{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s00374-006-0102-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:14:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-14", "title": "Long-Term Yield Trend And Sustainability Of Rainfed Soybean-Wheat System Through Farmyard Manure Application In A Sandy Loam Soil Of The Indian Himalayas", "description": "A long-term (30 years) soybean\u2013wheat experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India to study the effects of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on grain yield trends of rainfed soybean (Glycinemax)\u2013wheat (Triticumaestivum) system and nutrient status (soil C, N, P and K) in a sandy loam soil (Typic Haplaquept). The unfertilized plot supported 0.56 Mg ha\u22121 of soybean yield and 0.71 Mg ha\u22121 of wheat yield (average yield of 30 years). Soybean responded to inorganic NPK application and the yield increased significantly to 0.87 Mg ha\u22121 with NPK. Maximum yields of soybean (2.84 Mg ha\u22121) and residual wheat (1.88 Mg ha\u22121) were obtained in the plots under NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) treatment, which were significantly higher than yields observed under other treatments. Soybean yields in the plots under the unfertilized and the inorganic fertilizer treatments decreased with time, whereas yields increased significantly in the plots under N + FYM and NPK + FYM treatments. At the end of 30 years, total soil organic C (SOC) and total N concentrations increased in all the treatments. Soils under NPK + FYM-treated plots contained higher SOC and total N by 89 and 58% in the 0\u201345 cm soil layer, respectively, over that of the initial status. Hence, the decline in yields might be due to decline in available P and K status of soil. Combined use of NPK and FYM increased SOC, oxidizable SOC, total N, total P, Olsen P, and ammonium acetate exchangeable K by 37.8, 42.0, 20.8, 30.2, 25.0, and 52.7%, respectively, at 0\u201345 cm soil layer compared to application of NPK through inorganic fertilizers. However, the soil profiles under all the treatments had a net loss of nonexchangeable K, ranging from 172 kg ha\u22121 under treatment NK to a maximum of 960 kg ha\u22121 under NPK + FYM after 30 years of cropping. Depletion of available P and K might have contributed to the soybean yield decline in treatments where manure was not applied. The study also showed that although the combined NPK and FYM application sustained long-term productivity of the soybean\u2013wheat system, increased K input is required to maintain soil nonexchangeable K level.", "keywords": ["Rainfed cropping", "2. Zero hunger", "Wheat", "Soybean based cropping system", "Farmyard manure", "India", "Yield sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil fertility", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-006-0102-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-006-0102-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-006-0102-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-006-0102-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2006.01.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-24", "title": "Carbon Sequestration And Relationship Between Carbon Addition And Storage Under Rainfed Soybean-Wheat Rotation In A Sandy Loam Soil Of The Indian Himalayas", "description": "Abstract   Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer\u00a0+\u00a0farmyard manure (FYM) at 10\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  on SOC content and its changes in the 0\u201345\u00a0cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 ) and unfertilized control plots (35.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 ), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean ( Glycine max  (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 , respectively, for the plots under NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 . The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321\u00a0kg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 . The total annual C input by the soybean\u2013wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890\u00a0kg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 . Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean\u2013wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.", "keywords": ["Rainfed cropping", "Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Loamy sand", "Sandy soils", "Soybean based cropping system", "India", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "630", "Wheat", "Farmyard manure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Sub-temperate Indian Himalayas"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.01.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2006.01.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2006.01.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2006.01.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Rainfed+cropping&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Rainfed+cropping&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Rainfed+cropping&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Rainfed+cropping&offset=2", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 2, "numberReturned": 2, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-26T14:18:34.790103Z"}