Legume roots can be symbiotically colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In Lotus japonicus, the latter occurs intracellularly by the cognate rhizobial partner Mesorhizobium loti or intercellularly with the Agrobacterium pusense strain IRBG74. Although these symbiotic programs show distinctive cellular and transcriptome signatures, some molecular components are shared. In this study, we demonstrate that 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase 1 (DAHPS1), the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of aromatic amino acids (AAAs), plays a critical role in root hair development and for AM and rhizobial symbioses in Lotus. Two homozygous DAHPS1 mutants (dahps1-1 and dahps1-2) showed drastic alterations in root hair morphology, associated with alterations in cell wall dynamics and a progressive disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. The altered root hair structure was prevented by pharmacological and genetic complementation. dahps1-1 and dahps1-2 showed significant reductions in rhizobial infection (intracellular and intercellular) and nodule organogenesis and a delay in AM colonization. RNAseq analysis of dahps1-2 roots suggested that these phenotypes are associated with downregulation of several cell wall\uffe2\uff80\uff93related genes, and with an attenuated signaling response. Interestingly, the dahps1 mutants showed no detectable pleiotropic effects, suggesting a more selective recruitment of this gene in certain biological processes. This work provides robust evidence linking AAA metabolism to root hair development and successful symbiotic associations.Increasing temperatures and a reduction in the frequency and severity of freezing events have been linked to species distribution shifts. Across the globe, mangrove ranges are expanding toward higher latitudes, likely due to diminishing frequency of freezing events associated with climate change. Continued warming will alter coastal wetland plant dynamics both above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground, potentially altering plant capacity to keep up with sea level rise. We conducted an in situ warming experiment, in northeast Florida, to determine how increased temperature (+2\uffc2\uffb0C) influences co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring mangrove and salt marsh plants. Warming was achieved using passive warming with three treatment levels (ambient, shade control, warmed). Avicennia germinans, the black mangrove, exhibited no differences in growth or height due to experimental warming, but displayed a warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increase in leaf production (48%). Surprisingly, Distichlis spicata, the dominant salt marsh grass, increased in biomass (53% in 2013 and 70% in 2014), density (41%) and height (18%) with warming during summer months. Warming decreased plant root mass at depth and changed abundances of anaerobic bacterial taxa. Even while the poleward shift of mangroves is clearly controlled by the occurrences of severe freezes, chronic warming between these freeze events may slow the progression of mangrove dominance within ecotones.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "13. Climate action", "Climate Change", "Wetlands", "Florida", "Avicennia", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1539"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ecy.1539", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ecy.1539", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ecy.1539"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/etc.5400", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-09", "title": "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Need for a Meaningful Regulatory Plant Protection Product Testing Strategy", "description": "AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform key soil ecosystem services and, because of their symbiotic relationship with plant roots, may be exposed to the plant protection products (PPPs) applied to soils and crops. In 2017, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of PPPs for in-soil organisms, recommending the inclusion of AMF ecotoxicological testing in the PPP regulatory process. However, it is not clear how this can be implemented in a tiered, robust, and ecologically relevant manner. Through a critical review of current literature, we examine the recommendations made within the EFSA report and the methodologies available to integrate AMF into the PPP risk assessment and provide perspective and commentary on their agronomic and ecological relevance. We conclude that considerable research questions remain to be addressed prior to the inclusion of AMF into the in-soil organism risk assessment, many of which stem from the unique challenges associated with including an obligate symbiont within the PPP risk assessment. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps and the further research required to enable development of relevant, reliable, and robust scientific tests alongside pragmatic and scientifically sound guidance to ensure that any future risk-assessment paradigm is adequately protective of the ecosystem services it aims to preserve. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1808\uffe2\uff80\uff931823. \uffc2\uffa9 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.Despite the perceived importance of exudation to forest ecosystem function, few studies have attempted to examine the effects of elevated temperature and nutrition availability on the rates of root exudation and associated microbial processes. In this study, we performed an experiment in whichin situexudates were collected fromPicea asperataseedlings that were transplanted in disturbed soils exposed to two levels of temperature (ambient temperature and infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (unfertilized and 25\uffc2\uffa0g N\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0a\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Here, we show that the trees exposed to an elevated temperature increased their exudation rates I (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0g\uffe2\uff88\uff921root biomass\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), II (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0cm\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0root length\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and III (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0cm\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0root area\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in the unfertilized plots. The altered morphological and physiological traits of the roots exposed to experimental warming could be responsible for this variation in root exudation. Moreover, these increases in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C were positively correlated with the microbial release of extracellular enzymes involved in the breakdown of organic N (R2\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.790;P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.038), which was coupled with stimulated microbial activity and accelerated N transformations in the unfertilized soils. In contrast, the trees exposed to both experimental warming and N fertilization did not show increased exudation rates or soil enzyme activity, indicating that the stimulatory effects of experimental warming on root exudation depend on soil fertility. Collectively, our results provide preliminary evidence that an increase in the release of root exudates into the soil may be an important physiological adjustment by which the sustained growth responses of plants to experimental warming may be maintained via enhanced soil microbial activity and soil N transformation. Accordingly, the underlying mechanisms by which plant root\uffe2\uff80\uff90microbe interactions influence soil organic matter decomposition and N cycling should be incorporated into climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90carbon cycle models to determine reliable estimates of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C storage in forests.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "Plant Exudates", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Models", " Theoretical", "Nitrogen Cycle", "Picea", "15. Life on land", "Global Warming", "Plant Roots"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Juan Xiao, Huajun Yin, Zhenfeng Xu, Xinyin Cheng, Yufei Li, Qing Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12161"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12161", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12161", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12161"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104095", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-25", "title": "Alternation of wet and dry sides during partial rootzone drying irrigation enhances leaf ethylene evolution", "description": "Soil drying increases endogenous ABA and ACC concentrations in planta, but how these compounds interact to regulate stomatal responses to soil drying and re-watering is still unclear. To determine the temporal dynamics and physiological significance of root, xylem and leaf ABA and ACC concentrations in response to deficit irrigation (DI) or partial rootzone drying (PRD-F) and re-watering, these variables were measured in plants exposed to similar whole pot soil water contents. Both DI and PRD-F plants received only a fraction of the irrigation supplied to well-watered (WW) plants, either to all (DI) or part (PRD-F) of the rootzone of plants grown in split-pots. Both DI and PRD-F induced partial stomatal closure, increased root ABA and ACC accumulation consistent with local soil water content, but did not affect xylem or leaf concentrations of these compounds compared to WW plants. Two hours after re-watering all (DI-RW) or part of the rootzone (PRD-A) to the same soil water content, stomatal conductance returned to WW values or further decreased respectively. Re-watering the whole rootzone had no effect on xylem and leaf ABA and ACC concentrations, while re-watering the dry side of the pot in PRD plants had no effect on xylem and leaf ABA concentrations but increased xylem and leaf ACC concentrations and leaf ethylene evolution. Leaf water potential was similar between all irrigation treatments, with stomatal conductance declining as xylem ABA concentrations and leaf ACC concentrations increased. Prior to re-watering PRD plants, accounting for the spatial differences in soil water uptake best explained variation in xylem ACC concentration suggesting root-to-shoot ACC signalling, but this model did not account for variation in xylem ACC concentration after re-watering the dry side of PRD plants. Thus local (foliar) and long-distance (root-to-shoot) variation in ACC status both seem important in regulating the temporal dynamics of foliar ethylene evolution in plants exposed to PRD.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Irrigation", "Stomatal conductance", "Root-to-shoot signalling", "Ethylene", "Physiological significance", "Deficit irrigation", "Plant Science", "Leaf water", "F06 Irrigation", "01 natural sciences", "ACC", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "Xylem", "15. Life on land", "F60 Plant physiology and biochemistry", "6. Clean water", "Horticulture", "13. Climate action", "Soil water", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Soil moisture heterogeneity", "Partial rootzone drying"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/144510/1/Juan_EEB_Manuscript_final.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104095"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20and%20Experimental%20Botany", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104095", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104095", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104095"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-05", "title": "Is Maize-Cowpea Intercropping A Viable Option For Smallholder Farms In The Risky Environments Of Semi-Arid Southern Africa?", "description": "Intercropping cereals with legumes can potentially enhance productivity and soil fertility. There is limited experimental evidence on the mechanisms underlying benefits or risks in intercropping systems and below-ground interactions in intercrops remain largely unstudied. Such understanding can inform strategies towards maximising returns to investments, particularly in poor fertility soils on smallholder farms in semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Additive intercropping experiments were established covering several seasons (2010/11\u20132014/15) and different conditions (on-station and on-farm) to determine effects on soil chemical variables, root dynamics and yield of intercrops. Maize was planted with the first effective rains and received either no fertiliser or 40 kg N ha\u22121. Cowpea was planted on the same date as maize or three weeks after planting maize in intercrops or sole stands and received no fertiliser. End-of-season available N was highest (P 1. Intercropping, however, resulted in compromised cowpea yields especially under the relay intercrop compared with the sole cowpea stands whilst maize yield was either not affected or improved. We attributed this to the lack of below-ground niche differentiation in root distribution between maize and cowpea. Maize\u2013cowpea intercropping with low doses of N fertiliser resulted in over-yielding compared with monocropping. Intercropping proved to be a robust option across seasons and soil types, confirming that it is a promising option for resource-poor smallholders.", "keywords": ["Zimbabwe", "Interspecific facilitation", "Root length density", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Land-use efficiency", "Maize", "Soil", "Niche differentiation", "Intercropping", "Drylands Agriculture", "African Agriculture", "Legume Crops", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield", "Root distribution", "Southern Africa", "Below-ground complementarity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Estimating the water budget components of irrigated crops: Combining the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient with surface temperature and vegetation index data", "description": "Abstract The FAO-56 dual crop coefficient (FAO-2Kc) model has been extensively used at the field scale to estimate the crop water requirements by means of the simulated evapotranspiration (ET) and its two components evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). Given that the main limitation of FAO-2Kc for operational irrigation management over large areas is the unavailability (over most irrigated areas) of irrigation data, this study investigates the feasibility 1) to constrain the FAO-2Kc ET from LST and VI data, 2) to retrieve irrigation amounts and dates from LST and VI data and 3) to estimate the root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the daily scale. In practice, the vegetation and soil temperatures retrieved from LST/VI data are used to estimate the FAO-2Kc vegetation stress coefficient (Ks) and soil evaporation reduction coefficient (Kr), respectively. The modeling and remote sensing combined approach is tested over a wheat crop field in central Morocco, and results are evaluated in terms of ET, irrigation and RZSM estimates. ET is estimated with a RMSE of 0.68\u202fmm day-1 compared to 0.84\u202fmm day-1 for the standard (without using LST data) FAO-2Kc based on tabulated values for the parameters. The total irrigation depth (67\u202fmm) is correctly estimated and is very close to the actual effective irrigation (69.8\u202fmm) applied by the farmer. Daily RZSM is estimated with an R2 value of 0.68 (0.42) and a RMSE value of 0.034 (0.061) m3 m-3 by forcing FAO-2Kc using the retrieved irrigation (from LST-derived estimates and precipitation only). Since spaceborne LST data are currently not available at both high-spatial and high-temporal resolution, a sensitivity analysis is finally undertaken to assess the potential and applicability of the proposed methodology to temporally-sparse thermal data.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Root-zone soil moisture", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Root-Zone Soil Moisture", "Surface Temperature", "[INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "[INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Irrigation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2025-09-02T09:54:15", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "INSPIRE-WFS Soil / Sorptionsverm\u00f6gen im effektiven Wurzelraum BB", "description": "Der interoperable INSPIRE-WFS ist ein Downloaddienst, der Daten im Annex-Schema Boden (abgeleitet aus dem origin\u00e4ren Datensatz: Sorptionsverm\u00f6gen im effektiven Wurzelraum Brandenburg) bereitstellt. Er gibt einen \u00dcberblick \u00fcber die Sorptionskapazit\u00e4t im effektiven Wurzelraum der B\u00f6den Brandenburgs. Diese Karte basiert auf den Legendeneinheiten der Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte (B\u00dcK300) mit entsprechender Zuordnung von parametrisierten Fl\u00e4chenbodenformen. Diese stellen je Legendeneinheit eine Bodenformengesellschaft dar. Die einzelnen (Fl\u00e4chen-)Bodenformen wurden mit Parametern belegt, einschlie\u00dflich der entsprechenden Werte zur Kationenaustauschkapazit\u00e4t (KAK), die durch Gel\u00e4nde- und Laboruntersuchungen bestimmt wurden. Gleiche Horizont-Substrat-Kombinationen wurden zusammengefasst und die entsprechenden Parameter statistisch abgeleitet. Die Abfolge von Horizont-Substrat-Kombinationen in den Fl\u00e4chenbodenformen mit ihren KAK-Werten bildeten die Grundlage f\u00fcr die Berechnung des Sorptionskapazit\u00e4t im effektiven Wurzelraum (s. Hennings 2000, Verkn\u00fcpfungsregel 2.3). Gem\u00e4\u00df der INSPIRE-Datenspezifikation Soil (D2.8.III.3_v3.0) liegen die Inhalte der Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte INSPIRE-konform vor. Der WFS beinhaltet die folgenden FeatureTypes: - Beobachtungsprozess (ompr:Process) mit Angaben zu der am Prozess beteiligten Organisation LBGR, - abgeleitetes Bodenobjekt (so:SoilDerivedObject) mit Angaben zur Beobachtung der Bodeneigenschaft zur Beschreibung des abgeleiteten Bodenobjekts, - Beobachtung einer Bodeneigenschaft (om:OM_Observation) mit Angaben zum Charakter des vom Boden abgeleiteten Objekts, der beobachtete Eigenschaft, der vom Boden abgeleiteten Beobachtung bodenbezogene Eigenschaften, dem Ergebnis der Beobachtungen des abgeleiteten Bodenobjekts, - Bodenk\u00f6rper (so:SoilBody), abgegrenzter und hinsichtlich bestimmter Bodeneigenschaften und/oder r\u00e4umlicher Muster homogener Teil der Bodendecke, und - Bodenschicht (so:SoilLayer) mit Angaben zur Zuordnung der Schicht zu einem ihrer Art entsprechenden Begriff, zum abgeleiteten Profil, das als Referenzprofil f\u00fcr eine bestimmte Art von Boden in einem bestimmten geografischen Gebiet dient, der oberen und unteren Tiefe des Profilelements, gemessen von der Oberfl\u00e4che (0 cm) eines Bodenprofils (in cm). --- The compliant INSPIRE-WFS Soil / Sorptionsverm\u00f6gen im effektiven Wurzelraum Brandenburg is a download service that delivers data in the annex schema Soil (derived from the original data set: Adsorption capacity in the effective root zone Brandenburg). It provides an overview of the adsorption capacity in the effective root zone of the soils in Brandenburg. The map is based on the legend units of the soil map (B\u00dcK300) with corresponding assignment of parameterized soil forms. These represent one soil form society per legend unit. The single soil forms were assigned with parameters, including the corresponding values for cation exchange capacity (CEC), which were determined by field and laboratory investigations. Identical horizon-substrate combinations were summarized and the corresponding parameters were statistically derived. The sequence of horizon-substrate combinations in the soil forms with their CEC values formed the basis for the calculation of the sorption capacity in the effective root zone (see Hennings 2000, method 2.3). The content of the soil map is compliant to the INSPIRE data specification for the annex theme Soil (D2.8.III.3_v3.0). The WFS includes the following feature types: - Observation process (ompr:Process) with information about the organization LBGR involved in the process, - Soil derived object (so:SoilDerivedObject) with information on the observation of the soil property for characterizing the soil derived object, - Observations of a soil derived object (om:OM_Observation) with information about the character of the soil derived object, the observed property, the soil derived observation of soil related properties, the result of the observations of the soil derived object, - Soil body (so:SoilBody), part of the soil cover that is delineated and that is homogeneous with regard to certain soil properties and/or spatial patterns, and - Soil layer (so:SoilLayer) with information about the assignation of the layer according to the concept that fits its kind, to the derived soil profile, which serves as a reference profile for a particular type of soil in a specific geographical area, including the upper and lower depth of the profile element from the surface (0 cm) of a soil profile (in cm).", "formats": [{"name": "HTML"}], "keywords": ["bboxbebb", "boden", "bodenkunde", "bodenschutz", "brandenburg", "cation-exchange-capacity", "de", "depthinterval", "derivedsoilprofile", "geologie", "infofeatureaccessservice", "inspireidentifiziert", "interoperabel", "interoperability", "kationenaustauschkapazita\u0308t", "oberboden", "om_observation", "opendata", "process", "soil", "soilbody", "soilderivedobject", "soillayer", "sorptioncapacityinrootzonedepth", "sorptioncapacityinrootzonedepthwithorganicsurfacelayer", "sorptionsvermo\u0308gen", "sorptionsvermo\u0308gen-im-effektiven-wurzelraum-brandenburg", "wfs"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Landesamt f\u00fcr Bergbau, Geologie und Rohstoffe Brandenburg (LBGR)", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geoportal.brandenburg.de/detailansichtdienst/render?view=gdibb&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.brandenburg.de%2Fgs-json%2Fxml%3Ffileid%3D00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8"}, {"href": "https://inspire.brandenburg.de/services/so_sorption_wfs?REQUEST=GetCapabilities&SERVICE=WFS"}, {"href": "https://isk.geobasis-bb.de/geodienste/Sonstiges/Hilfe_Nutzung_Downloaddienst.pdf"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8~~1"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8", "name": "item", "description": "00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/00fcaa98-fb45-4696-a450-c5dcb1a480d8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-18.0, -35.0], [-18.0, 37.0], [51.0, 37.0], [51.0, -35.0], [-18.0, -35.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:51:34", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Africa SoilGrids - Root zone plant available water holding capacity aggregated at top 30 cm", "description": "Plant available water holding capacity (v%) of the soil fine earth fraction, with field capacity defined at h=200 cm or pF 2.3, aggregated over rootable depth and the top 30 cm, mapped at 1km resolution", "formats": [{"name": "GTiff"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["available water capacity", "root zone", "digital soil mapping", "Soil science", "Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "Johan Leenaars", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior soil scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "johan.leenaars@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "1000", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/gyga/GYGA_Results/gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km.tif", "name": "Download GeoTIFF at aggregated 30 cm depth", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/gyga.map", "name": "gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.046", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/afsis-gyga-functional-soil-information-sub-saharan-africa-rz-pawhc-ssa", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/gyga.map&SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.3.0&REQUEST=GetMap&BBOX=-35,-24,38,57&CRS=EPSG:4326&WIDTH=1426&HEIGHT=895&LAYERS=gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km&STYLES=&FORMAT=png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640", "name": "item", "description": "09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1002/jpln.202000183", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-09", "title": "Effects of water deficit and nitrogen application on leaf gas exchange, phytohormone signaling, biomass and water use efficiency of oat plants", "description": "AbstractBackground: Water and nitrogen (N) are essential resources influencing plant growth and yield. To improve their efficiencies in crop production is challenging because the physiological mechanisms of water and N coupling and their interactive effect on crop water use efficiency (WUE) are not well understood yet.
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses and phytohormones signaling in oats in response to soil water status and N supply under fertigation, to explore the mechanisms regulating plant growth and WUE.
Methods: Oat plants were subjected to the factorial combination of three soil moisture regimes (50, 70, and 90% of soil water holding capacity, SWHC) and three N levels (fertilized with 74, 149, and 298 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921).
Results: The stomatal conductance (gs) was significantly decreased by soil water deficit, and also by the highest N level, whereas photosynthesis rate (An) was unaffected by neither water nor N. Consequently, intrinsic WUE (WUEint, An/gs) was highest under reduced irrigation and high N fertilization. This effect at stomatal level was affirmed by responses in whole plant WUE (WUEb), which was positively correlated with shoot \uffce\uffb413C. A positive correlation between \uffce\uffb418O and \uffce\uffb413C in shoots further indicated that decreases of gs rather than changes in An contributed to the enhanced WUE.
Conclusion: Moderate soil water deficit and sufficient N supply is recommended for saving irrigation water and improving WUE on fertigated oat plants without compromising biomass accumulation to any large extent.We sampled isolated trees and tree clusters from a blue oak, Quercus douglasii, savanna to determine the spatial heterogeneity of fine root biomass and soil carbon across the landscape as a function of tree size and configuration. We aimed to understand how fine root structure enables sustained ecosystem metabolism through a summer of limited moisture and high heat and facilitates resource acquisition during the short period of high resource supply. An additional goal was to provide a basis for upscaling root biomass and soil carbon to the landscape scale. We sampled trees of different size and tree clusters via a stratified sampling scheme that accounted for spatial heterogeneity in root biomass and soil carbon with lateral distance from the tree bole, or cluster centre, and soil depth. We upscaled these estimates using site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific information from a lidar survey. We found that fine roots and soil carbon are spatially heterogeneous in their landscape distribution and greatly increase with tree size. We also found that Q.\uffe2\uff80\uff89douglasii possesses a dimorphic fine root architecture, uniquely suited to the region's climatic constraints and exhibits morphological plasticity among trees of different size and physical setting. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
", "keywords": ["upscaling", "0106 biological sciences", "Agricultural", "Ecology", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Forestry Sciences", "fine root biomass", "Quercus douglasii", "spatial heterogeneity", "Veterinary and Food Sciences", "oak savanna", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "3. Good health", "Environmental sciences", "Biological sciences", "veterinary and food sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon", "precipitation change", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1508"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecohydrology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/eco.1508", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/eco.1508", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/eco.1508"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.5647", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-19", "title": "Influence Of Rootstock On Drought Response In Young \u2018Gale Gala\u2019 Apple (Malus Domestica Borkh.) Trees", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUND: Drought is a major environmental stress limiting plant growth, productivity, and survival worldwide. Rootstocks are widely used to enhance plants resistance to drought stresses. This study determined influence of rootstock on drought responses in 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old \uffe2\uff80\uff98Gale Gala\uffe2\uff80\uff99 apple trees grafted onto Malus sieversii or M. hupehensis.
RESULTS: Choice of rootstock resulted in differential response to drought stress. Specifically, M. sieversii caused less drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced reduction in relative growth rate, biomass accumulation, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, photosynthesis rate and maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield but greater increase in whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant water use efficiency compared to M. hupehensis. Secondly, compared with M. hupehensis, M. sieversii caused less drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species but more increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, xylem sap abscisic acid concentration was greater in trees grafted onto M. hupehensis than in those grafted onto M. sieversii under drought stress.
CONCLUSION: \uffe2\uff80\uff98Gale Gala\uffe2\uff80\uff99 trees' response to drought stress was associated with the rootstock's genotype onto which it was grafted. Trees with M. sieversii as rootstock are more drought resistant than trees with M. hupehensis as rootstock, which suggests that M. sieversii can be widely used as rootstock in arid and semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid regions. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
", "keywords": ["Chlorophyll", "0301 basic medicine", "Plant Roots", "Antioxidants", "Fluorescence", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "Species Specificity", "Stress", " Physiological", "Xylem", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "2. Zero hunger", "0402 animal and dairy science", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Adaptation", " Physiological", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Plant Leaves", "Malus", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Abscisic Acid"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Binghua Liu, Fengwang Ma, Dong Liang, Yangjun Zou, Liang Cheng,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5647"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.5647", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.5647", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.5647"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.8606", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-07-31", "title": "How Are Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations Related To Maize Growth Performance During Short-Term Cover Crop Rotation?", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUNDBetter cover crop management options aiming to maximize the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to subsequent crops are largely unknown. We investigated the impact of cover crop management methods on maize growth performance and assemblages of AMF colonizing maize roots in a field trial. The cover crop treatments comprised Italian ryegrass, wheat, brown mustard and fallow in rotation with maize.
RESULTSThe diversity of AMF communities among cover crops used for maize management was significantly influenced by the cover crop and time course. Cover crops did not affect grain yield and aboveground biomass of subsequent maize but affected early growth. A structural equation model indicated that the root colonization, AMF diversity and maize phosphorus uptake had direct strong positive effects on yield performance.
CONCLUSIONAMF variables and maize performance were related directly or indirectly to maize grain yield, whereas root colonization had a positive effect on maize performance. AMF may be an essential factor that determines the success of cover crop rotational systems. Encouraging AMF associations can potentially benefit cover cropping systems. Therefore, it is imperative to consider AMF associations and crop phenology when making management decisions. \uffc2\uffa9 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "0402 animal and dairy science", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Zea mays", "Crop Production", "03 medical and health sciences", "Mycorrhizae", "Lolium", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "Soil Microbiology", "Triticum", "Mustard Plant"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8606"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.8606", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.8606", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.8606"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/we.2621", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-14", "title": "Conditional variational autoencoders for probabilistic wind turbine blade fatigue estimation using Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition data", "description": "AbstractWind turbine fatigue estimation is based on time\uffe2\uff80\uff90consuming Monte Carlo simulations for various wind conditions, followed by cycle\uffe2\uff80\uff90counting procedures and the application of engineering damage models. The outputs of the fatigue simulations are large in volume and of high dimensionality, as they typically consist of estimates on finite\uffe2\uff80\uff90element computational meshes. The strain and stress tensor time series, which are the primary quantities of interest when considering the problem of fatigue estimation, are dictated by complex vibration characteristics due to the coupled effect of aerodynamics, structural dynamics, geometrically non\uffe2\uff80\uff90linear mechanics, and control. A Variational Auto\uffe2\uff80\uff90Encoder (VAE) is trained in order to model the probability distribution of the accumulated fatigue on the root cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90section of a simulated wind turbine blade. The VAE is conditioned on historical data that correspond to coarse wind\uffe2\uff80\uff90field measurement statistics, such as mean hub\uffe2\uff80\uff90height wind speed, standard deviation of hub\uffe2\uff80\uff90height wind speed and shear exponent. In the absence of direct measurements of structural loads, the proposed technique finds applications in making long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term probabilistic deterioration predictions from historical Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data, while capturing the inherent aleatoric uncertainty due to the incomplete information on strain time series of the wind turbine structure, when only SCADA data statistics are available.
", "keywords": ["CVAE", "deep generative models", "high dimensional simulation outputs", "uncertainty quantification", "TJ807-830", "blade root fatigue", "conditional variational autoencoder", "SCADA", "wind turbine blade", "7. Clean energy", "Renewable energy sources"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2621"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Wind%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/we.2621", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/we.2621", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/we.2621"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.0m9n57k", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:04Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: The effect of drought and season on root life span in temperate arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal tree species", "description": "unspecifiedLiese_etal_morphological_and_functional_traitsBelowground and aboveground morphological and functional traitsLiese_etal_lifespan_and_proportional_hazardsRoot lifespan and data for the calculation of proportional hazards", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ectomycorrhiza", "plant-soil (below-ground) interactions", "mini-rhizotrons", "deciduous tree species", "arbuscular mycorrhiza", "Season", "15. Life on land", "root morphology", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liese, Rebecca, Leuschner, Christoph, Meier, Ina Christin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0m9n57k"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.0m9n57k", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.0m9n57k", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.0m9n57k"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:03Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2017-06-10", "title": "Review on the Methods for Evaluation of Root Reinforcement in Shallow Landslides", "description": "Open image in new window Recently geotechnical engineers aim to adopt more environmental-friendly solutions (not harmful to the environment), therefore the interest on the use of vegetation as a measure to improve slope stability is increasing. The mechanical reinforcement due to roots against shallow landslides occurs when the fibres intersect the shear surface, usually at depths lower than 2 m. In the literature, the presence of roots is often taken into account by modelling the soil as an equivalent composite material: \u2018the root-permeated soil\u2019, by including an additional cohesion term in the Mohr-Coulomb equation. The models used to estimate the root additional cohesion are presented in the first part of the paper. In some cases, root cohesion is calculated based on the resistant properties of the fibres and assuming an order for the progressive roots failure, either breaking, slipping out or buckling. On the other hand, some authors used structural models of the roots investigating not only the stresses in the roots, but also in the surrounding soil to obtain a better estimation of the root cohesion. In the second part of the paper, the calculation of the root reinforcement is used to assess the safety factor (SF) of the slope. Both Limit Equilibrium analyses (LE) and Finite Element Methods (FEM) are discussed, stressing the limitations of both the approaches.", "keywords": ["Root mechanical reinforcement", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Root cohesion", "Slope stability", "[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "Shallow landslides", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unina.it/bitstream/11588/697661/1/10.1007%252F978-3-319-53498-5_74.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_74"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:03Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2017-06-10", "title": "Review on Types of Root Failures in Shallow Landslides", "description": "Nowadays the interest of geotechnical engineers for green solutions is being developed and the use of vegetation as a reinforcement to improve slope stability is growing. The sliding surface of shallow landslides tends to not exceed 1.5\u20132 m depth, and as a consequence it can be crossed by roots that, in this case, work as a stabilizing measure. Therefore, the study of the soil-roots interaction is necessary to quantify the contribution of vegetation to the stability of shallow landslides. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the root failure mechanisms that can occur along the sliding surface and of the forces applied by roots, in order to evaluate the safety factor of a reinforced slope. Several prevailing stress states occur along a shallow landslide failure surface: tension stress at the slide crest, shear stresses along the base of the unstable soil layer and passive earth pressures at the slope toe. Some considerations are also made regarding acceptable simplifications, in terms of root geometry and soil-root friction strength, that are currently assumed in the literature.", "keywords": ["[SPI.GCIV.GEOTECH] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/G\u00e9otechnique", "Root failure mechanisms", "Root reinforcement", "Shallow landslides", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Root reinforcement", " Root-soil interaction", "Root failure mechanisms ", "Shallow landslides", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "Root-soil interaction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unina.it/bitstream/11588/697495/1/10.1007%252F978-3-319-53498-5_73.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_73"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/pl00008869", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-10", "title": "Combined Effects Of Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability On The Belowground Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Aspen Mesocosms", "description": "It is uncertain whether elevated atmospheric CO2 will increase C storage in terrestrial ecosystems without concomitant increases in plant access to N. Elevated CO2 may alter microbial activities that regulate soil N availability by changing the amount or composition of organic substrates produced by roots. Our objective was to determine the potential for elevated CO2 to change N availability in an experimental plant-soil system by affecting the acquisition of root-derived C by soil microbes. We grew Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) cuttings for 2 years under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (36.7 and 71.5 Pa) and at two levels of soil N (210 and 970 \u00b5g N g-1). Ambient and twice-ambient CO2 concentrations were applied using open-top chambers, and soil N availability was manipulated by mixing soils differing in organic N content. From June to October of the second growing season, we measured midday rates of soil respiration. In August, we pulse-labeled plants with 14CO2 and measured soil 14CO2 respiration and the 14C contents of plants, soils, and microorganisms after a 6-day chase period. In conjunction with the August radio-labeling and again in October, we used 15N pool dilution techniques to measure in situ rates of gross N mineralization, N immobilization by microbes, and plant N uptake. At both levels of soil N availability, elevated CO2 significantly increased whole-plant and root biomass, and marginally increased whole-plant N capital. Significant increases in soil respiration were closely linked to increases in root biomass under elevated CO2. CO2 enrichment had no significant effect on the allometric distribution of biomass or 14C among plant components, total 14C allocation belowground, or cumulative (6-day) 14CO2 soil respiration. Elevated CO2 significantly increased microbial 14C contents, indicating greater availability of microbial substrates derived from roots. The near doubling of microbial 14C contents at elevated CO2 was a relatively small quantitative change in the belowground C cycle of our experimental system, but represents an ecologically significant effect on the dynamics of microbial growth. Rates of plant N uptake during both 6-day periods in August and October were significantly greater at elevated CO2, and were closely related to fine-root biomass. Gross N mineralization was not affected by elevated CO2. Despite significantly greater rates of N immobilization under elevated CO2, standing pools of microbial N were not affected by elevated CO2, suggesting that N was cycling through microbes more rapidly. Our results contained elements of both positive and negative feedback hypotheses, and may be most relevant to young, aggrading ecosystems, where soil resources are not yet fully exploited by plant roots. If the turnover of microbial N increases, higher rates of N immobilization may not decrease N availability to plants under elevated CO2.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "root-: biomass-", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "nitrogen-fixation", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "biomass-", "nitrogen-cycle", "nitrogen-", "Microorganisms-", "carbon-14", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "C Cycle", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "Key Words Atmospheric CO2", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Populus Tremuloides Michx", "2. Zero hunger", "carbon-dioxide: atmospheric-", "plant-nutrition", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "Natural Resources and Environment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "global-climate-change", "microbe- (Microorganisms-)", "7727-37-9: NITROGEN", "chemical-composition", "carbon-sequestration", "mineral-uptake", "soil-biology", "Science", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "respiration-", "carbon-dioxide-enrichment", "carbon-dioxide", "Populus-tremuloides [trembling-aspen] (Salicaceae-)", "carbon-cycle", "Health Sciences", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "soil-respiration", "content", "Plantae-", "14762-75-5: CARBON-14", "mineralization-", "Molecular", "forest-soils", "15. Life on land", "Rhizodeposition", "soil-flora", "N Cycle", "13. Climate action", "cuttings-", "roots-", "Legacy", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Dicots-", "ecosystems-"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mikan, Carl J., Zak, Donald R., Kubiske, Mark E., Pregitzer, Kurt S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00008869"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/pl00008869", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/pl00008869", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/pl00008869"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00248-008-9390-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-04-28", "title": "Plant Responses To Drought Stress And Exogenous Aba Application Are Modulated Differently By Mycorrhization In Tomato And An Aba-Deficient Mutant (Sitiens)", "description": "The aims of the present study are to find out whether the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on plant resistance to water deficit are mediated by the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content of the host plant and whether the exogenous ABA application modifies such effects. The ABA-deficient tomato mutant sitiens and its near-isogenic wild-type parental line were used. Plant development, physiology, and expression of plant genes expected to be modulated by AM symbiosis, drought, and ABA were studied. Results showed that only wild-type tomato plants responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, while AM symbiosis was not observed to have any effect on plant development in sitiens plants grown under well-watered conditions. The application of ABA to sitiens plants enhanced plant growth both under well-watered and drought stress conditions. In respect to sitiens plants subjected to drought stress, the addition of ABA had a cumulative effect in relation to that of inoculation with G. intraradices. Most of the genes analyzed in this study showed different regulation patterns in wild-type and sitiens plants, suggesting that their gene expression is modulated by the plant ABA phenotype. In the same way, the colonization of roots with the AM fungus G. intraradices differently regulated the expression of these genes in wild-type and in sitiens plants, which could explain the distinctive effect of the symbiosis on each plant ABA phenotype. This also suggests that the effects of the AM symbiosis on plant responses and resistance to water deficit are mediated by the plant ABA phenotype.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "15. Life on land", "Adaptation", " Physiological", "Plant Roots", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "03 medical and health sciences", "Solanum lycopersicum", "Mycorrhizae", "Mutation", "Symbiosis", "Abscisic Acid"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-008-9390-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microbial%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00248-008-9390-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00248-008-9390-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00248-008-9390-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-014-0975-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-23", "title": "Liming Of Anthropogenically Acidified Soil Promotes Phosphorus Acquisition In The Rhizosphere Of Wheat", "description": "We studied the effect of liming and P fertilization of extremely acid soil (accidently acidified by sulfidic mining waste) on P availability and the subsequent adaptive responses of wheat roots. The wheat plants were grown in rhizoboxes allowing precise sampling of rhizosphere and bulk soil for sequential extraction of P fractions and determination of exchangeable Al. Root exudates were collected by pieces of paper for electrophoresis and subjected to HPLC analysis. Expression of organic anions and Pi transporter genes was analyzed by a real-time quantitative PCR. The concomitant application of lime with P fertilization increased the concentrations of plant-available P fractions in both rhizosphere and bulk compartments. The applied soil amendments strongly affected plant growth, biomass partitioning and shoot P accumulation. Liming enhanced root exudation of citrate in P unfertilized plants, while the high malate efflux was maintained until both P deficiency and Al toxicity were eliminated by the amendments. We showed the importance of liming for recovering of P acquisition potential of wheat roots, which can be strongly impaired in acid soils. Our results clearly demonstrated that P-deficient roots not subjected to Al stress in the limed soil can maintain high efflux of malate and even increase efflux of citrate along with the enhanced expression of related anion transporters (TaMATE1 and TaALMT1).", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Wheat", "Rhizosphere", "Liming", "15. Life on land", "Root exudates", "Phosphorus deficiency", "Polluted acid soil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0975-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-014-0975-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-014-0975-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-014-0975-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-10-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00425-024-04556-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-23", "title": "Root exudation patterns of contrasting rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines in response to P limitation", "description": "Abstract Main conclusionRice exudation patterns changed in response to P deficiency. Higher exudation rates were associated with lower biomass production. Total carboxylate exudation rates mostly decreased under P-limiting conditions.
AbstractWithin the rhizosphere, root exudates are believed to play an important role in plant phosphorus (P) acquisition. This could be particularly beneficial in upland rice production where P is often limited. However, knowledge gaps remain on how P deficiency shapes quality and quantity of root exudation in upland rice genotypes. We therefore investigated growth, plant P uptake, and root exudation patterns of two rice genotypes differing in P efficiency in semi-hydroponics at two P levels (low P\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff891\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5M, adequate P\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89100\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5M). Root exudates were collected hydroponically 28 and 40\uffc2\uffa0days after germination to analyze total carbon (C), carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds spectrophotometrically and carboxylates using a targeted LC\uffe2\uff80\uff93MS approach. Despite their reported role in P solubilization, we observed that carboxylate exudation rates per unit root surface area were not increased under P deficiency. In contrast, exudation rates of total C, carbohydrates, amino acids and phenolics were mostly enhanced in response to low P supply. Overall, higher exudation rates were associated with lower biomass production in the P-inefficient genotype Nerica4, whereas the larger root system with lower C investment (per unit root surface area) in root exudates of the P-efficient DJ123 allowed for better plant growth under P deficiency. Our results reveal new insights into genotype-specific resource allocation in rice under P-limiting conditions that warrant follow-up research including more genotypes.
", "keywords": ["Genotype", "Hydroponics", "carbohydrates ; phenolics ; amino acids ; carboxylates ; phosphorus", "Plant Exudates", "Rhizosphere", "Original Article", "Oryza", "Phosphorus", "Biomass", "Amino Acids", "Plant Roots", "Carbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Henning Schwalm, Christiana Staudinger, Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei, Eva Mundschenk, Alireza Golestanifard, Maire Holz, Matthias Wissuwa, Eva Oburger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-024-04556-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Planta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00425-024-04556-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00425-024-04556-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00425-024-04556-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-003-1329-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-21", "title": "Effects Of Earthworms And Organic Litter Distribution On Plant Performance And Aphid Reproduction", "description": "Human management practices and large detritivores such as earthworms incorporate plant litter into the soil, thereby forming a heterogeneous soil environment from which plant roots extract nutrients. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated effects of earthworms and spatial distribution of (15)N-labelled grass litter on plants of different functional groups [ Lolium perenne (grass), Plantago lanceolata (forb), Trifolium repens (legume)]. Earthworms enhanced shoot and root growth in L. perenne and P. lanceolata and N uptake from organic litter and soil in all plant species. Litter concentrated in a patch (compared with litter mixed homogeneously into the soil) increased shoot biomass and (15)N uptake from the litter in L. perenne and enhanced root proliferation in P. lanceolata when earthworms were present. Growth of clover (T. repens) was rather independent of the presence of earthworms and organic litter distribution: nevertheless, clover took up more nitrogen in the presence of earthworms and exploited more (15)N from the added litter than the other plant species. The magnitude of the effects of earthworms and organic litter distribution differed between the plant species, indicating different responses of plants with contrasting root morphology. Aphid (Myzus persicae) reproduction was reduced on P. lanceolata in the presence of earthworms. We suggest that earthworm activity may indirectly alter plant chemistry and hence defence mechanisms against herbivores.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen Radioisotopes", "Nitrogen", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Aphids", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oligochaeta", "Plantago", "Plant Shoots"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1329-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-003-1329-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-003-1329-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-003-1329-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-004-1687-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-08-18", "title": "Nutrient Uptake As A Contributing Explanation For Deep Rooting In Arid And Semi-Arid Ecosystems", "description": "Explanations for the occurrence of deep-rooted plants in arid and semi-arid ecosystems have traditionally emphasized the uptake of relatively deep soil water. However, recent hydrologic data from arid systems show that soil water potentials at depth fluctuate little over long time periods, suggesting this water may be rarely utilized or replenished. In this study, we examine the distributions of root biomass, soil moisture and nutrient contents to 10-m depths at five semi-arid and arid sites across southwestern USA. We couple these depth distributions with strontium (Sr) isotope data that show deep (>1 m) nutrient uptake is prevalent at four of the five sites. At all of the sites, the highest abundance of one or more of the measured nutrients occurred deep within the soil profile, particularly for P, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Phosphate contents were greater at depth than in the top meter of soil at three of five sites. At Jornada, for example, the 2-3 m depth increment had twice the extractable P as the top meter of soil, despite the highest concentrations of P occurring at the surface. The prevalence of such deep resource pools, and our evidence for cation uptake from them, suggest nutrient uptake as a complementary explanation for the occurrence of deep-rooted plants in arid and semi-arid systems. We propose that hydraulic redistribution of shallow surface water to deep soil layers by roots may be the mechanism through which deep soil nutrients are mobilized and taken up by plants.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Fresh Water", "Humidity", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Strontium Isotopes", "13. Climate action", "Southwestern United States", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Calcium", "Magnesium", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Plant Physiological Phenomena"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1687-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-004-1687-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-004-1687-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-004-1687-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-07", "title": "Plant N Capture From Pulses: Effects Of Pulse Size, Growth Rate, And Other Soil Resources", "description": "In arid ecosystems, the ability to rapidly capture nitrogen (N) from brief pulses is expected to influence plant growth, survival, and competitive ability. Theory and data suggest that N capture from pulses should depend on plant growth rate and availability of other limiting resources. Theory also predicts trade-offs in plant stress tolerance and ability to capture N from different size pulses. We injected K15NO3, to simulate small and large N pulses at three different times during the growing season into soil around the co-dominant Great Basin species Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis, and Distichlis spicata. Soils were amended with water and P in a partial factorial design. As predicted, all study species showed a comparable decline in N capture from large pulses through the season as growth rates slowed. Surprisingly, however, water and P availability differentially influenced the ability of these species to capture N from pulses. Distichlis N capture increased up to tenfold with water addition while Chrysothamnus N capture increased up to threefold with P addition. Sarcobatus N capture was not affected by water or P availability. Opposite to our prediction, Sarcobatus, the most stress tolerant species, captured less N from small pulses but more N from large pulses relative to the other species. These observations suggest that variation in N pulse timing and size can interact with variable soil water and P supply to determine how N is partitioned among co-existing Great Basin species.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Nitrates", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Nitrogen", "Potassium Compounds", "Water", "Phosphorus", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Plant Leaves", "Magnoliopsida", "Soil", "Seasons", "Plant Shoots"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jeremy J. James, James H. Richards,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-22", "title": "Fine Root Chemistry And Decomposition In Model Communities Of North-Temperate Tree Species Show Little Response To Elevated Atmospheric Co2 And Varying Soil Resource Availability", "description": "Rising atmospheric [CO2] has the potential to alter soil carbon (C) cycling by increasing the content of recalcitrant constituents in plant litter, thereby decreasing rates of decomposition. Because fine root turnover constitutes a large fraction of annual NPP, changes in fine root decomposition are especially important. These responses will likely be affected by soil resource availability and the life history characteristics of the dominant tree species. We evaluated the effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and soil resource availability on the production and chemistry, mycorrhizal colonization, and decomposition of fine roots in an early- and late-successional tree species that are economically and ecologically important in north temperate forests. Open-top chambers were used to expose young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (56 Pa) atmospheric CO2. Soil resource availability was composed of two treatments that bracketed the range found in the Upper Lake States, USA. After 2.5 years of growth, sugar maple had greater fine root standing crop due to relatively greater allocation to fine roots (30% of total root biomass) relative to aspen (7% total root biomass). Relative to the low soil resources treatment, aspen fine root biomass increased 76% with increased soil resource availability, but only under elevated [CO2]. Sugar maple fine root biomass increased 26% with increased soil resource availability (relative to the low soil resources treatment), and showed little response to elevated [CO2]. Concentrations of N and soluble phenolics, and C/N ratio in roots were similar for the two species, but aspen had slightly higher lignin and lower condensed tannins contents compared to sugar maple. As predicted by source-sink models of carbon allocation, pooled constituents (C/N ratio, soluble phenolics) increased in response to increased relative carbon availability (elevated [CO2]/low soil resource availability), however, biosynthetically distinct compounds (lignin, starch, condensed tannins) did not always respond as predicted. We found that mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots was not strongly affected by atmospheric [CO2] or soil resource availability, as indicated by root ergosterol contents. Overall, absolute changes in root chemical composition in response to increases in C and soil resource availability were small and had no effect on soil fungal biomass or specific rates of fine root decomposition. We conclude that root contributions to soil carbon cycling will mainly be influenced by fine root production and turnover responses to rising atmospheric [CO2], rather than changes in substrate chemistry.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Science", "Climate", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Sugar Maple", "Soil", "Ergosterol", "Health Sciences", "Carbon-based Secondary Compounds", "Biomass", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Atmosphere", "Fungi", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Molecular", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Soil C Cycling", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Trembling Aspen"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-006-0381-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-02-17", "description": "The aspen free-air CO2 and O3 enrichment (FACTS II-FACE) study in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA, is designed to understand the mechanisms by which young northern deciduous forest ecosystems respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) in a replicated, factorial, field experiment. Soil respiration is the second largest flux of carbon (C) in these ecosystems, and the objective of this study was to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments as these fast-growing stands of pure aspen and birch + aspen approached maximum leaf area. Rates of soil respiration were typically lowest in the elevated O3 treatment. Elevated CO2 significantly stimulated soil respiration (8-26%) compared to the control treatment in both community types over all three growing seasons. In years 6-7 of the experiment, the greatest rates of soil respiration occurred in the interaction treatment (CO2 + O3), and rates of soil respiration were 15-25% greater in this treatment than in the elevated CO2 treatment, depending on year and community type. Two of the treatments, elevated CO2 and elevated CO2 + O3, were fumigated with 13C-depleted CO2, and in these two treatments we used standard isotope mixing models to understand the proportions of new and old C in soil respiration. During the peak of the growing season, C fixed since the initiation of the experiment in 1998 (new C) accounted for 60-80% of total soil respiration. The isotope measurements independently confirmed that more new C was respired from the interaction treatment compared to the elevated CO2 treatment. A period of low soil moisture late in the 2003 growing season resulted in soil respiration with an isotopic signature 4-6 per thousand enriched in 13C compared to sample dates when the percentage soil moisture was higher. In 2004, an extended period of low soil moisture during August and early September, punctuated by a significant rainfall event, resulted in soil respiration that was temporarily 4-6 per thousand more depleted in 13C. Up to 50% of the Earth's forests will see elevated concentrations of both CO2 and O3 in the coming decades and these interacting atmospheric trace gases stimulated soil respiration in this study.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Cell Respiration", "Acer", "Carbon Cycling", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Soil", "Ozone", "Stable Isotope", "Air Pollution", "Health Sciences", "\u03b4 13 C", "Global Change", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Betula", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Carbon Isotopes", "Atmosphere", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Molecular", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Populus", "13. Climate action"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0381-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-006-0381-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-006-0381-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-006-0381-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-02-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-17", "title": "Co2 And N-Fertilization Effects On Fine-Root Length, Production, And Mortality: A 4-Year Ponderosa Pine Study", "description": "We conducted a 4-year study of juvenile Pinus ponderosa fine root (< or =2 mm) responses to atmospheric CO2 and N-fertilization. Seedlings were grown in open-top chambers at three CO2 levels (ambient, ambient+175 mumol/mol, ambient+350 mumol/mol) and three N-fertilization levels (0, 10, 20 g m(-2) year(-1)). Length and width of individual roots were measured from minirhizotron video images bimonthly over 4 years starting when the seedlings were 1.5 years old. Neither CO2 nor N-fertilization treatments affected the seasonal patterns of root production or mortality. Yearly values of fine-root length standing crop (m m(-2)), production (m m(-2) year(-1)), and mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) were consistently higher in elevated CO2 treatments throughout the study, except for mortality in the first year; however, the only statistically significant CO2 effects were in the fine-root length standing crop (m m(-2)) in the second and third years, and production and mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) in the third year. Higher mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) in elevated CO2 was due to greater standing crop rather than shorter life span, as fine roots lived longer in elevated CO2. No significant N effects were noted for annual cumulative production, cumulative mortality, or mean standing crop. N availability did not significantly affect responses of fine-root standing crop, production, or mortality to elevated CO2. Multi-year studies at all life stages of trees are important to characterize belowground responses to factors such as atmospheric CO2 and N-fertilization. This study showed the potential for juvenile ponderosa pine to increase fine-root C pools and C fluxes through root mortality in response to elevated CO2.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Pinus ponderosa", "Seedlings", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mark Johnson, J. Timothy Ball, Dale W. Johnson, Marjorie J. Storm, Donald L. Phillips, David T. Tingey,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-03-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-08-23", "title": "Aboveground Productivity And Root-Shoot Allocation Differ Between Native And Introduced Grass Species", "description": "Plant species in grasslands are often separated into groups (C(4) and C(3) grasses, and forbs) with presumed links to ecosystem functioning. Each of these in turn can be separated into native and introduced (i.e., exotic) species. Although numerous studies have compared plant traits between the traditional groups of grasses and forbs, fewer have compared native versus introduced species. Introduced grass species, which were often introduced to prevent erosion or to improve grazing opportunities, have become common or even dominant species in grasslands. By virtue of their abundances, introduced species may alter ecosystems if they differ from natives in growth and allocation patterns. Introduced grasses were probably selected nonrandomly from the source population for forage (aboveground) productivity. Based on this expectation, aboveground production is predicted to be greater and root mass fraction to be smaller in introduced than native species. We compared root and shoot distribution and tissue quality between introduced and native C(4) grass species in the Blackland Prairie region of Central Texas, USA, and then compared differences to the more well-studied divergence between C(4) grasses and forbs. Comparisons were made in experimental monocultures planted with equal-sized transplants on a common soil type and at the same density. Aboveground productivity and C:N ratios were higher, on average, in native grasses than in native forbs, as expected. Native and introduced grasses had comparable amounts of shallow root biomass and tissue C:N ratios. However, aboveground productivity and total N were lower and deep root biomass and root mass fraction were greater in native than introduced grasses. These differences in average biomass distribution and N could be important to ecosystems in cases where native and introduced grasses have been exchanged. Our results indicate that native-introduced status may be important when interpreting species effects on grassland processes like productivity and plant N accumulation.", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Invasive species", "Nitrogen", "Exotic species", "Root biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Texas", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Introduced species", "Grasslands", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Agricultural Science", "Tallgrass prairie", "Ecosystem", "Plant Shoots"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-011-2092-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-17", "title": "Absence Of Snow Cover Reduces Understory Plant Cover And Alters Plant Community Composition In Boreal Forests", "description": "Snow regimes affect biogeochemistry of boreal ecosystems and are altered by climate change. The effects on plant communities, however, are largely unexplored despite their influence on relevant processes. Here, the impact of snow cover on understory community composition and below-ground production in a boreal Picea abies forest was investigated using a long-term (8-year) snow cover manipulation experiment consisting of the treatments: snow removal, increased insulation (styrofoam pellets), and control. The snow removal treatment caused longer (118 vs. 57 days) and deeper soil frost (mean minimum temperature -5.5 vs. -2.2\u00b0C) at 10 cm soil depth in comparison to control. Understory species composition was strongly altered by the snow cover manipulations; vegetation cover declined by more than 50% in the snow removal treatment. In particular, the dominant dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus (-82%) and the most abundant mosses Pleurozium schreberi (-74%) and Dicranum scoparium (-60%) declined strongly. The C:N ratio in V. myrtillus leaves and plant available N in the soil indicated no altered nitrogen nutrition. Fine-root biomass in summer, however, was negatively affected by the reduced snow cover (-50%). Observed effects are attributed to direct frost damage of roots and/ or shoots. Besides the obvious relevance of winter processes on plant ecology and distribution, we propose that shifts in the vegetation caused by frost damage may be an important driver of the reported alterations in biogeochemistry in response to altered snow cover. Understory plant performance clearly needs to be considered in the biogeochemistry of boreal systems in the face of climate change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Climate Change", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "13. Climate action", "Snow", "Freezing", "Seasons", "Picea", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2092-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-011-2092-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-011-2092-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-011-2092-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-22", "title": "An Alpine Treeline In A Carbon Dioxide-Rich World: Synthesis Of A Nine-Year Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Study", "description": "Open AccessOecologia, 171 (3)", "keywords": ["Carbon cycling", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Nitrogen", "Dwarf shrub", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Carbon cycling; Dwarf shrub; Global change; Nitrogen; Treeline conifer", "Treeline conifer", "Global change", "Ecosystem", "Plant Physiological Phenomena", "Soil Microbiology", "Switzerland"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s004420050375", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "title": "Response Of Soil Biota To Elevated Atmospheric Co 2 In Poplar Model Systems", "description": "We tested the hypotheses that increased belowground allocation of carbon by hybrid poplar saplings grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 would increase mass or turnover of soil biota in bulk but not in rhizosphere soil. Hybrid poplar saplings (Populus\u00d7euramericana cv. Eugenei) were grown for 5 months in open-bottom root boxes at the University of Michigan Biological Station in northern, lower Michigan. The experimental design was a randomized-block design with factorial combinations of high or low soil N and ambient (34 Pa) or elevated (69 Pa) CO2 in five blocks. Rhizosphere microbial biomass carbon was 1.7 times greater in high-than in low-N soil, and did not respond to elevated CO2. The density of protozoa did not respond to soil N but increased marginally (P\u2009<\u20090.06) under elevated CO2. Only in high-N soil did arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and microarthropods respond to CO2. In high-N soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal root mass was twice as great, and extramatrical hyphae were 11% longer in elevated than in ambient CO2 treatments. Microarthropod density and activity were determined in situ using minirhizotrons. Microarthropod density did not change in response to elevated CO2, but in high-N soil, microarthropods were more strongly associated with fine roots under elevated than ambient treatments. Overall, in contrast to the hypotheses, the strongest response to elevated atmospheric CO2 was in the rhizosphere where (1) unchanged microbial biomass and greater numbers of protozoa (P\u2009<\u20090.06) suggested faster bacterial turnover, (2) arbuscular mycorrhizal root length increased, and (3) the number of microarthropods observed on fine roots rose.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Arbuscular Mycorrhizas", "Microarthropods", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Molecular", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Microbial Biomass", "Legacy", "Health Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Key Words Atmospheric CO2", "Cellular and Developmental Biology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Treonis, Amy, Lussenhop, John, Teeri, James A., Curtis, Peter S., Vogel, Christoph S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050375"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s004420050375", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s004420050375", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s004420050375"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s004420100656", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-02-13", "title": "Fine-Root Biomass And Fluxes Of Soil Carbon In Young Stands Of Paper Birch And Trembling Aspen As Affected By Elevated Atmospheric Co2 And Tropospheric O3", "description": "Rising atmospheric CO2 may stimulate future forest productivity, possibly increasing carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, but how tropospheric ozone will modify this response is unknown. Because of the importance of fine roots to the belowground C cycle, we monitored fine-root biomass and associated C fluxes in regenerating stands of trembling aspen, and mixed stands of trembling aspen and paper birch at FACTS-II, the Aspen FACE project in Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) was used to elevate concentrations of CO2 (average enrichment concentration 535\u00a0\u00b5l l-1) and O3 (53\u00a0nl l-1) in developing forest stands in 1998 and 1999. Soil respiration, soil pCO2, and dissolved organic carbon in soil solution (DOC) were monitored biweekly. Soil respiration was measured with a portable infrared gas analyzer. Soil pCO2 and DOC samples were collected from soil gas wells and tension lysimeters, respectively, at depths of 15, 30, and 125\u00a0cm. Fine-root biomass averaged 263\u00a0g m-2 in control plots and increased 96% under elevated CO2. The increased root biomass was accompanied by a 39% increase in soil respiration and a 27% increase in soil pCO2. Both soil respiration and pCO2 exhibited a strong seasonal signal, which was positively correlated with soil temperature. DOC concentrations in soil solution averaged ~12\u00a0mg l-1 in surface horizons, declined with depth, and were little affected by the treatments. A simplified belowground C budget for the site indicated that native soil organic matter still dominated the system, and that soil respiration was by far the largest flux. Ozone decreased the above responses to elevated CO2, but effects were rarely statistically significant. We conclude that regenerating stands of northern hardwoods have the potential for substantially greater C input to soil due to greater fine-root production under elevated CO2. Greater fine-root biomass will be accompanied by greater soil C efflux as soil respiration, but leaching losses of C will probably be unaffected.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Aspen-FACE-project", "root-", "USA-", "pollutants-", "Environmental-Sciences)", "tropospheric-ozone", "forest-productivity", "01 natural sciences", "biomass-", "northern-forests", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "soil-carbon-flux", "terrestrial-ecosystems", "populus-tremuloides", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "soil-carbon", "7440-44-0: CARBON", "carbon-", "fine-root", "Bioenergetics- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics)", "Natural Resources and Environment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "GLOBAL-ECOLOGY", "North-America", "Nearctic-region)", "Rhinelander- (Wisconsin-", "carbon-sequestration", "atmosphere-", "biomass-production", "dissolved-organic-carbon [DOC-]", "Science", "respiration-", "carbon-dioxide-enrichment", "forest-plantations", "carbon-dioxide", "carbon-storage", "fine-root-biomass", "belowground-biomass", "United-States-Wisconsin-Rhinelander", "carbon-cycle", "Health Sciences", "ozone-", "soil-respiration", "air-pollution", "global-change", "atmospheric-carbon-dioxide", "biomass", "Molecular", "15. Life on land", "ozone", "13. Climate action", "roots-", "Legacy", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "free-air-carbon-dioxide-enrichment [FREE-]: experimental-method", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Northern Forests Global Change Carbon Sequestration Soil Respiration Dissolved Organic Carbon Soil PCO2"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100656"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s004420100656", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s004420100656", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s004420100656"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00468-015-1282-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-09-18", "title": "Fine Root Turnover Of Japanese White Birch (Betula Platyphylla Var. Japonica) Grown Under Elevated Co2 In Northern Japan", "description": "Elevated CO 2 reduced fine root dynamics (production and turnover) of white birch seedlings, especially grown in volcanic ash soil compared with brown forest soil. Increased atmospheric CO2 usually enhances photosynthetic ability and growth of trees. To understand how increased CO2 affects below-ground part of trees under varied soil condition, we investigated the responses of the fine root (diameter <2\u00a0mm) dynamics of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) which was planted in 2010. The three-year-old birch seedlings were grown in four experimental treatments comprising two levels of CO2, i.e., ambient: 380\u2013390 and elevated: 500\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0mol\u22121, in combination with two kinds of soil: brown forest (BF) soil and volcanic ash (VA) soil which has few nutrients. The growth and turnover of fine roots were measured for 3\u00a0years (2011\u20132013) using the Mini-rhizotron. In the first observation year, live fine root length (standing crop) in BF soil was not affected by CO2 treatment, but it was reduced by the elevated CO2 from the second observation year. In VA soil, live fine root length was reduced by elevated CO2 for all 3\u00a0years. Fine root turnover tended to decrease under elevated CO2 compared with ambient in both soil types during the first and second observation years. Turnover of fine root production and mortality was also affected by the two factors, elevated CO2 and different soil types. Median longevity of fine root increased under elevated CO2, especially in VA soil at the beginning, and a shorter fine root lifespan appeared after 2\u00a0years of observation (2011\u20132012). These results suggest that elevated CO2 does not consistently stimulate fine root turnover, particularly during the plant seedlings stage, as it may depend on the costs and benefits of constructing and retaining roots. Therefore, despite the other uncontrollable environment factors, carbon sequestration to the root system may be varied by CO2 treatment period, soil type and plant age.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Fine root longevity", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Volcanic ash soil", "Elevated CO2", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Survival analysis", "15. Life on land", "Mini-rhizotron", "650", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wang, Xiaona, Fujita, Saki, Nakaji, Tatsuro, Watanabe, Makoto, Satoh, Fuyuki, Koike, Takayoshi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1282-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trees", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00468-015-1282-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00468-015-1282-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00468-015-1282-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-25", "title": "The Ectomycorrhizal Community Of Conifer Stands On Peat Soils 12 Years After Fertilization With Wood Ash", "description": "We studied long-term effects of fertilization with wood ash on biomass, vitality and mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots in three conifer forest stands growing in Vacciniosa turf. mel. (V), Myrtillosa turf. mel. (M) and Myrtillosa turf. mel./Caricoso-phragmitosa (MC) forest types on peat soils. Fertilization trials amounting 5 kg/m(2) of wood ash were established 12 years prior to this study. A total of 63 soil samples with roots were collected and analysed. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in roots were identified by morphotyping and sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In all forest types, fine root biomass was higher in fertilized plots than in control plots. In M forest type, proportion of living fine roots was greater in fertilized plots than in control plots, while in V and MC, the result was opposite. Fifty ECM species were identified, of which eight were common to both fertilized and control plots. Species richness and Shannon diversity index were generally higher in fertilized plots than in control plots. The most common species in fertilized plots were Amphinema byssoides (17.8%) and Tuber cf. anniae (12.2%), while in control plots, it was Tylospora asterophora (18.5%) and Lactarius tabidus (20.3%). Our results showed that forest fertilization with wood ash has long-lasting effect on diversity and composition of ECM fungal communities.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "forest fertilization", "m\u00e4nty", "Molecular Sequence Data", "organic soils", "fine roots", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "630", "mets\u00e4nlannoitus", "Mycorrhizae", "ectomycorrhizae", "DNA", " Ribosomal Spacer", "Muut aihealueet", "DNA", " Fungal", "2. Zero hunger", "Picea abies", "Pinus sylvestris", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Biota", "hienojuuret", "kuusi", "Tracheophyta", "eloper\u00e4iset maat", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ektomykorritsa"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Mycorrhiza", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-23", "title": "Crop yield estimation and irrigation scheduling optimization using a root-weighted soil water availability based water production function", "description": "Project Co-ordinators: Dr. Jose Alfonso G\u00f3mez Calero (Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CISC), Dr. Weifeng Xu (Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, FAFU). -- Trabajo desarrollado bajo la financiaci\u00f3n del proyecto \u201cSoil Hydrology research platform underpinning innovation to manage water scarcity in European and Chinese cropping Systems\u201d (773903), coordinado por Jos\u00e9 Alfonso G\u00f3mez Calero, investigador del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS). The crop-water production function (CWPF) is widely used to quantitatively describe relationships between crop water deficit and yield, and evaluate the effects of different irrigation strategies in agro-hydrological models. In order to reasonably and reliably estimate crop yield and optimize irrigation scheduling, a novel CWPF was proposed by combining the plant water deficit index (PWDI), estimated based on root-weighted soil water availability, with a daily water sensitivity index derived from a sigmoidal cumulative function. Parameterized using data from a two-year winter wheat field lysimetric experiment conducted in the North China Plain and from a previously published two-year spring maize field drip irrigation experiment in Inner Mongolia, China, the CWPFs provided reasonable estimation of different crop yields with different water stress response characteristics under different field environments. Through coupling the genetic algorithm with the integrated simulations of soil water dynamics, PWDI and CWPF in the soil-wheat system, an optimization procedure was developed to determine PWDI threshold combinations to timely trigger irrigation according to pre-designed crop water deficit status. Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat were estimated and compared under different optimized constant and variable PWDI threshold combinations. In addition, the effects of climate change on the optimized variable PWDI threshold combinations were investigated using 38 years of historic meteorological data. The results showed that regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with a variable threshold combination, in which the sensitivity characteristics to water deficit were considered for the crop at different growth stages, was superior to a constant threshold in enhancing crop yield and WUE. Irrespective of the number of irrigation events (1, 2, 3 or 4) during the growing season, the coefficients of variation (CV) of optimized PWDI thresholds for different combinations of irrigation sequence and events were not very large under the same kind of hydrological year (wet, normal or dry), with CV < 0.39 and a median of 0.21. When the mean (MN) of the optimized PWDI threshold combinations for different irrigation sequence and events was used to schedule RDI of winter wheat in terms of various hydrological years, up to 91% of the estimated relative yield was found to be higher than 90% of the corresponding maximum values. Therefore, the MN can be valuable in formulating rational irrigation management strategies of winter wheat to achieve relatively high yields with limited water under changing climatic conditions. This research was supported partly by National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1706211, 51790532), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFE0118100), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Project SHui, grant agreement No 773903. Peer reviewed", "keywords": ["Winter wheat", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Root-weighted plant water deficit index", "13. Climate action", "Crop-water production function", "Cumulative function of water sensitivity index", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Regulated deficit irrigation", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-010-9496-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-11", "title": "Effects Of Nitrogen Additions On Above- And Belowground Carbon Dynamics In Two Tropical Forests", "description": "Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing rapidly in tropical regions, adding N to ecosystems that often have high background N availability. Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, yet the effects of N deposition on C cycling in these ecosystems are poorly understood. We used a field N-fertilization experiment in lower and upper elevation tropical rain forests in Puerto Rico to explore the responses of above- and belowground C pools to N addition. As expected, tree stem growth and litterfall productivity did not respond to N fertilization in either of these N-rich forests, indicating a lack of N limitation to net primary productivity (NPP). In contrast, soil C concentrations increased significantly with N fertilization in both forests, leading to larger C stocks in fertilized plots. However, different soil C pools responded to N fertilization differently. Labile (low density) soil C fractions and live fine roots declined with fertilization, while mineral-associated soil C increased in both forests. Decreased soil CO2 fluxes in fertilized plots were correlated with smaller labile soil C pools in the lower elevation forest (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.65, p\u00a0<\u00a00.05), and with lower live fine root biomass in the upper elevation forest (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.90, p\u00a0<\u00a00.05). Our results indicate that soil C storage is sensitive to N deposition in tropical forests, even where plant productivity is not N-limited. The mineral-associated soil C pool has the potential to respond relatively quickly to N additions, and can drive increases in bulk soil C stocks in tropical forests.", "keywords": ["58 Geosciences Aboveground Biomass", "15. Life on land", "Roots", "Aboveground Biomass", "Environmental sciences", "Soil Respiration", "Dissolved Organic Carbon", "Soil Density Fractions", "Environmental Chemistry", "Nutrient Limitation", "54 Environmental Sciences", "Geosciences", "Earth-Surface Processes", "Water Science and Technology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt7ww245cp/qt7ww245cp.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9496-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-010-9496-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-010-9496-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-010-9496-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-14", "title": "Chronic Nitrogen Fertilization And Carbon Sequestration In Grassland Soils: Evidence Of A Microbial Enzyme Link", "description": "Chronic nitrogen (N) fertilization can greatly affect soil carbon (C) sequestration by altering biochemical interactions between plant detritus and soil microbes. In lignin-rich forest soils, chronic N additions tend to increase soil C content partly by decreasing the activity of lignin-degrading enzymes. In cellulose-rich grassland soils it is not clear whether cellulose-degrading enzymes are also inhibited by N additions and what consequences this might have on changes in soil C content. Here we address whether chronic N fertilization has affected (1) the C content of light versus heavier soil fractions, and (2) the activity of four extracellular enzymes including the C-acquiring enzyme \u03b2-1,4-glucosidase (BG; necessary for cellulose hydrolysis). We found that 19\u00a0years of chronic N-only addition to permanent grassland have significantly increased soil C sequestration in heavy but not in light soil density fractions, and this C accrual was associated with a significant increase (and not decrease) of BG activity. Chronic N fertilization may increase BG activity because greater N availability reduces root C:N ratios thus increasing microbial demand for C, which is met by C inputs from enhanced root C pools in N-only fertilized soils. However, BG activity and total root mass strongly decreased in high pH soils under the application of lime (i.e. CaCO3), which reduced the ability of these organo-mineral soils to gain more C per units of N added. Our study is the first to show a potential \u2018enzyme link\u2019 between (1) long-term additions of inorganic N to grassland soils, and (2) the greater C content of organo-mineral soil fractions. Our new hypothesis is that the \u2018enzyme link\u2019 occurs because (a) BG activity is stimulated by increased microbial C demand relative to N under chronic fertilization, and (b) increased BG activity causes more C from roots and from microbial metabolites to accumulate and stabilize into organo-mineral C fractions. We suggest that any combination of management practices that can influence the BG \u2018enzyme link\u2019 will have far reaching implications for long-term C sequestration in grassland soils.", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "DYNAMICS", "570", "\u03b2-1", "4-Glucosidase", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2304", "NUTRIENT RELEASE", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "Root C:N ratio", "Extracellular enzyme activity", "LITTER DECAY", "FOREST ECOSYSTEMS", "0399 Other Chemical Sciences", "0402 Geochemistry", "Environmental Chemistry", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "beta-1", "4-Glucosidase", "Earth-Surface Processes", "Water Science and Technology", "2. Zero hunger", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900/1904", "Geology", "sequestration", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "N DEPOSITION", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "PHOSPHORUS", "Fertilization", "Physical Sciences", "N ratio [Root C]", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil carbon sequestration", "Liming", "TURNOVER", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "Geosciences", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2312", "Environmental Sciences", "RESPONSES"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10661-017-5947-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-14", "description": "Understanding the responses of vegetation characteristics and soil properties to grazing disturbance is useful for grassland ecosystem restoration and management in semiarid areas. Here, we examined the effects of long-term grazing on vegetation characteristics, soil properties, and their relationships across four grassland types (meadow, Stipa steppe, scattered tree grassland, and sandy grassland) in the Horqin grassland, northern China. Our results showed that grazing greatly decreased vegetation cover, aboveground plant biomass, and root biomass in all four grassland types. Plant cover and aboveground biomass of perennials were decreased by grazing in all four grasslands, whereas grazing increased the cover and biomass of shrubs in Stipa steppe and of annuals in scattered tree grassland. Grazing decreased soil carbon and nitrogen content in Stipa steppe and scattered tree grassland, whereas soil bulk density showed the opposite trend. Long-term grazing significantly decreased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in annual-dominated sandy grassland. Soil moisture in fenced and grazed grasslands decreased in the following order of meadow, Stipa steppe, scattered tree grassland, and sandy grassland. Correlation analyses showed that aboveground plant biomass was significantly positively associated with the soil carbon and nitrogen content in grazed and fenced grasslands. Species richness was significantly positively correlated with soil bulk density, moisture, EC, and pH in fenced grasslands, but no relationship was detected in grazed grasslands. These results suggest that the soil carbon and nitrogen content significantly maintains ecosystem function in both fenced and grazed grasslands. However, grazing may eliminate the association of species richness with soil properties in semiarid grasslands.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Grassland", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Herbivory", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5947-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Monitoring%20and%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10661-017-5947-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10661-017-5947-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10661-017-5947-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-31", "title": "How Does Nitrogen Availability Alter Rhizodeposition In Lolium Multiflorum Lam. During Vegetative Growth?", "description": "The objective of this work was to determine if the impact of nitrogen (N) on the release of organic carbon (C) into the soil by roots (rhizodeposition) correlated with the effect of this nutrient on some variables of plant growth. Lolium multiflorum Lam. was grown at two levels of N supply, either in sterile sand percolated with nutrient solution or in non-sterile soil. The axenic sand systems allowed continuous quantification of rhizodeposition and accurate analysis of root morphology whilst the soil microcosms allowed the study of 14C labelled C flows in physico-chemical and biological conditions relevant to natural soils. In the axenic sand cultures, enhanced N supply strongly increased the plant biomass, the plant N content and the shoot to root ratio. N supply altered the root morphology by increasing the root surface area and the density of apices, both being significantly positively correlated with the rate of organic C release by plant roots before sampling. This observation is consistent with the production of mucilage by root tips and with mechanisms of root exudation reported previously in the literature, i.e. the passive diffusion of roots solutes along the root with increased rate behind the root apex. We proposed a model of root net exudation, based on the number of root apices and on root soluble C that explained 60% of the variability in the rate of C release from roots at harvest. The effects of N on plant growth were less marked in soil, probably related to the relatively high supply of N from non-fertiliser soil-sources. N fertilization increased the shoot N concentration of the plants and the shoot to root ratio. Increased N supply decreased the partitioning of 14C to roots. In parallel, N fertilisation increased the root soluble 14C and the 14C recovered in the soil per unit of root biomass, suggesting a stimulation of root exudation by N supply. However, due to the high concentration of N in our unfertilised plants, this stimulation was assumed to be very weak because no significant effect of N was observed on the microbial C and on the bacterial abundance in the rhizosphere. Considering the difficulties in evaluating rhizodeposition in non sterile soil, it is suggested that the root soluble C, the root surface area and the root apex density are additional relevant variables that should be useful to measure along with the variables that are commonly determined when investigating how plant functioning impacts on the release of C by roots (i.e soil C, C of the microbial biomass, rhizosphere respiration).", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "exudation", "C-14 pulse labelling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "N", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "rhizodeposition", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "root morphology", "root soluble C"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-005-5675-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-16", "title": "Increased Quantity And Quality Of Coarse Soil Organic Matter Fraction At Elevated Co2 In A Grazed Grassland Are A Consequence Of Enhanced Root Growth Rate And Turnover", "description": "The aims of this study were to determine whether elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration modifies plant organic matter (OM) fluxes to the soil and whether any change in the fluxes can modify soil OM accumulation. Measurements were made in a grazed temperate grassland after almost 4\u00a0years exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 (475\u00a0\u03bcl\u00a0l-1) using a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility located in the North Island of New Zealand. Aboveground herbage biomass and leaf litter production were not altered by elevated CO2 but root growth rate, as measured with the ingrowth core method, and root turnover were strongly stimulated by elevated CO2 particularly at low soil moisture contents during summer. Consequently, significantly more plant material was returned to the soil under elevated CO2 leading to an accumulation of coarse (> 1\u00a0mm) particulate organic matter (POM) but not of finer POM fractions. The accumulating POM exhibited a lower C/N ratio, which was attributed to the higher proportion of legumes in the pasture under elevated CO2. Only small changes were detected in the size and activity of the soil microbial biomass in response to the POM accumulation, suggesting that higher organic substrate availability did not stimulate microbial growth and activity despite the apparent lower C/N ratio of accumulating POM. As a result, elevated CO2 may well lead to an accumulation of OM in grazed grassland soil in the long term.", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER", "ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM", "ROOT GROWTH", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "ROOT TURNOVER", "C SEQUESTRATION", "FACE", "13. Climate action", "INGROWTH CORE", "HYPOCHOERIS RADICATA", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-5675-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-005-5675-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-005-5675-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-005-5675-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-007-9375-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-06", "title": "Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Root Distribution In Developing Stands Of Four Woody Crop Species Grown With Drip Irrigation And Fertilization", "description": "In forest trees, roots mediate such significant carbon fluxes as primary production and soil CO2 efflux. Despite the central role of roots in these critical processes, information on root distribution during stand establishment is limited, yet must be described to accurately predict how various forest types, which are growing with a range of resource limitations, might respond to environmental change. This study reports root length density and biomass development in young stands of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoidies Bartr.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) that have narrow, high resource site requirements, and compares them with sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), which have more robust site requirements. Fine roots ( 5 mm) were sampled to determine spatial distribution in response to fertilizer and irrigation treatments delivered through drip irrigation tubes. Root length density and biomass were predominately controlled by stand development, depth and proximity to drip tubes. After accounting for this spatial and temporal variation, there was a significant increase in RLD with fertilization and irrigation for all genotypes. The response to fertilization was greater than that of irrigation. Both fine and coarse roots responded positively to resources delivered through the drip tube, indicating a whole-root-system response to resource enrichment and not just a feeder root response. The plastic response to drip tube water and nutrient enrichment demonstrate the capability of root systems to respond to supply heterogeneity by increasing acquisition surface. Fine-root biomass, root density and specific root length were greater for broadleaved species than pine. Roots of all genotypes explored the rooting volume within 2 years, but this occurred faster and to higher root length densities in broadleaved species, indicating they had greater initial opportunity for resource acquisition than pine. Sweetgum\u2019s root characteristics and its response to resource availability were similar to the other broadleaved species, despite its functional resemblance to pine regarding robust site requirements. It was concluded that genotypes, irrigation and fertilization significantly influenced tree root system development, which varied spatially in response to resource-supply heterogeneity created by drip tubes. Knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns of root distribution in these stands will be used to interpret nutrient acquisition and soil respiration measurements.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Crops", "Distribution", "Forests", "Functional Groups", "01 natural sciences", "Cottonwoods", "Biomass", "Trees Functional Groups", "Fertilizers", "Functionals", "Irrigation", "Respiration", "Sycamores", "Nutrients", "Root Length Density Soil Heterogeneity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Vertical Root Distribution", "Carbon", "60 Applied Life Sciences", "Spatial Distribution", "Fertilization", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Stand Development", "Pines", "Plastics", "Woody Crops"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Coleman, Mark", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9375-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-007-9375-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-007-9375-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-007-9375-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-008-9853-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-12-19", "title": "White Lupin Leads To Increased Maize Yield Through A Soil Fertility-Independent Mechanism: A New Candidate For Fighting Striga Hermonthica Infestation?", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0032-079X", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Lupinus albus; Desmodium uncinatum; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays; Soil fertility; Cluster roots", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "580 Plants (Botany)", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "Cluster roots", "10126 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology", "Lupinus albus", "Desmodium uncinatum", "1110 Plant Science", "Striga hermonthica", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9853-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-008-9853-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-008-9853-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-008-9853-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-009-0086-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-06-29", "title": "Earthworm Effects On Plant Growth Do Not Necessarily Decrease With Soil Fertility", "description": "Earthworms are known to generally increase plant growth. However, because plant-earthworm inter- actions are potentially mediated by soil characteristics the response of plants to earthworms should depend on the soil type. In a greenhouse microcosm experiment, the responsiveness of plants (Veronica persica, Trifolium dubium and Poa annua) to two earthworm species (in combination or not) belonging to different functional groups (Aporrectodea. caliginosa an endogeic species, Lumbricus terrestris an anecic species) was measured in term of biomass accumulation. This responsiveness was compared in two soils (nutrient rich and nutrient poor) and two mineral fertilization treatments (with and without). The main significant effects on plant growth were due to the anecic earthworm species. L. terrestris increased the shoot biomass and the total biomass of T. dubium only in the rich soil. It increased also the total biomass of P. annua without mineral fertilization but had the opposite effect with fertilization. Mineral fertilization, in the presence of L. terrestris, also reduced the total biomass of V. persica. L. terrestris did not only affect plant growth. In P. annua and V. persica A. caliginosa and L. terrestris also affected the shoot/root ratio and this effect depended on soil type. Finally, few significant interactions were found between the anecic and the endogeic earthworms and these interactions did not depend on the soil type. A general idea would be that earthworms mostly increase plant growth through the enhancement of mineralization and that earthworm effects should decrease in nutrient-rich soils or with mineral fertilization. However, our results show that this view does not hold and that other mechanisms are influential.", "keywords": ["580", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "L. terrestris", "Shootroot ratio", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil type", "15. Life on land", "630", "A. caliginosa", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Earthworms", "Nutrient availability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Shoot/root ratio", "environment/Ecosystems", "Plant growth"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal-bioemco.ccsd.cnrs.fr/bioemco-00574553/file/laossi2010PlantSoil.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0086-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-009-0086-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-009-0086-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-009-0086-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-06-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-009-0251-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-28", "title": "New Agricultural Practices In The Loess Plateau Of China Do Not Reduce Colonisation By Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Or Root Invading Fungi And Do Not Carry A Yield Penalty", "description": "Agricultural practices aimed to reduce soil erosion and improve crop yield have been suggested to influence the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and root pathogenic fungi. We conducted a two-year field survey to investigate the effect of recently introduced agricultural practices on crop yield, AM colonisation and percentage isolation of root-invading fungi on the heavily eroded Loess Plateau of China. A rotation of maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) replaced monoculture of winter wheat. No-tillage (NT), and return of previous crop residues to the field in tilled (CTR) and non-tilled (NTR) systems replaced conventional tillage (CT). Yield, biomass and phosphorus content of the crops showed similar trends. Residue application increased yields of maize and soybean independent of tillage treatment in 2004, but only under CT in 2005. CT slightly increased maize yield. Neither residue application nor tillage treatment affected yield of wheat. None of the treatments influenced total percent isolation of root-invading fungi from wheat roots. The increase of some individual pathogenic fungi in NT did not translate into reduction of yield by disease. Importantly, the recommended practices did not have a penalty on yield while maintaining high levels of AM colonisation.", "keywords": ["Phosphorus uptake", "2. Zero hunger", "Residue application", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Root-invading fungi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Arbuscular mycorrhiza", "15. Life on land", "630", "Tillage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tingyu Duan, Tingyu Duan, Zhibiao Nan, Evelina Facelli, Yuying Shen, Sally E. Smith,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0251-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-009-0251-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-009-0251-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-009-0251-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-009-9983-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-04-07", "title": "Effect Of Tillage System On The Root Growth Of Spring Wheat", "description": "Little research has examined the influence of tillage system on root growth in wheat grown on rainfed Vertisols. A 3-year field study (2003, 2004 and 2005) was carried out on a typical Vertisol (southern Spain), to determine the effects of tillage system on root growth in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grown in continuous rotation with faba bean (Vicia faba L), within the framework of the long-term \u201cMalag\u00f3n\u201d experiment started in 1986. Tillage treatments were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and the experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with three replications. The following parameters were measured: above-ground biomass, grain yield, root length density (RLD), root biomass (RB) and root N content. In the topmost 10 cm of soil, higher values were found under CT than under NT for RLD in the rainiest year (20.2 km m\u22123 vs. 9.6 km m\u22123 respectively) and for RB (512 kg ha\u22121 vs. 261 kg ha\u22121 respectively) in all study years. In deeper layers, no difference was recorded between the two tillage systems. Greater wheat root development in the upper soil layer under CT may reflect the greater soil penetration resistance found in the topmost 10 cm under NT. Root separation using a sieve with a 0.5 mm mesh screen led to a marked underestimation of RLD and RB, with values up to three times higher when using a 0.2 mm mesh screen. Mean wheat root N content in the topmost 30 cm of soil accounted for over 80% of total root N content. The highest grain yield was observed under NT, since this system provided greater water storage in the soil profile in the mostly dry study years.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Conventional tillage", "No tillage", "Root biomass", "Root-length density", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Vertisol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Root N", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mu\u00f1oz-Romero, Ver\u00f3nica, Ben\u00edtez-Vega, Jorge, L\u00f3pez-Bellido Garrido, Rafael J., Font\u00e1n, Jos\u00e9 M., L\u00f3pez Bellido, Luis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9983-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-009-9983-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-009-9983-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-009-9983-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-013-1733-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-31", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Root Distribution In A Temperate Arable Agroforestry System", "description": "To determine, for arable land in a temperate area, the effect of tree establishment and intercropping treatments, on the distribution of roots and soil organic carbon to a depth of 1.5\u00a0m. A poplar (Populus sp.) silvoarable agroforestry experiment including arable controls was established on arable land in lowland England in 1992. The trees were intercropped with an arable rotation or bare fallow for the first 11\u00a0years, thereafter grass was allowed to establish. Coarse and fine root distributions (to depths of up to 1.5\u00a0m and up to 5\u00a0m from the trees) were measured in 1996, 2003, and 2011. The amount and type of soil carbon to 1.5\u00a0m depth was also measured in 2011. The trees, initially surrounded by arable crops rather than fallow, had a deeper coarse root distribution with less lateral expansion. In 2011, the combined length of tree and understorey vegetation roots was greater in the agroforestry treatments than the control, at depths below 0.9\u00a0m. Between 0 and 1.5\u00a0m depth, the fine root carbon in the agroforestry treatment (2.56\u00a0t\u00a0ha-1) was 79% greater than that in the control (1.43\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121). Although the soil organic carbon in the top 0.6\u00a0m under the trees (161\u00a0t\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) was greater than in the control (142\u00a0t\u00a0C ha\u22121), a tendency for smaller soil carbon levels beneath the trees at lower depths, meant that there was no overall tree effect when a 1.5\u00a0m soil depth was considered. From a limited sample, there was no tree effect on the proportion of recalcitrant soil organic carbon. The observed decline in soil carbon beneath the trees at soil depths greater than 60\u00a0cm, if observed elsewhere, has important implication for assessments of the role of afforestation and agroforestry in sequestering carbon.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Carbon fractions", "Populus", "550", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agroforestry", "15. Life on land", "Roots", "Carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1733-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-013-1733-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-013-1733-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-013-1733-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-08", "title": "Comparison of methane, nitrous oxide fluxes and CO2 respiration rates from a Mediterranean cork oak ecosystem and improved pasture", "description": "Background and aims During the recent decades, cork oak (Q. suber) mortality has been increasing in Mediterranean oak woodland endangering the economical and environmental sustainability of the \u201cmontado\u201d ecosystem. This fact in combination with climate change and conversion of forestland to pasture may significantly affect the soil-atmosphere greenhouse gases (GHGs) exchange. Our study evaluates the impact of oak trees as compared to pasture on net ecosystem GHG (CH4, N2O, and CO2) exchange as well as the main environmental factors influencing this exchange.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "litter", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "root density", "evergreen oak", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "organic matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-013-1923-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:15:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-01", "title": "Surface tension, rheology and hydrophobicity of rhizodeposits and seed mucilage influence soil water retention and hysteresis", "description": "Rhizodeposits collected from hydroponic solutions with roots of maize and barley, and seed mucilage washed from chia, were added to soil to measure their impact on water retention and hysteresis in a sandy loam soil at a range of concentrations. We test the hypothesis that the effect of plant exudates and mucilages on hydraulic properties of soils depends on their physicochemical characteristics and origin.Surface tension and viscosity of the exudate solutions were measured using the Du No\u00fcy ring method and a cone-plate rheometer, respectively. The contact angle of water on exudate treated soil was measured with the sessile drop method. Water retention and hysteresis were measured by equilibrating soil samples, treated with exudates and mucilages at 0.46 and 4.6\u00a0mg\u00a0g-1 concentration, on dialysis tubing filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of known osmotic potential.Surface tension decreased and viscosity increased with increasing concentration of the exudates and mucilage in solutions. Change in surface tension and viscosity was greatest for chia seed exudate and least for barley root exudate. Contact angle increased with increasing maize root and chia seed exudate concentration in soil, but not barley root. Chia seed mucilage and maize root rhizodeposits enhanced soil water retention and increased hysteresis index, whereas barley root rhizodeposits decreased soil water retention and the hysteresis effect. The impact of exudates and mucilages on soil water retention almost ceased when approaching wilting point at -1500\u00a0kPa matric potential.Barley rhizodeposits behaved as surfactants, drying the rhizosphere at smaller suctions. Chia seed mucilage and maize root rhizodeposits behaved as hydrogels that hold more water in the rhizosphere, but with slower rewetting and greater hysteresis.", "keywords": ["DYNAMICS", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1111", "seed exudate", "FLOW", "QH301 Biology", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1110", "root exudate", "630", "QH301", "soil water retention", "ROOT", "surface tension", "DIMR 646809", "Contact angle", "contact angle", "PHOSPHOLIPID SURFACTANTS", "2. Zero hunger", "STABILITY", "BB/J000868/1", "Surface tension", "Civil_env_eng", "Viscosity", "Hysteresis", "name=Soil Science", "Root exudate", "RHIZOSPHERE HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES", "EXUDATION", "Regular Article", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "540", "Soil water retention", "6. Clean water", "Seed exudate", "BB/J011460/1", "hysteresis", "BB/L026058/1", "viscosity", "Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "name=Plant Science", "MAIZE", "BB/P004180/1", "European Research Council"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/5787/1/Naveed2019_Article_SurfaceTensionRheologyAndHydro.pdf"}, {"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/428238/1/Naveed2019_Article_SurfaceTensionRheologyAndHydro.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-019-03939-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-02T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Root&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Root&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Root&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Root&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 589, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-25T13:27:20.542880Z"}