{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7948400", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:21Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Farm management information systems as tools for revealing management zones inside the fields", "description": "INTRODUCTION and OBJECTIVES: There is a huge need to increase the productivity in agriculture to feed the world\u2019s growing population. However, this increase needs to be achieved in a sustainable way, without jeopardising the ecosystem and environment. Innovations in AgTech are accelerating this process and providing adequate solutions for optimisation of on-field decision-making, but they are often isolated and inaccessible to the farmers. The objective of our work was to design a comprehensive farm management system that takes scientific achievements and enables farmers to use them in their daily operations. MATERIAL and METHOD: In order to digitally transform the Serbian agriculture, we designed AgroSense farm management information system. It was launched in 2017 and has since gathered more than 20,000 users, whose total area equals one fourth of all farmland in Serbia. The platform has a number of modules for weather forecast, historical weather records, digital field books, satellite image processing etc., while the newest addition is the drone image processing module. This module allows 3rd party drone services to scan the fields and upload the data to the platform, after which, the images are processed and analysed. The analysis is directed towards zone management delineation, which is the first step in application of precision agriculture technologies. Zones are detected within the field as areas with homogeneous soil and elevation properties. This is done by applying k-means, an unsupervised machine learning model for clusterisation of data, i.e. pixels in this case. This algorithm minimises the intra-class variance (variance of pixels within the zone) and maximises the inter-class variance (variance between pixels from different classes. This zone delineation can be done on a pixel-level if the objective of zone delineation is e.g. choosing the right locations for soil sampling, or on the level of the tractor swath if the goal is e.g. the variable-rate application of fertiliser. The number of zones and the swath width are variable parameters, left to the user to choose, according to the size of the field, type of the equipment and other factors. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS: The resulting platform was deployed in 2021 and tested on a number of users. It yielded excellent results and served for optimising the route and sampling location of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), characterisation of fields and variable application of fertiliser. Future work includes development of other algorithms for more complex image recognition tasks, such as row detection, leaf area assessment and disease/weed mapping.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "drones; precision agriculture; image processing; machine learning"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marko, Oskar, Brdar, Sanja, Pani\u0107, Marko, Mini\u0107, Vladan, Pejak, Branislav, Crnojevi\u0107, Vladimir,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7948400"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7948400", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7948400", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7948400"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/24059", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:17Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Spatial crop-water variations in rainfed wheat systems: From simulation modelling to site-specific management", "description": "Open AccessEn campos en pendiente, los cultivos de secano experimentan diferentes grados de estr\u00e9s h\u00eddrico causados por variaciones espaciales de la humedad en el suelo, y los rendimientos var\u00edan espacialmente dentro del mismo campo. Esta variabilidad supone una oportunidad para la agricultura de precisi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del manejo espacialmente variable. Sin embargo, si bien se han logrado avances significativos en los aspectos de la ingenier\u00eda de la variaci\u00f3n espacial, como el aumento de la resoluci\u00f3n espacial de los sistemas de datos y la automatizaci\u00f3n, se ha avanzado mucho menos en relaci\u00f3n a la simulaci\u00f3n de las respuestas de los cultivos a las variaciones espaciales de la humedad y los flujos h\u00eddricos. La mayor\u00eda de los estudios sobre las brechas de rendimiento de secano ignoran la variabilidad dentro de la parcela. Sin embargo, el uso de modelos de simulaci\u00f3n de cultivos como medida de apoyo a los sistemas de gesti\u00f3n espacialmente variable, requiere que los enfoques de modelaci\u00f3n espacial del agua sean capaces de representar y simular con precisi\u00f3n la variaci\u00f3n dentro del campo de los factores relacionados con el agua disponible y la respuesta de los cultivos. Esta tesis doctoral representa una nueva contribuci\u00f3n a la agronom\u00eda de los sistemas agr\u00edcolas de secano, con \u00e9nfasis en el papel que juegan los flujos de agua en zonas de topograf\u00eda ondulada en la determinaci\u00f3n de las variaciones espaciales del rendimiento del trigo. La tesis se ha desarrollado en cap\u00edtulos que se complementan siguiendo un enfoque integrador. La presente tesis doctoral revis\u00f3 algunos de los modelos hidrol\u00f3gicos y de cultivo m\u00e1s ampliamente adoptados y explor\u00f3 nuevas oportunidades para simular variaciones espaciales del agua a nivel de campo mediante la incorporaci\u00f3n del flujo lateral de escorrent\u00eda superficial y sub-superficial en las zonas de menor elevaci\u00f3n del campo. Desde este punto de vista, se evaluaron las variaciones espaciales de las brechas de rendimiento en trigo de secano, en C\u00f3rdoba, Espa\u00f1a, que son causadas por flujos laterales de los puntos altos a los bajos. Desde una perspectiva agron\u00f3mica, las entradas laterales del agua contribuyen a las variaciones de rendimiento en los sistemas de producci\u00f3n de trigo de secano como el que se ha estudiado en el \u00e1mbito de esta tesis. La contribuci\u00f3n neta de estos flujos a las variaciones espaciales de los rendimientos potenciales de secano se mostr\u00f3 relevante pero altamente irregular entre diferentes a\u00f1os. A pesar de la variabilidad interanual, t\u00edpica de las condiciones mediterr\u00e1neas, la existencia de dichos flujos hizo que los rendimientos de trigo simulados variaran un +16% desde las \u00e1reas m\u00e1s elevadas de un campo hacia abajo. El rendimiento medio observado oscil\u00f3 entre 1.3 y 5.4 Mg de rendimiento de grano (GY) ha\u22121. Las respuestas de rendimiento neto al flujo lateral, cuenca abajo, fueron en promedio 383 kg de rendimiento de grano (GY) ha\u22121, y la productividad marginal de agua de LIF alcanz\u00f3 24.6 (\u00b113.2) kg GY ha\u22121 mm\u22121 en a\u00f1os de m\u00e1xima capacidad de respuesta. Dichos a\u00f1os de m\u00e1xima capacidad de respuesta se asociaron con bajas precipitaciones durante las etapas vegetativas del cultivo en combinaci\u00f3n con flujos laterales en las etapas posteriores a la floraci\u00f3n. En condiciones de campo, estas diferencias solo fueron visibles en uno de los dos a\u00f1os experimentales. Las implicaciones econ\u00f3micas asociadas con m\u00faltiples escenarios de tasa de aplicaci\u00f3n variable de nitr\u00f3geno se exploraron a trav\u00e9s de un caso de estudio y se propusieron varias recomendaciones. Tanto el tama\u00f1o de la finca (el \u00e1rea sembrada anual) como la estructura topogr\u00e1fica afectaron la din\u00e1mica de los rendimientos de la inversi\u00f3n. Bajo las condiciones actuales de pol\u00edtica agr\u00edcola, y de precios, la adopci\u00f3n de la tasa de aplicaci\u00f3n variable tendr\u00eda una ventaja econ\u00f3mica en fincas similares a la del caso de estudio con un \u00e1rea sembrada anual superior a 567 ha a\u00f1o\u22121. Sin embargo, las tendencias actuales en los precios de la energ\u00eda, los costes de transporte y los impactos tanto en los precios de los cereales como en los costes de los fertilizantes mejoran la viabilidad de la adopci\u00f3n de esta tecnolog\u00eda para una poblaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s amplia de tipos de fincas. La rentabilidad de la adopci\u00f3n de aplicaci\u00f3n variable de nitr\u00f3geno mejora bajo dichos escenarios y, en ausencia de apoyos adicionales, el \u00e1rea m\u00ednima para la adopci\u00f3n de aplicaci\u00f3n variable disminuye hasta un rango de 68-177 ha a\u00f1o\u22121 de \u00e1rea de siembra. La combinaci\u00f3n de aumentos de precios con la introducci\u00f3n de un subsidio adicional asociado al \u00e1rea de cultivo podr\u00eda reducir sustancialmente el umbral de adopci\u00f3n hasta 46 ha a\u00f1o\u22121, lo que hace que la tecnolog\u00eda sea econ\u00f3micamente viable para una poblaci\u00f3n mucho m\u00e1s amplia de agricultores.", "keywords": ["Agricultural crops", "Water management", "Artificial Neural Network", "Precision agriculture", "Crop modelling", "NDVI", "Spatial modelling", "Machine learning", "Water balance"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roquette Tenreiro, Tom\u00e1s", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/24059"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/24059", "name": "item", "description": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/24059", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/24059"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108124", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:15:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-18", "title": "Assessing almond response to irrigation and soil management practices using vegetation indexes time-series and plant water status measurements", "description": "Open AccessThis research was funded in the frame of the projects PRECIRIEGO RTC-2017\u20136365-2 financed by Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n with European Regional Development Fund co-funds; and the European Union H2020 project SHUI GA 773903. The research was supported also by the CajaMar Caja Rural Contract \u201cEfficient use of water resources under climate change scenarios\u201d. I. Buesa and J.M. Ram\u00edrez-Cuesta acknowledge the postdoctoral financial support received from Juan de la Cierva Spanish Postdoctoral Program (FJC2019\u2013042122-I and IJC2020\u2013043601-I, respectively). Authors acknowledge David Hortelano and Jos\u00e9 Luis Ru\u00edz Garc\u00eda for the help provided in the field measurements acquisition. This work represents a contribution to CSIC Thematic Interdisciplinary Platform PTI TELEDETECT.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Soil management", "Almonds", "F06 Irrigation", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Vegetation index", "Sentinel 2", "Remote sensing sustainable agriculture", "P33 Soil chemistry and physics", "F40 Plant ecology", "2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "Precision agriculture", "Sustainable agriculture", "Water use efficiency", "Vegetation cover", "F07 Soil cultivation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Tree canopy", "F60 Plant physiology and biochemistry", "6. Clean water", "Water management", "P30 Soil science and management", "P10 Water resources and management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Remote sensing", " sustainable agriculture", "Sentinel-2"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552491/2/Agriculture%2c%20ecosystems%20and%20environment%202022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108124"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108124", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108124", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108124"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106207", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-08", "title": "Dynamic Management Zones for Irrigation Scheduling", "description": "Open AccessIrrigation scheduling decision-support tools can improve water use efficiency by matching irrigation recommendations to prevailing soil and crop conditions within a season. Yet, little research is available on how to support real-time precision irrigation that varies within-season in both time and space. We investigate the integration of remotely sensed NDVI time-series, soil moisture sensor measurements, and root zone simulation forecasts for in-season delineation of dynamic management zones (MZ) and for a variable rate irrigation scheduling in order to improve irrigation scheduling and crop performance. Delineation of MZ was conducted in a 5.8-ha maize field during 2018 using Sentinel-2 NDVI time-series and an unsupervised classification. The number and spatial extent of MZs changed through the growing season. A network of soil moisture sensors was used to interpret spatiotemporal changes of the NDVI. Soil water content was a significant contributor to changes in crop vigor across MZs through the growing season. Real-time cluster validity function analysis provided in-season evaluation of the MZ design. For example, the total within-MZ daily soil moisture relative variance decreased from 85% (early vegetative stages) to below 25% (late reproductive stages). Finally, using the Hydrus-1D model, a workflow for in-season optimization of irrigation scheduling and water delivery management was tested. Data simulations indicated that crop transpiration could be optimized while reducing water applications between 11 and 28.5% across the dynamic MZs. The proposed integration of spatiotemporal crop and soil moisture data can be used to support management decisions to effectively control outputs of crop \u00d7 environment \u00d7 management interactions.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Irrigation -- Management -- Mathematical models", "Precision agriculture", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidr\u00e0ulica", "Hydrus-1D", "Temporal variability", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Spatial variability", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "631", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidr\u00e0ulica", " mar\u00edtima i sanit\u00e0ria::Canals i regadius", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil moisture", "Regatge -- Optimitzaci\u00f3 matem\u00e0tica", "mar\u00edtima i sanit\u00e0ria::Canals i regadius"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106207"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106207", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106207", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106207"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.srs.2024.100118", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-28", "title": "Satellite-based soil organic carbon mapping on European soils using available datasets and support sampling", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a major role in the global carbon cycle and is an important factor for soil health and fertility. Accurate mapping of SOC and other influencing parameters are crucial to guide the optimization of agricultural land management to maintain and restore soil health, to increase soil fertility, and thus to quantify its potential for sequestering CO2. Remote sensing and machine learning techniques offer promising approaches for predicting SOC distribution. In this study, we used remote sensing data and machine learning algorithms to map SOC at regional to large scale, which we then combined with temporospatial and spectral signature-based soil sampling to integrate local ground measurements. A rigorous validation approach was performed where several independent unseen datasets with a high number of samples were used, which additionally involved densely sampled fields. We found that our approach could predict SOC with an average percentage error of less than 10\u00a0% with an R2 of 0.91 using support sampling on croplands located on mineral soils, demonstrating the potential of remote sensing, machine learning, and specific ground measurements for mapping SOC. Our results suggest that this approach could make small carbon differences measurable and inform carbon sequestration efforts and improve our understanding of the impacts of land use and field management practices on soil carbon cycling.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Physical geography", "Precision agriculture", "Science", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "GB3-5030", "13. Climate action", "Soil health", "Machine learning", "Soil carbon mapping", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil carbon sequestration", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2024.100118"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.srs.2024.100118", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.srs.2024.100118", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.srs.2024.100118"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/d2ee00597b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-30", "title": "A plant-like battery: a biodegradable power source ecodesigned for precision agriculture", "description": "<p>A biodegradable battery inspired by the transpiration pull of liquids in plants has been ecodesigned to power wireless sensors and then be safely biodegraded or composted, resembling the way a plant comes back to nature at the end of its lifecycle.</p>", "keywords": ["GREAT-4PA", "Chemistry", "Evaporation Flow Redox Battery", "13. Climate action", "Biodegradable battery", "Precision Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Postodoctoral Fellowship", "0204 chemical engineering", "0210 nano-technology", "Wireless Sensor", "7. Clean energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2022/EE/D2EE00597B"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee00597b"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20%26amp%3B%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/d2ee00597b", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/d2ee00597b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/d2ee00597b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1109/jstars.2024.3422494", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-03", "title": "Soil Texture and pH Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Support Sampling", "description": "Soil pH and texture are valuable information for agriculture, supporting the achievement of high productivity and low environmental impact, which is the basis for sustainable agricultural production. In this study, we present novel soil mapping techniques that integrate high-spatial-resolution satellite and ground data, surpassing traditional methods in precision and reliability. By synergizing remote sensing data, including polarimetric synthetic aperture and multispectral imagery, with climate and terrain information, alongside coarse-resolution soil data, we achieved high accuracy, with an average error of less than 6&#x0025;, in predicting soil pH and texture parameters. Notably, the approach allows for detailed mapping at the pixel level, revealing nuanced variability within 10&#x00D7;10 m field pixels. Considering the accuracy, the method establishes itself as a benchmark for field management guidelines integrating a precision sampling approach, offering actual and high spatial resolution information crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. This holistic approach allows new opportunities to revolutionize soil management practices, facilitating variable rate applications, soil moisture, and fertilization mapping and ultimately enhancing agri-environmental sustainability.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "STEROPES", "soil health", "QC801-809", "Geophysics. Cosmic physics", "Machine learning (ML)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "soil mapping", "12. Responsible consumption", "Machine Learning", "Ocean engineering", "remote sensing", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "TC1501-1800", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Y\u00fcz\u00fcg\u00fcll\u00fc, Onur, Fajraoui, Noura, Liebisch, Frank,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3422494"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/IEEE%20Journal%20of%20Selected%20Topics%20in%20Applied%20Earth%20Observations%20and%20Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1109/jstars.2024.3422494", "name": "item", "description": "10.1109/jstars.2024.3422494", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1109/jstars.2024.3422494"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ejss.13422", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-09-30", "title": "Stocktake study of current fertilisation recommendations across Europe and discussion towards a more harmonised approach", "description": "Abstract<p>The European Commission has set targets for a reduction in nutrient losses by at least 50% and a reduction in fertiliser use by at least 20% by 2030 while ensuring no deterioration in soil fertility. Within the mandate of the European Joint Programme EJP Soil \uffe2\uff80\uff98Towards climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90smart sustainable management of agricultural soils\uffe2\uff80\uff99, the objective of this study was to assess current fertilisation practices across Europe and discuss the potential for harmonisation of fertilisation methodologies as a strategy to reduce nutrient loss and overall fertiliser use. A stocktake study of current methods of delivering fertilisation advice took place across 23 European countries. The stocktake was in the form of a questionnaire, comprising 46 questions. Information was gathered on a large range of factors, including soil analysis methods, along with soil, crop and climatic factors taken into consideration within fertilisation calculations. The questionnaire was completed by experts, who are involved in compiling fertilisation recommendations within their country. Substantial differences exist in the content, format and delivery of fertilisation guidelines across Europe. The barriers, constraints and potential benefits of a harmonised approach to fertilisation across Europe are discussed. The general consensus from all participating countries was that harmonisation of fertilisation guidelines should be increased, but it was unclear in what format this could be achieved. Shared learning in the delivery and format of fertilisation guidelines and mechanisms to adhere to environmental legislation were viewed as being beneficial. However, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to harmonise all soil test data and fertilisation methodologies at EU level due to diverse soil types and agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystem influences. Nevertheless, increased future collaboration, especially between neighbouring countries within the same environmental zone, was seen as potentially very beneficial. This study is unique in providing current detail on fertilisation practices across European countries in a side\uffe2\uff80\uff90by\uffe2\uff80\uff90side comparison. The gathered data can provide a baseline for the development of scientifically based EU policy targets for nutrient loss and soil fertility evaluation.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "precision agriculture", "330", "Precision agriculture", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Nutrient management", "nutrient use efficiency", "15. Life on land", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "6. Clean water", "630", "Fertilisation", "12. Responsible consumption", "fertilisation", "Fertilisation recommendations", "13. Climate action", "nutrient management", "11. Sustainability", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Nutrient use efficiency", "ta1181", "[SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", "fertilisation recommendations", "economy and politics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13422"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/ejss.13422", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/ejss.13422", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/ejss.13422"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-09-19", "title": "Unmanned aerial vehicle-based evaluation of pollination performance employing clustering image processing technique", "description": "Abstract           <p>             The global decline of pollinator populations is posing a threat to agricultural productivity, increasingly forcing farmers to introduce pollinators to their fields. Selecting suitable pollinator species is critical for effective crop pollination. This study presents an efficient method for early pollination assessment, utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) footage for reliable estimation and timely reactions. Twelve oilseed rape (             Brassica napus var. oleracea             ) isolation cages with three pollinator treatments were set up, including the control with no pollinators. The trial employed UAV image acquisition, generating high-resolution RGB orthomosaics. A K-means clustering algorithm was implemented to identify oilseed rape flowers, a direct indicator of pollination performance. The percentage of detected oilseed rape flower coverage within each cage was the primary metric for performance assessment. These initial results demonstrated a negative correlation of 0.92 between estimated flower coverage and expert observations, affirming the efficacy of the proposed methodology. By integrating UAVs and clustering image processing, this research contributes to precision agriculture, offering a robust approach for evaluating pollination performance. The findings underscore the potential of advanced technology to support informed decision-making in agricultural practices, addressing the urgent need for sustainable pollination management in the face of declining pollinator populations.           </p", "keywords": ["pollination", "precision agriculture", "oilseed rape", "agricultural productivity", "rapeseed", "UAV technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Grbovi\u0107, \u017deljana, Ivo\u0161evi\u0107, Bojana, Franeta, Filip, Milovac, \u017deljko,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CABI%20Agriculture%20and%20Bioscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-09-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs14092256", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-09", "title": "Soya Yield Prediction on a Within-Field Scale Using Machine Learning Models Trained on Sentinel-2 and Soil Data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agriculture is the backbone and the main sector of the industry for many countries in the world. Assessing crop yields is key to optimising on-field decisions and defining sustainable agricultural strategies. Remote sensing applications have greatly enhanced our ability to monitor and manage farming operation. The main objective of this research was to evaluate machine learning system for within-field soya yield prediction trained on Sentinel-2 multispectral images and soil parameters. Multispectral images used in the study came from ESA\u2019s Sentinel-2 satellites. A total of 3 cloud-free Sentinel-2 multispectral images per year from specific periods of vegetation were used to obtain the time-series necessary for crop yield prediction. Yield monitor data were collected in three crop seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020) from a number of farms located in Upper Austria. The ground-truth database consisted of information about the location of the fields and crop yield monitor data on 411 ha of farmland. A novel method, namely the Polygon-Pixel Interpolation, for optimal fitting yield monitor data with satellite images is introduced. Several machine learning algorithms, such as Multiple Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Stochastic Gradient Descent and Random Forest, were compared for their performance in soya yield prediction. Among the tested machine learning algorithms, Stochastic Gradient Descent regression model performed better than the others, with a mean absolute error of 4.36 kg/pixel (0.436 t/ha) and a correlation coefficient of 0.83%.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "stochastic gradient descent (SGD)", "polygon-pixel intersection (PPI)", "Science", "Q", "710", "high performance computing (HPC)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "620", "remote sensing", "precision agriculture; remote sensing; polygon-pixel intersection (PPI); stochastic gradient descent (SGD); high performance computing (HPC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2256/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092256"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs14092256", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs14092256", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs14092256"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/s22020645", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-17", "title": "Clustering and Smoothing Pipeline for Management Zone Delineation Using Proximal and Remote Sensing", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In precision agriculture (PA) practices, the accurate delineation of management zones (MZs), with each zone having similar characteristics, is essential for map-based variable rate application of farming inputs. However, there is no consensus on an optimal clustering algorithm and the input data format. In this paper, we evaluated the performances of five clustering algorithms including k-means, fuzzy C-means (FCM), hierarchical, mean shift, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) in different scenarios and assessed the impacts of input data format and feature selection on MZ delineation quality. We used key soil fertility attributes (moisture content (MC), organic carbon (OC), calcium (Ca), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), exchangeable phosphorous (P), and pH) collected with an online visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectrometer along with Sentinel2 and yield data of five commercial fields in Belgium. We demonstrated that k-means is the optimal clustering method for MZ delineation, and the input data should be normalized (range normalization). Feature selection was also shown to be positively effective. Furthermore, we proposed an algorithm based on DBSCAN for smoothing the MZs maps to allow smooth actuating during variable rate application by agricultural machinery. Finally, the whole process of MZ delineation was integrated in a clustering and smoothing pipeline (CaSP), which automatically performs the following steps sequentially: (1) range normalization, (2) feature selection based on cross-correlation analysis, (3) k-means clustering, and (4) smoothing. It is recommended to adopt the developed platform for automatic MZ delineation for variable rate applications of farming inputs.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Spatial Analysis", "precision agriculture", "ACCURACY", "Chemical technology", "management zone delineation", "TP1-1185", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Article", "VARIABILITY", "Soil", "YIELD", "FUSION", "feature selection", "ATTRIBUTES", "clustering; feature selection; management zone delineation; precision agriculture", "Remote Sensing Technology", "Cluster Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "FIELD", "SOIL-PHOSPHORUS", "Algorithms", "clustering"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/2/645/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/2/645/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020645"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/s22020645", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/s22020645", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/s22020645"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.18419/opus-12581", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-08", "title": "Soya Yield Prediction on a Within-Field Scale Using Machine Learning Models Trained on Sentinel-2 and Soil Data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agriculture is the backbone and the main sector of the industry for many countries in the world. Assessing crop yields is key to optimising on-field decisions and defining sustainable agricultural strategies. Remote sensing applications have greatly enhanced our ability to monitor and manage farming operation. The main objective of this research was to evaluate machine learning system for within-field soya yield prediction trained on Sentinel-2 multispectral images and soil parameters. Multispectral images used in the study came from ESA\u2019s Sentinel-2 satellites. A total of 3 cloud-free Sentinel-2 multispectral images per year from specific periods of vegetation were used to obtain the time-series necessary for crop yield prediction. Yield monitor data were collected in three crop seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020) from a number of farms located in Upper Austria. The ground-truth database consisted of information about the location of the fields and crop yield monitor data on 411 ha of farmland. A novel method, namely the Polygon-Pixel Interpolation, for optimal fitting yield monitor data with satellite images is introduced. Several machine learning algorithms, such as Multiple Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Stochastic Gradient Descent and Random Forest, were compared for their performance in soya yield prediction. Among the tested machine learning algorithms, Stochastic Gradient Descent regression model performed better than the others, with a mean absolute error of 4.36 kg/pixel (0.436 t/ha) and a correlation coefficient of 0.83%.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "stochastic gradient descent (SGD)", "polygon-pixel intersection (PPI)", "Science", "Q", "710", "high performance computing (HPC)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "620", "remote sensing", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2256/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-12581"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.18419/opus-12581", "name": "item", "description": "10.18419/opus-12581", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.18419/opus-12581"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs12121917", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-15", "title": "Prediction of Yield Productivity Zones from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A/B and Their Evaluation Using Farm Machinery Measurements", "description": "<p>Yield is one of the primary concerns for any farmer since it is a key to economic prosperity. Yield productivity zones\uffe2\uff80\uff94that is to say, areas with the same yield level within fields over the long-term\uffe2\uff80\uff94are a form of derived (predicted) data from periodic remote sensing, in this study according to the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The delineation of yield productivity zones can (a) increase economic prosperity and (b) reduce the environmental burden by employing site-specific crop management practices which implement advanced geospatial technologies that respect soil heterogeneity. This paper presents yield productivity zone identification and computing based on Sentinel-2A/B and Landsat 8 multispectral satellite data and also quantifies the success rate of yield prediction in comparison to the measured yield data. Yield data on spring barley, winter wheat, corn, and oilseed rape were measured with a spatial resolution of up to several meters directly by a CASE IH harvester in the field. The yield data were available from three plots in three years on the Rost\uffc4\uff9bnice Farm in the Czech Republic, with an overall acreage of 176 hectares. The presented yield productivity zones concept was found to be credible for the prediction of yield, including its geospatial variations.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "yield productivity zones", "precision agriculture", "Science", "Q", "Enhanced Vegetation Index", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "yield productivity zones; yield measurements; satellite images; precision agriculture; Enhanced Vegetation Index", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "yield measurements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "satellite images", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs12121917", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs12121917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs12121917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs13122261", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-09", "title": "DeepIndices: Remote Sensing Indices Based on Approximation of Functions through Deep-Learning, Application to Uncalibrated Vegetation Images", "description": "<p>The form of a remote sensing index is generally empirically defined, whether by choosing specific reflectance bands, equation forms or its coefficients. These spectral indices are used as preprocessing stage before object detection/classification. But no study seems to search for the best form through function approximation in order to optimize the classification and/or segmentation. The objective of this study is to develop a method to find the optimal index, using a statistical approach by gradient descent on different forms of generic equations. From six wavebands images, five equations have been tested, namely: linear, linear ratio, polynomial, universal function approximator and dense morphological. Few techniques in signal processing and image analysis are also deployed within a deep-learning framework. Performances of standard indices and DeepIndices were evaluated using two metrics, the dice (similar to f1-score) and the mean intersection over union (mIoU) scores. The study focuses on a specific multispectral camera used in near-field acquisition of soil and vegetation surfaces. These DeepIndices are built and compared to 89 common vegetation indices using the same vegetation dataset and metrics. As an illustration the most used index for vegetation, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices) offers a mIoU score of 63.98% whereas our best models gives an analytic solution to reconstruct an index with a mIoU of 82.19%. This difference is significant enough to improve the segmentation and robustness of the index from various external factors, as well as the shape of detected elements.</p>", "keywords": ["multi-spectral", "[INFO.INFO-TS] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing", "multispectral", "Science", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "Spectral indice", "Deep-learning", "image; precision agriculture; spectral indices; multi-spectral; deep-learning; vegetation segmentation", "deep-learning", "[INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "image", "precision agriculture", "Precision agriculture", "Vegetation segmentation", "Multi-spectral", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "004", "Image", "vegetation segmentation", "spectral indices", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2261/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2261/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122261"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13122261", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13122261", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13122261"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-06-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs13214486", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-09", "title": "Deep Neural Networks to Detect Weeds from Crops in Agricultural Environments in Real-Time: A Review", "description": "<p>Automation, including machine learning technologies, are becoming increasingly crucial in agriculture to increase productivity. Machine vision is one of the most popular parts of machine learning and has been widely used where advanced automation and control have been required. The trend has shifted from classical image processing and machine learning techniques to modern artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) methods. Based on large training datasets and pre-trained models, DL-based methods have proven to be more accurate than previous traditional techniques. Machine vision has wide applications in agriculture, including the detection of weeds and pests in crops. Variation in lighting conditions, failures to transfer learning, and object occlusion constitute key challenges in this domain. Recently, DL has gained much attention due to its advantages in object detection, classification, and feature extraction. DL algorithms can automatically extract information from large amounts of data used to model complex problems and is, therefore, suitable for detecting and classifying weeds and crops. We present a systematic review of AI-based systems to detect weeds, emphasizing recent trends in DL. Various DL methods are discussed to clarify their overall potential, usefulness, and performance. This study indicates that several limitations obstruct the widespread adoption of AI/DL in commercial applications. Recommendations for overcoming these challenges are summarized.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "deep learning in agriculture; precision agriculture; weed detection; robotic weed control; machine vision for weed control", "Precision agriculture", "Machine vision for weed control", "robotic weed control", "weed detection", "Science", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "deep learning in agriculture", "Deep learning in agriculture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "machine vision for weed control", "Weed detection", "Robotic weed control"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4486/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214486"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13214486", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13214486", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13214486"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs14071639", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-30", "title": "Mapping Soil Properties with Fixed Rank Kriging of Proximally Sensed Soil Data Fused with Sentinel-2 Biophysical Parameter", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Soil surveys with line-scanning platforms appear to have great advantages over the traditional methods used to collect soil information for the development of field-scale soil mapping and applications. These carry VNIR (visible and near infrared) spectrometers and have been used in recent years extensively for the assessment of soil fertility at the field scale, and the delineation of site-specific management zones (MZ). A challenging feature of VNIR applications in precision agriculture (PA) is the massiveness of the derived datasets that contain point predictions of soil properties, and the interpolation techniques involved in incorporating these data into site-specific management plans. In this study, fixed-rank kriging (FRK) geostatistical interpolation, which is a flexible, non-stationary spatial interpolation method especially suited to handling huge datasets, was applied to massive VNIR soil scanner data for the production of useful, smooth interpolated maps, appropriate for the delineation of site-specific MZ maps. Moreover, auxiliary Sentinel-2 data-based biophysical parameters NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and fAPAR (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) were included as covariates to improve the filtering performance of the interpolator and the ability to generate uniform patterns of spatial variation from which it is easier to receive a meaningful interpretation in PA applications. Results from the VNIR prediction dataset obtained from a pivot-irrigated field in Albacete, southeastern Spain, during 2019, have shown that FRK variants outperform ordinary kriging in terms of filtering capacity, by doubling the noise removal metrics while keeping the computation cost reasonably low. Such features, along with the capacity to handle a large volume of spatial information, nominate the method as ideal for PA applications with massive proximal and remote sensing datasets.</p></article>", "keywords": ["MANAGEMENT ZONES", "precision agriculture", "PREDICTION", "NDVI", "SPATIAL VARIABILITY", "Science", "MODELS", "Q", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "ONLINE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "VNIR spectrometer", "15. Life on land", "geostatistical interpolation", "VARIABLES", "DELINEATION", "geostatistical interpolation; VNIR spectrometer; NDVI; fAPAR; precision agriculture", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "fAPAR", "QUALITY", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "precision", "DATA FUSION", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1639/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1639/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071639"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs14071639", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs14071639", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs14071639"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2478/contagri-2024-0022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-12-12", "title": "Potential of Optical Sensors for Predicting Winter Wheat Yield Through Variable-Rate Nitrogen Application", "description": "Summary                <p>The main lever of precision agriculture is technology that provides a better understanding of the agro-ecological conditions, enables decision-making based on facts and natural laws, and facilitates precise implementation of practices based on local specificities. One of the key elements of plant production is nitrogen (N), which is traditionally applied as mineral fertilizer in large quantities. Optimizing nitrogen input is one of the priorities in precision agriculture, not only for its importance in the plant food chain but also for its environmental impact. This study investigated the potential of two optical sensors, GreenSeeker and Plant-O-Meter, in predicting nitrogen supply during the 2021-2022 growing season. The experimental material in this study included two wheat varieties, subjected to different nitrogen application rates. The objective was to estimate the potential of using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements of wheat canopy, which are indicators of plant status, and to analyze correlations between these values and final wheat yield. GreenSeeker and Plant-O-Meter sensors, which emit light at precise wavelengths and measure plant reflectance, were used for monitoring plant status and NDVI measurements. The results showed a strong correlation between the NDVI values measured by both sensors. However, this relationship decreased during the fully ripe stage due to physiological changes in the wheat plants. The correlation between NDVI values and grain yield differed significantly between the evaluated sensors. Additional correlation analyses between NDVI measurements and yield indicated differences associated with wheat varieties, indicating that the varieties responded differently to environmental conditions. This study aligns with current agricultural approaches and contributes to more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.</p", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "precision agriculture", "optical sensors", "S", "wheat", "ndvi", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2024-0022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Contemporary%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2478/contagri-2024-0022", "name": "item", "description": "10.2478/contagri-2024-0022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2478/contagri-2024-0022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fagro.2020.605655", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-04", "title": "Combining Seed Dressing and Foliar Applications of Phosphorus Fertilizer Can Give Similar Crop Growth and Yield Benefits to Soil Applications Together With Greater Recovery Rates", "description": "<p>Phosphorus (P) fertilizers have a dramatic effect on agricultural productivity, but conventional methods of application result in only limited recovery of the applied P. Given the increasing volatility in rock phosphate prices, more efficient strategies for P fertilizer use would be of economic and environmental benefit in the drive for sustainable intensification. This study used a combination of controlled-environment experiments and radioisotopic labeling to investigate the fertilizer use efficiency of a combination of seed (grain) dressing and foliar applications of P to spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Radioisotopic labeling showed that the application of foliar P in the presence of photosynthetic light substantially increased both P-uptake into the leaf and P-mobilization within the plant, especially when an adjuvant was used. When compared with soil application of inorganic P buried into the rooting zone, a combination of a 3 \uffce\uffbcmol seed dressing and three successive 46.3 \uffce\uffbcmol plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921foliar applications were far more efficient at providing P fertilization benefits in P-limiting conditions. We conclude that a combination of seed dressing and foliar applications of P is potentially a better alternative to conventional soil-based application, offering greater efficiency in use of applied P both in terms of P-uptake rate and grain yield. Further work is required to evaluate whether these results can be obtained under a range of field conditions.</p>", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "foliar feeding", "precision agriculture", "S", "Plant culture", "Agriculture", "food security", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "crop nutrition", "630", "SB1-1110", "fertilizer management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "integrated nutrient management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/445254/1/605655_Manuscript.PDF"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2020.605655"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fagro.2020.605655", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fagro.2020.605655", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fagro.2020.605655"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/drones9020129", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-11", "title": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Hyperspectral Imaging and Soil Texture Mapping with Robust AI Algorithms", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>This paper explores the integration of UAV-based hyperspectral imaging and advanced AI algorithms for soil texture mapping and stress detection in agricultural settings. The primary focus lies on leveraging multi-modal sensor data, including hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and gamma-ray spectroscopy, to enable precise monitoring of abiotic and biotic stressors in crops. An innovative algorithm combining vegetation indices, path planning, and machine learning methods is introduced to enhance the efficiency of data collection and analysis. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy and operational efficiency, paving the way for real-time, data-driven decision-making in precision agriculture.</p></article>", "keywords": ["precision agriculture", "UAV-based hyperspectral imaging", "TL1-4050", "soil texture mapping", "artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture", "Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/2/129/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9020129"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Drones", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/drones9020129", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/drones9020129", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/drones9020129"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/s22114207", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-02", "title": "Agrobot Lala\u2014An Autonomous Robotic System for Real-Time, In-Field Soil Sampling, and Analysis of Nitrates", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>This paper presents an autonomous robotic system, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), for in-field soil sampling and analysis of nitrates. Compared to standard methods of soil analysis it has several advantages: each sample is individually analyzed compared to average sample analysis in standard methods; each sample is georeferenced, providing a map for precision base fertilizing; the process is fully autonomous; samples are analyzed in real-time, approximately 30 min per sample; and lightweight for less soil compaction. The robotic system has several modules: commercial robotic platform, anchoring module, sampling module, sample preparation module, sample analysis module, and communication module. The system is augmented with an in-house developed cloud-based platform. This platform uses satellite images, and an artificial intelligence (AI) proprietary algorithm to divide the target field into representative zones for sampling, thus, reducing and optimizing the number and locations of the samples. Based on this, a task is created for the robot to automatically sample at those locations. The user is provided with an in-house developed smartphone app enabling overview and monitoring of the task, changing the positions, removing and adding of the sampling points. The results of the measurements are uploaded to the cloud for further analysis and the creation of prescription maps for variable rate base fertilization.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "precision agriculture", "Nitrates", "Chemical technology", "soil sampling", "TP1-1185", "Robotics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "artificial intelligence", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "UGV; precision agriculture; artificial intelligence; soil nutrient analysis; soil sampling", "Soil", "soil nutrient analysis", "Robotic Surgical Procedures", "Artificial Intelligence", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "UGV"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4207/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114207"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/s22114207", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/s22114207", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/s22114207"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10396/24059", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:25Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Spatial crop-water variations in rainfed wheat systems: From simulation modelling to site-specific management", "description": "Open AccessEn campos en pendiente, los cultivos de secano experimentan diferentes grados de estr\u00e9s h\u00eddrico causados por variaciones espaciales de la humedad en el suelo, y los rendimientos var\u00edan espacialmente dentro del mismo campo. Esta variabilidad supone una oportunidad para la agricultura de precisi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del manejo espacialmente variable. Sin embargo, si bien se han logrado avances significativos en los aspectos de la ingenier\u00eda de la variaci\u00f3n espacial, como el aumento de la resoluci\u00f3n espacial de los sistemas de datos y la automatizaci\u00f3n, se ha avanzado mucho menos en relaci\u00f3n a la simulaci\u00f3n de las respuestas de los cultivos a las variaciones espaciales de la humedad y los flujos h\u00eddricos. La mayor\u00eda de los estudios sobre las brechas de rendimiento de secano ignoran la variabilidad dentro de la parcela. Sin embargo, el uso de modelos de simulaci\u00f3n de cultivos como medida de apoyo a los sistemas de gesti\u00f3n espacialmente variable, requiere que los enfoques de modelaci\u00f3n espacial del agua sean capaces de representar y simular con precisi\u00f3n la variaci\u00f3n dentro del campo de los factores relacionados con el agua disponible y la respuesta de los cultivos. Esta tesis doctoral representa una nueva contribuci\u00f3n a la agronom\u00eda de los sistemas agr\u00edcolas de secano, con \u00e9nfasis en el papel que juegan los flujos de agua en zonas de topograf\u00eda ondulada en la determinaci\u00f3n de las variaciones espaciales del rendimiento del trigo. La tesis se ha desarrollado en cap\u00edtulos que se complementan siguiendo un enfoque integrador. La presente tesis doctoral revis\u00f3 algunos de los modelos hidrol\u00f3gicos y de cultivo m\u00e1s ampliamente adoptados y explor\u00f3 nuevas oportunidades para simular variaciones espaciales del agua a nivel de campo mediante la incorporaci\u00f3n del flujo lateral de escorrent\u00eda superficial y sub-superficial en las zonas de menor elevaci\u00f3n del campo. Desde este punto de vista, se evaluaron las variaciones espaciales de las brechas de rendimiento en trigo de secano, en C\u00f3rdoba, Espa\u00f1a, que son causadas por flujos laterales de los puntos altos a los bajos. Desde una perspectiva agron\u00f3mica, las entradas laterales del agua contribuyen a las variaciones de rendimiento en los sistemas de producci\u00f3n de trigo de secano como el que se ha estudiado en el \u00e1mbito de esta tesis. La contribuci\u00f3n neta de estos flujos a las variaciones espaciales de los rendimientos potenciales de secano se mostr\u00f3 relevante pero altamente irregular entre diferentes a\u00f1os. A pesar de la variabilidad interanual, t\u00edpica de las condiciones mediterr\u00e1neas, la existencia de dichos flujos hizo que los rendimientos de trigo simulados variaran un +16% desde las \u00e1reas m\u00e1s elevadas de un campo hacia abajo. El rendimiento medio observado oscil\u00f3 entre 1.3 y 5.4 Mg de rendimiento de grano (GY) ha\u22121. Las respuestas de rendimiento neto al flujo lateral, cuenca abajo, fueron en promedio 383 kg de rendimiento de grano (GY) ha\u22121, y la productividad marginal de agua de LIF alcanz\u00f3 24.6 (\u00b113.2) kg GY ha\u22121 mm\u22121 en a\u00f1os de m\u00e1xima capacidad de respuesta. Dichos a\u00f1os de m\u00e1xima capacidad de respuesta se asociaron con bajas precipitaciones durante las etapas vegetativas del cultivo en combinaci\u00f3n con flujos laterales en las etapas posteriores a la floraci\u00f3n. En condiciones de campo, estas diferencias solo fueron visibles en uno de los dos a\u00f1os experimentales. Las implicaciones econ\u00f3micas asociadas con m\u00faltiples escenarios de tasa de aplicaci\u00f3n variable de nitr\u00f3geno se exploraron a trav\u00e9s de un caso de estudio y se propusieron varias recomendaciones. Tanto el tama\u00f1o de la finca (el \u00e1rea sembrada anual) como la estructura topogr\u00e1fica afectaron la din\u00e1mica de los rendimientos de la inversi\u00f3n. Bajo las condiciones actuales de pol\u00edtica agr\u00edcola, y de precios, la adopci\u00f3n de la tasa de aplicaci\u00f3n variable tendr\u00eda una ventaja econ\u00f3mica en fincas similares a la del caso de estudio con un \u00e1rea sembrada anual superior a 567 ha a\u00f1o\u22121. Sin embargo, las tendencias actuales en los precios de la energ\u00eda, los costes de transporte y los impactos tanto en los precios de los cereales como en los costes de los fertilizantes mejoran la viabilidad de la adopci\u00f3n de esta tecnolog\u00eda para una poblaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s amplia de tipos de fincas. La rentabilidad de la adopci\u00f3n de aplicaci\u00f3n variable de nitr\u00f3geno mejora bajo dichos escenarios y, en ausencia de apoyos adicionales, el \u00e1rea m\u00ednima para la adopci\u00f3n de aplicaci\u00f3n variable disminuye hasta un rango de 68-177 ha a\u00f1o\u22121 de \u00e1rea de siembra. La combinaci\u00f3n de aumentos de precios con la introducci\u00f3n de un subsidio adicional asociado al \u00e1rea de cultivo podr\u00eda reducir sustancialmente el umbral de adopci\u00f3n hasta 46 ha a\u00f1o\u22121, lo que hace que la tecnolog\u00eda sea econ\u00f3micamente viable para una poblaci\u00f3n mucho m\u00e1s amplia de agricultores.", "keywords": ["Agricultural crops", "Water management", "Artificial Neural Network", "Precision agriculture", "Crop modelling", "NDVI", "Spatial modelling", "Machine learning", "Water balance"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roquette Tenreiro, Tom\u00e1s", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10396/24059"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10396/24059", "name": "item", "description": "10396/24059", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10396/24059"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/227227", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-05", "title": "Water modelling approaches and opportunities to simulate spatial water variations at crop field level", "description": "Open AccessFunding from the European Commission under project SHui \u2013 Grant agreement ID 773903.", "keywords": ["Water management", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Precision agriculture", "Spatial modelling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Water-balance", "15. Life on land", "Crop-modelling", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/227227"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/227227", "name": "item", "description": "10261/227227", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/227227"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.15044246", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:22:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-09-19", "title": "Unmanned aerial vehicle-based evaluation of pollination performance employing clustering image processing technique", "description": "Abstract           <p>             The global decline of pollinator populations is posing a threat to agricultural productivity, increasingly forcing farmers to introduce pollinators to their fields. Selecting suitable pollinator species is critical for effective crop pollination. This study presents an efficient method for early pollination assessment, utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) footage for reliable estimation and timely reactions. Twelve oilseed rape (             Brassica napus var. oleracea             ) isolation cages with three pollinator treatments were set up, including the control with no pollinators. The trial employed UAV image acquisition, generating high-resolution RGB orthomosaics. A K-means clustering algorithm was implemented to identify oilseed rape flowers, a direct indicator of pollination performance. The percentage of detected oilseed rape flower coverage within each cage was the primary metric for performance assessment. These initial results demonstrated a negative correlation of 0.92 between estimated flower coverage and expert observations, affirming the efficacy of the proposed methodology. By integrating UAVs and clustering image processing, this research contributes to precision agriculture, offering a robust approach for evaluating pollination performance. The findings underscore the potential of advanced technology to support informed decision-making in agricultural practices, addressing the urgent need for sustainable pollination management in the face of declining pollinator populations.           </p", "keywords": ["pollination", "precision agriculture", "oilseed rape", "agricultural productivity", "rapeseed", "UAV technology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s43170-024-00290-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15044246"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CABI%20Agriculture%20and%20Bioscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15044246", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15044246", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15044246"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-09-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8751352", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-29", "title": "Mapping Soil Properties with Fixed Rank Kriging of Proximally Sensed Soil Data Fused with Sentinel-2 Biophysical Parameter", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Soil surveys with line-scanning platforms appear to have great advantages over the traditional methods used to collect soil information for the development of field-scale soil mapping and applications. These carry VNIR (visible and near infrared) spectrometers and have been used in recent years extensively for the assessment of soil fertility at the field scale, and the delineation of site-specific management zones (MZ). A challenging feature of VNIR applications in precision agriculture (PA) is the massiveness of the derived datasets that contain point predictions of soil properties, and the interpolation techniques involved in incorporating these data into site-specific management plans. In this study, fixed-rank kriging (FRK) geostatistical interpolation, which is a flexible, non-stationary spatial interpolation method especially suited to handling huge datasets, was applied to massive VNIR soil scanner data for the production of useful, smooth interpolated maps, appropriate for the delineation of site-specific MZ maps. Moreover, auxiliary Sentinel-2 data-based biophysical parameters NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and fAPAR (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) were included as covariates to improve the filtering performance of the interpolator and the ability to generate uniform patterns of spatial variation from which it is easier to receive a meaningful interpretation in PA applications. Results from the VNIR prediction dataset obtained from a pivot-irrigated field in Albacete, southeastern Spain, during 2019, have shown that FRK variants outperform ordinary kriging in terms of filtering capacity, by doubling the noise removal metrics while keeping the computation cost reasonably low. Such features, along with the capacity to handle a large volume of spatial information, nominate the method as ideal for PA applications with massive proximal and remote sensing datasets.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "MANAGEMENT ZONES", "PREDICTION", "NDVI", "SPATIAL VARIABILITY", "Science", "MODELS", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "ONLINE", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "VNIR spectrometer", "geostatistical interpolation", "VARIABLES", "0203 Classical Physics", "Remote Sensing", "geostatistical interpolation; VNIR spectrometer; NDVI; fAPAR; precision agriculture", "0909 Geomatic Engineering", "QUALITY", "DATA FUSION", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "Imaging Science & Photographic Technology", "agriculture", "Science & Technology", "precision agriculture", "Q", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "DELINEATION", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Physical Sciences", "fAPAR", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "precision", "4013 Geomatic engineering", "0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "3701 Atmospheric sciences", "Environmental Sciences", "3709 Physical geography and environmental geoscience"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1639/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1639/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8751352"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8751352", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8751352", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8751352"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6395212", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:22:44Z", "type": "Report", "title": "PA4ALL - Precision Agriculture Living Lab", "description": "<strong>PRECISION AGRICULTURE FOR ALL</strong><strong> \u2013 PA4ALL</strong><br>", "keywords": ["living lab", " precision agriculture"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Isidora Stoja\u010di\u0107", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395212"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6395212", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6395212", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6395212"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6864305", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:22:46Z", "type": "Other", "title": "Map Whiteboard As Collaboration Tool for Smart Farming Advisory Services", "description": "Precision agriculture, a branch of smart farming, holds great promise for modernization of European agriculture both in terms of environmental sustainability and economic outlook. The vast data archives made available through Copernicus and related infrastructures, combined with a low entry threshold into the domain of AI-technologies has made it possible, if not outright easy, to make meaningful predictions that divides individual agricultural fields into zones where variable rates of fertilizer, irrigation and/or pesticide are required for optimal soil productivity and minimized environmental impact. However, present solutions that control variable rate application hardware such as irrigation, fertilizer application etc. are \u2018black box technologies\u2019 to farmers, making predictions that may well be good but that necessarily are not trusted. This limits the uptake of precision agriculture technology and thus also the realization of its promised benefits. The Map Whiteboard concept at the centre of this submission is intended to plug into the \u201ctraditional\u201d workflow of variable rate applications and enables agricultural advisors/extension services and farmers to interact, adjust and share an understanding of the estimations made by the \u2018black box\u2019, thus increasing the trust in and improving the quality of the prediction models. The vision of the Map Whiteboard innovation was conceived out of a sequence of large-scale collaborative writing efforts using Google Docs. As opposed to traditional offline word processing tools, Google Docs allows multiple people to edit the same document]\u2014at the same time\u2014allowing all connected clients to see changes made to the document in real-time by synchronising all changes between all connected clients via the server. The ability to work on a shared body of text, avoiding the necessity to integrate fragments from multiple source documents and with multiple styles removed many obstacles associated with traditional document editing. The Map Whiteboard technology seeks to do the same for the traditional use of GIS tools. The overall vision for the technology is that a Map Whiteboard will be to GIS what Google Docs is to word processing. We are now introducing this technology as a tool for collaborative work farmers and advisory services offering them analysis of EO data.", "keywords": ["AI", "Collaborative Platform", "cloud", "Precision Agriculture", "Copernicus"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charv\u00e1t, Karel, Berzins, Raitis, Bergheim, Runar, Zadra\u017eil, Franti\u0161ek, Macura, Jan, Langovskis, Dailis, \u0160nevajs, He\u0159man, Kub\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, Hana, Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1, \u0160\u00e1rka, Charv\u00e1t, Karel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6864305"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6864305", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6864305", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6864305"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-06-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6864304", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:22:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Map Whiteboard As Collaboration Tool for Smart Farming Advisory Services", "description": "Precision agriculture, a branch of smart farming, holds great promise for modernization of European agriculture both in terms of environmental sustainability and economic outlook. The vast data archives made available through Copernicus and related infrastructures, combined with a low entry threshold into the domain of AI-technologies has made it possible, if not outright easy, to make meaningful predictions that divides individual agricultural fields into zones where variable rates of fertilizer, irrigation and/or pesticide are required for optimal soil productivity and minimized environmental impact. However, present solutions that control variable rate application hardware such as irrigation, fertilizer application etc. are \u2018black box technologies\u2019 to farmers, making predictions that may well be good but that necessarily are not trusted. This limits the uptake of precision agriculture technology and thus also the realization of its promised benefits. The Map Whiteboard concept at the centre of this submission is intended to plug into the \u201ctraditional\u201d workflow of variable rate applications and enables agricultural advisors/extension services and farmers to interact, adjust and share an understanding of the estimations made by the \u2018black box\u2019, thus increasing the trust in and improving the quality of the prediction models. The vision of the Map Whiteboard innovation was conceived out of a sequence of large-scale collaborative writing efforts using Google Docs. As opposed to traditional offline word processing tools, Google Docs allows multiple people to edit the same document]\u2014at the same time\u2014allowing all connected clients to see changes made to the document in real-time by synchronising all changes between all connected clients via the server. The ability to work on a shared body of text, avoiding the necessity to integrate fragments from multiple source documents and with multiple styles removed many obstacles associated with traditional document editing. The Map Whiteboard technology seeks to do the same for the traditional use of GIS tools. The overall vision for the technology is that a Map Whiteboard will be to GIS what Google Docs is to word processing. We are now introducing this technology as a tool for collaborative work farmers and advisory services offering them analysis of EO data.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "AI", "Collaborative Platform", "cloud", "Precision Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "Copernicus"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charv\u00e1t, Karel, Berzins, Raitis, Bergheim, Runar, Zadra\u017eil, Franti\u0161ek, Macura, Jan, Langovskis, Dailis, \u0160nevajs, He\u0159man, Kub\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, Hana, Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1, \u0160\u00e1rka, Charv\u00e1t, Karel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6864304"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/EGU%20General%20Assembly%202022%2C%20Vienna%2C%20Austria%2C%2023%E2%80%9327%20May%202022%2C", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6864304", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6864304", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6864304"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7067428", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:14Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Combining data and models for decisions in precision agriculture", "description": "In the face of a growing world population, declining land reserves and climate change, there is an urgent need to increase the efficiency of the production of food. Precision agriculture (PA) is one of the pathways in which the efficiency of agriculture can be increased. The profitability and sustainability of production of potatoes in The Netherlands can be increased by at least 20% by employing a range of PA technologies that are currently available to commercial growers. The systematic collection and processing of data is the cornerstone of precision agriculture. On the one hand, these data are used to derive models that describe the effect of weather, soil, and management on crop growth. On the other hand, data and models are used to support decision-making about when and where to apply inputs: fertilizers, crop protection agents, and irrigation water.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "precision agriculture ", " yield prediction", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Van Evert, Frits, Frenk Jan Baron, Been, Thomas, Berghuijs, Herman, Brdar, Sanja, Idse Hoving, Kessel, Geert, Mimi\u0107, Gordan, Van Randen, Yke, Riemens, Marleen, Kempenaar, Corn\u00e9,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7067428"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7067428", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7067428", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7067428"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7067429", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:14Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Combining data and models for decisions in precision agriculture", "description": "In the face of a growing world population, declining land reserves and climate change, there is an urgent need to increase the efficiency of the production of food. Precision agriculture (PA) is one of the pathways in which the efficiency of agriculture can be increased. The profitability and sustainability of production of potatoes in The Netherlands can be increased by at least 20% by employing a range of PA technologies that are currently available to commercial growers. The systematic collection and processing of data is the cornerstone of precision agriculture. On the one hand, these data are used to derive models that describe the effect of weather, soil, and management on crop growth. On the other hand, data and models are used to support decision-making about when and where to apply inputs: fertilizers, crop protection agents, and irrigation water.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "precision agriculture ", " yield prediction", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Van Evert, Frits, Frenk Jan Baron, Been, Thomas, Berghuijs, Herman, Brdar, Sanja, Idse Hoving, Kessel, Geert, Mimi\u0107, Gordan, Van Randen, Yke, Riemens, Marleen, Kempenaar, Corn\u00e9,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7067429"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7067429", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7067429", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7067429"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7948399", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:21Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Farm management information systems as tools for revealing management zones inside the fields", "description": "INTRODUCTION and OBJECTIVES: There is a huge need to increase the productivity in agriculture to feed the world\u2019s growing population. However, this increase needs to be achieved in a sustainable way, without jeopardising the ecosystem and environment. Innovations in AgTech are accelerating this process and providing adequate solutions for optimisation of on-field decision-making, but they are often isolated and inaccessible to the farmers. The objective of our work was to design a comprehensive farm management system that takes scientific achievements and enables farmers to use them in their daily operations. MATERIAL and METHOD: In order to digitally transform the Serbian agriculture, we designed AgroSense farm management information system. It was launched in 2017 and has since gathered more than 20,000 users, whose total area equals one fourth of all farmland in Serbia. The platform has a number of modules for weather forecast, historical weather records, digital field books, satellite image processing etc., while the newest addition is the drone image processing module. This module allows 3rd party drone services to scan the fields and upload the data to the platform, after which, the images are processed and analysed. The analysis is directed towards zone management delineation, which is the first step in application of precision agriculture technologies. Zones are detected within the field as areas with homogeneous soil and elevation properties. This is done by applying k-means, an unsupervised machine learning model for clusterisation of data, i.e. pixels in this case. This algorithm minimises the intra-class variance (variance of pixels within the zone) and maximises the inter-class variance (variance between pixels from different classes. This zone delineation can be done on a pixel-level if the objective of zone delineation is e.g. choosing the right locations for soil sampling, or on the level of the tractor swath if the goal is e.g. the variable-rate application of fertiliser. The number of zones and the swath width are variable parameters, left to the user to choose, according to the size of the field, type of the equipment and other factors. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS: The resulting platform was deployed in 2021 and tested on a number of users. It yielded excellent results and served for optimising the route and sampling location of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), characterisation of fields and variable application of fertiliser. Future work includes development of other algorithms for more complex image recognition tasks, such as row detection, leaf area assessment and disease/weed mapping.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "drones; precision agriculture; image processing; machine learning"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marko, Oskar, Brdar, Sanja, Pani\u0107, Marko, Mini\u0107, Vladan, Pejak, Branislav, Crnojevi\u0107, Vladimir,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7948399"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7948399", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7948399", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7948399"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8090556", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-15", "title": "Prediction of Yield Productivity Zones from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A/B and Their Evaluation Using Farm Machinery Measurements", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Yield is one of the primary concerns for any farmer since it is a key to economic prosperity. Yield productivity zones\u2014that is to say, areas with the same yield level within fields over the long-term\u2014are a form of derived (predicted) data from periodic remote sensing, in this study according to the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The delineation of yield productivity zones can (a) increase economic prosperity and (b) reduce the environmental burden by employing site-specific crop management practices which implement advanced geospatial technologies that respect soil heterogeneity. This paper presents yield productivity zone identification and computing based on Sentinel-2A/B and Landsat 8 multispectral satellite data and also quantifies the success rate of yield prediction in comparison to the measured yield data. Yield data on spring barley, winter wheat, corn, and oilseed rape were measured with a spatial resolution of up to several meters directly by a CASE IH harvester in the field. The yield data were available from three plots in three years on the Rost\u011bnice Farm in the Czech Republic, with an overall acreage of 176 hectares. The presented yield productivity zones concept was found to be credible for the prediction of yield, including its geospatial variations.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "yield productivity zones", "precision agriculture", "Science", "Q", "Enhanced Vegetation Index", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "yield productivity zones; yield measurements; satellite images; precision agriculture; Enhanced Vegetation Index", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "yield measurements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "satellite images", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090556"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8090556", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8090556", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8090556"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/349203", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-09-30", "title": "Stocktake study of current fertilisation recommendations across Europe and discussion towards a more harmonised approach", "description": "Abstract                   <p>The European Commission has set targets for a reduction in nutrient losses by at least 50% and a reduction in fertiliser use by at least 20% by 2030 while ensuring no deterioration in soil fertility. Within the mandate of the European Joint Programme EJP Soil \uffe2\uff80\uff98Towards climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90smart sustainable management of agricultural soils\uffe2\uff80\uff99, the objective of this study was to assess current fertilisation practices across Europe and discuss the potential for harmonisation of fertilisation methodologies as a strategy to reduce nutrient loss and overall fertiliser use. A stocktake study of current methods of delivering fertilisation advice took place across 23 European countries. The stocktake was in the form of a questionnaire, comprising 46 questions. Information was gathered on a large range of factors, including soil analysis methods, along with soil, crop and climatic factors taken into consideration within fertilisation calculations. The questionnaire was completed by experts, who are involved in compiling fertilisation recommendations within their country. Substantial differences exist in the content, format and delivery of fertilisation guidelines across Europe. The barriers, constraints and potential benefits of a harmonised approach to fertilisation across Europe are discussed. The general consensus from all participating countries was that harmonisation of fertilisation guidelines should be increased, but it was unclear in what format this could be achieved. Shared learning in the delivery and format of fertilisation guidelines and mechanisms to adhere to environmental legislation were viewed as being beneficial. However, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to harmonise all soil test data and fertilisation methodologies at EU level due to diverse soil types and agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystem influences. Nevertheless, increased future collaboration, especially between neighbouring countries within the same environmental zone, was seen as potentially very beneficial. This study is unique in providing current detail on fertilisation practices across European countries in a side\uffe2\uff80\uff90by\uffe2\uff80\uff90side comparison. The gathered data can provide a baseline for the development of scientifically based EU policy targets for nutrient loss and soil fertility evaluation.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "precision agriculture", "330", "Precision agriculture", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Nutrient management", "nutrient use efficiency", "15. Life on land", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "6. Clean water", "630", "Fertilisation", "12. Responsible consumption", "fertilisation", "Fertilisation recommendations", "13. Climate action", "nutrient management", "11. Sustainability", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Nutrient use efficiency", "ta1181", "[SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", "fertilisation recommendations", "economy and politics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/349203"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/349203", "name": "item", "description": "10261/349203", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/349203"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/349298", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-12-08", "title": "Opportunities for variable rate application of nitrogen under spatial water variations in rainfed wheat systems\u2014an economic analysis", "description": "Abstract<p>In fields of undulating topography, where rainfed crops experience different degrees of water stress caused by spatial water variations, yields vary spatially within the same field, thus offering opportunities for variable rate application (VRA) of nitrogen fertilizer. This study assessed the spatial variations of yield gaps caused by lateral flows from high to low points, for rainfed wheat grown in C\uffc3\uffb3rdoba, Spain, over six consecutive seasons (2016\uffe2\uff80\uff932021). The economic implications associated with multiple scenarios of VRA adoption were explored through a case study and recommendations were proposed. Both farm size (i.e., annual sown area) and topographic structure impacted the dynamics of investment returns. Under current policy-price conditions, VRA adoption would have an economic advantage in farms similar to that of the case study with an annual sown area greater than 567\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Nevertheless, current trends in energy prices, transportation costs and impacts on both cereal prices and fertilizers costs enhance the viability of VRA adoption for a wider population of farm types. The profitability of adopting VRA improves under such scenarios and, in the absence of additional policy support, the minimum area for adoption of VRA decreases to a range of 68\uffe2\uff80\uff93177\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The combination of price increases with the introduction of an additional subsidy on crop area could substantially lower the adoption threshold down to 46\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, making VRA technology economically viable for a much wider population of farmers.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Cereal systems", "Precision agriculture", "Economics", "Spatial modelling", "Yield-gap analysis", "Nutrient management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "VRA", "Yield potential", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cost\u2013benefit"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/349298"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Precision%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/349298", "name": "item", "description": "10261/349298", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/349298"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10451/59993", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-03", "title": "Spectra Fusion of Mid-Infrared (MIR) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy for Estimation of Selected Soil Fertility Attributes", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Previous works indicate that data fusion, compared to single data modelling can improve the assessment of soil attributes using spectroscopy. In this work, two different kinds of proximal soil sensing techniques i.e., mid-infrared (MIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy were evaluated, for assessment of seven fertility attributes. These soil attributes include pH, organic carbon (OC), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and moisture contents (MC). Three kinds of spectra fusion (SF) (spectra concatenation) approaches of MIR and XRF spectra were compared, namely, spectra fusion-Partial least square (SF-PLS), spectra fusion-Sequential Orthogonalized Partial least square (SF-SOPLS) and spectra fusion-Variable Importance Projection-Sequential Orthogonalized Partial least square (SF-VIP-SOPLS). Furthermore, the performance of SF models was compared with the developed single sensor model (based on individual spectra of MIR and XRF). Compared with the results obtained from single sensor model, SF models showed improvement in the prediction performance for all studied attributes, except for OC, Mg, and K prediction. More specifically, the highest improvement was observed with SF-SOPLS model for pH [R2p = 0.90, root mean square error prediction (RMSEP) = 0.15, residual prediction deviation (RPD) = 3.30, and ratio of performance inter-quantile (RPIQ) = 3.59], successively followed by P (R2p = 0.91, RMSEP = 4.45 mg/100 g, RPD = 3.53, and RPIQ = 4.90), Ca (R2p = 0.92, RMSEP = 177.11 mg/100 g, RPD = 3.66, and RPIQ = 3.22) and MC (R2p = 0.80, RMSEP = 1.91%, RPD = 2.31, RPIQ = 2.62). Overall the study concluded that SF approach with SOPLS attained better performance over the traditional model developed with the single sensor spectra, hence, SF is recommended as the best SF method for improving the prediction accuracy of studied soil attributes. Moreover, the multi-sensor spectra fusion approach is not limited for only MIR and XRF data but in general can be extended for complementary information fusion in order to improve the model performance in precision agriculture (PA) applications.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Spectroscopy", " Near-Infrared", "soil fertility", "Chemical technology", "X-Rays", "sequential orthogonalized partial least square (SOPLS)", "Agriculture", "TP1-1185", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "precision agriculture (PA)", "Article", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "spectra fusion (SF)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "multi-sensor", "Least-Squares Analysis", "precision agriculture (PA); multi-sensor; spectra fusion (SF); sequential orthogonalized partial least square (SOPLS); soil fertility"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3459/pdf"}, {"href": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/59993/1/Kandpal%20et%20al%202022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3459/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10451/59993"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10451/59993", "name": "item", "description": "10451/59993", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10451/59993"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-01JV4A4VV9MSQATBRHJD3K77RH", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-04-25", "title": "Multi-dimensional evaluation of site-specific tillage using mouldboard ploughing", "description": "Due to the lack of high-resolution data on soil compaction using proximal sensing technology, mouldboard (MB) ploughing is carried out at uniform speed and depth, which does not necessarily respond to tillage needs due to compaction level and depth that are spatially variable across the field area. This study aims at simulating the comparative performance of different site specific tillage (SST) schemes (e.g., speed and depth) and uniform tillage of a MB plough using a high resolution soil packing density (PD) maps. An on-the-go soil sensing platform was used to predict and map topsoil PD in a Luvisol field in Belgium and two Cambisol fields in Spain. All fields were divided into three management zones, to each of which different tillage speed and depth were assigned based on PD maps. A MATLAB simulation code was developed to predict and compare the power efficiency, fuel consumption, emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from diesel combustion and total operating time of uniform, SST depth, SST speed, and hybrid SST depth and speed MB ploughing schemes. Results revealed that the degree of soil compaction varies from field to field and within fields, which necessitates SST tillage practices. It was found that the depth control was the best performing SST in fields having large areas with low (PD < 1.55) and medium (PD = 1.55 - 1.70) compaction levels, resulting in the largest reduction in draught (33.7 % - 57 %), fuel consumption and CO2 emission (29.6 % - 50.1 %), while using the same operational time as that of the uniform tillage. However, in cases when the majority of the field area was highly compacted (PD > 1.70), potential savings were smaller at 22.5 %, with the speed control emerged as a more effective control scheme. It is recommended to validate the simulation results of SST of MB ploughing in fields to enable assessing the impacts they have on crop responses and soil quality.", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "CALIBRATION", "NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY", "Precision agriculture", "IN-SITU", "SOIL COMPACTION", "Compaction", "LOAM", "Energy consumption", "DENSITY", "ONLINE SENSOR", "On-the-go soil sensing", "Simulation", "TOPSOIL COMPACTION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-01JV4A4VV9MSQATBRHJD3K77RH"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-01JV4A4VV9MSQATBRHJD3K77RH", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-01JV4A4VV9MSQATBRHJD3K77RH", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-01JV4A4VV9MSQATBRHJD3K77RH"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8716615", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:24:18Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Data fusion modelling of visible-near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra", "description": "Spectroscopy has emerged as a solution to estimate key soil attributes in precision agriculture (PA) during recent decades. Chemometrics and machine-learning methods are used in order to extract useful information out of the spectra. In this paper, the performance of visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectrophotometers for the prediction of pH, organic carbon (OC), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), moisture content (MC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were evaluated. Using 267soil samples measured with a CompactSensspectrometer (tec5 technology, Germany) with 350-1700nm spectral range and a 4300-FTIR (Agilent, US) with 650-4000cm-1spectral range, we compared single-sensor partial least squares (PLS) regression after feature selection. To take advantage of both sensors, the combined use of them were evaluated in three fusion scenarios: 1. Spectral concatenation (SC) in which the raw vis-NIR and MIR spectra are concatenated; 2. Feature fusion (FF) wherein the features (i.e., selected spectral ranges) of vis-NIR and MIR are concatenated; and 3. Fusion of the predictions given by vis-NIR and MIR PLS-basedmodels by linear regression (LR). The validation results showed that the vis-NIR model outperforms the MIR model in the prediction of all studied attributes, except for pH, Ca, and CEC. Furthermore, the single-sensor accuracies were improved in all cases by LRwhile SC and FF enhanced the single-sensor accuracies just in cases of OC, Ca, and CEC with FF being superior to SC. However, the improvement achieved by fusion was not significant. Accordingly, it is suggested to use just vis-NIR for prediction of the studied soil attributes since it showed more robustness than MIR.", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "spectroscopy", "precision agriculture", "visible-near-infrared", "mid-infrared", "Data fusion"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Javadi, Seyed Hamed, Mouazen, Abdul,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8716615"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8716615", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8716615", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8716615"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8746428", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-16", "title": "Clustering and Smoothing Pipeline for Management Zone Delineation Using Proximal and Remote Sensing", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In precision agriculture (PA) practices, the accurate delineation of management zones (MZs), with each zone having similar characteristics, is essential for map-based variable rate application of farming inputs. However, there is no consensus on an optimal clustering algorithm and the input data format. In this paper, we evaluated the performances of five clustering algorithms including k-means, fuzzy C-means (FCM), hierarchical, mean shift, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) in different scenarios and assessed the impacts of input data format and feature selection on MZ delineation quality. We used key soil fertility attributes (moisture content (MC), organic carbon (OC), calcium (Ca), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), exchangeable phosphorous (P), and pH) collected with an online visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectrometer along with Sentinel2 and yield data of five commercial fields in Belgium. We demonstrated that k-means is the optimal clustering method for MZ delineation, and the input data should be normalized (range normalization). Feature selection was also shown to be positively effective. Furthermore, we proposed an algorithm based on DBSCAN for smoothing the MZs maps to allow smooth actuating during variable rate application by agricultural machinery. Finally, the whole process of MZ delineation was integrated in a clustering and smoothing pipeline (CaSP), which automatically performs the following steps sequentially: (1) range normalization, (2) feature selection based on cross-correlation analysis, (3) k-means clustering, and (4) smoothing. It is recommended to adopt the developed platform for automatic MZ delineation for variable rate applications of farming inputs.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Spatial Analysis", "precision agriculture", "ACCURACY", "Chemical technology", "management zone delineation", "TP1-1185", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Article", "VARIABILITY", "Soil", "YIELD", "FUSION", "feature selection", "ATTRIBUTES", "clustering; feature selection; management zone delineation; precision agriculture", "Remote Sensing Technology", "Cluster Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "FIELD", "SOIL-PHOSPHORUS", "Algorithms", "clustering"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/2/645/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/2/645/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8746428"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8746428", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8746428", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8746428"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11769/552491", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-18", "title": "Assessing almond response to irrigation and soil management practices using vegetation indexes time-series and plant water status measurements", "description": "Current water scarcity scenario has led to the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices intended to improve water use efficiency. The present work evaluates during three agricultural campaigns (2018-2020) the response of a young almond orchard to two management practices in terms by combining remote sensing indexes (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI; and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Indexes, SAVI) and physiological/ morphological measurement (stem water potential, \u03a8stem; trunk perimeter and canopy diameter). The management practices included (I) sustained deficit irrigation and (II) soil management. Severe deficit irrigation resulted in lower vegetation indexes (VI) values, \u03a8stem and tree dimensions (13 %, 23 % and 14 % lower, respectively) than those obtained for full irrigation strategy; whereas moderate deficit irrigation did not affect any of the parameters analysed. The presence of vegetation cover in the inter-row resulted in a VIs increase (19-42 %) and in lower tree dimensions (reductions of 7-8 % for trunk perimeter and 0.34-0.37 m for canopy diameter) when compared to bare soil treatment, but did not have any influence on \u03a8stem. The present study proves the suitability of remote sensing and physiological measurements for assessing almond response to the different management practices.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Soil management", "Almonds", "F06 Irrigation", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Vegetation index", "Sentinel 2", "Remote sensing sustainable agriculture", "P33 Soil chemistry and physics", "F40 Plant ecology", "2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "Precision agriculture", "Sustainable agriculture", "Water use efficiency", "Vegetation cover", "F07 Soil cultivation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Tree canopy", "F60 Plant physiology and biochemistry", "6. Clean water", "Water management", "P30 Soil science and management", "P10 Water resources and management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Sentinel-2"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552491/2/Agriculture%2c%20ecosystems%20and%20environment%202022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11769/552491"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11769/552491", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11769/552491", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11769/552491"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3035570271", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:25:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-15", "title": "Prediction of Yield Productivity Zones from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A/B and Their Evaluation Using Farm Machinery Measurements", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Yield is one of the primary concerns for any farmer since it is a key to economic prosperity. Yield productivity zones\u2014that is to say, areas with the same yield level within fields over the long-term\u2014are a form of derived (predicted) data from periodic remote sensing, in this study according to the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The delineation of yield productivity zones can (a) increase economic prosperity and (b) reduce the environmental burden by employing site-specific crop management practices which implement advanced geospatial technologies that respect soil heterogeneity. This paper presents yield productivity zone identification and computing based on Sentinel-2A/B and Landsat 8 multispectral satellite data and also quantifies the success rate of yield prediction in comparison to the measured yield data. Yield data on spring barley, winter wheat, corn, and oilseed rape were measured with a spatial resolution of up to several meters directly by a CASE IH harvester in the field. The yield data were available from three plots in three years on the Rost\u011bnice Farm in the Czech Republic, with an overall acreage of 176 hectares. The presented yield productivity zones concept was found to be credible for the prediction of yield, including its geospatial variations.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "yield productivity zones", "precision agriculture", "Science", "Q", "Enhanced Vegetation Index", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "yield productivity zones; yield measurements; satellite images; precision agriculture; Enhanced Vegetation Index", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "yield measurements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "satellite images", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1917/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/3035570271"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3035570271", "name": "item", "description": "3035570271", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3035570271"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3033086727", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:25:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-05", "title": "Water modelling approaches and opportunities to simulate spatial water variations at crop field level", "description": "Open AccessFunding from the European Commission under project SHui \u2013 Grant agreement ID 773903.", "keywords": ["Water management", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Precision agriculture", "Spatial modelling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Water-balance", "15. Life on land", "Crop-modelling", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3033086727"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3033086727", "name": "item", "description": "3033086727", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3033086727"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3108100133", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-04", "title": "Combining Seed Dressing and Foliar Applications of Phosphorus Fertilizer Can Give Similar Crop Growth and Yield Benefits to Soil Applications Together With Greater Recovery Rates", "description": "<p>Phosphorus (P) fertilizers have a dramatic effect on agricultural productivity, but conventional methods of application result in only limited recovery of the applied P. Given the increasing volatility in rock phosphate prices, more efficient strategies for P fertilizer use would be of economic and environmental benefit in the drive for sustainable intensification. This study used a combination of controlled-environment experiments and radioisotopic labeling to investigate the fertilizer use efficiency of a combination of seed (grain) dressing and foliar applications of P to spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Radioisotopic labeling showed that the application of foliar P in the presence of photosynthetic light substantially increased both P-uptake into the leaf and P-mobilization within the plant, especially when an adjuvant was used. When compared with soil application of inorganic P buried into the rooting zone, a combination of a 3 \uffce\uffbcmol seed dressing and three successive 46.3 \uffce\uffbcmol plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921foliar applications were far more efficient at providing P fertilization benefits in P-limiting conditions. We conclude that a combination of seed dressing and foliar applications of P is potentially a better alternative to conventional soil-based application, offering greater efficiency in use of applied P both in terms of P-uptake rate and grain yield. Further work is required to evaluate whether these results can be obtained under a range of field conditions.</p", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "foliar feeding", "precision agriculture", "S", "Plant culture", "Agriculture", "food security", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "crop nutrition", "630", "SB1-1110", "fertilizer management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "integrated nutrient management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/445254/1/605655_Manuscript.PDF"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/3108100133"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3108100133", "name": "item", "description": "3108100133", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3108100133"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC9185546", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:27:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-01", "title": "Agrobot Lala\u2014An Autonomous Robotic System for Real-Time, In-Field Soil Sampling, and Analysis of Nitrates", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>This paper presents an autonomous robotic system, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), for in-field soil sampling and analysis of nitrates. Compared to standard methods of soil analysis it has several advantages: each sample is individually analyzed compared to average sample analysis in standard methods; each sample is georeferenced, providing a map for precision base fertilizing; the process is fully autonomous; samples are analyzed in real-time, approximately 30 min per sample; and lightweight for less soil compaction. The robotic system has several modules: commercial robotic platform, anchoring module, sampling module, sample preparation module, sample analysis module, and communication module. The system is augmented with an in-house developed cloud-based platform. This platform uses satellite images, and an artificial intelligence (AI) proprietary algorithm to divide the target field into representative zones for sampling, thus, reducing and optimizing the number and locations of the samples. Based on this, a task is created for the robot to automatically sample at those locations. The user is provided with an in-house developed smartphone app enabling overview and monitoring of the task, changing the positions, removing and adding of the sampling points. The results of the measurements are uploaded to the cloud for further analysis and the creation of prescription maps for variable rate base fertilization.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "precision agriculture", "Nitrates", "Chemical technology", "soil sampling", "TP1-1185", "Robotics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "artificial intelligence", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "UGV; precision agriculture; artificial intelligence; soil nutrient analysis; soil sampling", "Soil", "soil nutrient analysis", "Robotic Surgical Procedures", "Artificial Intelligence", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "UGV"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4207/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/PMC9185546"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC9185546", "name": "item", "description": "PMC9185546", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC9185546"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:digital.csic.es:10261/227227", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:15Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Water modelling approaches and opportunities to simulate spatial water variations at crop field level", "description": "Considerable spatial variability in soil hydraulic properties exists within a field, even in those considered homogeneous. Spatial variability of water as a major driver of crop heterogeneity gains particular relevance within the context of precision agriculture, but modelling has devoted insufficient efforts to scale up from point to field the associated \u2018cause-effect\u2019 relations of water spatial variations. Seven crop simulation models (WOFOST, DSSAT, APSIM, DAISY, STICS, AquaCrop and MONICA) and five hydrologic models (HYDRUS-1D, HYDRUS-2D, SWAP, MIKE-SHE and SWIM) were selected and their water modelling approaches were systematically reviewed for comparison. Crop models rely mainly on \u2018discrete\u2019 and empirical approaches for modelling soil water movement while hydrologic models emphasize more \u2018continuous\u2019 and mechanistic ones. Combining both types of models may not be the best way forward as none of the models consider all of the processes which are relevant for the simulation of spatial variations. Hydrologic models pay more attention to spatially variable water processes than crop simulation models, although their focus is on scales higher than the field which is the relevant scale for assessing the influence of such variations on crop behaviour. Opportunities for progress in the spatial simulation of water processes at field level will probably come from two different directions. One implying a stronger synergism between both model families by using continuous-type approaches to simulate some mechanisms in existing crop models, and the other through the integration of lateral flows in the simulation of discrete water movement approaches. Funding from the European Commission under project SHui \u2013 Grant agreement ID 773903.", "keywords": ["Water management", "Precision agriculture", "Spatial modelling", "Water-balance", "Crop-modelling"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tenreiro, Tom\u00e1s R., Garc\u00eda Vila, Margarita, G\u00f3mez Calero, Jos\u00e9 Alfonso, Jim\u00e9nez-Berni, Jos\u00e9 A., Fereres Castiel, El\u00edas,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:digital.csic.es:10261/227227"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:digital.csic.es:10261/227227", "name": "item", "description": "oai:digital.csic.es:10261/227227", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:digital.csic.es:10261/227227"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "ad61a728-38e0-4a5d-9b29-0770d2aea082", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "soil texture"}, {"id": "liming"}, {"id": "precision agriculture"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "soil heterogeneity"}, {"id": "proximal soil sensing"}, {"id": "on-the-go gamma spectroscopy"}, {"id": "grain size distribution"}, {"id": "soil mineralogy"}, {"id": "variable rate irrigation"}, {"id": "plot trial"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the I4S's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The I4S and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2023-08-30", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-02-25", "language": "eng", "title": "On-the-go gamma spectra for the site \u201cM\u00fcnster\u201d from the publication P\u00e4tzold et al. 2020, Soil Systems 4, 31", "description": "The file contains 2480 datasets. They comprise gamma-ray data (total counts, K-40, U-238, and Th-232, all in Bq), along with co-ordinates from a field survey. The spectra were taken at 0.7 to 1.4 m s-1 at 0.3 m above soil surface with an RSI-700 instrument (two 4.2 L NaI crystals). Further details in the open access publication P\u00e4tzold et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020031)\n\nDue to data protection restrictions, we provide only co-ordinates that allow the relative positioning within the field. The field is located in the district Coesfeld (Germany).", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "soil texture", "liming", "precision agriculture", "opendata", "soil heterogeneity", "proximal soil sensing", "on-the-go gamma spectroscopy", "grain size distribution", "soil mineralogy", "variable rate irrigation", "plot trial", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "P\u00e4tzold, Stefan", "organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-9739-8734", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "P\u00e4tzold, Stefan", "organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-9739-8734", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=ad61a728-38e0-4a5d-9b29-0770d2aea082", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "ad61a728-38e0-4a5d-9b29-0770d2aea082", "name": "item", "description": "ad61a728-38e0-4a5d-9b29-0770d2aea082", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ad61a728-38e0-4a5d-9b29-0770d2aea082"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-08-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "918924b9-4e91-4ed4-8c59-56582ae05d05", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "sensors"}, {"id": "soil texture"}, {"id": "agricultural soils"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "precision agriculture"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - I4S's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - I4S and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-08-30", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-02-09", "language": "eng", "title": "I4S: mobile gamma spectrometry", "description": "Gamma spectra were proximally recorded as described in detail in the following publications: \n1) stop-and-go data: Heggemann T, Welp G, Amelung W, Angst G, Franz SO, Koszinski S, Schmidt K, P\u00e4tzold S. 2017. Proximal gamma-ray spectrometry for site-independent in situ prediction of soil texture on ten heterogeneous fields in Germany using support vector machines. Soil Till. Res. 168, 99-109. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.10.008\n2) on-the-go data: P\u00e4tzold S, Leenen M, Heggemann TW. Proximal Mobile Gamma Spectrometry as Tool for Precision Farming and Field Experimentation. Soil Syst. 2020, 4, 31; doi:10.3390/soilsystems4020031 (open acccess).\n\nStop-and-go data tables contain conventional texture analyses as well as the gamma counts [cps] of the four regions of interest (total counts, K-40, U-238, Th-232). \nOn-the-go data tables provide the four ROI's recorded at the different fields in their original spatial context.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "sensors", "soil texture", "agricultural soils", "Germany", "precision agriculture", "opendata", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "Stefan P\u00e4tzold", "organization": "University of Bonn, INRES-Soil Science and Soil Ecology", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": "+49228732775"}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Nussallee 13"], "city": "Bonn", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "53115", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Stefan P\u00e4tzold", "organization": "University of Bonn, INRES-Soil Science and Soil Ecology", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": "+49228732775"}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Nussallee 13"], "city": "Bonn", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "53115", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Bonn, INRES-Soil Science and Soil Ecology", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=918924b9-4e91-4ed4-8c59-56582ae05d05", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "918924b9-4e91-4ed4-8c59-56582ae05d05", "name": "item", "description": "918924b9-4e91-4ed4-8c59-56582ae05d05", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/918924b9-4e91-4ed4-8c59-56582ae05d05"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-08-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "49adbaef-e3a0-4abd-8f23-13d8394ae8d7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "soil texture"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "soil heterogeneity"}, {"id": "proximal soil sensing"}, {"id": "on-the-go gamma spectroscopy"}, {"id": "grain size distribution"}, {"id": "soil mineralogy; variable rate irrigation; liming; plot trial; precision agriculture"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the I4S's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the I4S and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The I4S and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2023-09-12", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-02-25", "language": "eng", "title": "On-the-go gamma spectra for the site \u201cUckermark 2\u201d from the publication P\u00e4tzold et al. 2020, Soil Systems 4, 31", "description": "The file contains 13364 datasets. They comprise gamma-ray data (total counts, K-40, U-238, and Th-232, all in Bq), along with co-ordinates from a field survey. The spectra were taken at 0.7 to 1.4 m s-1 at 0.3 m above soil surface with an RSI-700 instrument (two 4.2 L NaI crystals). Further details in the open access publication P\u00e4tzold et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020031)", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "soil texture", "opendata", "soil heterogeneity", "proximal soil sensing", "on-the-go gamma spectroscopy", "grain size distribution", "soil mineralogy; variable rate irrigation; liming; plot trial; precision agriculture", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "P\u00e4tzold, Stefan", "organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-9739-8734", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "P\u00e4tzold, Stefan", "organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "s.paetzold@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Bonn (Germany)", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=49adbaef-e3a0-4abd-8f23-13d8394ae8d7", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://metadata.bonares.de:443/smartEditor/preview/graphic.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "49adbaef-e3a0-4abd-8f23-13d8394ae8d7", "name": "item", "description": "49adbaef-e3a0-4abd-8f23-13d8394ae8d7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/49adbaef-e3a0-4abd-8f23-13d8394ae8d7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "e8c9167a-4e29-44c2-8972-c8c2a3c3d86d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "precision agriculture"}, {"id": "remote sensing"}, {"id": "sensors"}, {"id": "clay"}, {"id": "soil organic carbon"}, {"id": "soil organic matter"}, {"id": "machine learning"}, {"id": "regression analysis"}, {"id": "soil chemistry"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Digital Soil Mapping"}, {"id": "pH"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Sao Paulo"}, {"id": "Bahia"}, {"id": "Goias"}, {"id": "Mato Grosso"}, {"id": "Mato Grosso do Sul"}, {"id": "Santa Catarina"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Brandenburg"}, {"id": "North Rhine-Westphalia"}, {"id": "Saxony-Anhalt"}, {"id": "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"}, {"id": "China"}, {"id": "Hubei"}, {"id": "Japan"}, {"id": "Saitama Prefecture"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Sk\u00e5ne L\u00e4n"}, {"id": "Uppsala L\u00e4n"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "Canton of Vaud"}, {"id": "USA"}, {"id": "Wisconsin"}, {"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Pest County"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "South Moravia"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Occitania"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2025-02-26", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2025-02-24", "language": "eng", "title": "Precision Liming Soil Datasets (LimeSoDa)", "description": "Precision Liming Soil Datasets (LimeSoDa) is a collection of 31 datasets from a field- and farm-scale soil mapping context. These datasets are \"ready-to-use\" for modeling purposes, as they include target soil properties and features in a tidy tabular format. Three target soil properties are present in every dataset: (1) soil organic matter (SOM) or soil organic carbon (SOC), (2) pH, and (3) clay content, while the features for modeling are dataset-specific. The primary goal of `LimeSoDa` is to enable more reliable benchmarking of machine learning methods in digital soil mapping and pedometrics. All the associated materials and data from LimeSoDa can be downloaded in this data repository. However, for a more in-depth analysis, we refer to the published paper \"LimeSoDa: A Dataset Collection for Benchmarking of Machine Learning Regressors in Digital Soil Mapping\" by Schmidinger et al. (2025).", "formats": [{"name": "ZIP"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "precision agriculture", "remote sensing", "sensors", "clay", "soil organic carbon", "soil organic matter", "machine learning", "regression analysis", "soil chemistry", "opendata", "Digital Soil Mapping", "pH", "Boden", "Brazil", "Sao Paulo", "Bahia", "Goias", "Mato Grosso", "Mato Grosso do Sul", "Santa Catarina", "Germany", "Brandenburg", "North Rhine-Westphalia", "Saxony-Anhalt", "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania", "China", "Hubei", "Japan", "Saitama Prefecture", "Sweden", "Sk\u00e5ne L\u00e4n", "Uppsala L\u00e4n", "Switzerland", "Canton of Vaud", "USA", "Wisconsin", "Hungary", "Pest County", "Czechia", "South Moravia", "France", "Occitania"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Jonas Schmidinger", "organization": "Osnabr\u00fcck University and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jonas.schmidinger@uni-osnabrueck.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Anh Duy Pham", "organization": "Osnabr\u00fcck University and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "anh-duy.pham@uni-osnabrueck.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Robin Gebbers", "organization": "Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "rgebbers@atb-potsdam.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Hamed Tavakoli", "organization": "Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "HTavakoli@atb-potsdam.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jos\u00e9 Eduardo Correa Reyes", "organization": "Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "JCorreaReyes@atb-potsdam.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tiago Rodrigues Tavares", "organization": "University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "tiagosrt@usp.br"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Patrick Filippi", "organization": "University of Sydney", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "patrick.filippi@sydney.edu.au"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Edward J. 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"country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Taciara Zborowski Horst", "organization": "Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "taciaraz@utfpr.edu.br"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Sebastian Vogel", "organization": "Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "SVogel@atb-potsdam.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Leonardo Ramirez Lopez", "organization": "B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG and Imperial Collage London", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": 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Wetterlind", "organization": "Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Johanna.Wetterlind@slu.se"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Martin Atzmueller", "organization": "Osnabr\u00fcck University and German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "martin.atzmueller@uos.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jonas Schmidinger", "organization": "Osnabr\u00fcck University and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": 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Montpellier, AgroParisTech, INRAE, IRD, L'Institut Agro, Montpellier, France;University of Sydney;Agroscope, Field-Crop Systems and Plant Nutrition, Nyon, Switzerland;Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO);University of Rostock;Federal University of Mato Grosso;Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1;Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM);Osnabr\u00fcck University and German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI);Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops;University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP);Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, USA;B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG and Imperial Collage London;Bern University of Applied Sciences;University of Bonn;Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology;Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa;Federal University of Jata\u00ed;Mendel University in Brno", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=e8c9167a-4e29-44c2-8972-c8c2a3c3d86d", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://metadata.bonares.de:443/smartEditor/preview/Precision_Liming_Sites.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "e8c9167a-4e29-44c2-8972-c8c2a3c3d86d", "name": "item", "description": "e8c9167a-4e29-44c2-8972-c8c2a3c3d86d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/e8c9167a-4e29-44c2-8972-c8c2a3c3d86d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:archive.ugent.be:8716615", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:14Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Data fusion modelling of visible-near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra", "description": "Spectroscopy has emerged as a solution to estimate key soil attributes in precision agriculture (PA) during recent decades. Chemometrics and machine-learning methods are used in order to extract useful information out of the spectra. In this paper, the performance of visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectrophotometers for the prediction of pH, organic carbon (OC), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), moisture content (MC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were evaluated. Using 267soil samples measured with a CompactSensspectrometer (tec5 technology, Germany) with 350-1700nm spectral range and a 4300-FTIR (Agilent, US) with 650-4000cm-1spectral range, we compared single-sensor partial least squares (PLS) regression after feature selection. To take advantage of both sensors, the combined use of them were evaluated in three fusion scenarios: 1. Spectral concatenation (SC) in which the raw vis-NIR and MIR spectra are concatenated; 2. Feature fusion (FF) wherein the features (i.e., selected spectral ranges) of vis-NIR and MIR are concatenated; and 3. Fusion of the predictions given by vis-NIR and MIR PLS-basedmodels by linear regression (LR). The validation results showed that the vis-NIR model outperforms the MIR model in the prediction of all studied attributes, except for pH, Ca, and CEC. Furthermore, the single-sensor accuracies were improved in all cases by LRwhile SC and FF enhanced the single-sensor accuracies just in cases of OC, Ca, and CEC with FF being superior to SC. However, the improvement achieved by fusion was not significant. 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