{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-11", "title": "Hydrological responses to rainfall events including the extratropical cyclone Gloria in two contrasting Mediterranean headwaters in Spain; the perennial font del Reg\u00e0s and the intermittent Fuirosos", "description": "Abstract<p>Catchment hydrological responses to precipitation inputs, particularly during exceptionally large storms, are complex and variable, and our understanding of the associated runoff generation processes during those events is limited. Hydrological monitoring of climatically and hydrologically distinct catchments can help to improve this understanding by shedding light on the interplay between antecedent soil moisture conditions, hydrological connectivity, and rainfall event characteristics. This knowledge is urgently needed considering that both the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events are increasing worldwide as a consequence of climate change. In autumn 2018, we installed water level sensors to monitor stream water and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90stream groundwater levels at two Mediterranean forest headwater catchments with contrasting hydrological regimes: Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s (sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid climate, perennial flow regime) and Fuirosos (semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid climate, intermittent flow regime). Both catchments are located in northeastern Spain, where the extratropical cyclone Gloria hit in January 2020 and left in ca. 65\uffe2\uff80\uff89h outstanding accumulated rainfalls of 424\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s and 230\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Fuirosos. During rainfall events of low mean intensity, hydrological responses to precipitation inputs at the semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid Fuirosos were more delayed and more variable than at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s. We explain these divergences by differences in antecedent soil moisture conditions and associated differences in catchment hydrological connectivity between the two catchments, which in this case are likely driven by differences in local climate rather than by differences in local topography. In contrast, during events of moderate and high mean rainfall intensities, including the storm Gloria, precipitation inputs and hydrological responses correlated similarly in the two catchments. We explain this convergence by rapid development of hydrological connectivity independently of antecedent soil moisture conditions. The data set presented here is unique and contributes to our mechanistic understanding on how streams respond to rainfall events and exceptionally large storms in catchments with contrasting flow regimes.</p>", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "rainfall intensity", "climate extreme", "15. Life on land", "551", "extreme hydrological event", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "antecedent soil moisture conditions", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "heavy rainfall", "Mediterranean climate", "catchment hydrological connectivity", "environmental monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrological%20Processes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/qj.4033", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-06", "title": "Sensitivity of some African heavy rainfall events to microphysics and planetary boundary layer schemes: Impacts on localised storms", "description": "Abstract<p>High\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) simulations of heavy rainfall events are known to be strongly sensitive to the choice of the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90grid scale parameterisation schemes. In the African continent, studies on such a choice at the convective\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolving scales are not numerous. By exploiting a state\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90art NWP model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the sensitivity of the simulation of three heavy rainfall events in Sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa to the microphysical (MP) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes is studied. Validating the numerical outputs against rainfall satellite estimates, ground\uffe2\uff80\uff90based weather stations, radiosonde profiles and satellite\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature maps with an object\uffe2\uff80\uff90based tool, the best\uffe2\uff80\uff90performing setup is identified. In terms of heavy rainfall forecast location, it is found that the PBL scheme has a greater impact than the MP, which is shown to control the cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature simulation. Among the schemes considered, the best performances are achieved with a six\uffe2\uff80\uff90class single\uffe2\uff80\uff90moment microphysical scheme and a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90local planetary boundary layer scheme which properly includes the vertical mixing by the large eddies in the atmosphere.</p>", "keywords": ["NWP model", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "WRF", "Africa; heavy rainfall; microphysics; MODE; NWP model; planetary boundary layer; WRF;", "heavy rainfall", "microphysics", "MODE", "01 natural sciences", "planetary boundary layer", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1206957/1/Quart%20J%20Royal%20Meteoro%20Soc%20-%202021%20-%20Meroni%20-%20Sensitivity%20of%20some%20African%20heavy%20rainfall%20events%20to%20microphysics%20and%20planetary.pdf"}, {"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/qj.4033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/qj.4033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s004420050242", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "title": "Nutrient Limitation And Plant Species Composition In Temperate Salt Marshes", "description": "Addition of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a factorial design in two ungrazed Wadden-Sea salt marshes at low and high elevations showed that nitrogen was the limiting nutrient. No effects of nutrient addition were detected in the 1st year, probably due to a considerable rainfall deficit during the growing season. In the 2nd year, which was more humid, only nitrogen addition caused significant effects in both the low salt marsh dominated by Puccinellia maritima and the high marsh dominated by Festuca rubra. No two-way or three-way interactions with phosphorus or potassium were found. In the low marsh, nitrogen addition had a negative effect on the biomass of Puccinellia, but a positive effect on the biomass of Suaeda maritima and on the total above-ground biomass. Puccinellia was replaced by Suaeda after nitrogen addition, due to shading. In the high salt marsh, no significant effects of fertilizer application on total above-ground biomass were found, due to the weak response of the dominant species Festuca rubra, which accounted for 95% of total biomass. The biomass of Spergularia maritima increased, however, as a response to nitrogen addition.The shoot length of Festuca was positively affected by nitrogen fertilization. It is suggested that stands of Festuca reached maximal biomass at the study site without fertilization and that its growth was probably limited by self-shading.", "keywords": ["salt marsh", "0106 biological sciences", "nutrient limitation", "GROWTH", "VEGETATION", "rainfall deficit", "15. Life on land", "COMMUNITIES", "01 natural sciences", "plant-species interactions", "primary production"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050242"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s004420050242", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s004420050242", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s004420050242"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10342-016-0961-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-17", "title": "Soil Erodibility And Quality Of Volcanic Soils As Affected By Pine Plantations In Degraded Rangelands Of Nw Patagonia", "description": "Fil: la Manna, Ludmila Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; Argentina", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Simulated Rainfall", "Runoff", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Pinus Ponderosa", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil Erosion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-016-0961-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10342-016-0961-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10342-016-0961-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10342-016-0961-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-07", "title": "Impact Of Acacia Tortilis Ssp. Raddiana Tree On Wheat And Barley Yield In The South Of Tunisia", "description": "no abstract", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "ARID ZONE", "GEOMORPHOLOGY", "SOIL ENRICHMENT", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RENDEMENT C\u00c9R\u00c9ALIER", "01 natural sciences", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "YIELD", "G\u00c9OMORPHOLOGIE", "13. Climate action", "ACACIA TORTILIS RADDIANA", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "RAINFALL", "INTERACTION", "TREE", "CEREALS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Oecologica", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2012.09.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-28", "title": "Yield And Water Use Efficiencies Of Maize And Cowpea As Affected By Tillage And Cropping Systems In Semi-Arid Eastern Kenya", "description": "Abstract   Soil water conservation through tillage is widely accepted as one of the ways of improving crop yields in rainfed agriculture. Field experiments were conducted between 2007 and 2009 to evaluate the effects of conservation tillage on the yields and crop water use efficiency of maize ( Zea mays  L.) and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata  L.) in eastern Kenya. Experimental treatments were a combination of three tillage practices and four cropping systems. Tillage practices were tied-ridges, subsoiling-ripping and ox-ploughing. The cropping systems were single crop maize, single crop cowpea, intercropped maize\u2013cowpea and single crop maize with manure. The treatments were arranged in split plots with tillage practices as the main plots and cropping systems as the sub-plots in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results showed that tied-ridge tillage had the greatest plant available water content while subsoiling-ripping tillage had the least in all seasons. Averaged across seasons and cropping season, tillage did not have a significant effects on maize grain yield but it did have a significant effect on crop grain and dry matter water use efficiency (WUE). Nevertheless, maize grain yields and WUE values were generally greater under tied-ridge tillage than under subsoiling-ripping and ox-plough tillages. The yields and WUE of cowpea under subsoiling-ripping tillage were less than those of ox-plough tillage. When averaged across the seasons and tillage systems, the cropping system with the manure treatment increased ( P \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05) maize grain yield, grain WUE and dry matter WUE by 36%, 30%, 26% respectively, compared to treatments without manure. Maize and cowpea when intercropped under ox-plough and ripping tillage systems did not have any yield advantage over the single crop.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Yield", "water use efficiency", "Soil water depletion", "Plant available water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rainfall distribution", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kironchi, G, Esilaba, A O, Heng, L K, Gachene, C K K, Mwangi, D M, Miriti, J M,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.09.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2012.09.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2012.09.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.09.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-12", "title": "Why Does Rainfall Affect The Trend In Soil Carbon After Converting Pastures To Forests? A Possible Explanation Based On Nitrogen Dynamics", "description": "Abstract   When trees are planted onto former pastures, soil carbon stocks typically either remain constant or decrease, with decreases more common in regions with higher rainfall. We conducted a modelling analysis to assess whether those changes in soil carbon, especially the interaction with rainfall, could be understood through consideration of nitrogen balances. The study was based on simulations with the whole-system ecophysiological model CenW which allowed explicit modelling of both carbon and nitrogen pools and their fluxes through plants and soil organic matter.  We found that in a modelled coniferous forest without excess water input, total system nitrogen stocks remained similar to pre-forestation values because there were few pathways for nitrogen losses, and without biological nitrogen fixation or fertiliser inputs, gains were restricted to small inputs from atmospheric deposition. However, tree biomass and the litter layer accumulated considerable amounts of nitrogen. This accumulation of nitrogen came at the expense of depleting soil nitrogen stocks. With the change from input of grass litter that is low in lignin to forest litter with higher lignin concentration, organic-matter C:N ratios increased so that more carbon could be stored per unit of soil nitrogen which partly negated the effect of reduced nitrogen stocks. The increase in C:N ratios was initially confined to the surface litter layer because of slow transfer of material to the mineral soil. Over a period of decades, soil C:N ratios eventually increased in the soil as well.  Simulations with different amounts of precipitation showed that greater amounts of nitrogen were leached from systems where water supply exceeded the plants\u2019 requirements. Reduced nitrogen stocks then caused a subsequent reduction in soil organic carbon stocks. These simulations thus provided a consistent explanation for the observation of greater losses of soil organic carbon in high-rainfall systems after converting pastures to forests. More generally, the simulations showed that explicit modelling of the nitrogen cycle can put important constraints on possible changes in soil-carbon stocks that may occur after land-use change.", "keywords": ["land use change", "Rainfall", "Mitigation", "ecophysiology", "nitrogen cyc Afforestation", "Greenhouse", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "CenW", "Land-use change", "lignin", "Greenhouse effect", "afforestation", "carbon cycle", "Forest", "Reforestation", "Keywords: Carbon", "2. Zero hunger", "atmospheric deposition", "Nitrogen dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "13. Climate action", "Land use", "ecological modeling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "grassland"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roger M. Gifford, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Lan Bin Guo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/61047/5/Kirschbaum_Rainfall_affect_in_soil_carbon.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/61047/7/01_Kirschbaum_Why_does_rainfall_affect_the_2008.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-18", "title": "The Influence Of Acacia Tortilis (Forssk.) Ssp Raddiana (Savi) Brenan Presence, Grazing, And Water Availability Along The Growing Season, On The Understory Herbaceous Vegetation In Southern Tunisia", "description": "Abstract   The influence of  Acacia tortilis  on its understory vegetation was analysed seasonally and in relation to grazing. Plots were sampled under tree canopies and open areas located in protected zones inside the Bou-Hedma National Park (Southern Tunisia, lower arid climate) and in un-protected areas. Species responses were monitored during two growing seasons (a wet year and a dry year). These surveys were then analysed on the basis of plant cover, species richness. In both un-protected and protected areas, the influence of the tree canopy on the herbaceous strata can be considered as positive, even though it is more significant inside the park.  A.\u00a0tortilis  allowed the establishment of new species probably due to an improvement in soil fertility and microclimate. The positive effect of the tree on its understory vegetation was especially noticeable in protected areas during the two years. In un-protected areas, the positive effect of the Acacia remained significant throughout the dry year but disappeared in the wet year (interaction community x year). Moreover, the existence of an interaction between the community type and the management demonstrated the existence of a mitigation of the positive effect of Acacia by grazing.", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "TUNISIAN ARID ECOSYSTEM", "GRAZING", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "SOIL ENRICHMENT", "\u00c9COSYST\u00c8ME ARIDE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "UNDERSTORY VEGETATION", "RICHESSE DES ESP\u00c8CES", "ACACIA TORTILIS", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "TREE PRESENCE", "RAINFALL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Abdallah, Fa\u00efz, Noumi, Z., Ouled-Belgacem, A., Michalet, Richard, Touzard, Blaise, Chaieb, M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Arid%20Environments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-15", "title": "Effects Of Soil Management Techniques On Soil Water Erosion In Apricot Orchards", "description": "Soil erosion is extreme in Mediterranean orchards due to management impact, high rainfall intensities, steep slopes and erodible parent material. Vall d'Albaida is a traditional fruit production area which, due to the Mediterranean climate and marly soils, produces sweet fruits. However, these highly productive soils are left bare under the prevailing land management and marly soils are vulnerable to soil water erosion when left bare. In this paper we study the impact of different agricultural land management strategies on soil properties (bulk density, soil organic matter, soil moisture), soil water erosion and runoff, by means of simulated rainfall experiments and soil analyses. Three representative land managements (tillage/herbicide/covered with vegetation) were selected, where 20 paired plots (60 plots) were established to determine soil losses and runoff. The simulated rainfall was carried out at 55mmh(-1) in the summer of 2013 (<8% soil moisture) for one hour on 0.25m(2) circular plots. The results showed that vegetation cover, soil moisture and organic matter were significantly higher in covered plots than in tilled and herbicide treated plots. However, runoff coefficient, total runoff, sediment yield and soil erosion were significantly higher in herbicide treated plots compared to the others. Runoff sediment concentration was significantly higher in tilled plots. The lowest values were identified in covered plots. Overall, tillage, but especially herbicide treatment, decreased vegetation cover, soil moisture, soil organic matter, and increased bulk density, runoff coefficient, total runoff, sediment yield and soil erosion. Soil erosion was extremely high in herbicide plots with 0.91Mgha(-1)h(-1) of soil lost; in the tilled fields erosion rates were lower with 0.51Mgha(-1)h(-1). Covered soil showed an erosion rate of 0.02Mgha(-1)h(-1). These results showed that agricultural management influenced water and sediment dynamics and that tillage and herbicide treatment should be avoided.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture land management", "Rainfall simulation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrology", "Mediterranean", "Soil water erosion", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2004.07.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-10-26", "title": "Vegetation Barrier And Tillage Effects On Runoff And Sediment In An Alley Crop System On A Luvisol In Burkina Faso", "description": "Abstract   The effects of vegetation barriers and tillage on runoff and soil loss were evaluated in an alley crop system at a research station in central Burkina Faso. On a 2% slope of a sandy loam various local species (grasses, woody species and a succulent) were planted as conservation barriers in order to examine their influence on sediment transport. After each erosive storm, runoff and sediment yield was determined. The dense effective barriers (Andropogon gayanus and dense natural vegetation) slow down flow velocity, build up backwater and promote sedimentation uphill. The through flow in the less effective barriers with woody species and succulents (Ziziphus mauritania and Agave sisalana) was slightly hampered and flow velocity was not reduced enough, resulting in a higher soil transport. Under degraded conditions soil loss diminished 50% with less effective and 70\u201390% with effective barriers. During the initial cropping phase (light tillage; sowing) erosion was reduced 40\u201360% with effective barriers and showed an increase of 45% with less effective barriers. In the full tillage (weeding) period erosion decreased by 80\u201390% for effective and 70% for less effective barriers, aided by the development of the barrier and the crop on the alley. Barriers of natural vegetation and A. gayanus are preferred for diminishing soil loss.  Sediment yield could best be predicted by the erosivity index (AIm), second best by runoff amount (mm), closely followed by maximum peak intensity. All these parameters are related to the volume of overland flow needed to transport soil particles. Correlation of soil loss with small rain showers was poor and correlation with big showers was good. Sediment transport with no barrier had the highest correlation, closely followed by less effective barriers. Due to the heterogeneity in development of the effective barrier, correlations were much lower. The bulk of soil loss was only dependent on a few extreme events during the observation period.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "detachment", "rainfall", "0207 environmental engineering", "strips", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "soils"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Spaan, W.P., Sikking, A.F.S., Hoogmoed, W.B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.07.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2004.07.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2004.07.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2004.07.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-17", "title": "Are Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Models Reliable Across South American Ecoregions", "description": "Abstract<p>Many remote sensing\uffe2\uff80\uff90based evapotranspiration (RSBET) algorithms have been proposed in the past decades and evaluated using flux tower data, mainly over North America and Europe. Model evaluation across South America has been done locally or using only a single algorithm at a time. Here, we provide the first evaluation of multiple RSBET models, at a daily scale, across a wide variety of biomes, climate zones, and land uses in South America. We used meteorological data from 25 flux towers to force four RSBET models: Priestley\uffe2\uff80\uff93Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT\uffe2\uff80\uff90JPL), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Penman\uffe2\uff80\uff93Monteith Mu model (PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90MOD), and Penman\uffe2\uff80\uff93Monteith Nagler model (PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI).  was predicted satisfactorily by all four models, with correlations consistently higher () for GLEAM and PT\uffe2\uff80\uff90JPL, and PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90MOD and PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI presenting overall better responses in terms of percent bias (%). As for PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI, this outcome is expected, given that the model requires calibration with local data. Model skill seems to be unrelated to land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use but instead presented some dependency on biome and climate, with the models producing the best results for wet to moderately wet environments. Our findings show the suitability of individual models for a number of combinations of land cover types, biomes, and climates. At the same time, no model outperformed the others for all conditions, which emphasizes the need for adapting individual algorithms to take into account intrinsic characteristics of climates and ecosystems in South America.</p>", "keywords": ["ATMOSPHERE WATER FLUX", "550", "VEGETATION INDEX", "Penman-Monteith", "RIPARIAN EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "SURFACE-TEMPERATURE", "01 natural sciences", "transpiration", "SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "ENERGY-BALANCE CLOSURE", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Water Science and Technology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "RAINFALL INTERCEPTION", "PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR", "WACMOS-ET PROJECT", "TRANSPIRATION", "15. Life on land", "EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS", "name=Water and Environmental Engineering", "MODIS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Priestley-Taylor", "PENMAN-MONTEITH", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/water_and_environmental_engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/101236/1/agujournaltemplateDinizetal.pdf"}, {"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020WR028752"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028752"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20Resources%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2020wr028752"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/nature02403", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-04-21", "title": "The Worldwide Leaf Economics Spectrum", "description": "Bringing together leaf trait data spanning 2,548 species and 175 sites we describe, for the first time at global scale, a universal spectrum of leaf economics consisting of key chemical, structural and physiological properties. The spectrum runs from quick to slow return on investments of nutrients and dry mass in leaves, and operates largely independently of growth form, plant functional type or biome. Categories along the spectrum would, in general, describe leaf economic variation at the global scale better than plant functional types, because functional types overlap substantially in their leaf traits. Overall, modulation of leaf traits and trait relationships by climate is surprisingly modest, although some striking and significant patterns can be seen. Reliable quantification of the leaf economics spectrum and its interaction with climate will prove valuable for modelling nutrient fluxes and vegetation boundaries under changing land-use and climate.", "keywords": ["leaf traits", "0106 biological sciences", "INVESTMENT", "Climate", "Rain", "CLIMATE CHANGE", "SEED PRODUCTION", "01 natural sciences", "spectrum", "BIOMASS", "dry mass", "Biologie/Milieukunde (BIOL)", "MODELS", " BIOLOGICAL", "CLIMATE EFFECT", "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "LAND USE", "PRIORITY JOURNAL", "functional-groups", "biodiversity", "ALLOMETRY", "2. Zero hunger", "INVESTMENTS", "Geography", "BIOME", "HUMAN", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "INFORMATION SCIENCE", "Life sciences", "tree", "NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY", "leaf economics", "LEAF ECONOMICS SPECTRUM", "leaves", "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS", "GEOGRAPHY", "Models", " Biological", "photosynthesis-nitrogen relations", "LEAF", "PLANT LEAF", "nutrients", "high-rainfall", "DATA REDUCTION", "NONHUMAN", "PLANT LEAVES", "NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY", "ARTICLE", "PHYSIOLOGY", "Ecosystem", "580", "life-span", "ECONOMICS", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "RAIN", "nutrient", "land use", "area", "use efficiency", "15. Life on land", "PLANT GROWTH", "CLIMATE", "Plant Leaves", "SPECTRUM ANALYSIS", "DRY MASS", "ECOSYSTEM", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BIODIVERSITY", "VEGETATION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/nature02403", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/nature02403", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/nature02403"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs10060969", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Relation between Convective Rainfall Properties and Antecedent Soil Moisture Heterogeneity Conditions in North Africa", "description": "<p>Recent observational studies have demonstrated the relevance of soil moisture heterogeneity and the associated thermally-induced circulation on deep convection and rainfall triggering. However, whether this dynamical mechanism further influences rainfall properties\uffe2\uff80\uff94such as rain volume or timing\uffe2\uff80\uff94has yet to be confirmed by observational data. Here, we analyze 10 years of satellite-based sub-daily soil moisture and precipitation records and explore the potential of strong spatial gradients in morning soil moisture to influence the properties of afternoon rainfall in the North African region, at the 100-km scale. We find that the convective rain systems that form over locally drier soils and anomalously strong soil moisture gradients have a tendency to initiate earlier in the afternoon; they also yield lower volumes of rain, weaker intensity and lower spatial variability. The strongest sensitivity to antecedent soil conditions is identified for the timing of the rain onset; it is found to be correlated with the magnitude of the soil moisture gradient. Further analysis shows that the early initiation of rainfall over dry soils and strong surface gradients yet requires the presence of a very moist boundary layer on that day. Our findings agree well with the expected effects of thermally-induced circulation on rainfall properties suggested by theoretical studies and point to the potential of locally drier and heterogeneous soils to influence convective rainfall development. The systematic nature of the identified effect of soil moisture state on the onset time of rainstorms in the region is of particular relevance and may help foster research on rainfall predictability.</p>", "keywords": ["Science", "0207 environmental engineering", "UNITED-STATES", "EVIDENCE", "soil moisture-precipitation coupling", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "soil moisture-precipitation coupling; soil moisture heterogeneity; convective rainfall initiation; semi-arid Sahel", "Soilmoisture heterogeneity", "convective rainfall initiation", "LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS", "Soilmoisture-precipitation coupling", "WEST-AFRICA", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Semi-arid Sahel", "PRECIPITATION FEEDBACK", "Convective rainfall initiation", "Q", "PASSIVE MICROWAVE", "15. Life on land", "LAND-SURFACE", "DIURNAL CYCLES", "semi-arid Sahel", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "AMMA CAMPAIGN", "OBSERVATIONAL", "soil moisture heterogeneity", "BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTIONS"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/969/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060969"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs10060969", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs10060969", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs10060969"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-07", "title": "Soil drought can mitigate deadly heat stress thanks to a reduction of air humidity", "description": "<p>Soil drought can mitigate deadly heat stress thanks to a reduction of air humidity.</p>", "keywords": ["Multidisciplinary", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Earth", " Environmental", " Ecological", " and Space Sciences", "FEEDBACK", "0207 environmental engineering", "AMPLIFICATION", "02 engineering and technology", "MOISTURE", "15. Life on land", "SUMMER RAINFALL", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "MODEL", "EXCEED", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "TEMPERATURES", "Life Science", "HEATWAVES", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe6653"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20Advances", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/sciadv.abe6653"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10115/18610", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:25:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-20", "title": "Climate change and biocrust disturbance synergistically decreased taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in annual communities on gypsiferous soils", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Rainfall and biocrusts are important sources of temporal and spatial environmental heterogeneity and niche differentiation for annual plants, a major component of diversity in drylands. Therefore, global change processes comprising shifts in rainfall timing and drought exacerbation, together with biocrust disturbance may affect species coexistence and result in disrupted diversity patterns. In this study, we experimentally evaluated the effects of the rainfall amount and timing as well as physical biocrust disturbance and their interaction on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of annual plant communities on gypsum soil drylands. All diversity estimates were determined at different times during community development in each experimental unit (\u03b1), as the contribution of each experimental unit to the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b2) and as the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b3). Rainfall timings led to changes in all diversity dimensions, with higher diversity under the typical timing. The community was quite resilient to moderate reductions in rainfall, but extreme droughts decreased the alpha and beta taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of biocrust disturbance and extreme drought led to consistent collapses in all diversity dimensions, probably because the effects of water shortage were exacerbated. Observations of the community at different times during its development highlighted the importance of regenerative strategies for niche differentiation and species coexistence, and their strong dependence on global change drivers. Indeed, our experimental study demonstrated that rainfall patterns and biocrusts are key factors related to the maintenance of diversity in semiarid annual plant communities. In particular, our results highlight the key role of biocrusts in modulating the effects of drought on plant diversity and the need for integrative approaches that consider both plants and biocrusts in order to elucidate the influence of climate change on the diversity of drylands.</p></article>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "annual plants", "regeneration niche", "biocrusts", "drought", "15. Life on land", "diversity loss", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "climate change", "gypsum soil", "rainfall timing", "13. Climate action", "Mediterranean ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/oik.08809"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10115/18610"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oikos", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10115/18610", "name": "item", "description": "10115/18610", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10115/18610"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/oik.08809", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-20", "title": "Climate change and biocrust disturbance synergistically decreased taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in annual communities on gypsiferous soils", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Rainfall and biocrusts are important sources of temporal and spatial environmental heterogeneity and niche differentiation for annual plants, a major component of diversity in drylands. Therefore, global change processes comprising shifts in rainfall timing and drought exacerbation, together with biocrust disturbance may affect species coexistence and result in disrupted diversity patterns. In this study, we experimentally evaluated the effects of the rainfall amount and timing as well as physical biocrust disturbance and their interaction on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of annual plant communities on gypsum soil drylands. All diversity estimates were determined at different times during community development in each experimental unit (\u03b1), as the contribution of each experimental unit to the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b2) and as the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b3). Rainfall timings led to changes in all diversity dimensions, with higher diversity under the typical timing. The community was quite resilient to moderate reductions in rainfall, but extreme droughts decreased the alpha and beta taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of biocrust disturbance and extreme drought led to consistent collapses in all diversity dimensions, probably because the effects of water shortage were exacerbated. Observations of the community at different times during its development highlighted the importance of regenerative strategies for niche differentiation and species coexistence, and their strong dependence on global change drivers. Indeed, our experimental study demonstrated that rainfall patterns and biocrusts are key factors related to the maintenance of diversity in semiarid annual plant communities. In particular, our results highlight the key role of biocrusts in modulating the effects of drought on plant diversity and the need for integrative approaches that consider both plants and biocrusts in order to elucidate the influence of climate change on the diversity of drylands.</p></article>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "annual plants", "regeneration niche", "biocrusts", "drought", "15. Life on land", "diversity loss", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "climate change", "gypsum soil", "rainfall timing", "13. Climate action", "Mediterranean ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/oik.08809"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.08809"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oikos", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/oik.08809", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/oik.08809", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/oik.08809"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0138.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-11", "title": "MSWEP V2 global 3-hourly 0.1\u00b0 precipitation: methodology and quantitative assessment", "description": "Abstract<p>We present Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation, version 2 (MSWEP V2), a gridded precipitation P dataset spanning 1979\uffe2\uff80\uff932017. MSWEP V2 is unique in several aspects: i) full global coverage (all land and oceans); ii) high spatial (0.1\uffc2\uffb0) and temporal (3 hourly) resolution; iii) optimal merging of P estimates based on gauges [WorldClim, Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily (GHCN-D), Global Summary of the Day (GSOD), Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), and others], satellites [Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Gridded Satellite (GridSat), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42RT)], and reanalyses [European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55)]; iv) distributional bias corrections, mainly to improve the P frequency; v) correction of systematic terrestrial P biases using river discharge Q observations from 13,762 stations across the globe; vi) incorporation of daily observations from 76,747 gauges worldwide; and vii) correction for regional differences in gauge reporting times. MSWEP V2 compares substantially better with Stage IV gauge\uffe2\uff80\uff93radar P data than other state-of-the-art P datasets for the United States, demonstrating the effectiveness of the MSWEP V2 methodology. Global comparisons suggest that MSWEP V2 exhibits more realistic spatial patterns in mean, magnitude, and frequency. Long-term mean P estimates for the global, land, and ocean domains based on MSWEP V2 are 955, 781, and 1,025 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Other P datasets consistently underestimate P amounts in mountainous regions. Using MSWEP V2, P was estimated to occur 15.5%, 12.3%, and 16.9% of the time on average for the global, land, and ocean domains, respectively. MSWEP V2 provides unique opportunities to explore spatiotemporal variations in P, improve our understanding of hydrological processes and their parameterization, and enhance hydrological model performance.</p>", "keywords": ["LAND", "SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS", "EXTREME-PRECIPITATION", "GAUGE OBSERVATIONS", "TROPICAL RAINFALL", "PASSIVE MICROWAVE", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "MODEL", "ERA-INTERIM REANALYSIS", "DATA ASSIMILATION", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "NETWORK", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/bams/100/3/bams-d-17-0138.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0138.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0138.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0138.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0138.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/jhm-d-18-0256.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-11", "title": "Comparison of Rainfall Products over Sub-Saharan Africa", "description": "Abstract<p>An ever-increasing number of rainfall estimates is available. They are used in many important applications such as flood/drought monitoring, water management, or climate monitoring. Such data are especially valuable in sub-Saharan Africa, where rainfall has considerable socioeconomic impacts and the gauge and radar networks are sparse. The choice of a rainfall product can significantly influence the performance of such applications. This study reviews previous works, evaluating or comparing rainfall products over different parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Three types of rainfall products are considered: the gauge-only, the satellite-based, and the reanalysis ones. In addition to the global rainfall products, we included three regional ones specifically developed for Africa: the African Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC2), the Rainfall Estimate version 2 (RFE2), and the Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite Data and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) African Rainfall Climatology and Time Series (TARCAT). The gauge density, the orography, and the rainfall regime, which vary with the climate and the season, influence the performance of the rainfall products. This review does not focus on comparing results, as many other publications doing so are already available. Instead, we propose this review as a guide through the different rainfall products available over Africa, and the factors influencing their performances. With this review, the reader can make informed decisions about which products serve their specific purpose best.</p>", "keywords": ["Rainfall", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "Model comparison", "Surface observations", "02 engineering and technology", "910", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Satellite observations", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "le Coz, C.M.L. (author), van de Giesen, N.C. (author),", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/hydr/21/4/jhm-d-18-0256.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0256.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hydrometeorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/jhm-d-18-0256.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/jhm-d-18-0256.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0256.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-12", "title": "Detection of water vapor time variations associated with heavy rain in northern Italy by geodetic and low-cost GNSS receivers", "description": "Abstract GNSS atmospheric water vapor monitoring is not yet routinely performed in Italy, particularly at the regional scale. However, in order to support the activities of regional environmental protection agencies, there is a widespread need to improve forecasting of heavy rainfall events. Localized convective rain forecasts are often misplaced in space and/or time, causing inefficiencies in risk mitigation activities. Water vapor information can be used to improve these forecasts. In collaboration with the environmental protection agencies of the Lombardy and Piedmont regions in northern Italy, we have collected and processed GNSS and weather station datasets for two heavy rain events: one which was spatially widespread, and another which was limited to few square kilometers. The time variations in water vapor derived from a regional GNSS network with inter-station distances on the order of 50\u00a0km were analyzed, and the relationship between the time variations and the evolution of the rain events was evaluated. Results showed a signature associated with the passage of the widespread rain front over each GNSS station within the area of interest. There was a peak in the precipitable water vapor value when the heavier precipitation area surrounded the station, followed by a steep decrease (5\u201310\u00a0mm in about 1\u00a0h) as the rainclouds moved past the station. The smaller-scale event, a convective storm a few kilometers in extent, was not detected by the regional GNSS network, but strong fluctuations in water vapor were detected by a low-cost station located near the area of interest.", "keywords": ["QB275-343", "QE1-996.5", "Intense rainfall", "GNSS meteorology; Intense rainfall; PWV variations; Geology; Space and Planetary Science", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "G", "GNSS meteorology", "13. Climate action", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "PWV variations", "Geodesy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1069376/1/s40623-018-0795-7.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%2C%20Planets%20and%20Space", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s40623-018-0795-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-10", "title": "Using a Rainfall Simulator to Define the Effect of Soil Conservation Techniques on Soil Loss and Water Retention", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In the Czech Republic, the Universal Soil Loss Equation provides the basis for defining the soil protection strategy. Field rainfall simulators were used to define the actual cover-management factor values of the most extensively seeded crops in the Czech Republic. More than 380 simulations between 2016 and 2021 provided data. The methodology focused on multi-seasonal measurements to cover the most important phenological phases. A comparison with the original USDA values for maize showed that it is desirable to redefine the C-factor. 71 fallow plot experiments showed that the rainfall-runoff relation is much easier to replicate than the actual sediment transport. For 30-minute intensive rainfall, the runoff ratio reached 62%, and the coefficient of variation was 25%. On saturated soil, the runoff ratio reached 81% and the coefficient of variation dropped to 12%. Soil protection techniques have a significant effect on runoff reduction. Maize seeded after cover crops and combined with reduced tillage or direct seeding can reduce the runoff ratio to 10-20% for &amp;lsquo;dry&amp;rsquo; conditions and to 12-40% for &amp;lsquo;saturated&amp;rsquo; conditions. Concerning soil loss, the variations are greater, with the coefficient of variation reaching 42% during fallow plot experiments. The reader should consider associated uncertainties.</p></article>", "keywords": ["environmental_sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "soil erosion", "S", "Cover crops", "Soil protection", "Rainfall simulator", "Soil loss ratio", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "rainfall simulator", "C-factor", "6. Clean water", "soil protection", "Soil erosion", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "USLE", "soil loss ratio", "cover crops", "runoff coefficient", "Runoff coefficient"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-02", "title": "Reviews and syntheses: Turning the challenges of partitioning ecosystem evaporation and transpiration into opportunities", "description": "<p>Abstract. Evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) respond differently to ongoing changes in climate, atmospheric composition, and land use. It is difficult to partition ecosystem-scale evapotranspiration (ET) measurements into E and T, which makes it difficult to validate satellite data and land surface models. Here, we review current progress in partitioning E and T and provide a prospectus for how to improve theory and observations going forward. Recent advancements in analytical techniques create new opportunities for partitioning E and T at the ecosystem scale, but their assumptions have yet to be fully tested. For example, many approaches to partition E and T rely on the notion that plant canopy conductance and ecosystem water use efficiency exhibit optimal responses to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (D). We use observations from 240 eddy covariance flux towers to demonstrate that optimal ecosystem response to D is a reasonable assumption, in agreement with recent studies, but more analysis is necessary to determine the conditions for which this assumption holds. Another critical assumption for many partitioning approaches is that ET can be approximated as T during ideal transpiring conditions, which has been challenged by observational studies. We demonstrate that T can exceed 95\uffe2\uff80\uff89% of ET from certain ecosystems, but other ecosystems do not appear to reach this value, which suggests that this assumption is ecosystem-dependent with implications for partitioning. It is important to further improve approaches for partitioning E and T, yet few multi-method comparisons have been undertaken to date. Advances in our understanding of carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff93water coupling at the stomatal, leaf, and canopy level open new perspectives on how to quantify T via its strong coupling with photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be constrained at the ecosystem and global scales with emerging data sources including solar-induced fluorescence, carbonyl sulfide flux measurements, thermography, and more. Such comparisons would improve our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem water fluxes and provide the observations necessary to validate remote sensing algorithms and land surface models to understand the changing global water cycle.                     </p>", "keywords": ["550", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "551", "01 natural sciences", "Life", "CARBONYL SULFIDE COS", "QH501-531", "SOIL-WATER", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "VAPOR-PRESSURE DEFICIT", "RAINFALL INTERCEPTION", "Ecology", "ddc:550", "Biology and Life Sciences", "Geology", "STABLE-ISOTOPE", "15. Life on land", "540", "6. Clean water", "SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE", "Environmental sciences", "Earth sciences", "Ecology", " evolutionary biology", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY", "WATER-USE EFFICIENCY", "Geosciences", "EDDY COVARIANCE DATA"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/3747/2019/bg-16-3747-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-23", "title": "High-resolution satellite products improve hydrological modeling in northern Italy", "description": "<p>Abstract. Satellite Earth observations (EO) are an accurate and reliable data source for atmospheric and environmental science. Their increasing spatial and temporal resolution, as well as the seamless availability over ungauged regions, make them appealing for hydrological modeling. This work shows recent advances in the use of high-resolution satellite-based Earth observation data in hydrological modelling. In a set of experiments, the distributed hydrological model Continuum is set up for the Po River Basin (Italy) and forced, in turn, by satellite precipitation and evaporation, while satellite-derived soil moisture and snow depths are ingested into the model structure through a data-assimilation scheme. Further, satellite-based estimates of precipitation, evaporation and river discharge are used for hydrological model calibration, and results are compared with those based on ground observations. Despite the high density of conventional ground measurements and the strong human influence in the focus region, all satellite products show strong potential for operational hydrological applications, with skillful estimates of river discharge throughout the model domain. Satellite-based evaporation and snow depths marginally improve (by 2 % and 4 %) the mean Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) at 27 river gauges, compared to a baseline simulation (KGEmean = 0.51) forced by high-quality conventional data. Precipitation has the largest impact on the model output, though the satellite dataset on average shows poorer skills compared to conventional data. Interestingly, a model calibration heavily relying on satellite data, as opposed to conventional data, provides a skillful reconstruction of river discharges, paving the way to fully satellite-driven hydrological applications.                         </p>", "keywords": ["Technology", "DATA", "ASSIMILATION", "Po River", "FLOOD RISK", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0207 environmental engineering", "UNCERTAINTY", "02 engineering and technology", "high resolution satellite products", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "G", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "EARTH", "GE1-350", "continuum hydrological model", "RAINFALL", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "T", "RADAR ALTIMETRY DATA", "LAND-SURFACE", "6. Clean water", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL", "OBSERVATION", "DISCHARGE ESTIMATION", "SOIL-MOISTURE PRODUCTS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/3921/2022/hess-26-3921-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-02", "description": "ABSTRACT<p>Maize (Zea mays L.) production in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe is based on both organic and mineral nutrient sources. A study was conducted to determine the effect of composted cattle manure, mineral N fertilizer, and their combinations on NO3 concentrations in leachate leaving the root zone and to establish N fertilization rates that minimize leaching. Maize was grown for three seasons (1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931998, and 1998\uffe2\uff80\uff931999) in field lysimeters repacked with a coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grained sandy soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Leachate volumes ranged from 480 to 509 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (1395 mm rainfall) in 1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, 296 to 335 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (840 mm rainfall) in 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931998, and 606 to 635 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (1387 mm rainfall) in 1998\uffe2\uff80\uff931999. Mineral N fertilizer, especially the high rate (120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and manure plus mineral N fertilizer combinations resulted in high NO3 leachate concentrations (up to 34 mg N L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and NO3 losses (up to 56 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in 1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, which represent both environmental and economic concerns. Although the leaching losses were relatively small in the other seasons, they are still of great significance in African smallholder farming where fertilizer is unaffordable for most farmers. Nitrate leaching from sole manure treatments was relatively low (average of less than 20 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), whereas the crop uptake efficiency of mineral N fertilizer was enhanced by up to 26% when manure and mineral N fertilizer were applied in combination. The low manure (12.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) plus 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 fertilizer treatment was best in terms of maintaining dry matter yield and minimizing N leaching losses.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrates", "Rain", "rainfall", "cattle manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Silicon Dioxide", "Plant Roots", "losses", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "corn", "nitrogen-fertilizer", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", "lysimeters", "Fertilizers", "zimbabwe", "time", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.5990"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2003.5990"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:32Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Simplification of shade tree diversity reduces nutrient cycling resilience in coffee agroforestry", "description": "unspecified1. Agroforestry systems are refuges for biodiversity and provide multiple  ecosystem functions and services. Diverse multispecies shade tree canopies  are increasingly replaced by monospecific shade, often dominated by  non-native tree species. The loss of tree diversity and the nature of the  dominating tree can have strong implications for ecosystem functions, e.g.  nutrient cycling ultimately reducing crop production. 2. To understand  direct and indirect impacts of shade trees on nutrient cycling and crop  production, we studied coffee agroforestry systems in India along a  gradient from native multispecies canopies to Grevillea robusta  (Proteaceae) -dominated canopy cover. We identified 25 agroforests, across  a broad rainfall and management gradient and assessed litter quantity and  quality, decomposition, nutrient release, soil fertility and coffee  nutrient limitations. 3. Increasing G. robusta dominance affected nutrient  cycling predominantly by; (1) changing of litter phenology, (2) reducing  phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), and zinc (Zn)  inputs via litterfall, decelerated litter decomposition and immobilization  of P and Zn due to low quality litter, (3) reducing soil carbon (C) and  micronutrients (especially sulphur (S), Mg and B). Coffee plants were  deficient in several nutrients (nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), manganese  (Mn), Mg and S in organic and B in conventional management). (4) Overall  G. robusta dominated agroforests were characterized by a reduction of P  cycling due to low inputs, strong immobilization while decomposition and  antagonistic effects on its release in litter mixtures with coffee. 4.  Synthesis and applications. The conversion of shade cover in coffee  agroforestry systems from diverse tree canopies to canopies dominated by  Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) reduces the inputs and cycling of several  micro- and macronutrients. Soil fertility is therefore expected to decline  in G. robusta dominated systems, with likely impacts on coffee production.  These negative effects might increase under the longer dry periods  projected by regional climate change scenarios due to the pronounced  litter phenology of G. robusta. Maintaining diverse shade canopies can  more effectively sustain micro- and macronutrients in a more seasonal  climate.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Intensification", "Grevillea robusta", "Coffea canephora", "13. Climate action", "India", "15. Life on land", "shading", "rainfall gradient", "Nutrient cycle"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nesper, Maike, Kueffer, Christoph, Krishnan, Smitha, Kushalappa, Cheppudira G., Ghazoul, Jaboury,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b935c05"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.b935c05", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.b935c05"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/w10060688", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-28", "title": "Monitoring of a Full-Scale Embankment Experiment Regarding Soil\u2013Vegetation\u2013Atmosphere Interactions", "description": "<p>Slope mass-wasting like shallow slides are mostly triggered by climate effects, such as rainfall, and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93vegetation\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere (SVA) interactions play a key role. SVA interactions are studied by a full-scale embankment with different orientations (North and South) and vegetation covers (bare and vegetated) in the framework of the prediction of climate change effects on slope stability in the Pyrenees. A clayey sand from the Llobregat river delta was used for the construction of the embankment and laboratory tests showed the importance of suction on the strength and hydraulic conductivity. Sixty sensors, which are mostly installed at the upper soil layer of the embankment, registered 122 variables at four vertical profiles and the meteorological station with a 5 min scan rate. Regarding temperature, daily temperature fluctuation at the shallow soil layer disappeared at a depth of about 0.5 m. There was great influence of orientation with much higher values at the South-facing slope (up to 55 \uffc2\uffb0C at \uffe2\uff88\uff921 cm depth) due to solar radiation. Regarding rainfall infiltration, only long duration rainfalls produced an important increase of soil moisture and pore water pressure, while short duration rainfalls did not trigger significant variations. However, these changes mostly affected the surface soil layer and decreased with depth.</p>", "keywords": ["rainfall infiltration", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geot\u00e8cnia::Mec\u00e0nica de s\u00f2ls", "Terraplens", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "heat flux", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "monitoring", "13. Climate action", ":Enginyeria civil::Geot\u00e8cnia::Mec\u00e0nica de s\u00f2ls [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "monitoring; embankment; rainfall infiltration; heat flux", "Embankments", "embankment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/6/688/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060688"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/w10060688", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/w10060688", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/w10060688"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-05-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/w15071314", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-28", "title": "Dripping Rainfall Simulators for Soil Research\u2014Performance Review", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Rainfall simulators represent often-used equipment for soil research. Depending on their performance, they could be appropriate for some soil research or not. The aim of this research is to provide insight into the capabilities of existing dripping rainfall simulators (DRS) to mimic natural rainfall and the frequency of simulated rainfalls of certain characteristics, facilitate the selection of rain simulators that would best meet the needs of soil research and to reach a step closer to the standardization of rainfall simulators. DRS performance was analyzed integrally, for simulators with more than one dripper (DRS&gt;1) and with one dripper (DRS=1). A statistical analysis was performed for the performance of the DRS, wetted area, drop size, rainfall intensity, duration and kinetic energy. The analysis showed that DRS can provide rainfall that corresponds to natural rainfall, except in terms of the drop size distribution and wetted area. However, usually there are more factors that do not correspond to natural rainfall, such as the median drop size, volume and kinetic energy. Metal and plastic tubes (MT and PT) as the most present dripper types showed a strong relation between the outer diameter (OD) and drop size, while the inner diameter (ID) relation was moderate-to-weak. However, when increasing the range of MT drippers, for diameter size, the relation significance becomes very strong for bouts ID and OD. With the increase in the ID of PT, the relation deviates from the logarithmic curve that represents all drippers together. The sizes of the drops generated by the drippers are mostly in the range between 2 and 6 mm, while the number of drops smaller than 2 mm is relatively small. The intensity and duration of the simulated rain can be successfully produced to match natural values, with the most frequently simulated short-term rainfall of a high intensity. Most simulations were conducted at a fall height of up to 2 m, and then their number gradually decreases as the height gets closer to 5 m. Most simulations (58.6%) occur in the range between 20-90% KE, then 33.0% in a range of 90-100%, with only 8.4% lower than 20% KE.</p></article>", "keywords": ["simulator performance", "rainfall simulators", "550", "13. Climate action", "rainfall simulator review", "dripping rainfall simulators", "drippers", "soil research", "soil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071314"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/w15071314", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/w15071314", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/w15071314"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4314/wsa.v38i2.8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-30", "title": "Infiltration And Runoff Losses Under Fallowing And Conservation Agriculture Practices On Contrasting Soils, Zimbabwe", "description": "Fallowing and conservation agriculture are sustainable farming practices that can be used for soil and water conservation. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of different conservation agriculture practices on rainfall infiltration and soil and water losses across 4 sites, using simulated rainfall. The study was carried out at Domboshawa and the Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Chikwaka smallholder farming areas, 4 sites with different soil types. Conservation agriculture practices evaluated were mulch reaping (MR) and clean reaping (CR) at Domboshawa with 5% clay and the Institute of Agricultural Engineering (IAE) with 50% clay. The study also evaluated runoff losses from fallow plots subjected to no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) at ICRAF Domboshawa site (20% clay) and fallows subjected to CT in Chikwakasmallholder farming areas (4% clay). Infiltration rates were greater under conservation agriculture practices (&gt;35 mm&#183;h-1) when compared to CT (&lt;27-29 mm&#183;h-1). On fallows infiltration rates ranged from 24-35 mm&#183;h-1 when compared to &lt;15 mm&#183;h-1 in maize under CT. Runoff losses were highest under CT at both Domboshawa and IAE sites, and were 21.5 and 15% respectively, while there was no runoff under MR and CR. At the ICRAF Domboshawa site, runoff ranged between 0-31% in fallows and was 57% in maize under CT. At Chikwaka runoff in CT maize was 58%, while in fallow plots runoff ranged 37-44%. Soil losses ranged from 0.2-0.3 t&#183;ha-1 per rainfall event in maize, while in fallows, soil loss ranged from 0-0.1 t&#183;ha-1. The results showed that CT resulted in reduced infiltration rates, increased soil and water loss when compared to fallowing and conservation agriculture across different range of soils. Conservation agriculture practices and fallowing are potential sustainable cropping practices that reduce soil and water loss and increase water use efficiency.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Technology", "Economics", "Conservation agriculture", "rainfall simulations", "Production", "Agriculture-Farming", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Conservation agriculture", " fallowing", " tillage", " rainfall simulations", "fallowing"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v38i2.8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20SA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4314/wsa.v38i2.8", "name": "item", "description": "10.4314/wsa.v38i2.8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4314/wsa.v38i2.8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-12", "title": "Potential evaporation at eddy-covariance sites across the globe", "description": "<p>Abstract. Potential evaporation (Ep) is a crucial variable for hydrological forecast and in drought monitoring systems. However, multiple interpretations of Ep exist, and these reflect a diverse range of methods to calculate Ep. As such, a comparison of the performance of these methods against field observations in different global ecosystems is badly needed. In this study, we used eddy-covariance measurements from 107 sites of the FLUXNET2015 database, covering 11 different biomes, to parameterize and compare the main Ep methods and uncover their relative performance. For each site, we extracted the days for which ecosystems are unstressed based on both an energy balance approach and on a soil water content approach. The evaporation measurements during these days were used as reference to validate the different methods to estimate Ep. Our results indicate that a simple radiation-driven method calibrated per biome consistently performed best, with a mean correlation of 0.93, an unbiased RMSE of 0.56\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm\uffe2\uff80\uff89day\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and a bias of \uffe2\uff88\uff920.02\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm\uffe2\uff80\uff89day\uffe2\uff88\uff921 against in situ measurements of unstressed evaporation. A Priestley and Taylor method, calibrated per biome, performed just slightly worse, yet substantially and consistently better than more complex Penman, Penman-Monteith-based or temperature-based approaches. We show that the poor performance of Penman-Monteith based approaches relates largely to the fact that the unstressed stomatal conductance was assumed constant. Further analysis showed that the biome-specific parameters required for the simple radiation-driven methods are relatively constant per biome. This makes this simple radiation-driven method calibrated per biome a robust method that can be incorporated into models for improving our understanding of the impact of global warming on future global water use and demand, drought severity and ecosystem productivity.                         </p>", "keywords": ["Technology", "HYDROLOGICAL MODELS", "T", "15. Life on land", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE", "G", "Environmental sciences", "PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR EQUATION", "REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "REFERENCE CROP", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "PART 1", "WATER", "GE1-350", "RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL", "PENMAN-MONTEITH", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/23/925/2019/hess-23-925-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-925-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-23-925-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-07", "title": "A unified framework to estimate the origins of atmospheric moistureand heat using Lagrangian models", "description": "<p>Abstract. Despite the existing myriad of tools and models to assess atmospheric source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships, their uncertainties remain largely unexplored and arguably stem from the scarcity of observations available for validation. Yet, Lagrangian models are increasingly used to determine the origin of precipitation and atmospheric heat by scrutinizing the changes in moisture and temperature along air parcel trajectories. Here, we present a unified framework for the process-based evaluation of atmospheric trajectories to infer source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships of both moisture and heat. The framework comprises three steps: (i)\uffc2\uffa0diagnosing precipitation, surface evaporation, and sensible heat from the Lagrangian simulations and identifying the accuracy and reliability of flux detection criteria; (ii)\uffc2\uffa0establishing source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships through the attribution of sources along multi-day backward trajectories; and (iii)\uffc2\uffa0performing a bias correction of source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships. Applying this framework to simulations from the Lagrangian model FLEXPART, driven with ERA-Interim reanalysis data, allows us to quantify the errors and uncertainties associated with the resulting source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships for three cities in different climates (Beijing, Denver, and Windhoek). Our results reveal large uncertainties inherent in the estimation of heat and precipitation origin with Lagrangian models, but they also demonstrate that a source and sink bias correction acts to reduce this uncertainty. The proposed framework paves the way for a cohesive assessment of the dependencies in source\uffe2\uff80\uff93receptor relationships.                     </p>", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "0207 environmental engineering", "ERA-INTERIM", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE", "DIAGNOSTICS", "01 natural sciences", "VALIDATION", "EVOLUTION", "VARIABILITY", "REANALYSIS", "WATER-VAPOR", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "PRECIPITATION", "RAINFALL", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1875/2022/gmd-15-1875-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.10707514", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-20", "title": "Climate change and biocrust disturbance synergistically decreased taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in annual communities on gypsiferous soils", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Rainfall and biocrusts are important sources of temporal and spatial environmental heterogeneity and niche differentiation for annual plants, a major component of diversity in drylands. Therefore, global change processes comprising shifts in rainfall timing and drought exacerbation, together with biocrust disturbance may affect species coexistence and result in disrupted diversity patterns. In this study, we experimentally evaluated the effects of the rainfall amount and timing as well as physical biocrust disturbance and their interaction on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of annual plant communities on gypsum soil drylands. All diversity estimates were determined at different times during community development in each experimental unit (\u03b1), as the contribution of each experimental unit to the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b2) and as the total diversity in each treatment (\u03b3). Rainfall timings led to changes in all diversity dimensions, with higher diversity under the typical timing. The community was quite resilient to moderate reductions in rainfall, but extreme droughts decreased the alpha and beta taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of biocrust disturbance and extreme drought led to consistent collapses in all diversity dimensions, probably because the effects of water shortage were exacerbated. Observations of the community at different times during its development highlighted the importance of regenerative strategies for niche differentiation and species coexistence, and their strong dependence on global change drivers. Indeed, our experimental study demonstrated that rainfall patterns and biocrusts are key factors related to the maintenance of diversity in semiarid annual plant communities. In particular, our results highlight the key role of biocrusts in modulating the effects of drought on plant diversity and the need for integrative approaches that consider both plants and biocrusts in order to elucidate the influence of climate change on the diversity of drylands.</p></article>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "annual plants", "regeneration niche", "biocrusts", "drought", "15. Life on land", "diversity loss", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "climate change", "gypsum soil", "rainfall timing", "13. Climate action", "Mediterranean ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/oik.08809"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10707514"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oikos", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.10707514", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.10707514", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.10707514"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:24:52Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data for: The effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis", "description": "Open Access<strong><em>Data description</em></strong> This dataset includes detailed information about five different types of land use change reported in \u201cThe effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis (Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108402)\u201d. Lists of five different types of land use change 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland 3) conversion of cropland to forest 4) conversion of grassland to forest 5) conversion of grassland to cropland Lists of detailed information Land use change (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Country, Location, Geographic position (Longitude, Latitude) Altitude (m) Climate zone Weather [rainfall (mm yr<sup>-1</sup>) and temperature (\u00b0C)] Reported time of change (years) Vegetation type (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Fertilizer (pre-LUC, post-LUC: type, application; change) Soil sampling depth (cm) Soil type [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil pH, bulk density, CEC [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil organic carbon [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total nitrogen [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total phosphorus [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:N [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil N:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Reference <em><strong>Data collection method</strong></em> We analyzed five different types of LUC: 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland, 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland, 3) conversion of cropland to forest, 4) conversion of grassland to forest, and 5) conversion of grassland to cropland. We classified primary forest as forest that had not previously been cleared and used for other land uses. The conversion of cropland or grassland to forest includes naturally generated and intentionally planted forest. Cropland is land used for growing agricultural crops and may include short pasture phases, and grassland is land used continuously for grazing purposes, but may include occasional and repeated pasture-renewal phases. While we tried to make categorical distinctions between these land-use types, land uses are often more fluid in practice, which may not always have been stated in the publications underlying our data compilation. When a paper reported both contents and stocks, we used the stock-based measure. We used reported stocks if the original work had already been corrected to equivalent soil mass (Ellert and Bettany, 1995) or if corrected stocks had been reported in previous reviews or meta-analyses (Don et al., 2011; Poeplau et al., 2011; Guo and Gifford, 2002). Where bulk-density correction had not been applied, we tried to make those corrections to estimate changes to equivalent soil mass if studies provided sufficient information on soil bulk density and depth, using the method of Zhang et al. (2004). If that was not possible, we used the reported SOC, TN, or TP contents. <em><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></em> We thank scientists who measured, analyzed, and published the data compiled for this study. We are especially grateful to Drs. Axel Don, Christopher Poeplau, Lex Bouwman, and Gaihe Yang, who provided their global meta-data through personal communication. D.-G.K. acknowledges support from the IAEA CRP D15020. M.U.F.K and L.L.L. were supported by the Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) of New Zealand\u2019s Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "land-use change", " greenhouse gas emissions", " soil", " carbon", " nitrogen", " phosphorus", " stoichiometry", " time", " temperature", " rainfall", " forest type", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/366268", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-10", "title": "Using a Rainfall Simulator to Define the Effect of Soil Conservation Techniques on Soil Loss and Water Retention", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In the Czech Republic, the Universal Soil Loss Equation provides the basis for defining the soil protection strategy. Field rainfall simulators were used to define the actual cover-management factor values of the most extensively seeded crops in the Czech Republic. More than 380 simulations between 2016 and 2021 provided data. The methodology focused on multi-seasonal measurements to cover the most important phenological phases. A comparison with the original USDA values for maize showed that it is desirable to redefine the C-factor. 71 fallow plot experiments showed that the rainfall-runoff relation is much easier to replicate than the actual sediment transport. For 30-minute intensive rainfall, the runoff ratio reached 62%, and the coefficient of variation was 25%. On saturated soil, the runoff ratio reached 81% and the coefficient of variation dropped to 12%. Soil protection techniques have a significant effect on runoff reduction. Maize seeded after cover crops and combined with reduced tillage or direct seeding can reduce the runoff ratio to 10-20% for &amp;lsquo;dry&amp;rsquo; conditions and to 12-40% for &amp;lsquo;saturated&amp;rsquo; conditions. Concerning soil loss, the variations are greater, with the coefficient of variation reaching 42% during fallow plot experiments. The reader should consider associated uncertainties.</p></article>", "keywords": ["environmental_sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "soil erosion", "Cover crops", "S", "Soil protection", "Rainfall simulator", "Soil loss ratio", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "rainfall simulator", "C-factor", "6. Clean water", "soil protection", "Soil erosion", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "USLE", "soil loss ratio", "cover crops", "runoff coefficient", "Runoff coefficient"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10261/366268"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/366268", "name": "item", "description": "10261/366268", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/366268"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "21.15107/rcub_cer_6635", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-28", "title": "Dripping Rainfall Simulators for Soil Research\u2014Performance Review", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Rainfall simulators represent often-used equipment for soil research. Depending on their performance, they could be appropriate for some soil research or not. The aim of this research is to provide insight into the capabilities of existing dripping rainfall simulators (DRS) to mimic natural rainfall and the frequency of simulated rainfalls of certain characteristics, facilitate the selection of rain simulators that would best meet the needs of soil research and to reach a step closer to the standardization of rainfall simulators. DRS performance was analyzed integrally, for simulators with more than one dripper (DRS&gt;1) and with one dripper (DRS=1). A statistical analysis was performed for the performance of the DRS, wetted area, drop size, rainfall intensity, duration and kinetic energy. The analysis showed that DRS can provide rainfall that corresponds to natural rainfall, except in terms of the drop size distribution and wetted area. However, usually there are more factors that do not correspond to natural rainfall, such as the median drop size, volume and kinetic energy. Metal and plastic tubes (MT and PT) as the most present dripper types showed a strong relation between the outer diameter (OD) and drop size, while the inner diameter (ID) relation was moderate-to-weak. However, when increasing the range of MT drippers, for diameter size, the relation significance becomes very strong for bouts ID and OD. With the increase in the ID of PT, the relation deviates from the logarithmic curve that represents all drippers together. The sizes of the drops generated by the drippers are mostly in the range between 2 and 6 mm, while the number of drops smaller than 2 mm is relatively small. The intensity and duration of the simulated rain can be successfully produced to match natural values, with the most frequently simulated short-term rainfall of a high intensity. Most simulations were conducted at a fall height of up to 2 m, and then their number gradually decreases as the height gets closer to 5 m. Most simulations (58.6%) occur in the range between 20-90% KE, then 33.0% in a range of 90-100%, with only 8.4% lower than 20% KE.</p></article>", "keywords": ["simulator performance", "rainfall simulators", "550", "13. Climate action", "rainfall simulator review", "dripping rainfall simulators", "drippers", "soil research", "soil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/21.15107/rcub_cer_6635"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "21.15107/rcub_cer_6635", "name": "item", "description": "21.15107/rcub_cer_6635", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/21.15107/rcub_cer_6635"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "daily-soil-moisture-maps-for-the-uk-2016-2023-at-2-km-resolution", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:32:04Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Daily soil moisture maps for the UK (2016-2023) at 2 km resolution", "description": "The data consist of daily maps of volumetric soil moisture predicted by a model based on a network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors (COSMOS-UK), the National River Flow Archive (NRFA) and remotely-sensed data. Maps cover the UK and Ireland at 2 km resolution in the Ordnance Survey National Grid (OSGB) projection. Maps are produced in near-real time, lagging by about one week. Data are available from early 2016 to 2023, on a daily basis. The model was calibrated on a network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors (COSMOS-UK) and remotely-sensed soil moisture data. A key parameter was estimated from the national-scale spatial pattern in the catchment response to rainfall seen in the National River Flow Archive (NRFA) data. Precipitation and humidity data to drive the model came from the Met Office High Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP-UKV) which incorporates the C-band rainfall radar network. The maps have a variety of uses in hydrology and elsewhere, for example as inputs to ecosystem models of greenhouse gas exchange, where soil moisture affects numerous processes. The modelling was carried out as part of UK-SCAPE Virtual Survey Lab, and the NERC project \"Detection and Attribution of Regional Emissions (DARE-UK)\". There are some gaps in the time series of meteorological and remote sensing inputs, and data are unavailable for these days. The NRFA data are only available for Great Britain, so estimates in Ireland and continental Europe will be less accurate. 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The Evapotranspiration from precipitation (etrain) is the evapotranspiration of green water, in other words the fraction of the total evapotranspiration that is due to rainfall. The calculation is based on a pixel-based soil moisture balance model. 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