulated VOC emission rates and altered the VOC blend. The herbivory\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increase in sesquiterpene and homoterpene emissions were climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent. Many herbivory\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated VOCs were more strongly induced in the shading treatment than in other treatments. We showed generally enhanced tundra VOC emissions upon insect herbivory and synergistic effects on the emissions of some VOC groups in a changing climate, which can have positive feedbacks on cloud formation. Furthermore, the acclimation of plants to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term climate treatments affects VOC emissions and strongly interacts with plant responses to herbivory. Such acclimation complicates predictions of how climate change, together with interacting biotic stresses, affects VOC emissions in the high latitudes.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Volatile Organic Compounds", "0303 health sciences", "Insecta", "Climate Change", "15. Life on land", "Primary Research Articles", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "Herbivory", "Tundra", "Betula", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15773"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15773"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15773", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15773", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15773"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15658", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-28", "title": "Greening drylands despite warming consistent with carbon dioxide fertilization effect", "description": "AbstractThe rising atmospheric CO2 concentration leads to a CO2 fertilization effect on plants\uffe2\uff80\uff94that is, increased photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by leaves and enhanced water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency (WUE). Yet, the resulting net impact of CO2 fertilization on plant growth and soil moisture (SM) savings at large scale is poorly understood. Drylands provide a natural experimental setting to detect the CO2 fertilization effect on plant growth since foliage amount, plant water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use and photosynthesis are all tightly coupled in water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited ecosystems. A long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term change in the response of leaf area index (LAI, a measure of foliage amount) to changes in SM is likely to stem from changing water demand of primary productivity in water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited ecosystems and is a proxy for changes in WUE. Using 34\uffe2\uff80\uff90year satellite observations of LAI and SM over tropical and subtropical drylands, we identify that a 1% increment in SM leads to 0.15% (\uffc2\uffb10.008, 95% confidence interval) and 0.51% (\uffc2\uffb10.01, 95% confidence interval) increments in LAI during 1982\uffe2\uff80\uff921998 and 1999\uffe2\uff80\uff922015, respectively. The increasing response of LAI to SM has contributed 7.2% (\uffc2\uffb13.0%, 95% confidence interval) to total dryland greening during 1999\uffe2\uff80\uff922015 compared to 1982\uffe2\uff80\uff921998. The increasing response of LAI to SM is consistent with the CO2 fertilization effect on WUE in water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited ecosystems, indicating that a given amount of SM has sustained greater amounts of photosynthetic foliage over time. The LAI responses to changes in SM from seven dynamic global vegetation models are not always consistent with observations, highlighting the need for improved process knowledge of terrestrial ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.
", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Earth sciences", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Photosynthesis", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15658"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15658"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15658", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15658", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15658"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.16060", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-30", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "AbstractResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2\uffc2\uffa0m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2resolution for 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffc2\uffa0cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grained air temperature estimates from ERA5\uffe2\uff80\uff90Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\uffc2\uffb0C (mean\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa03.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.1\uffc2\uffb0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\uffe2\uff88\uff920.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C). The observed substantial and biome\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "4. Education", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.16060", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.16060", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.16060"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.16478", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-28", "title": "Soils in warmer and less developed countries have less micronutrients globally", "description": "AbstractSoil micronutrients are capital for the delivery of ecosystem functioning and food provision worldwide. Yet, despite their importance, the global biogeography and ecological drivers of soil micronutrients remain virtually unknown, limiting our capacity to anticipate abrupt unexpected changes in soil micronutrients in the face of climate change. Here, we analyzed >1300 topsoil samples to examine the global distribution of six metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co and Ni) across all continents, climates and vegetation types. We found that warmer arid and tropical ecosystems, present in the least developed countries, sustain the lowest contents of multiple soil micronutrients. We further provide evidence that temperature increases may potentially result in abrupt and simultaneous reductions in the content of multiple soil micronutrients when a temperature threshold of 12\uffe2\uff80\uff9314\uffc2\uffb0C is crossed, which may be occurring on 3% of the planet over the next century. Altogether, our findings provide fundamental understanding of the global distribution of soil micronutrients, with direct implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functioning, rangeland management and food production in the warmest and poorest regions of the planet.Summer droughts strongly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) cycling, but net effects on SOC storage are unclear as drought affects both C inputs and outputs from soils. Here, we explored the overlooked role of soil fauna on SOC storage in forests, hypothesizing that soil faunal activity is particularly drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90sensitive, thereby reducing litter incorporation into the mineral soil and, eventually, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term SOC storage.
In a drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90prone pine forest (Switzerland), we performed a large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale irrigation experiment for 17\uffc2\uffa0years and assessed its impact on vertical SOC distribution and composition. We also examined litter mass loss of dominant tree species using different mesh\uffe2\uff80\uff90size litterbags and determined soil fauna abundance and community composition.
The 17\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90long irrigation resulted in a C loss in the organic layers (\uffe2\uff88\uff921.0\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) and a comparable C gain in the mineral soil (+0.8\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) and thus did not affect total SOC stocks. Irrigation increased the mass loss ofQuercus pubescensandViburnum lantanaleaf litter, with greater effect sizes when meso\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and macrofauna were included (+215%) than when excluded (+44%). The enhanced faunal\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated litter mass loss was paralleled by a many\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold increase in the abundance of meso\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and macrofauna during irrigation. Moreover, Acari and Collembola community composition shifted, with a higher presence of drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90sensitive species in irrigated soils. In comparison, microbial SOC mineralization was less sensitive to soil moisture. Our results suggest that the vertical redistribution of SOC with irrigation was mainly driven by faunal\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated litter incorporation, together with increased root C inputs.
Our study shows that soil fauna is highly sensitive to natural drought, which leads to a reduced C transfer from organic layers to the mineral soil. In the longer term, this potentially affects SOC storage and, therefore, soil fauna plays a key but so far largely overlooked role in shaping SOC responses to drought.In Arctic regions, thawing permafrost soils are projected to release 50 to 250 Gt of carbon by 2100. This data is mostly derived from carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich wetlands, although 71% of this carbon pool is stored in faster\uffe2\uff80\uff90thawing mineral soils, where ecosystems close to the outer boundaries of permafrost regions are especially vulnerable. Although extensive data exists from currently thawing sites and short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term thawing experiments, investigations of the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term changes following final thaw and co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring drainage are scarce. Here we show ecosystem changes at two comparable tussock tundra sites with distinct permafrost thaw histories, representing 15 and 25\uffc2\uffa0years of natural drainage, that resulted in a 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold decrease in CH4 emissions (3.2\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.2 vs. 0.3\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.4\uffc2\uffa0mg C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CH4\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0day\uffe2\uff88\uff921), while CO2 emissions were comparable. These data extend the time perspective from earlier studies based on short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimental drainage. The overall microbial community structures did not differ significantly between sites, although the drier top soils at the most advanced site led to a loss of methanogens and their syntrophic partners in surface layers while the abundance of methanotrophs remained unchanged. The resulting deeper aeration zones likely increased CH4 oxidation due to the longer residence time of CH4 in the oxidation zone, while the observed loss of aerenchyma plants reduced CH4 diffusion from deeper soil layers directly to the atmosphere. Our findings highlight the importance of including hydrological, vegetation and microbial specific responses when studying long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of climate change on CH4 emissions and underscores the need for data from different soil types and thaw histories.One of the largest uncertainties in the terrestrial carbon cycle is the timing and magnitude of soil organic carbon (SOC) response to climate and vegetation change. This uncertainty prevents models from adequately capturing SOC dynamics and challenges the assessment of management and climate change effects on soils. Reducing these uncertainties requires simultaneous investigation of factors controlling the amount (SOC abundance) and duration (SOC persistence) of stored C. We present a global synthesis of SOC and radiocarbon profiles (nProfile\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89597) to assess the timescales of SOC storage. We use a combination of statistical and depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolved compartment models to explore key factors controlling the relationships between SOC abundance and persistence across pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic regions and with soil depth. This allows us to better understand (i) how SOC abundance and persistence covary across pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic regions and (ii) how the depth dependence of SOC dynamics relates to climatic and mineralogical controls on SOC abundance and persistence. We show that SOC abundance and persistence are differently related; the controls on these relationships differ substantially between major pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic regions and soil depth. For example, large amounts of persistent SOC can reflect climatic constraints on soils (e.g., in tundra/polar regions) or mineral absorption, reflected in slower decomposition and vertical transport rates. In contrast, lower SOC abundance can be found with lower SOC persistence (e.g., in highly weathered tropical soils) or higher SOC persistence (e.g., in drier and less productive regions). We relate variable patterns of SOC abundance and persistence to differences in the processes constraining plant C input, microbial decomposition, vertical C transport and mineral SOC stabilization potential. This process\uffe2\uff80\uff90oriented grouping of SOC abundance and persistence provides a valuable benchmark for global C models, highlighting that pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic boundary conditions are crucial for predicting the effects of climate change and soil management on future C abundance and persistence.Integrated food and bioenergy production is a promising way to ensure regional/national food and energy security, efficient use of soil resources, and enhanced biodiversity, while contributing to the abatement of CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was to assess alternative crop rotation schemes as the basis for integrating and enhancing the sustainable biomass production within the food\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy agricultural context. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria spp.) in rotation with wheat (Triticum spp.) in the EU and with sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in Brazil were evaluated. Sunn hemp did not negatively affect crop's productivity and soil fertility; wheat grain yields were maintained around the mean regional production levels (6, 7, 3 and Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in Greece, Italy, and Spain, respectively), and the cumulative biomass in the extended rotation (wheat straw+sunn hemp) was between 1.5 and 2.0 times higher than in the conventional rotation. In Brazil, sugarcane stalks yield in clay soils increased by around 15\uffc2\uffa0Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 under sunn hemp rotation in comparison with bare fallow. Moreover, sunn hemp in the EU rotations did not have negative effects on soil available macronutrients, organic matter, pH, and cation exchange capacity, neither on C and N stocks in Brazil. The qualitative characteristics (mineral, ash, and hemicelluloses contents) of the cumulated biomass were somehow higher (in average +26%, +35%, and +3.4%, respectively) than in the conventional system. In summary, in temperate and tropical climates the integration of dedicated biomass legume crops within conventional systems could lead to enhanced biomass availability, crop diversification, and efficient use (in space and time) of the land resources.
", "keywords": ["legume crops", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "advanced biofuels", "biomass", "TJ807-830", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Renewable energy sources", "12. Responsible consumption", "lignocellulose", "advanced biofuels; biomass; legume crops; lignocellulose; quantitative; qualitative traits; SOC; soil fertility; sugarcane", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "HD9502-9502.5", "SOC", "quantitative/qualitative traits"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/895750/2/GCB%20Bioenergy%20-%202022%20-%20Zegada%e2%80%90Lizarazu%20-%20The%20effects%20of%20integrated%20food%20and%20bioenergy%20cropping%20systems%20on%20crop%20yields%20%20soil.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12924", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12924", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12924"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.16989", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-27", "title": "Shifts in soil ammonia\u2010oxidizing community maintain the nitrogen stimulation of nitrification across climatic conditions", "description": "AbstractAnthropogenic nitrogen (N) loading alters soil ammonia\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) abundances, likely leading to substantial changes in soil nitrification. However, the factors and mechanisms determining the responses of soil AOA:AOB and nitrification to N loading are still unclear, making it difficult to predict future changes in soil nitrification. Herein, we synthesize\uffc2\uffa068 field studies around the world to evaluate the impacts of N loading on soil ammonia oxidizers and nitrification. Across a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors, climate is the most important driver of the responses of AOA:AOB to N loading. Climate does not directly affect the N\uffe2\uff80\uff90stimulation of nitrification, but does so via climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90related shifts in AOA:AOB. Specifically, climate modulates the responses of AOA:AOB to N loading by affecting soil pH, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability and moisture. AOB play a dominant role in affecting nitrification in dry climates, while the impacts from AOA can exceed AOB in humid climates. Together, these results suggest that climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90related shifts in soil ammonia\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxidizing community maintain the N\uffe2\uff80\uff90stimulation of nitrification, highlighting the importance of microbial community composition in mediating the responses of the soil N cycle to N loading.Soils store large quantities of carbon in the subsoil (below 0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89m depth) that is generally old and believed to be stabilized over centuries to millennia, which suggests that subsoil carbon sequestration (CS) can be used as a strategy for climate change mitigation. In this article, we review the main biophysical processes that contribute to carbon storage in subsoil and the main mathematical models used to represent these processes. Our guiding objective is to review whether a process understanding of soil carbon movement in the vertical profile can help us to assess carbon storage and persistence at timescales relevant for climate change mitigation. Bioturbation, liquid phase transport, belowground carbon inputs, mineral association, and microbial activity are the main processes contributing to the formation of soil carbon profiles, and these processes are represented in models using the diffusion\uffe2\uff80\uff93advection\uffe2\uff80\uff93reaction paradigm. Based on simulation examples and measurements from carbon and radiocarbon profiles across biomes, we found that advective and diffusive transport may only play a secondary role in the formation of soil carbon profiles. The difference between vertical root inputs and decomposition seems to play a primary role in determining the shape of carbon change with depth. Using the transit time of carbon to assess the timescales of carbon storage of new inputs, we show that only small quantities of new carbon inputs travel through the profile and can be stabilized for time horizons longer than 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89years, implying that activities that promote CS in the subsoil must take into consideration the very small quantities that can be stabilized in the long term.Over 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89years ago, Eugene Odum postulated that mature or climax forests reside in carbon neutrality. As climate change rose to prominence in the international environmental agenda, the neutrality hypothesis transformed from an ecological principle to a justification for using forest management in combating climate change. Despite persistent efforts, Odum's neutrality hypothesis has resisted both confirmation and refutation. In this opinion we show the limitations of past efforts to (in)validate Odum's neutrality hypothesis and propose new research directions for the community to permit a more general confirmation or refutation with current and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90future observations. We then demonstrate such an approach by using metabolic theory to formulate testable predictions for the total sink strength considering soil, litter, and biomass of mature or climax forests based on observations of tree biomass and individual density. In doing so, we show that ecological theory can create additional relevant, testable hypotheses to provide timely support to decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90makers seeking to address one of the world's most pressing environmental challenges.Warming alters soil microbial traits through ecological and evolutionary processes, directly influencing the decomposition of organic matter, which significantly affects global soil carbon emissions. Yet, soil carbon models largely ignore these processes and their implications for global responses to warming. Here, we incorporate eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary theory into a mechanistic model describing microbial soil carbon decomposition to address the question of whether such processes could have consequential effects on climate carbon feedbacks globally. We assume that a key trait of microbes, their resource allocation to production of exoenzymes (which facilitate decomposition of organic matter)\uffe2\uff80\uff94is optimized to environmental temperatures by natural selection. We find that eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary optimization results in microbes allocating more resources to enzyme production under warming. When applied at the global scale, eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary optimization enhances the biological realism of soil carbon models and significantly amplifies global soil carbon loss by 2100. Our results highlight the significant potential of microbial eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary responses to influence carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change, and motivate an urgent need for more comprehensive data to accurately quantify the adaptive potential of microbiomes in response to climate change.Determining underlying physiological patterns governing plant productivity and diversity in grasslands are critical to evaluate species responses to future environmental conditions of elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) deposition. In a 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment, N was added to monocultures of seven C3 grassland species exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 (560\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) to evaluate how N addition affects CO2 responsiveness in species of contrasting functional groups. Functional groups differed in their responses to elevated CO2 and N treatments. Forb species exhibited strong down\uffe2\uff80\uff90regulation of leaf Nmass concentrations (\uffe2\uff88\uff9226%) and photosynthetic capacity (\uffe2\uff88\uff9228%) in response to elevated CO2, especially at high N supply, whereas C3 grasses did not. Hence, achieved photosynthetic performance was markedly enhanced for C3 grasses (+68%) in elevated CO2, but not significantly for forbs. Differences in access to soil resources between forbs and grasses may distinguish their responses to elevated CO2 and N addition. Forbs had lesser root biomass, a lower distribution of biomass to roots, and lower specific root length than grasses. Maintenance of leaf N, possibly through increased root foraging in this nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor grassland, was necessary to sustain stimulation of photosynthesis under long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term elevated CO2. Dilution of leaf N and associated photosynthetic down\uffe2\uff80\uff90regulation in forbs under elevated [CO2], relative to the C3 grasses, illustrates the potential for shifts in species composition and diversity in grassland ecosystems that have significant forb and grass components.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Poaceae C3 grass species", "carbon dioxide enrichment", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "C 3 Grass Species", "FACE", "carbon cycle", "Species Functional Groups", "nitrogen cycle", "Free-air CO 2", "Carboxylation Rate", "Photosynthesis", "2. Zero hunger", "photosynthesis", "species diversity", "Geology and Earth Sciences", "carbon dioxide", "Carboxylation rate", "15. Life on land", "Species functional groups", "grasses", "Free-air CO2", "Keywords: angiosperm", "grassland"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/63064/5/Crous-etal_GCB2009-doi-online.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/63064/7/01_Crous_Maintenance_of_leaf_N_controls_2009.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02058.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02058.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02058.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02058.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-05", "title": "Impact Of Biochar Field Aging On Laboratory Greenhouse Gas Production Potentials", "description": "AbstractRecent observations of decreased greenhouse gas (GHG) production from biochar amended soils have been used to further substantiate the environmental benefit of biochar production and soil incorporation strategies. However, the mechanisms behind this biochar\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated response have not been fully elucidated. In addition, the duration of these GHG reductions is not known and is of pivotal importance for the inclusion of biochar into future bioenergy production and climate abatement strategies. In this study, the impacts of biochar field aging on the observed GHG production/consumption were evaluated. Two different wood\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived biochars and a macadamia nut shell biochar were weathered in an agricultural field in Rosemount, MN (2008\uffe2\uff80\uff932011) and the impacts on net soil GHG production/consumption were assessed through laboratory incubations. For the three biochars evaluated here, weathering negated the suppression of N2O production that was originally observed from the fresh biochar in laboratory incubations. On the other hand, all three weathered biochars enhanced CO2 production (three\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to tenfold compared with the fresh biochar amendments) in laboratory soil incubations, suggesting an enhanced microbial mineralization rate of the weathered biochar. This enhanced mineralization could be aided by the chemical oxidation of the biochar surfaces during weathering. Fresh biochar reduced observed soil methane oxidation rates, whereas the weathered biochars had no significant impacts on the observed soil methanotrophic activity. This study demonstrates that for these three biochars, weathering greatly alters the GHG response of the soil systems to biochar amendments.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kurt A. Spokas", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-22", "title": "An Energy-Biochar Chain Involving Biomass Gasification And Rice Cultivation In Northern Italy", "description": "AbstractThe competing demand for food and bioenergy requires new solutions for the agricultural sector as, for instance, the coupling of energy production from gasification technology and the application of the resulting biochar as soil amendment. A prerequisite for the implementation of this strategy is the scale\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific assessment of both the energetic performance and of the impacts in terms of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and crop responses. This study considered the gasification process developed by Advanced Gasification Technology (AGT, Italy), which is a fixed\uffe2\uff80\uff90bed, down\uffe2\uff80\uff90draft, open core, compact gasifier, having 350\uffc2\uffa0kW of nominal electric capacity (microgeneration); this gasifier uses biomass feedstock deriving from agricultural/forest products and byproducts. In this study, the resulting biochar, derived from conifer wood chips of mountain forestry management in North\uffe2\uff80\uff90western Italy, was applied to a nearby paddy rice field, located in the largest rice agricultural area of Europe. We performed a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) adapting the BEAT2 model specifically focusing on the GHG balance of the supply chain, from the forestry management to the field distribution of the resulting biochar. The results indicated that the gasification stage had the highest impact in the supply chain in terms of emissions, but net emissions allocated to biochar were always negative (ranging between \uffe2\uff88\uff920.54 and \uffe2\uff88\uff922.1\uffc2\uffa0t CO2e\uffc2\uffa0t\uffe2\uff88\uff921 biochar), hypothesizing two scenarios of 32% and 7.3% biochar mineralization rate in soil, over a time period of 100\uffc2\uffa0years. Finally, biochar had a marginal but positive effect on rice yield, thus increasing the sustainability of this energy\uffe2\uff80\uff90biochar chain.
", "keywords": ["330", "gasification", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "Paddy rice", "Environment (including Climate Change)", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life cycle assessment", "Rural Digital Europe", "life cycle assessment", "11. Sustainability", "biochar", "Energy-biochar chain", "European Commission", "Rice yield", "Waste Management and Disposal", "Knowmad Institut", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "FP7", "2. Zero hunger", "EC", "Renewable Energy", " Sustainability and the Environment", "SP1-Cooperation", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Energy Research", "rice yield", "Biochar", "13. Climate action", "paddy rice", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "energy-biochar chain", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Gasification"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12052", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-05", "title": "Can Biochar Reduce Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions From A Miscanthus Bioenergy Crop?", "description": "AbstractEnergy production from bioenergy crops may significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through substitution of fossil fuels. Biochar amendment to soil may further decrease the net climate forcing of bioenergy crop production, however, this has not yet been assessed under field conditions. Significant suppression of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following biochar amendment has been demonstrated in short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term laboratory incubations by a number of authors, yet evidence from long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term field trials has been contradictory. This study investigated whether biochar amendment could suppress soilGHGemissions under field and controlled conditions in aMiscanthus\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0Giganteuscrop and whether suppression would be sustained during the first 2\uffc2\uffa0years following amendment. In the field, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 33% and annual net soilCO2equivalent (eq.) emissions (CO2,N2Oand methane,CH4) by 37% over 2\uffc2\uffa0years. In the laboratory, under controlled temperature and equalised gravimetric water content, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 53% and net soilCO2eq. emissions by 55%. SoilN2Oemissions were not significantly suppressed with biochar amendment, although they were generally low. SoilCH4fluxes were below minimum detectable limits in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that biochar amendment has the potential to suppress net soilCO2eq. emissions in bioenergy crop systems for up to 2\uffc2\uffa0years after addition, primarily through reducedCO2emissions. Suppression of soilCO2emissions may be due to a combined effect of reduced enzymatic activity, the increased carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency from the co\uffe2\uff80\uff90location of soil microbes, soil organic matter and nutrients and the precipitation ofCO2onto the biochar surface. We conclude that hardwood biochar has the potential to improve theGHGbalance of bioenergy crops through reductions in net soilCO2eq. emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "carbon dioxide", "Miscanthus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "soil", "12. Responsible consumption", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar", "charcoal"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12052"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12052", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12052", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12052"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-12", "title": "Implications Of Productivity And Nutrient Requirements On Greenhouse Gas Balance Of Annual And Perennial Bioenergy Crops", "description": "AbstractBiomass from dedicated crops is expected to contribute significantly to the replacement of fossil resources. However, sustainable bioenergy cropping systems must provide high biomass production and low environmental impacts. This study aimed at quantifying biomass production, nutrient removal, expected ethanol production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of six bioenergy crops: Miscanthus\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0giganteus, switchgrass, fescue, alfalfa, triticale, and fiber sorghum. Biomass production and N, P, K balances (input\uffe2\uff80\uff90output) were measured during 4\uffc2\uffa0years in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiment, which included two nitrogen fertilization treatments. These results were used to calculate a posteriori \uffe2\uff80\uff98optimized\uffe2\uff80\uff99 fertilization practices, which would ensure a sustainable production with a nil balance of nutrients. A modified version of the cost/benefit approach proposed by Crutzen et\uffc2\uffa0al. (2008), comparing the GHG emissions resulting from N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P\uffe2\uff80\uff90K fertilization of bioenergy crops and the GHG emissions saved by replacing fossil fuel, was applied to these \uffe2\uff80\uff98optimized\uffe2\uff80\uff99 situations. Biomass production varied among crops between 10.0 (fescue) and 26.9\uffc2\uffa0t\uffc2\uffa0DM\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early) and the expected ethanol production between 1.3 (alfalfa) and 6.1\uffc2\uffa0t\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early). The cost/benefit ratio ranged from 0.10 (miscanthus harvested late) to 0.71 (fescue); it was closely correlated with the N/C ratio of the harvested biomass, except for alfalfa. The amount of saved CO2 emissions varied from 1.0 (fescue) to 8.6\uffc2\uffa0t CO2eq\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (miscanthus harvested early or late). Due to its high biomass production, miscanthus was able to combine a high production of ethanol and a large saving of CO2 emissions. Miscanthus and switchgrass harvested late gave the best compromise between low N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P\uffe2\uff80\uff90K requirements, high GHG saving per unit of biomass, and high productivity per hectare.
", "keywords": ["legume crops", "2. Zero hunger", "660", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "nitrogen", "lignocelluloses", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "greenhouse gas", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "biofuel", "nutrient use Efficiency", "biomasse", "ethanol", "C3 crops"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.science/hal-01173307/file/Cadoux_etal_2014.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=PO&offset=2050&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=PO&offset=2050&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=PO&offset=2000", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=PO&offset=2100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6346, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T12:39:04.810263Z"}