A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolatedEXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS(ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, theENOgene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate thatenoexhibits synergistic effects with mutations at theLOCULE NUMBER(encodingSlWUS) andFASCIATED(encodingSlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that anenomutation causes a substantial expansion ofSlWUSexpression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within theSlWUSpromoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulatesSlWUSexpression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of theENOlocus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter ofENOhad been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "570", "Floral meristem", "[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Meristem", "Quantitative Trait Loci", "Genes", " Plant", "CLAVATA/WUSCHEL regulatory network", "Domestication", "[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]", "03 medical and health sciences", "Solanum lycopersicum", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Plant", "AP2/ERF transcription factor", "Promoter Regions", " Genetic", "Cell Proliferation", "Plant Proteins", "580", "Homeodomain Proteins", "2. Zero hunger", "Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)", "0303 health sciences", "Stem Cells", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "fruit size", "Crop Production", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "CLAVATA-WUSCHEL regulatory network", "GENETICA", "Fruit", "Mutation", "Fruit size", "floral meristem", "Transcription Factors"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1913688117"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913688117"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1913688117", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1913688117", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1913688117"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/tpr121", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-07", "title": "Leaf-Trait Responses To Irrigation Of The Endemic Fog-Oasis Tree Myrcianthes Ferreyrae: Can A Fog Specialist Benefit From Regular Watering?", "description": "Myrcianthes ferreyrae is an endemic, endangered species, with a small number of individuals located only in hyperarid, fog-oases known as lomas along the Peruvian desert in southern Peru, where fog is the main source of water. Following centuries of severe deforestation, reforestation with this native species was conducted in the Atiquipa lomas, Arequipa-Per\u00fa. On five slopes, five 2-year-old seedlings were irrigated monthly with water trapped by raschel-mesh fog collectors, supplementing natural rainfall with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm month(-1) from February to August 2008. We measured plant growth, increment in basal diameter, height and five leaf traits: leaf mass area (LMA), leaf carbon isotope composition (\u03b4(13)C), nitrogen per leaf area, total leaf carbon and stomatal density; which are indicative of the physiological changes resulting from increased water supply. Plant growth rates, estimated from the variation of either shoot basal diameter or maximum height, were highly correlated with total biomass. Only LMA and \u03b4(13)C were higher in irrigated than in control plants, but we found no further differences among irrigation treatments. This threshold response suggests an on-off strategy fitted to exploit pulses of fog water, which are always limited in magnitude in comparison with natural rain. The absence of a differential response to increased water supply is in agreement with the low phenotypic plasticity expected in plants from very stressful environments. Our results have practical implications for reforestation projects, since irrigating with 20 mm per month is sufficient to achieve the full growth capacity of this species.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Isotopes", "Principal Component Analysis", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Geography", "Water", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Statistics", " Nonparametric", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Quantitative Trait", " Heritable", "Multivariate Analysis", "Peru", "Plant Stomata", "Biomass", "Weather"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr121"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/tpr121", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/tpr121", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/tpr121"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-13", "title": "Litter Stoichiometric Traits Of Plant Species Of High-Latitude Ecosystems Show High Responsiveness To Global Change Without Causing Strong Variation In Litter Decomposition", "description": "\u2022 High-latitude ecosystems are important carbon accumulators, mainly as a result of low decomposition rates of litter and soil organic matter. We investigated whether global change impacts on litter decomposition rates are constrained by litter stoichiometry. \u2022 Thereto, we investigated the interspecific natural variation in litter stoichiometric traits (LSTs) in high-latitude ecosystems, and compared it with climate change-induced LST variation measured in the Meeting of Litters (MOL) experiment. This experiment includes leaf litters originating from 33 circumpolar and high-altitude global change experiments. Two-year decomposition rates of litters from these experiments were measured earlier in two common litter beds in sub-Arctic Sweden. \u2022 Response ratios of LSTs in plants of high-latitude ecosystems in the global change treatments showed a three-fold variation, and this was in the same range as the natural variation among species. However, response ratios of decomposition were about an order of magnitude lower than those of litter carbon/nitrogen ratios. \u2022 This implies that litter stoichiometry does not constrain the response of plant litter decomposition to global change. We suggest that responsiveness is rather constrained by the less responsive traits of the Plant Economics Spectrum of litter decomposability, such as lignin and dry matter content and specific leaf area.", "keywords": ["Sweden", "0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Altitude", "Climate Change", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Plant Leaves", "Quantitative Trait", " Heritable", "Species Specificity", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-08-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-05-30", "title": "Construction of a high-density genetic map and identification of loci controlling purple sepal trait of flower head in Brassica oleracea L. italica", "description": "Some broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. italic) accessions have purple sepals and cold weather would deepen the purple color, while the sepals of other broccoli lines are always green even in cold winter. The related locus or gene is still unknown. In this study, a high-density genetic map was constructed based on specific locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing in a doubled-haploid segregation population with 127 individuals. And mapping of the purple sepal trait in flower heads based on phenotypic data collected during three seasons was performed.A genetic map was constructed, which contained 6694 SLAF markers with an average sequencing depth of 81.37-fold in the maternal line, 84-fold in the paternal line, and 15.76-fold in each individual population studied. In all of the annual data recorded, three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified that were all distributed within the linkage group (LG) 1. Among them, a major locus, qPH.C01-2, located at 36.393\u2009cM LG1, was consistently detected in all analysis. Besides this locus, another two minor loci, qPH.C01-4 and qPH.C01-5, were identified near qPH.C01-2, based on the phenotypic data from spring of 2018.The purple sepal trait could be controlled by a major single locus and two minor loci. The genetic map and location of the purple sepal trait of flower heads provide an important foundation for mapping other compound traits and the identification of the genes related to purple sepal trait in broccoli.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "QTL", "Pigmentation", "Broccoli", "Quantitative Trait Loci", "Botany", "Chromosome Mapping", "Brassica", "03 medical and health sciences", "Genetic map", "QK1-989", "Broccoli; Genetic map; Purple sepal; QTL; SLAF; Brassica; Chromosome Mapping; Inflorescence; Pigmentation; Quantitative Trait Loci", "Purple sepal", "Inflorescence", "SLAF", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/378740/2/Construction.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BMC%20Plant%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s12870-019-1831-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:18:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-18", "title": "Elevation-Related Variation In Leaf Stomatal Traits As A Function Of Plant Functional Type: Evidence From Changbai Mountain, China", "description": "Understanding the variation in stomatal characteristics in relation to climatic gradients can reveal the adaptation strategies of plants, and help us to predict their responses to future climate changes. In this study, we investigated stomatal density (SD) and stomatal length (SL) in 150 plant species along an elevation gradient (540-2357 m) in Changbai Mountain, China, and explored the patterns and drivers of stomatal characteristics across species and plant functional types (PFTs: trees, shrubs, and herbs). The average values of SD and SL for all species combined were 156 mm(-2) and 35 \u00b5m, respectively. SD was higher in trees (224 mm(-2)) than in shrubs (156 mm(-2)) or herbs (124 mm(-2)), and SL was largest in herbs (37 \u00b5m). SD was negatively correlated with SL in all species and PFTs (P < 0.01). The relationship between stomatal characteristics and elevation differed among PFTs. In trees, SD decreased and SL increased with elevation; in shrubs and herbs, SD initially increased and then decreased. Elevation-related differences in SL were not significant. PFT explained 7.20-17.6% of the total variation in SD and SL; the contributions of CO2 partial pressure (P CO2), precipitation, and soil water content (SWC) were weak (0.02-2.28%). Our findings suggest that elevation-related patterns of stomatal characteristics in leaves are primarily a function of PFT, and highlight the importance of differences among PFTs in modeling gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems under global climate change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "China", "Science", "Altitude", "Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Adaptation", " Physiological", "01 natural sciences", "Quantitative Trait", " Heritable", "13. Climate action", "Plant Stomata", "Medicine", "Ecosystem", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115395"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115395", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0115395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-12-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/genes10010068", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-22", "title": "Convergent Evolution of the Seed Shattering Trait", "description": "Loss of seed shattering is a key trait in crop domestication, particularly for grain crops. For wild plants, seed shattering is a crucial mechanism to achieve greater fitness, although in the agricultural context, this mechanism reduces harvesting efficiency, especially under dry conditions. Loss of seed shattering was acquired independently in different monocotyledon and dicotyledon crop species by \uffe2\uff80\uff98convergent phenotypic evolution\uffe2\uff80\uff99, leading to similar low dehiscent and indehiscent phenotypes. Here, the main aim is to review the current knowledge about seed shattering in crops, in order to highlight the tissue modifications that underlie the convergent phenotypic evolution of reduced shattering in different types of fruit, from the silique of Brassicaceae species, to the pods of legumes and spikes of cereals. Emphasis is given to legumes, with consideration of recent data obtained for the common bean. The current review also discusses to what extent convergent phenotypes arose from parallel changes at the histological and/or molecular levels. For this reason, an overview is included of the main findings relating to the genetic control of seed shattering in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and in other important crops.
", "keywords": ["QTL mapping", "common bean", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "legumes", "Quantitative Trait Loci", "Common bean; Crop domestication; Gene expression; Legumes; Pod anatomy; QTL mapping; Genetics; Genetics (clinical)", "legume", "Review", "QH426-470", "pod anatomy", "15. Life on land", "Evolution", " Molecular", "crop domestication", "Magnoliopsida", "03 medical and health sciences", "Seed Dispersal", "Seeds", "Genetics", "gene expression"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/1/68/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Genes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/genes10010068", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/genes10010068", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-19T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Quantitative+Trait&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Quantitative+Trait&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Quantitative+Trait&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Quantitative+Trait&offset=7", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 7, "numberReturned": 7, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-23T01:52:29.113744Z"}