{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-05", "title": "Performance of the HYDRUS-1D model for water balance components assessment of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in semi-arid region of Morocco", "description": "Abstract   The main goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the HYDRUS-1D numerical model for estimating the soil moisture (\u03b8) at different depths, actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) and its components (crop transpiration, Ta and soil evaporation, Ea) as well as the deep percolation (DP) of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in the semi-arid region of Tensift-basin (central Morocco). The HYDRUS-1D simulations were performed at daily time step during the two growing seasons: 2002/2003 and 2015/2016.  The model was firstly calibrated based on one field \u201cdenoted F1\u201d data during the 2002/2003 cropping season by using the Levenberg-Marquardt method implemented in HYDRUS-1D model for optimizing various parameters of Van Genuchten equation that provide the minimum difference between measured and simulated soil moisture at four layers of soil (0\u20135, 5\u201310, 10\u201320, 20\u201330, 30\u201350\u00a0cm). Afterwards, the model validation was done based on the data from four fields of wheat: two fields \u201cdenoted F2 and F3\u201d during the 2002/2003 and two other fields \u201cdenoted F4 and F5\u201d during the 2015/2016 cropping season. All fields were irrigated with flooding system except the field F5 where drip irrigation was undertaken. In-situ measurements of \u03b8 was carried out using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric method ETa was measured by the Eddy Covariance system Ta and Ea were monitored using a lysimeter in F5 field. The results showed that the HYDRUS-1D model simulates the \u03b8, ETa, Ta and Ea reasonably well.  Additionally, the evaluation of the irrigation system on DP losses was investigated by comparing the simulation results over flood (F4) and drip (F5) irrigated fields. It was found that about 56% and 20% of seasonal supplied water were lost by DP in F4 and F5 sites, respectively. Such unexpected high amount of DP taking place in F5 field is due to the improper use of the drip irrigation system.", "keywords": ["690", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Eddy covariance", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "deep percolation", "01 natural sciences", "6. 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In this context, this study aims to test for the first time the ability of the AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover (CC), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), total soil water content (TWC), biomass (B) and fruit yield (FY) of table grapes vineyards (Vitis vinifera L., cvs. Perlette and Superior) at the Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora in Northwest Mexico. Observed weather and soil physical parameters, with measured crop parameters from an experiment conducted during 2005 were used to develop climate, soil and crop input files for AquaCrop and for calibrating the model. While collected data during the 2006 growing season were used to validate the model.\u00a0The model adequately simulated CC, ETa and TWC during 2005 and 2006. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between observed and measured CC, ETa and TWC were 5.18%, 0.46\u00a0mm/day and 10.11\u00a0mm during 2005, and 8.82%, 0.84\u00a0mm/day and 9.1\u00a0mm during 2006, respectively. The good accuracy of simulations of CC, ETa and TWC by the model have been confirmed by additional statistical parameters like the coefficient of determination (R2), The Mean Bias Error (MBE), the Willmott\u2019s index of agreement (d) and the Nash\u2013Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE).  For the B and FY simulations, the results showed that the model correctly reproduced the B and FY with NRMSE value of 8.8%. The estimated average value of FY (14.56\u00a0t/ha) for both seasons are in the range of the potential yield (14\u201318\u00a0t/ha) of table grapes in the irrigated Costa de Hermosillo in northwest Mexico.  After the validation of the AquaCrop model, it was used to evaluate the irrigation scheduling by the farmer as well as to assess the water productivity computed as the ratio of crop production to crop water use. The results showed that, the recommended irrigation by the model was about 547\u00a0mm and 509\u00a0mm, which it is about half of that applied by the farmer (1006\u00a0mm and 929\u00a0mm) during 2005 and 2006, respectively. This large difference, which represents approximately 54% and 57% of the irrigation supply, is lost through deep percolation and could be saved without vegetation suffering from water stress while maintaining the same yield. The high loss of water by percolation affects significantly the water productivity (WP), which decreases from 3.22 to 1.74\u00a0kg/m3 if we consider the transpiration (WPTr), and the sum of ETa and Percolation (WPETa+Pr) for WP computations, respectively. Consequently, the AquaCrop model can be used as an operational tool by decision makers and growers to improve irrigation management. This is of crucial importance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is becoming increasingly scarce.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "Water productivity", "[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]", "Percolation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tablegrapes (Vitisvinifera L. cvs. Perletteand Superior)", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Irrigation scheduling", "AquaCrop", "[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]", "Vitisvinifera L cvs Perletteand Superior", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Tablegrapes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17660/actahortic.2022.1335.46", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:19:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-06", "title": "Mapping deep percolation using remote sensing over an irrigated area in the Haouz plain (Marrakech, Morocco)", "description": "This study aims to estimate the spatial deep percolation (DP) by combining remote sensing data and SAMIR (SAtellite Monitoring of IRrigation) tool. In this study, DP was derived as the residual component of water balance in the root zone. The Indirect computation of water balance requires climate data (reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and rainfall), land cover, crop coefficient derived from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and hydrodynamic soil parameters like soil moisture at field capacity and the wilting point. The main water balance component is evapotranspiration. It is spatialized based on the FAO-56 approach and the relationship between crop coefficient and NDVI. This approach was tested over an irrigated area in the Haouz plain during the agricultural period (2011-2012). The results showed that DP followed water supply fluctuations (sum of rainfall and irrigation provided by the manager, ORMVAH). High DP values are observed during heavy rainfall in March (around 36, 27, and 20 mm) for sugar beet, wheat, and olive trees, respectively. However, from April to June, the vegetation cover was exposed to high water stress for the rest of the season mainly due to the mismatch of water supply.", "keywords": ["remote sensing", "SAMIR", "water balance", "550", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "FAO-56 model", "02 engineering and technology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "deep percolation", "environment", "630", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1335.46"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Horticulturae", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17660/actahortic.2022.1335.46", "name": "item", "description": "10.17660/actahortic.2022.1335.46", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1335.46"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3091208561", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:25:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-05", "title": "Performance of the HYDRUS-1D model for water balance components assessment of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in semi-arid region of Morocco", "description": "Abstract   The main goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the HYDRUS-1D numerical model for estimating the soil moisture (\u03b8) at different depths, actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) and its components (crop transpiration, Ta and soil evaporation, Ea) as well as the deep percolation (DP) of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in the semi-arid region of Tensift-basin (central Morocco). The HYDRUS-1D simulations were performed at daily time step during the two growing seasons: 2002/2003 and 2015/2016.  The model was firstly calibrated based on one field \u201cdenoted F1\u201d data during the 2002/2003 cropping season by using the Levenberg-Marquardt method implemented in HYDRUS-1D model for optimizing various parameters of Van Genuchten equation that provide the minimum difference between measured and simulated soil moisture at four layers of soil (0\u20135, 5\u201310, 10\u201320, 20\u201330, 30\u201350\u00a0cm). Afterwards, the model validation was done based on the data from four fields of wheat: two fields \u201cdenoted F2 and F3\u201d during the 2002/2003 and two other fields \u201cdenoted F4 and F5\u201d during the 2015/2016 cropping season. All fields were irrigated with flooding system except the field F5 where drip irrigation was undertaken. In-situ measurements of \u03b8 was carried out using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric method ETa was measured by the Eddy Covariance system Ta and Ea were monitored using a lysimeter in F5 field. The results showed that the HYDRUS-1D model simulates the \u03b8, ETa, Ta and Ea reasonably well.  Additionally, the evaluation of the irrigation system on DP losses was investigated by comparing the simulation results over flood (F4) and drip (F5) irrigated fields. It was found that about 56% and 20% of seasonal supplied water were lost by DP in F4 and F5 sites, respectively. Such unexpected high amount of DP taking place in F5 field is due to the improper use of the drip irrigation system.", "keywords": ["690", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Eddy covariance", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "deep percolation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "winter wheat", "Winter wheat", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Deep percolation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Eddy Covariance", "HYDRUS-1D"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3091208561"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3091208561", "name": "item", "description": "3091208561", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3091208561"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-13T14:50:38", "language": "eng", "title": "Percolation (K2, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Percolation calculated for the Middle Krishna (K2) sub-basin area. The Percolation (perco) is the ammount of soil moisture in the root zone that leaks deeper contributing to groundwater recharge. The calculation of Percolation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Percolation", "Soil moisture balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Middle Krishna sub-basin", "K2 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K2_PERCO/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "PERCO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Percolation (K2)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "name": "item", "description": "13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/13903459-06c0-4db8-90e1-6c9a75f1edeb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "86fcbd00-3eff-4375-956b-afa202dd10f9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:14:56", "language": "eng", "title": "Percolation (K3, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Percolation calculated for the Ghataprabha (K3) sub-basin area. The Percolation (perco) is the amount of soil moisture in the root zone that leaks deeper contributing to groundwater recharge. The calculation of Percolation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. More information can be found on the IHE Delft Water Accounting report of Karnataka.", "formats": [{"name": "netCDF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Percolation", "Soil moisture balance model", "Water Accounting", "ADB", "Monthly", "Ghataprabha sub-basin", "K3 sub-basin", "Krishna river basin", "Karnataka", "India", "India"], "contacts": [{"name": "Elga Salvadore", "organization": "IHE-Delft", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "e.salvadore@un-ihe.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Westvest 7"], "city": "Delft", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "2611 AX", "country": "The Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "IHE-Delft", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WATER/K3_PERCO/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "PERCO:MONTH:MONTH", "description": "Percolation (K3)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "86fcbd00-3eff-4375-956b-afa202dd10f9", "name": "item", "description": "86fcbd00-3eff-4375-956b-afa202dd10f9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/86fcbd00-3eff-4375-956b-afa202dd10f9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2010-06-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-05-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "8b9f9b35-188e-4592-aeb9-df22df6a0fad", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[64.05, 4.73], [64.05, 37.03], [91.74, 37.03], [91.74, 4.73], [64.05, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "India"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-07-19T07:57:20", "language": "eng", "title": "Percolation (K4, Karnataka, India - Monthly - 250m)", "description": "Percolation calculated for the Malaprabha (K4) sub-basin area. The Percolation (perco) is the amount of soil moisture in the root zone that leaks deeper contributing to groundwater recharge. The calculation of Percolation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. 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