{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-28", "title": "Models for assessing engineered nanomaterial fate and behaviour in the aquatic environment", "description": "Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs, material containing<br/>particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nm) are<br/>present in a range of consumer products and could be<br/>released into the environment from these products during<br/>their production, use or end-of-life. The high surface to<br/>volume ratio of nanomaterials imparts a high reactivity,<br/>which is of interest for novel applications but may raise<br/>concern for the environment. In the absence of<br/>measurement methods, there is a need for modelling to<br/>assess likely concentrations and fate arising from current<br/>and future releases. To assess the capability that exists to<br/>do such modelling, progress in modelling ENM fate since<br/>2011 is reviewed. ENM-specific processes represented in<br/>models are mainly limited to aggregation and, in some<br/>instances, dissolution. Transformation processes (e.g.<br/>sulphidation), the role of the manufactured coatings,<br/>particle size distribution and particle form and state are still<br/>usually excluded. Progress is also being made in modelling<br/>ENMs at larger scales. Currently, models can give a<br/>reasonable assessment of the fate of ENMs in the<br/>environment, but a full understanding will likely require<br/>fuller inclusion of these ENM-specific processes.", "keywords": ["RELEASE", "transformation", "aggregation", "Urbanisation", "METALLIC NANOPARTICLES", "QUANTIFICATION", "SILVER NANOPARTICLES", "01 natural sciences", "6. 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Our objective was to present the results from five short-term (&lt;5 years) case studies located along the north\u2013south and east\u2013west gradients and conducted within the SoilCare project using soil-improving cropping systems (SICSs) for mitigating topsoil and subsoil SC. Two study sites (SSs) focused on natural subsoil (\u02c325 cm) compaction using subsoiling tillage treatments to depths of 35 cm (Sweden) and 60 cm (Romania). The other SSs addressed both topsoil and subsoil SC (\u02c325 cm, Norway and United Kingdom; \u02c330 cm, Italy) using deep-rooted bio-drilling crops and different tillage types or a combination of both. Each SS evaluated the effectiveness of the SICSs by measuring the soil physical properties, and we calculated SC indices. The SICSs showed promising results\u2014for example, alfalfa in Norway showed good potential for alleviating SC (the subsoil density decreased from 1.69 to 1.45 g cm\u22121) and subsoiling at the Swedish SS improved root penetration into the subsoil by about 10 cm\u2014but the effects of SICSs on yields were generally small. These case studies also reflected difficulties in implementing SICSs, some of which are under development, and we discuss methodological issues for measuring their effectiveness. There is a need for refining these SICSs and for evaluating their longer-term effect under a wider range of pedoclimatic conditions.</p></article>", "keywords": ["bio-drilling crops", "ROOT-GROWTH", "Environmental Studies", "subsoiling", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "Soil Science", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "straw incorporation", "910", "CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE", "3301 Architecture", "soil penetration resistance", "4104 Environmental management", "degree of compaction; soil penetration resistance; relative normalised density; air-filled porosity; tillage; straw incorporation; bio-drilling crops; subsoiling; crop productivity", "relative normalised density", "GAS-TRANSPORT", "0502 Environmental Science and Management", "S Agriculture (General)", "910 Geography & travel", "PENETRATION RESISTANCE", "550 Earth sciences & geology", "crop productivity", "2. 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