There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils. The pollution of the environment with plastics is of growing concern worldwide, including the Arctic region. While larger plastic pieces are a visible pollution issue, smaller microplastics are not visible with the naked eye. These particles are available for interaction by Arctic biota and have become a concern for animal and human health. The determination of microplastic properties includes several methodological steps, i.e., sampling, extraction, quantification, and chemical identification. This review discusses suitable analytical tools for the identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics in the context of monitoring in the Arctic. It further addresses quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), which is particularly important for the determination of microplastic in the Arctic, as both contamination and analyte losses can occur. It presents specific QA/QC measures for sampling procedures and for the handling of samples in the laboratory, either on land or on ship, and considering the small size of microplastics as well as the high risk of contamination. The review depicts which data should be mandatory to report, thereby supporting a framework for harmonized data reporting.
", "keywords": [":Analytisk kjemi: 445 [VDP]", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Environmental engineering", "QA/QC", "02 engineering and technology", "Massespektrografi", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", ":Analytical chemistry: 445 [VDP]", "Arctic", "VDP::Analytical chemistry: 445", "GE1-350", "14. Life underwater", "QA", "Raman", "QC", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "reporting", "Mass spectrometry", "TED-GC/MS", "TED-GC", "py-GC/MS", "Microplastic", "py-GC", "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy", "MS", "VDP::Analytisk kjemi: 445", "TA170-171", "Microplast", "620", "Environmental sciences", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "monitoring", "FTIR", "13. Climate action", "microscopy", "microplastic"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/536963/1/primpke-et-al-2022-monitoring-of-microplastic-pollution-in-the-arctic-recent-developments-in-polymer-identification.pdf"}, {"href": "https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/as-2022-0006"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arctic%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1139/as-2022-0006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1139/as-2022-0006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1139/as-2022-0006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:45Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Methodological guidelines to collect data and assess the costs of Carbon Farming practices and associated MRV", "description": "This report, a deliverable of the MARVIC project, provides methodological guidelines for collecting data and assessing the costs of carbon farming (CF) practices and the associated Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) methodologies. The data collected using these guidelines will serve as critical inputs for economic analyses conducted in Work Package 5 (WP5), supporting tasks such as i) assessing the economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of CF practices and schemes, accounting for MRV costs, ii) informing workshops on MRV systems in Test Cases (TCs), and iii) the evaluation of cost-effective regulatory schemes. They will also provide insight into the trade-offs between the cost and accuracy of the MRV methodologies that will be developed in MARVIC (WP2). This document is intended for scientists and experts in charge of the 26 MARVIC Test Cases across Europe, covering a wide range of Land-Uses and Soil Types (LUSTs), i.e., arable land on mineral soils, grassland on mineral soils, managed peatland, and agroforestry/woody crops. It provides practical guidance for standardized data collection, ensuring consistency and comparability of results. It addresses the definition and assessment of various cost (and revenue) categories induced by the adoption of a carbon farming practice and the implementation of an MRV methodology: operational costs (e.g., fertilizers, seeds, labor), opportunity costs (e.g., foregone revenues), and transaction costs (e.g., time spent to gather information on carbon farming schemes and MRV expenses). MRV costs, as a subset of transaction costs, depend on the type of policy, the precision required by the latter, and the methodology used. The report provides practical examples of CF practice costs calculation (e.g., cover /catch crops agroforestry, and peatland rewetting) and an example of MRV cost (for the French Label Bas Carbon certification framework). These are illustrative examples only, and serve to demonstrate data collection and calculation methodologies. Several options for MRV methodologies will be designed in the frame of the MARVIC project, for the different land use and soil types. Once they are available, WP1 will provide a list and a detailed description of the major MARVIC MRV methodologies, including a breakdown into main steps and potential cost items. This information will be used to draft a simple \u201cMRV cost\u201d spreadsheet to help Test Cases collect data and assess the costs of the relevant MRV methodologies for their specific context. WP2, WP3, and Test Cases will also provide information on the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the measurements, models, and operational processing chain tools used to assess carbon removals. This information will be used in Task 5.1 economic models to assess the present and future economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of CF policies, accounting for MRV costs.", "keywords": ["MRV cost", "Cost-effectiveness", "Accuracy and uncertainty", "Monitoring", " Reporting", " and Verification (MRV)", "Carbon farming"], "contacts": [{"organization": "BAMI\u00c8RE, Laure, LOUHICHI, Kamel, PHOTINODELLIS, Roxane, MAITAH, Mansoor, ELOFSSON, Katarina, HASLER, Berit,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14230218"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14230218"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7053669", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:24:47Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Common working environment with standardised metadata for the harmonised reporting of project outputs. Deliverable D6.1 of the EU Horizon 2020 project OPTAIN.", "description": "Deliverable report D6.1 of the EU Horizon 2020 Project OPTAIN (Grant agreement No. 862756) Description of the methods and tools for the harmonised reporting of project outputs. Summary We analysed standards for the common working environment (CWE) and established a platform for project partners' harmonised reporting of project outputs. The results of OPTAINs work packages addressing specific issues of the project (actor platform, measures and indicators, data mining, modelling, optimisation) are assimilated in the following way: Basic project integration is handled through the coordination of all elements of the project. These elements include the project management structure as defined by OPTAIN\u2019s Grant Agreement and Consortium Agreement, Data Management Plan (D8.1), Knowledge Management Plan (MS24), Communication and dissemination strategy (D7.2), and data sharing standards. Cross WP and cross catchment analysis are enabled by harmonising tools, data, and process workflows. Following the ISO 21500:2012 Guidance on Project Management, the Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) is used as a tool to enable such harmonisation, where database will provide possibilities for cross-Case Study analysis. Exchange of modelling and communication with the public will be coordinated by following the developed protocols, metadata standards via the data-sharing platforms. Selected exchange tools and platforms follow the EU rules on open access to all scientific peer-reviewed publications and research data (Article 29.2 of the Model Grant Agreement) as well as the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. In addition, custom tools were created to semi-automate the generation of metadata files to ease project data and result dissemination. Providing the information base for the OPTAIN Learning Environment is enabled by ensuring that the OPTAIN project consortium utilises the established CWE platform and stores the data (or information) in a joint project database. Since the data, information, resources, and project results are harmonised across all the case studies and work packages, the Learning Environment can utilise these tools or use any database views to produce the necessary data or information. For example, Learning Platforms could utilise Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to extract the needed data in the required format. The established CWE provides an understanding of the technical and functional background of the knowledge produced in the project and enables communication between project partners and stakeholders at different management levels and provides easy sharing of project results and recommendations. From a technical standpoint, the CWE will bring together data that is shared among partners using a cloud and/or Structured Query Language (SQL) server. Version control of the created tools and models will be handled by utilising the Git software. Data sharing with the public will be performed through Zenodo, a general-purpose open-access repository developed under the European OpenAIRE. Metadata standards will be ensured by creating the metadata Extensible Markup Language (XML) files for every produced geospatial dataset.", "keywords": ["synthesis", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "H2020", "OPTAIN", "harmonised reporting"], "contacts": [{"organization": "\u010cerkasova, Natalja, Idzelyt\u0117, Rasa, Banovec, Primo\u017e, Glavan, Matja\u017e,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7053669"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7053669", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7053669", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7053669"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7053670", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:24:47Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Common working environment with standardised metadata for the harmonised reporting of project outputs. Deliverable D6.1 of the EU Horizon 2020 project OPTAIN.", "description": "Deliverable report D6.1 of the EU Horizon 2020 Project OPTAIN (Grant agreement No. 862756) Description of the methods and tools for the harmonised reporting of project outputs. Summary We analysed standards for the common working environment (CWE) and established a platform for project partners' harmonised reporting of project outputs. The results of OPTAINs work packages addressing specific issues of the project (actor platform, measures and indicators, data mining, modelling, optimisation) are assimilated in the following way: Basic project integration is handled through the coordination of all elements of the project. These elements include the project management structure as defined by OPTAIN\u2019s Grant Agreement and Consortium Agreement, Data Management Plan (D8.1), Knowledge Management Plan (MS24), Communication and dissemination strategy (D7.2), and data sharing standards. Cross WP and cross catchment analysis are enabled by harmonising tools, data, and process workflows. Following the ISO 21500:2012 Guidance on Project Management, the Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) is used as a tool to enable such harmonisation, where database will provide possibilities for cross-Case Study analysis. Exchange of modelling and communication with the public will be coordinated by following the developed protocols, metadata standards via the data-sharing platforms. Selected exchange tools and platforms follow the EU rules on open access to all scientific peer-reviewed publications and research data (Article 29.2 of the Model Grant Agreement) as well as the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. In addition, custom tools were created to semi-automate the generation of metadata files to ease project data and result dissemination. Providing the information base for the OPTAIN Learning Environment is enabled by ensuring that the OPTAIN project consortium utilises the established CWE platform and stores the data (or information) in a joint project database. Since the data, information, resources, and project results are harmonised across all the case studies and work packages, the Learning Environment can utilise these tools or use any database views to produce the necessary data or information. For example, Learning Platforms could utilise Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to extract the needed data in the required format. The established CWE provides an understanding of the technical and functional background of the knowledge produced in the project and enables communication between project partners and stakeholders at different management levels and provides easy sharing of project results and recommendations. From a technical standpoint, the CWE will bring together data that is shared among partners using a cloud and/or Structured Query Language (SQL) server. Version control of the created tools and models will be handled by utilising the Git software. Data sharing with the public will be performed through Zenodo, a general-purpose open-access repository developed under the European OpenAIRE. Metadata standards will be ensured by creating the metadata Extensible Markup Language (XML) files for every produced geospatial dataset.", "keywords": ["synthesis", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "H2020", "OPTAIN", "harmonised reporting"], "contacts": [{"organization": "\u010cerkasova, Natalja, Idzelyt\u0117, Rasa, Banovec, Primo\u017e, Glavan, Matja\u017e,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7053670"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7053670", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7053670", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7053670"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "14952d61-ec09-455a-ac6b-805aa03ff297", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[2.78, 49.46], [2.78, 50.85], [6.41, 50.85], [6.41, 49.46], [2.78, 49.46]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Nature et environnement (autre)"}, {"id": "Nature et environnement"}, {"id": "Agriculture"}], "scheme": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/thesaurus/theme-geoportail-wallon"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Usage des sols"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "agriculture"}], "scheme": "http://geonetwork-opensource.org/gemet-theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "facteur socio-\u00e9conomique"}, {"id": "fonction du sol"}, {"id": "sol"}, {"id": "politique agricole commune"}, {"id": "utilisation du sol"}, {"id": "terre agricole"}, {"id": "agriculture"}], "scheme": "http://geonetwork-opensource.org/gemet"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "WalOnMapNO"}, {"id": "PanierTelechargementGeoportail"}, {"id": "Reporting INSPIRE"}, {"id": "Open Data"}], "scheme": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/thesaurus/infrasig"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "R\u00e9gional"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Demande d'aide g\u00e9ospatiale"}, {"id": "SIGC"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/IACSData"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Usage des sols"}, {"id": "Observation de la terre et environnement"}], "scheme": "http://data.europa.eu/bna/asd487ae75"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2007/2/EC - INSPIRE Directive"}, {"id": "2023/138 - High Value Datasets Regulation"}], "scheme": "http://data.europa.eu/r5r/applicableLegislation"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Agriculture, p\u00eache, sylviculture et alimentation"}], "scheme": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/data-theme"}], "updated": "2025-08-06T13:36:54.607642Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-03-13", "language": "fre", "title": "INSPIRE - Anonymous Agricultural Parcellary 2017 in Wallonia (BE)", "description": "Cette s\u00e9rie de couches de donn\u00e9es spatiales compilent les informations du parcellaire agricole anonyme (situation 2017) faisant partie du th\u00e8me INSPIRE \"Usage des sols\" et portant sur le territoire wallon.\n\nLa Directive europ\u00e9enne 2007/2/CE - Directive INSPIRE - \u00e9tablit une infrastructure d'information g\u00e9ographique dans la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne. INSPIRE s'applique \u00e0 34 domaines th\u00e9matiques r\u00e9partis en 3 Annexes. La pr\u00e9sente s\u00e9rie comprend les couches de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9ographiques faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l'usage des sols (Annexe 3.4).\n\nAu sens de la Directive, le th\u00e8me \"usage des sols\" couvrent \"des territoires caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s selon leur dimension fonctionnelle pr\u00e9vue ou leur objet socio\u00e9conomique actuel et futur (par exemple, r\u00e9sidentiel, industriel, commercial, agricole, forestier, r\u00e9cr\u00e9atif)\".\n\nLe parcellaire agricole anonyme (situation 2017) reprend l\u2019utilisation du sol dans les zones agricoles et foresti\u00e8res g\u00e9r\u00e9es dans le cadre de la mise \u0153uvre de la Politique Agricole Commune par l\u2019Organisme Payeur de Wallonie.\n\nLe parcellaire agricole anonyme repr\u00e9sente la version publique du parcellaire agricole. Il ne comprend donc pas d\u2019information \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel permettant d\u2019identifier l\u2019exploitant. Il est fourni sur une base annuelle. Les donn\u00e9es d'une ann\u00e9e de culture sont mises \u00e0 disposition du public dans le courant de l'ann\u00e9e suivante. La pr\u00e9sente version concerne l'ann\u00e9e culturale (mill\u00e9sime) 2017.\n\nLe parcellaire agricole anonyme localise, sous la forme de polygones, l\u2019emprise des parcelles agricoles exploit\u00e9es ainsi que la culture principale qui y est effectu\u00e9e, ce qui n\u2019exclut pas un usage \u00e9ventuel en interculture. Ce parcellaire est limit\u00e9 \u00e0 la Wallonie.\n\nLa culture principale pratiqu\u00e9e sur les parcelles agricoles est \u00e9tiquet\u00e9e et symbolis\u00e9e par un aplat de couleurs.\n\nLe parcellaire agricole anonyme est fourni \u00e0 titre indicatif, et sans garantie aucune, tant au niveau des limites que des informations attributaires. Les limites des parcelles sont bas\u00e9es sur une interpr\u00e9tation des r\u00e8gles d'\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9s que doit suivre l'Organisme Payeur de Wallonie (OPW). Elles ne refl\u00e8tent pas les limites de propri\u00e9t\u00e9s. En outre, la couche ne reprend pas les \u00e9ventuelles modifications du parcellaire agricole qui r\u00e9sultent d'adaptations ult\u00e9rieures requises par les r\u00e8gles de gestion, notamment dans le cadre de recours ou de d\u00e9cisions judiciaires.\n\nLa r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la gestion des aides agricoles reste le parcellaire agricole g\u00e9r\u00e9 par l'OPW. Cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence ne fait pas l'objet d'une distribution publique.", "formats": [{"name": "GML (.gml)"}, {"name": "atom:feed"}, {"name": "OGC API - Features"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK"}], "keywords": ["Nature et environnement (autre)", "Nature et environnement", "Agriculture", "Usage des sols", "agriculture", "facteur socio-\u00e9conomique", "fonction du sol", "sol", "politique agricole commune", "utilisation du sol", "terre agricole", "agriculture", "WalOnMapNO", "PanierTelechargementGeoportail", "Reporting INSPIRE", "Open Data", "usage du sol", "Land Use", "usage existant du sol", "foresterie", "inspire", "SIGEC", "parcellaire agricole anonyme", "PAC", "existing land use", "ExistingLandUseDataSet", "ExistingLandUseObject", "farmland", "R\u00e9gional", "Demande d'aide g\u00e9ospatiale", "SIGC", "Usage des sols", "Observation de la terre et environnement", "2007/2/EC - INSPIRE Directive", "2023/138 - High Value Datasets Regulation", "Agriculture", " p\u00eache", " sylviculture et alimentation"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "Helpdesk carto du SPW (SPW - Secr\u00e9tariat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - SPW Digital - D\u00e9partement de la G\u00e9omatique - Direction de l'Int\u00e9gration des g\u00e9odonn\u00e9es)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "helpdesk.carto@spw.wallonie.be"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "Direction de l\u2019Identification et des Surfaces (SPW - Agriculture, Ressources naturelles et Environnement - OPW Organisme Payeur de Wallonie - Direction de l\u2019Identification et des Surfaces)", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "beatrice.leteinturier@spw.wallonie.be"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "Service public de Wallonie (SPW)", "position": null, "roles": ["owner"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "helpdesk.carto@spw.wallonie.be"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "https://geoportail.wallonie.be", "protocol": "WWW:LINK", "protocol_url": "", "name": "G\u00e9oportail de la Wallonie", "name_url": "", "description": "G\u00e9oportail de la Wallonie", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": "information"}}]}], "title_alternate": "Landuse", "denominator": "10000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/inspire/atom/LU_Service.xml", "name": "INSPIRE - 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Surfaces agricloles bas\u00e9es sur le LPIS de 2019 en Wallonie (BE) - ETRS89 / LAEA Europe", "description": "INSPIRE - Surfaces agricloles bas\u00e9es sur le LPIS de 2019 en Wallonie (BE) dans le syst\u00e8me de coordon\u00e9nes ETRS89 / LAEA Europe (EPSG:3035)", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD:application/x-gmz", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/1b15175c-9465-4613-8e15-44918e77ab22/attachments/LC.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1b15175c-9465-4613-8e15-44918e77ab22", "name": "item", "description": "1b15175c-9465-4613-8e15-44918e77ab22", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1b15175c-9465-4613-8e15-44918e77ab22"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2025-12-02T09:41:45Z"}}, {"id": "2164/13497", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:27:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-30", "title": "How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal", "description": "AbstractThere is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.