{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-07", "title": "Co-variation of silicate, carbonate and sulfide weathering drives CO2 release with erosion", "description": "Abstract

Global climate is thought to be modulated by the supply of minerals to Earth\uffe2\uff80\uff99s surface. Whereas silicate weathering removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, weathering of accessory carbonate and sulfide minerals is a geologically relevant source of CO2. Although these weathering pathways commonly operate side by side, we lack quantitative constraints on their co-variation across erosion rate gradients. Here we use stream-water chemistry across an erosion rate gradient of three orders of magnitude in shales and sandstones of southern Taiwan, and find that sulfide and carbonate weathering rates rise with increasing erosion, while silicate weathering rates remain steady. As a result, on timescales shorter than marine sulfide compensation (approximately 106\uffe2\uff80\uff93107 years), weathering in rapidly eroding terrain leads to net CO2 emission rates that are about twice as fast as CO2 sequestration rates in slow-eroding terrain. We propose that these weathering reactions are linked and that sulfuric acid generated from sulfide oxidation boosts carbonate solubility, whereas silicate weathering kinetics remain unaffected, possibly due to efficient buffering of the pH. We expect that these patterns are broadly applicable to many Cenozoic mountain ranges that expose marine metasediments.

", "keywords": ["[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "333", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00714-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/bams-d-20-0086.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:17:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-20", "title": "Tundra greenness", "description": "Physical and Space Geodesy", "keywords": ["[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "[SDU.STU.ME] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/bams/101/8/bamsD200086.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0086.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/bams-d-20-0086.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/bams-d-20-0086.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/bams-d-20-0086.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2017JG004269", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-18", "title": "Soil Carbon Dynamics in Soybean Cropland and Forests in Mato Grosso, Brazil", "description": "Abstract

Climate and land use models predict that tropical deforestation and conversion to cropland will produce a large flux of soil carbon (C) to the atmosphere from accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the C flux from the deep tropical soils on which most intensive crop agriculture is now expanding remains poorly constrained. To quantify the effect of intensive agriculture on tropical soil C, we compared C stocks, radiocarbon, and stable C isotopes to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth from forests and soybean cropland created from former pasture in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We hypothesized that soil disturbance, higher soil temperatures (+2\uffc2\uffb0C), and lower OM inputs from soybeans would increase soil C turnover and deplete C stocks relative to nearby forest soils. However, we found reduced C concentrations and stocks only in surface soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm) of soybean cropland compared with forests, and these differences could be explained by soil mixing during plowing. The amount and \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2 to 50\uffc2\uffa0cm depth were significantly lower from soybean soils, yet CO2 production at 2\uffc2\uffa0m deep was low in both forest and soybean soils. Mean surface soil \uffce\uffb413C decreased by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 between 2009 and 2013 in soybean cropland, suggesting low OM inputs from soybeans. Together these findings suggest the following: (1) soil C is relatively resistant to changes in land use and (2) conversion to cropland caused a small, measurable reduction in the fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling C pool through reduced OM inputs, mobilization of older C from soil mixing, and/or destabilization of SOM in surface soils.

", "keywords": ["tropical forest", "2. Zero hunger", "Life on Land", "land use", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Geophysics", "Tropical forest", "Isotopes", "13. Climate action", "Land use", "Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon", "Brazil", "isotopes", "Research Articles", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JG004269"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt4jm295dz/qt4jm295dz.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004269"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2017JG004269", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2017JG004269", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2017JG004269"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.033", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-20", "title": "Calibrating an evapotranspiration model using radiometric surface temperature, vegetation cover fraction and near-surface soil moisture data", "description": "An accurate representation of the partitioning between soil evaporation and plant transpiration is an asset for modeling crop evapotranspiration (ET) along the agricultural season. The Two-Surface energy Balance (TSEB) model operates the ET partitioning by using the land surface temperature (LST), vegetation cover fraction (fc), and the Priestley Taylor (PT) assumption that relates transpiration to net radiation via a fixed PT coefficient (\u03b1PT). To help constrain the evaporation/transpiration partition of TSEB, a new model (named TSEB-SM) is developed by using, in addition to LST and fc data, the near-surface soil moisture (SM) as an extra constraint on soil evaporation. An innovative calibration procedure is proposed to retrieve three key parameters: \u03b1PT and the parameters (arss and brss) of a soil resistance formulation. Specifically, arss and brss are retrieved at the seasonal time scale from SM and LST data with fc\u202f \u202f0.5. The new ET model named TSEB-SM is tested over 1 flood- and 2 drip-irrigated wheat fields using in situ data collected during two field experiments in 2002\u20132003 and 2016\u20132017. The calibration algorithm is found to be remarkably stable as \u03b1PT, arss and brss parameters converge rapidly in few (2\u20133) iterations. Retrieved values of \u03b1PT, arss and brss are in the range 0.0\u20131.4, 5.7\u20139.5, and 1.4\u20136.9, respectively. Calibrated daily \u03b1PT mainly follows the phenology of winter wheat crop with a maximum value coincident with the full development of green biomass and a minimum value reached at harvest. The temporal variations of \u03b1PT before senescence are attributed to the dynamics of both root-zone soil moisture. Moreover, the overall (for the three sites) root mean square difference between the ET simulated by TSEB-SM and eddy-covariance measurements is 67\u202fW\u202fm\u22122 (24% relative error), compared to 108\u202fW\u202fm\u22122 (38% relative error) for the original version of TSEB using default parameterization (\u03b1PT\u202f=\u202f1.26). Such a calibration strategy has great potential for applications at multiple scales using remote sensing data including thermal-derived LST, solar reflectance-derived fc and microwave-derived SM.", "keywords": ["Priestley-taylor coefficient", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "TSEB modifid", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Vegetation cover fraction", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Turbulent heat fluxes", "Soil moisture", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Land surface temperature", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108823", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-20", "title": "Timing leaf senescence : a generalized additive models for location, scale and shape approach", "description": "Accurate estimations of phenophases in deciduous trees are important to understand forest ecosystems and their feedback on the climate. In particular, the timing of leaf senescence is of fundamental importance to trees' nutrient stoichiometry and drought tolerance and therefore to trees' vigor and fecundity. Nevertheless, there is no integrated view on the significance, and direction, of seasonal trends in leaf senescence, especially for years characterized by extreme weather events. Difficulties in the acquisition and analyses of hierarchical data can account for this. We collected four years of chlorophyll content index (CCI) measurements in thirty-eight individuals of four deciduous tree species (Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Populus tremula and Quercus robur) in Belgium, Norway and Spain, and analyzed these data using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). As a result, (I) the phenological strategy and seasonal trend of leaf senescence in these tree species could be clarified for exceptionally dry and warm years, and (II) the daily average (air) temperature, global radiation, and vapor pressure deficit could be established as main drivers behind the variation in the timing of the senescence transition date. Our results show that the onset of the re-organization phase in the leaf senescence, which we approximated and defined as local minima in the second derivative of a CCI graph, was in all species mainly negatively affected by the average temperature, global radiation and vapor pressure deficit. All together the variables explained 89 to 98% of the variability in the leaf senescence timing. An additional finding is that the generalized beta type 2 and generalized gamma distributions are well suited to model the chlorophyll content index, while the senescence transition date can be modeled using the normal-exponential-student-t, generalized gamma and zero-inflated Box-Cox Cole and Green distributions for beech, oak and birch, and poplar, respectively.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Physics", "ta1183", "Silver birch", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Generalized additive models for location", "Scale and shape", "European beech", "Pedunculate oak", "Chemistry", "Leaf senescence", "13. Climate action", "European aspen", "ta1181", "0101 mathematics", "Biology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108823"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108823", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108823", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108823"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-17", "title": "The gallium isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth", "description": "AbstractWe report a new method for precise analysis of gallium (Ga) isotopic composition in geological samples. The purification of Ga is achieved by a three-step ion exchange chromatography to remove matrix and interfering elements. The 71Ga/69Ga ratios are analyzed by multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). The external reproducibility of the measurements (0.05\u2030, 2 s.d.) was assessed by replicate analyses of the USGS BCR-2 and BHVO-2 standards. This newly developed technique was then used to investigate the extent of Ga isotopic fractionation during igneous processes by analyzing well-characterized samples from the Kilauea Iki lava lake, USA. These samples were formed in a closed system and have MgO contents ranging from 26.9 to 2.4wt.%. We found that igneous processes do not fractionate Ga isotopes within the analytical uncertainty and that the Ga isotopic composition of mafic-ultramafic lavas can be used to estimate the composition of their mantle source. Twelve ocean island basalts, two mid-ocean-ridge basalts, one continental flood basalt and one komatiite have homogeneous and nearly identical Ga isotopic compositions within analytical uncertainties averaging 0.00\u00b10.06\u2030 (2s.d.). This value represents the best estimate for the Ga isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth", "keywords": ["Bulk Silicate Earth", "Komatiite", "Gallium", "Geology", "MORB", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "Geochemistry and Petrology", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "14. Life underwater", "OIB", "MC-ICP-MS", "Basalt", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chemical%20Geology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-09-16", "title": "Benefits Of Legume\u2013Maize Rotations: Assessing The Impact Of Diversity On The Productivity Of Smallholders In Western Kenya", "description": "Abstract Agricultural intensification of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is a prerequisite to alleviate rural poverty and improve livelihoods. Legumes have shown great potential to enhance system productivity. On-farm experiments were conducted in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Western Kenya to assess the agronomic and economic benefits of promising legumes. In each zone, trials were established in fields of high, medium and low fertility to assess the effect of soil fertility heterogeneity on legume productivity and subsequent maize yield. Common bean, soybean, groundnut, lima bean, lablab, velvet bean, crotalaria, and jackbean were grown in the short rains season, followed by maize in the long rains season. Alongside, continuous maize treatments fertilised at different rates were established. AEZs and soil fertility gradients within these zones greatly affected crop productivity, returns to land and labour of rotations, as well as the relative performance of rotations. Poorer soil fertility and AEZs with lower rainfall gave smaller legume and maize yields and consequently, smaller returns to land and labour. The cultivation of legumes increased maize yields in the subsequent long rains season compared with continuous maize receiving fertiliser at a similar rate, while the increase of maize after green manure legumes was stronger than that after grain legumes. Maize yield responded strongly to increasing amounts of N applied as legume residues with diminishing returns to legume-N application rates above 100\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121. In the low potential zones, factors other than improved N availability likely also stimulated maize yield. Rotations with grain legumes generally provided better returns than those with green manures. Intercropping bean with maize in the long rains season provided an additional bean yield that did not come at the expense of maize yield and improved returns to land and labour, but more so in the high potential zones. The results demonstrate the strong impact of biophysical diversity on the productivity of the legumes and suggest the need for careful targeting of legume technologies to the different biophysical conditions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "semiarid kenya", "soil fertility", "legumes", "sustainable intensification", "cattle manure", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "maize", "exploring diversity", "nitrogen", "economic analysis", "soybean glycine-max", "soil fertility management", "biophysics", "on-farm productivity", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farming systems", "crop-livestock systems", "degraded soils"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2019jb017599", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-31", "title": "Reply to Comment by Jennings et al. (2019b) on \u201cInvestigating Earth's Formation History through Copper and Sulfur Metal\u2010Silicate Partitioning During Core\u2010Mantle Differentiation\u201d, by Mahan et al. (2018)", "description": "Abstract

Recognizing existing materials that can act as proxies for Earth's building blocks, and understanding the accretionary pathway taken during Earth's growth, persist as outstanding issues in need of resolution. In Mahan, Siebert, Blanchard, Badro, et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015991), we conducted diamond anvil cell (DAC) Cu metal\uffe2\uff80\uff90silicate partitioning experiments and coupled these results with a large complement of literature data to characterize Cu metal\uffe2\uff80\uff90silicate partitioning during Earth's core formation and accretion history. The Comment of Jennings, Wade, and Llovet (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016930) contends that secondary X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray fluorescence, originating from the Cu holders that experiments are routinely welded to (\uffe2\uff80\uff9clift\uffe2\uff80\uff90out\uffe2\uff80\uff9d grids), compromises the novel Cu partitioning data of Mahan, Siebert, Blanchard, Badro, et al. (2018) beyond utility. To dispel these concerns and further validate our data, we have (i) investigated secondary X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray fluorescence effects in a Cu\uffe2\uff80\uff90free experiment and provided a matrix\uffe2\uff80\uff90matched data correction, and (ii) rewelded a DAC experiment from a Cu grid to a Mo grid for a comparison of compositional analyses and Cu partitioning results. Secondary fluorescence results, in fact much like the simulated results in Jennings, Wade, and Llovet (2019), indicate that this effect is essentially equal in the metal and silicate phases and therefore has no actual impact on Cu metal\uffe2\uff80\uff90silicate partition coefficients. Moreover, Cu concentrations and partition coefficients determined using the Mo grid are statistically indistinguishable from that determined using the Cu grid. All results decisively illustrate that while secondary X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray fluorescence must be considered where absolute concentrations are the final objective, it has had no meaningful impact on the partitioning data and observations of Mahan, Siebert, Blanchard, Badro, et al. (2018).

", "keywords": ["[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "550", "diamond anvil cell", "13. Climate action", "copper", "metal-silicate partitioning", "modeling", "core formation", "geochemistry"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JB017599"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017599"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Solid%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2019jb017599", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2019jb017599", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2019jb017599"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-14", "title": "Isotopic fractionation of zirconium during magmatic differentiation and the stable isotope composition of the silicate Earth", "description": "Abstract High-precision double-spike Zr stable isotope measurements (expressed as \u03b494/90ZrIPGP-Zr, the permil deviation of the 94Zr/90Zr ratio from the IPGP-Zr standard) are presented for a range of ocean island basalts (OIB) and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) to examine mass-dependent isotopic variations of zirconium in Earth. Ocean island basalt samples, spanning a range of radiogenic isotopic flavours (HIMU, EM) show a limited range in \u03b494/90ZrIPGP-Zr (0.046\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.037\u2030; 2sd, n\u202f=\u202f13). Similarly, MORB samples with chondrite-normalized La/Sm of >0.7 show a limited range in \u03b494/90ZrIPGP-Zr (0.053\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.040\u2030; 2sd, n\u202f=\u202f8). In contrast, basaltic lavas from mantle sources that have undergone significant melt depletion, such as depleted normal MORB (N-MORB) show resolvable variations in \u03b494/90ZrIPGP-Zr, from \u22120.045\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.018 to 0.074\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.023\u2030. Highly evolved igneous differentiates (>65\u202fwt% SiO2) from Hekla volcano in Iceland are isotopically heavier than less evolved igneous rocks, up to 0.53\u2030. These results suggest that both mantle melt depletion and extreme magmatic differentiation leads to resolvable mass-dependent Zr isotope fractionation. We find that this isotopic fractionation is most likely driven by incorporation of light isotopes of Zr within the 8-fold coordinated sites of zircons, driving residual melts, with a lower coordination chemistry, towards heavier values. Using a Rayleigh fractionation model, we suggest a \u03b1zircon-melt of 0.9995 based on the whole rock \u03b494/90ZrIPGP-Zr values of the samples from Hekla volcano (Iceland). Zirconium isotopic fractionation during melt-depletion of the mantle is less well-constrained, but may result from incongruent melting and incorporation of isotopically light Zr in the 8-fold coordinated M2 site of orthopyroxene. Based on these observations lavas originating from the effect of melt extraction from a depleted mantle source (N-MORB) or that underwent zircon saturation (SiO2\u202f>\u202f65\u202fwt%) are removed from the dataset to give an estimate of the primitive mantle Zr isotope composition of 0.048\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.032\u2030; 2sd, n\u202f=\u202f48. These data show that major controls on Zr fractionation in the Earth result from partial melt extraction in the mantle and by zircon fractionation in differentiated melts. Conversely, fertile mantle is homogenous with respect to Zr isotopes. Zirconium mass-dependent fractionation effects can therefore be used to trace large-scale mantle melt depletion events and the effects of felsic crust formation.", "keywords": ["GE", "Non-traditional stable isotope", "550", "NDAS", "MORB", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Magmatic differentiation", "13. Climate action", "Zr isotopes", "OIB", "GE Environmental Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geochimica%20et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.036", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-27", "title": "Volatile distributions in and on the Moon revealed by Cu and Fe isotopes in the \u2018Rusty Rock\u2019 66095", "description": "Abstract The Apollo 16 \u2018Rusty Rock\u2019 impact melt breccia 66095 is a volatile-rich sample, with the volatiles inherited through vapor condensation from an internal lunar source formed during thermo-magmatic evolution of the Moon. We report Cu and Fe isotope data for 66095 and find that bulk-rocks, residues and acid leaches span a relatively limited range of compositions (3.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.3\u202fwt.% FeO [range\u202f=\u202f2.0\u20134.8\u202fwt.%], 5.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.1\u202fppm Cu [range\u202f=\u202f3\u201312\u202fppm], average \u03b456Fe of 0.15\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.05\u2030 [weighted mean\u202f=\u202f0.156\u2030] and \u03b465Cu of 0.72\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.14\u2030 [weighted mean\u202f=\u202f0.78\u2030]). In contrast to the extreme enrichment of the light isotopes of Zn and heavy isotopes of Cl in 66095, \u03b465Cu and \u03b456Fe in the sample lie within the previously reported range for lunar mare basalts (0.92\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.16\u2030 and 0.12\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.02\u2030, respectively). The lack of extreme isotopic fractionation for Cu and Fe isotopes reflects compositions inherent to 66095, with condensation of a cooling gas from impact-generated fumarolic activity at temperatures too low to lead to the condensation of Cu and Fe in the sample, but higher than required to condense Zn. Together with thermodynamic models, these constraints suggest that the gas condensed within 66095 between 700 and 900\u202f\u00b0C (assuming a pressure of 10\u22126 and an fO2 of IW-2). That the Cu and Fe isotopic compositions of sample 66095 are within the range of mare basalts removes the need for an exotic, volatile-enriched source. The enrichment in Tl, Br, Cd, Sn, Zn, Pb, Rb, Cs, Ga, B, Cl, Li relative to Bi, Se, Te, Ge, Cu, Ag, Sb, Mn, P, Cr and Fe in the \u2018Rusty Rock\u2019 is consistent with volcanic outgassing models and indicates that 66095 likely formed distal from the original source of the gas. The volatile-rich character of 66095 is consistent with impact-generated fumarolic activity in the region of the Cayley Plains, demonstrating that volatile-rich rocks can occur on the lunar surface from outgassing of a volatile-poor lunar interior. The \u2018Rusty Rock\u2019 indicates that the lunar interior is significantly depleted in volatile elements and compounds and that volatile-rich surface rocks likely formed through vapor condensation. Remote sensing studies have detected volatiles on the lunar surface, attributing them dominantly to solar wind. Based on the \u2018Rusty Rock\u2019, some of these surface volatiles may also originate from the Moon\u2019s interior.", "keywords": ["[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Condensates", "Copper isotopes", "13. Climate action", "Evaporation", "Iron isotopes", "Volatile elements", "Moon", "Rusty Rock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.036"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geochimica%20et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.036", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.036", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.036"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "ed8329b1e523ba4d73a5f091926d4f56", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:25:47Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Fluid Mechanics at Interfaces 1: Methods and Diversity", "description": "The achievement of the general objectives of the Systems and Engineering OpenScience e-journalThermodynamics of interfaces and fluid mechanicsis partly concretized inthe series\u201cFluid Mechanics at Interfaces'.The first volume, subtitled \u2018Methods and Diversity\u2019,focuses moreon the sciences, with their various methods of analysis -depending on the scales of space, speed and time, from the microscopicor small scale (starting with molecular and nanoscopic scales characteristic of the matter)to the macroscopic (including meso and interstellar scales), as well as their laws (classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, relativistic mechanics). The chapters are, in order:Chapter 1(R. Prud'homme): As an introduction toFluid Mechanics at Interfaces, we examine questions raised by the modelingof interfaces in the presence of one or more fluid phases. The following themes are examined: scales of length and time, the definition of interfacial quantities, microscopic and macroscopic balance equations, constitutive laws. Chapter 2 (S. Gou\u00e9nard, S. Mimouni, S. Vincent) is titled: Large-scale simulation for two-phase, non-isothermal turbulence with a multi-field approach.The study presented here relates to the action of turbulence in these two-phase flows, consideringheat exchanges at the interfaces. A new model, using the large-eddy simulationmethod, is presented. Chapter 3 (M. -A. Chadil, S. Vincent, J.-L. Estivalezes) studies an original method for calculating the drag force and thermal transfers in flows around networks of spherical particles.This chapter also examines numerical approaches in a two-phase, fluid/solid medium through Particle-Resolved methods, i.e. the size of the particles is greater than that of the cells in the calculation mesh. Chapter 4 (R. Prud'homme) studies the relationships between interfaces and critical fluids. The neighborhood of the critical liquid-vapor point of pure bodies presents unique behaviors. In particular, the interface between the liquid and its vapor vanishes when passing the critical point. The piston effect replaces the conductive transfer of heat in the vicinity of the solid walls in 1D configurationChapter 5 (D. Beysens) examines shearing which causes Brownian motion anomalies in particles immersed in fluids undergoing strong fluctuations close to their critical point. Chapter 6 (R. Prud'homme) introduces basic concepts related to combustion interfaces. We also examine turbulent and laminar diffusion and premix gas flames. Thereis also the question of the combustion of solids such as thermites, plates with parallel flow and powder propellants.", "keywords": ["[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Prud'Homme, Roger, Vincent, St\u00e9phane,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/ed8329b1e523ba4d73a5f091926d4f56"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "ed8329b1e523ba4d73a5f091926d4f56", "name": "item", "description": "ed8329b1e523ba4d73a5f091926d4f56", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ed8329b1e523ba4d73a5f091926d4f56"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104346", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-27", "title": "Soil chemistry, temperature and bacterial community composition drive brGDGT distributions along a subarctic elevation gradient", "description": "Open AccessOrganic Geochemistry, 163", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Chemistry", "Soil biomarkers", "13. Climate action", "Physics", "brGDGT", "Bacterial community", "brGDGT; Biomarker proxy; Bacterial community; Soil biomarkers", "15. Life on land", "Biomarker proxy", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104346"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Organic%20Geochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104346", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104346", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104346"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2015gb005239", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-19", "title": "Toward More Realistic Projections Of Soil Carbon Dynamics By Earth System Models", "description": "Abstract

Soil carbon (C) is a critical component of Earth system models (ESMs), and its diverse representations are a major source of the large spread across models in the terrestrial C sink from the third to fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Improving soil C projections is of a high priority for Earth system modeling in the future IPCC and other assessments. To achieve this goal, we suggest that (1) model structures should reflect real\uffe2\uff80\uff90world processes, (2) parameters should be calibrated to match model outputs with observations, and (3) external forcing variables should accurately prescribe the environmental conditions that soils experience. First, most soil C cycle models simulate C input from litter production and C release through decomposition. The latter process has traditionally been represented by first\uffe2\uff80\uff90order decay functions, regulated primarily by temperature, moisture, litter quality, and soil texture. While this formulation well captures macroscopic soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, better understanding is needed of their underlying mechanisms as related to microbial processes, depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent environmental controls, and other processes that strongly affect soil C dynamics. Second, incomplete use of observations in model parameterization is a major cause of bias in soil C projections from ESMs. Optimal parameter calibration with both pool\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and flux\uffe2\uff80\uff90based data sets through data assimilation is among the highest priorities for near\uffe2\uff80\uff90term research to reduce biases among ESMs. Third, external variables are represented inconsistently among ESMs, leading to differences in modeled soil C dynamics. We recommend the implementation of traceability analyses to identify how external variables and model parameterizations influence SOC dynamics in different ESMs. Overall, projections of the terrestrial C sink can be substantially improved when reliable data sets are available to select the most representative model structure, constrain parameters, and prescribe forcing fields.

", "keywords": ["550", "LAND MODELS", "Oceanography", "HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION", "01 natural sciences", "Atmospheric Sciences", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "ORGANIC-CARBON", "Geoinformatics", "GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE", "DATA-ASSIMILATION", "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences", "TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY", "CMIP5", "MICROBIAL MODELS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "500", "Earth system models", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", "Climate Action", "Geochemistry", "Climate change impacts and adaptation", "realistic projections", "13. Climate action", "recommendations", "Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon dynamics", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation", "Environmental Sciences", "PARAMETER-ESTIMATION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt1pw7g2r2/qt1pw7g2r2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005239"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2015gb005239", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2015gb005239", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2015gb005239"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2015wr018233", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-20", "title": "Modeling soil evaporation efficiency in a range of soil and atmospheric conditions using a meta\u2010analysis approach", "description": "Abstract

A meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven approach is developed to represent the soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation. The new model is tested across a bare soil database composed of more than 30 sites around the world, a clay fraction range of 0.02\uffe2\uff80\uff930.56, a sand fraction range of 0.05\uffe2\uff80\uff930.92, and about 30,000 acquisition times. SEE is modeled using a soil resistance (rss) formulation based on surface soil moisture (\uffce\uffb8) and two resistance parameters and \uffce\uffb8efolding. The data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven approach aims to express both parameters as a function of observable data including meteorological forcing, cut\uffe2\uff80\uff90off soil moisture value at which SEE=0.5, and first derivative of SEE at , named . An analytical relationship between and is first built by running a soil energy balance model for two extreme conditions with rss\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff890 and using meteorological forcing solely, and by approaching the middle point from the two (wet and dry) reference points. Two different methods are then investigated to estimate the pair either from the time series of SEE and \uffce\uffb8 observations for a given site, or using the soil texture information for all sites. The first method is based on an algorithm specifically designed to accomodate for strongly nonlinear relationships and potentially large random deviations of observed SEE from the mean observed . The second method parameterizes as a multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90linear regression of clay and sand percentages, and sets to a constant mean value for all sites. The new model significantly outperformed the evaporation modules of ISBA (Interaction Sol\uffe2\uff80\uff90Biosph\uffc3\uffa8re\uffe2\uff80\uff90Atmosph\uffc3\uffa8re), H\uffe2\uff80\uff90TESSEL (Hydrology\uffe2\uff80\uff90Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchange over Land), and CLM (Community Land Model). It has potential for integration in various land\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface schemes, and real calibration capabilities using combined thermal and microwave remote sensing data.The amount and timing of snow cover control the cycling of carbon (C), water, and energy in arctic ecosystems. The implications of changing snow cover for regional C budgets, biogeochemistry, hydrology, and albedo due to climate change are rudimentary, especially for the High Arctic. In a polar semidesert of NW Greenland, we used a ~10\uffe2\uff80\uff89year old snow manipulation experiment to quantify how deeper snow affects magnitude, seasonality, and 14C content of summer C emissions. We monitored ecosystem respiration (Reco), soil CO2, and their 14C contents over three summers in vegetated and bare areas. Additional snowpack, elevated soil water content (SWC), and temperature throughout the growing season in vegetated, but not in bare, areas. Daily Reco was positively correlated to temperature, but negatively correlated to SWC; consequently, we found no effect of increased snow on daily flux. Cumulative summertime Reco was not related to annual snowfall, but to water year precipitation (winter snow plus summer rain). Experimentally increased snowpack shortened the growing season length and reduced summertime Reco up to 40%. Soil CO2 was older under increased snow. However, we found no effect of snow depth on the Reco age because older C emissions were masked by younger CO2 produced from the litter layer or plant respiration. In the High Arctic, anticipated changes in precipitation regime associated with warming are a key uncertainty for understanding future C cycling. In polar semideserts, water year precipitation is an important driver of summertime Reco. Permafrost C is vulnerable to changes in snowpack, with a deeper snowpack\uffe2\uff80\uff90promoting decomposition of older soil C.

", "keywords": ["Climate Action", "Geophysics", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lupascu, M, Welker, JM, Xu, X, Czimczik, CI,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt42z6w12h/qt42z6w12h.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jg002494"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2013jg002494", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2013jg002494", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2013jg002494"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2016rg000543", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-23", "title": "A review of spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture", "description": "Abstract

Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used to estimate surface soil moisture. Numerous efforts have been devoted to develop global soil moisture products. However, these global soil moisture products, normally retrieved from microwave remote sensing data, are typically not suitable for regional hydrological and agricultural applications such as irrigation management and flood predictions, due to their coarse spatial resolution. Therefore, various downscaling methods have been proposed to improve the coarse resolution soil moisture products. The purpose of this paper is to review existing methods for downscaling satellite remotely sensed soil moisture. These methods are assessed and compared in terms of their advantages and limitations. This review also provides the accuracy level of these methods based on published validation studies. In the final part, problems and future trends associated with these methods are analyzed.Climate and land use models predict that tropical deforestation and conversion to cropland will produce a large flux of soil carbon (C) to the atmosphere from accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the C flux from the deep tropical soils on which most intensive crop agriculture is now expanding remains poorly constrained. To quantify the effect of intensive agriculture on tropical soil C, we compared C stocks, radiocarbon, and stable C isotopes to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth from forests and soybean cropland created from former pasture in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We hypothesized that soil disturbance, higher soil temperatures (+2\uffc2\uffb0C), and lower OM inputs from soybeans would increase soil C turnover and deplete C stocks relative to nearby forest soils. However, we found reduced C concentrations and stocks only in surface soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm) of soybean cropland compared with forests, and these differences could be explained by soil mixing during plowing. The amount and \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2 to 50\uffc2\uffa0cm depth were significantly lower from soybean soils, yet CO2 production at 2\uffc2\uffa0m deep was low in both forest and soybean soils. Mean surface soil \uffce\uffb413C decreased by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 between 2009 and 2013 in soybean cropland, suggesting low OM inputs from soybeans. Together these findings suggest the following: (1) soil C is relatively resistant to changes in land use and (2) conversion to cropland caused a small, measurable reduction in the fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling C pool through reduced OM inputs, mobilization of older C from soil mixing, and/or destabilization of SOM in surface soils.Polarization is a fundamental property of electromagnetic waves that plays a key role in many physical phenomena and applications. Schemes to manipulate it are revisited with the emergence of metasurfaces, which have brought multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90functionalities straightforwardly. However, this has come at the expense of design complexity that relies strongly on field theory. Here, an ingenious strategy of modular design is proposed to construct subwavelength multifunctional polarization control devices. Chiral metasurfaces with different handedness are first proposed and regarded as modules. The versatile polarization controller can thus be obtained with the combination of different modules. These experiments demonstrate that the well\uffe2\uff80\uff90designed polarization controller possesses reconfigurable functionality, and various broadband polarization and amplitude regulation functions with high efficiency including arbitrary linear polarization rotation, asymmetric transmission effect, neutral\uffe2\uff80\uff90density\uffe2\uff80\uff90like filter, polarization beam splitter, etc., can be readily realized just by changing the cascaded modules. The physical mechanisms of the versatile polarization controller and chiral metasurface modules are both guaranteed by the Fabry\uffe2\uff80\uff93P\uffc3\uffa9rot\uffe2\uff80\uff90like resonances, which are theoretically verified via the transfer matrix method. It is envisioned that the modular concept will be of great benefit to designing compact multifunctional polarization controllers.Bionanohybrids of carbon nanotubes and fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a promising class of materials for optoelectronic applications. Understanding and controlling the charge transport mechanism between FPs and carbon nanotubes are critical to achieving functional reproducibility and exploring novel synergetic effects. This work demonstrates a novel phenomenon of photocurrent generation in field\uffe2\uff80\uff90effect transistors based on the conjugation of an individual single\uffe2\uff80\uff90walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and FPs. When studying the effect of gate voltage on the photoresponse, reversible switching from fast positive to a slow negative photoresponse in bionanohybrids associated with depletion and accumulation modes, respectively is observed. The latter demonstrates a stable memory effect after the light is turned off. It is revealed that in depletion mode, the charge carriers from the protein are not trapped at the interface due to effective screening by the gate potential. It is suggested that the main mechanism in photoresponse switching is a competitive effect between photogating and effective photodoping of the SWCNT by charges trapped at the nanotube interface. The noticeable effect of water molecules can support proton transfer as the main mechanism of charge transfer. This result illustrates that SWCNT/FP bionanohybrids bear great potential for the realization of novel optoelectronic devices.We propose two methods to calibrate the parameters of the epidemic\uffe2\uff80\uff90type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model based on expectation maximization (EM) while accounting for temporal variation of catalog completeness. The first method allows for model calibration on long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term earthquake catalogs with temporal variation of the completeness magnitude,mc. This calibration technique is beneficial for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA), which is often based on a mixture of instrumental and historical catalogs. The second method generalizes the concept ofmc, considering rate\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and magnitude\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent detection probability, and allows for self\uffe2\uff80\uff90consistent estimation of ETAS parameters and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency detection incompleteness. With this approach, we aim to address the potential biases in parameter calibration due to short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term aftershock incompleteness, embracing incompleteness instead of avoiding it. Using synthetic tests, we show that both methods can accurately invert the parameters of simulated catalogs. We then use them to estimate ETAS parameters for California using the earthquake catalog since 1932. To explore how model calibration, inclusion of small events, and accounting for short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term incompleteness affect earthquakes' predictability, we systematically compare variants of ETAS models based on the second approach in pseudo\uffe2\uff80\uff90prospective forecasting experiments for California. Our proposed model significantly outperforms the ETAS null model, with decreasing information gain for increasing target magnitude threshold. We find that the ability to include small earthquakes for simulation of future scenarios is the primary driver of the improvement and that accounting for incompleteness is necessary. Our results have significant implications for our understanding of earthquake interaction mechanisms and the future of seismicity forecasting.

", "keywords": ["Physics - Geophysics", "13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "earthquake forecasting", "ETAS", "FOS: Physical sciences", "short-term aftershock incompleteness", "data incompleteness", "01 natural sciences", "model inversion", "data incompleteness; model inversion; ETAS; earthquake forecasting", "Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10507003.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Solid%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/essoar.10507003.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/essoar.10507003.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/essoar.10507003.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/qj.3497", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-05", "title": "Current state of the global operational aerosol multi\u2010model ensemble: An update from the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP)", "description": "

Since the first International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP) multi\u2010model ensemble (MME) study, the number of ICAP global operational aerosol models has increased from five to nine. An update of the current ICAP status is provided, along with an evaluation of the performance of ICAP\u2010MME over 2012\u20132017, with a focus on June 2016\u2013May 2017. Evaluated with ground\u2010based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol optical depth (AOD) and data assimilation quality MODerate\u2010resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieval products, the ICAP\u2010MME AOD consensus remains the overall top\u2010scoring and most consistent performer among all models in terms of root\u2010mean\u2010square error (RMSE), bias and correlation for total, fine\u2010 and coarse\u2010mode AODs as well as dust AOD; this is similar to the first ICAP\u2010MME study. Further, over the years, the performance of ICAP\u2010MME is relatively stable and reliable compared to more variability in the individual models. The extent to which the AOD forecast error of ICAP\u2010MME can be predicted is also examined. Leading predictors are found to be the consensus mean and spread. Regression models of absolute forecast errors were built for AOD forecasts of different lengths for potential applications. ICAP\u2010MME performance in terms of modal AOD RMSEs of the 21 regionally representative sites over 2012\u20132017 suggests a general tendency for model improvements in fine\u2010mode AOD, especially over Asia. No significant improvement in coarse\u2010mode AOD is found overall for this time period.

", "keywords": ["[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Special Supplement on 25 Years of Ensemble Forecasting", "01 natural sciences", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.3497"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3497"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/qj.3497", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/qj.3497", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/qj.3497"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/qj.4033", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-06", "title": "Sensitivity of some African heavy rainfall events to microphysics and planetary boundary layer schemes: Impacts on localised storms", "description": "Abstract

High\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) simulations of heavy rainfall events are known to be strongly sensitive to the choice of the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90grid scale parameterisation schemes. In the African continent, studies on such a choice at the convective\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolving scales are not numerous. By exploiting a state\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90art NWP model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the sensitivity of the simulation of three heavy rainfall events in Sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa to the microphysical (MP) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes is studied. Validating the numerical outputs against rainfall satellite estimates, ground\uffe2\uff80\uff90based weather stations, radiosonde profiles and satellite\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature maps with an object\uffe2\uff80\uff90based tool, the best\uffe2\uff80\uff90performing setup is identified. In terms of heavy rainfall forecast location, it is found that the PBL scheme has a greater impact than the MP, which is shown to control the cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature simulation. Among the schemes considered, the best performances are achieved with a six\uffe2\uff80\uff90class single\uffe2\uff80\uff90moment microphysical scheme and a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90local planetary boundary layer scheme which properly includes the vertical mixing by the large eddies in the atmosphere.

", "keywords": ["NWP model", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "WRF", "Africa; heavy rainfall; microphysics; MODE; NWP model; planetary boundary layer; WRF;", "heavy rainfall", "microphysics", "MODE", "01 natural sciences", "planetary boundary layer", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1206957/1/Quart%20J%20Royal%20Meteoro%20Soc%20-%202021%20-%20Meroni%20-%20Sensitivity%20of%20some%20African%20heavy%20rainfall%20events%20to%20microphysics%20and%20planetary.pdf"}, {"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/qj.4033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/qj.4033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/wat2.1616", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-10", "title": "Women in limnology: From a historical perspective to a present\u2010day evaluation", "description": "Abstract

Research in limnology is nurtured by the work of many fascinating and passionate women, who have contributed enormously to our understanding of inland waters. Female limnologists have promoted and established the bases of our knowledge about inland waters and fostered the need of protecting the values of those ecosystems. However, on numerous occasions, their contribution to the advancement of limnology has not been duly recognized. Here, we review the presence of women in limnology through the history of the discipline: from the pioneers who contributed to the origins to present day' developments. We aim at visibilizing those scientists and establish them as role models. We also analyze in a simple and illustrative way the current situation of women in limnology, the scientific barriers they must deal with, and their future prospects. Multiple aspects fostering the visibility of a scientist, such as their presence in conferences, awards, or representation in societal or editorial boards show a significant gap, with none of those aspects showing a similar visibility of women and men in limnology. This article raises awareness of the obstacles that women in limnology faced and still face, and encourages to embrace models of leadership, scientific management, and assessment of research performance far from those commonly established.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods

Water and Life > Methods

Quantifying the upper limit of stable soil carbon storage is essential for guiding policies to increase soil carbon storage. One pool of carbon considered particularly stable across climate zones and soil types is formed when dissolved organic carbon sorbs to minerals. We quantified, for the first time, the potential of mineral soils to sorb additional dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for six soil orders. We compiled 402 laboratory sorption experiments to estimate the additional DOC sorption potential, that is the potential of excess DOC sorption in addition to the existing background level already sorbed in each soil sample. We estimated this potential using gridded climate and soil geochemical variables within a machine learning model. We find that mid- and low-latitude soils and subsoils have a greater capacity to store DOC by sorption compared to high-latitude soils and topsoils. The global additional DOC sorption potential for six soil orders is estimated to be 107 $$ pm$$ \uffc2\uffb1 13 Pg C to 1\uffc2\uffa0m depth. If this potential was realized, it would represent a 7% increase in the existing total carbon stock.Streams and rivers act as landscape-scale bioreactors processing large quantities of terrestrial particulate organic matter (POM). This function is linked to their flow regime, which governs residence times, shapes organic matter reactivity and controls the amount of carbon (C) exported to the atmosphere and coastal oceans. Climate change impacts flow regimes by increasing both flash floods and droughts. Here, we used a modelling approach to explore the consequences of lateral hydrological contraction, that is, the reduction of the wet portion of the streambed, for POM decomposition and transport at the river network scale. Our model integrates seasonal leaf litter input as generator of POM, transient storage of POM on wet and dry streambed portions with associated decomposition and ensuing changes in reactivity, and transport dynamics through a dendritic river network. Simulations showed that the amount of POM exported from the river network and its average reactivity increased with lateral hydrological contraction, due to the combination of (1) low processing of POM while stored on dry streambeds, and (2) large shunting during flashy events. The sensitivity analysis further supported that high lateral hydrological contraction leads to higher export of higher reactivity POM, regardless of transport coefficient values, average reactivity of fresh leaf litter and differences between POM reactivity under wet and dry conditions. Our study incorporates storage in dry streambed areas into the pulse-shunt concept (Raymond and others in Ecology 97(1):5\uffe2\uff80\uff9316, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1684.1), providing a mechanistic framework and testable predictions about leaf litter storage, transport and decomposition in fluvial networks.13C", "570", "550", "Chronosequence C4/C3", "14 C", "14C", "13 C", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Molecular dynamics", "15. Life on land", "n-Alkanes", "Chronosequence C 4 /C 3", "PTMEs", "[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "14. Life underwater"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-013-9920-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-013-9920-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-013-9920-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-013-9920-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-023-01091-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:14:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-15", "title": "Global observation gaps of peatland greenhouse gas balances: needs and obstacles", "description": "Abstract

Greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from peatlands contribute significantly to ongoing climate change because of human land use. To develop reliable and comprehensive estimates and predictions of GHG emissions from peatlands, it is necessary to have GHG observations, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), that cover different peatland types globally. We synthesize published peatland studies with field GHG flux measurements to identify gaps in observations and suggest directions for future research. Although GHG flux measurements have been conducted at numerous sites globally, substantial gaps remain in current observations, encompassing various peatland types, regions and GHGs. Generally, there is a pressing need for additional GHG observations in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Despite widespread measurements of CO2 and CH4, studies quantifying N2O emissions from peatlands are scarce, particularly in natural ecosystems. To expand the global coverage of peatland data, it is crucial to conduct more eddy covariance observations for long-term monitoring. Automated chambers are preferable for plot-scale observations to produce high temporal resolution data; however, traditional field campaigns with manual chamber measurements remain necessary, particularly in remote areas. To ensure that the data can be further used for modeling purposes, we suggest that chamber campaigns should be conducted at least monthly for a minimum duration of one year with no fewer than three replicates and measure key environmental variables. In addition, further studies are needed in restored peatlands, focusing on identifying the most effective restoration approaches for different ecosystem types, conditions, climates, and land use histories.Fractionated pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) appears as an interesting analytical tool for elucidating lignocellulosic biomass structure, as it allows the progressive release of chemical fragments representative of biomass macromolecular composition. In this paper the effect of fractionated pyrolysis time (from 5 s to 300 s) on the degradation of lignin and carbohydrates from beech wood was studied at temperatures between 250 \u00b0C and 500 \u00b0C. Fractionated Py-GC/MS showed that the release temperature of the volatile degradation products varied between the volatile species detected. In addition, the step duration time changed the thermal degradation behavior of lignocellulosic components. Shortening the constant step duration time from 300 s to 5 s shifted the maximum weight loss to the higher temperatures. The result was opposite at long step duration times. Time optimization at each pyrolysis temperature (250 \u00b0C, 40 s; 300 \u00b0C, 30 s; 350 \u00b0C, 25 s; 370 \u00b0C, 20 s; 400 \u00b0C, 15 s; 450 \u00b0C, 10 s; 500 \u00b0C, 5 s) enhanced the yield of both lignin and carbohydrate volatile pyrolysis degradation products. In addition, two multiple temperature maxima were shown for some lignin and carbohydrate derivatives. This behavior may be due to the two different pathways of formation and macromolecular origins of compounds in beech wood. At optimized conditions lignin derivatives having a 3-carbon side chain substituent had a maximum at lower temperature than that of lignin derivatives with a 1-carbon side chain substituent. That phenomenon follows the order of primary and secondary pyrolysis reactions. Similar behaviors were observed among the degradation products of hemicelluloses and cellulose. Degradation products of hemicelluloses were mainly released at lower temperatures than those of cellulose derivatives, which illustrates the lower thermal stability of hemicelluloses compared to cellulose.

", "keywords": ["Beech", "ta114", "[CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering", "[SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering", "Fractionated pyrolysis", "Carbohydrates", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "540", "Py-GC/MS", "Lignin", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "Thermal degradation", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "G\u00e9nie chimique", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "G\u00e9nie des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s", "ta116", "ta215"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/27243/1/GonzalezMartinez_27243.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Analytical%20and%20Applied%20Pyrolysis", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Physics&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Physics&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Physics&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Physics&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 776, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-20T17:07:14.700768Z"}