Crop and land management practices affect both the quality and quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) and hence are driving forces for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The objective of this study was to assess the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of tillage, fertilizer application and crop rotation onSOCin an agricultural area of southern Norway, where a soil fertility and crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1953 and a second experiment on tillage practices was initiated in 1983. The first experiment comprised 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr crop rotations with cereals only and 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr cereal and 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr grass rotations with recommended (base) and more than the recommended (above base) fertilizer application rates; the second experiment dealt with autumn\uffe2\uff80\uff90ploughed (conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till) plots and direct\uffe2\uff80\uff90drilled plots (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till). Soil samples at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm depths were collected in autumn 2009 and analysed for their C and N contents. The quality ofSOMin the top layer was determined by13C solid\uffe2\uff80\uff90stateNMRspectroscopy. TheSOCstock did not differ significantly because of rotation or fertilizer application types, even after 56\uffc2\uffa0yr. However, the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system showed a significantly higherSOCstock than the conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm depth after the 26\uffc2\uffa0yr of experiment, but it was not significantly different at the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm depth. In terms of quality,SOMwas found to differ by tillage type, rate of fertilizer application and crop rotation. The no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system showed an abundance of O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl C, while conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system indicated an apparently indirect enrichment in alkyl C, suggesting a more advanced stage ofSOMdecomposition. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term quantitative and qualitative effects onSOMsuggest that adopting a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage system and including grass in crop rotation and farmyard manure in fertilizer application may contribute to preserve soil fertility and mitigate climate change.
", "keywords": ["Fertilizer application", "2. Zero hunger", "Crop rotation", " fertilizer application", " soil organic carbon (SOC)", " soil organic matter (SOM)", " tillage", " NMR spectroscopy.", "NMR spectroscopy", "Crop rotation", "Soil organic matter (SOM)", "13. Climate action", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12198"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/sum.12198", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/sum.12198", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/sum.12198"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-24", "title": "Influence Of Tillage, Residue Management, And Crop Rotation On Soil Microbial Biomass And Catabolic Diversity", "description": "The densely populated, intensively cropped subtropical highlands of the world have agricultural sustainability problems from soil erosion and fertility decline. In 1991, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) initiated a long-term field experiment at its semi-arid highland experiment station in Mexico (2240 masl; 19.318N, 98.508W; Cumulic Phaeozem) to investigate the long-term effects of tillage/seeding practices, crop rotations, and crop residue management on maize and wheat grown under rainfed conditions. Soil ecology status contributes to agricultural system sustainability, and evaluations were made to determine the effect of different management practices on soil microbial biomass (SMB) (substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and chloroform fumigation incubation (CFI)) and micro-flora physiological and catabolic diversity (BIOLOG TM ecoplate well system). SMB-C (CFI, SIR) was significantly and respectively 1.2 and 1.3 times higher for residue retention (average 387 mg C kg 1 dry soil and 515 mg C kg 1 dry soil, respectively) compared to residue removal. SMB-C (CFI) was significantly higher for wheat (369 mg C kg 1 dry soil) compared to maize (319 mg C kg 1 dry soil). SMB-N (CFI) was significantly 1.3 times higher for residue retention (average 28 mg N kg 1 dry soil) compared to residue removal. The average well color development (AWCD) obtained by the BIOLOG TM ecoplate essay indicated there were large differences in the catabolic capability of soil microbial communities after 15 years of contrasting management practices. While maize and wheat rotation under conventional tillage with residue retention showed a significantly higher overall AWCD value compared to the other treatments, AWCD of maize with zero tillage and residue removal was significantly lower than in the other treatments. AWCD was significantly higher for residue retention compared to residue removal and for wheat as compared to maize. For maize, the management practices were divided into two groups; zero tillage with residue removal was separate from all other treatments. For wheat, conventional tillage was separate from all zero tillage treatments. This study suggests that in the target area, a cropping system that includes zero tillage, crop rotation, and crop residue retention can increase overall biomass and micro-flora activity and diversity compared with common farming practices. In the long term, zero tillage combined with residue retention creates conditions", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture", "Small-scale farming", "Residue management", "Microbial biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "Catabolic diversity", "6. Clean water", "Tillage", "Central Mexico", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale", "Rainfed agriculture", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Soil%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-29", "title": "Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungal phyla as indicators of land use efficiency for soil organic carbon accrual with woody plantations", "description": "As soil fungi are major players in the carbon accumulation process, the two main fungal degraders in topsoil, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, were investigated as indicators of land use effectiveness in increasing soil carbon accumulation and soil function. The study focused on the soil organic carbon content increase in a 20-year short rotation forest cycle with broadleaf woody plantations compared to a nearby arable cropping system. Total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, were quantified in terms of DNA copy number, with specific probes using SYBR\u00ae Green I dye on the QuantStudio\u2122 3D digital PCR system (dPCR). Previously, next generation sequencing analysis using a general primer confirmed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most represented phyla and that fungal community composition significantly differed between treatments. A range of key soil enzyme activities for the C-cycle were also assessed. Total organic carbon content (TOC), microbial biomass in term of dsDNA and enzyme activities significantly increased in woody plantations compared to arable soil. The TOC increase differed significantly also between wood species, Salix and Robina gave the greatest increase (+30 and 20\u00a0% respectively), followed by Populus (+12), microbial biomass highly correlated with TOC showing the same trend. Total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased significantly in three woody plantations compared to the arable soil system. Ascomycota in the woody plantations increased two to four times (average 3144 n copies \u00b5l\u22121 of DNA) compared to the arable soil (1419 n copies \u00b5l\u22121); Basidiomycota were almost absent in arable soil (av. 94n copies \u00b5l\u22121) and increased five to six times in woody plantations (av. 490 n copies \u00b5l\u22121). Total fungi and ascomycetes correlated strongly with microbial biomass and TOC, whereas basidiomycetes did not. These findings showed that Ascomycota represent the largest portion of fungi in agricultural soils even after a 20-years short rotation forest cycle and they can be taken as indicators of carbon accumulation processes. Therefore, this study suggests that joining the Ascomycetes quantity in the topsoil to the Ascomycota:Basidiomycota ratio seems a good option when setting regional strategies for improving C accrual in farmland with the short-term afforestation.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Topsoil", "01 natural sciences", "Saproptrophic soil fungi", "Land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Short rotation forest", "Digital PCR", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Manici, Luisa M., Caputo, Francesco, Fornasier, Flavio, Paletto, Alessandro, Ceotto, Enrico, De Meo, Isabella,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Indicators", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0870a304-a748-4ae9-b564-d70c19c6dbf7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.29, 52.27], [8.29, 54.98], [12.16, 54.98], [12.16, 52.27], [8.29, 52.27]]]}, "properties": {"rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2023-12-11", "type": "Service", "created": "2023-06-05", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'RhizoWheat \u2013 Agronomic data, crop rotation experiment \u201cV145\u201d'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'AGIS Map Service of the dataset 'RhizoWheat \u2013 Agronomic data, crop rotation experiment \u201cV145\u201d''", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "wheat", "crop rotation", "crop yield", "Gaeumannomyces"], "contacts": [{"name": "Nora Honsdorf", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "honsdorf@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-4536-2526", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Henning Kage", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "kage@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-5317-7745", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Katharina Pronkow", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "pronkow@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Henning Kage", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "kage@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-5317-7745", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"organization": "Kiel University", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "infoMapAccessService"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "wheat"}, {"id": "crop rotation"}, {"id": "crop yield"}, {"id": "Gaeumannomyces"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=0870a304-a748-4ae9-b564-d70c19c6dbf7", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/rhizo4bio/ID_11016/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0870a304-a748-4ae9-b564-d70c19c6dbf7", "name": "item", "description": "0870a304-a748-4ae9-b564-d70c19c6dbf7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0870a304-a748-4ae9-b564-d70c19c6dbf7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0ffd1fdb-53c7-47c3-abf1-66e250a252e6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[9.99, 54.32], [9.99, 54.32], [9.99, 54.32], [9.99, 54.32], [9.99, 54.32]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "wheat"}, {"id": "crop rotation"}, {"id": "crop yield"}, {"id": "Gaeumannomyces"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Rhizo4Bio - RhizoWheat and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2023-12-11", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-11-30", "language": "eng", "title": "Crop rotation experiment \u201cV145\u201d at Kiel University\u00b4s experiment station - Soil moisture data", "description": "The project RhizoWheat aims at elucidating processes leading to yield decline of wheat grown in self-succession. The crop rotation experiment \u201cV145\u201d was established in autumn 2015 at Kiel University\u00b4s experiment station \u201cHohenschulen\u201d, Achterwehr, Schleswig-Holstein. The experiment consists of four crop rotations. Within the project RhizoWheat we work with a beginning wheat monoculture (oilseed rape \u2013 wheat \u2013 wheat - wheat - wheat). Each element of the crop rotation is grown in each year in four replications and with five nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 kg N/ha). Here we present soil moisture data of three seasons of the experiment (2020/21 to 2022/23) for the first and the third wheat in the rotation at nitrogen level 0 and 240 kg/ha.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "wheat", "crop rotation", "crop yield", "Gaeumannomyces", "opendata", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "Nora Honsdorf", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "honsdorf@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-4536-2526", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Henning Kage", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "kage@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-5317-7745", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "ZALF", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Katharina Pronkow", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "pronkow@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Henning Kage", "organization": "Kiel University", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "kage@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Kiel University", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "LTE: Part 3/3, table: Soil moisture data"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=2606626e-3a0a-440d-8dc0-b0ea66623gmd:9eb", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2606626e-3a0a-440d-8dc0-b0ea666239eb", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0ffd1fdb-53c7-47c3-abf1-66e250a252e6", "name": "item", "description": "0ffd1fdb-53c7-47c3-abf1-66e250a252e6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0ffd1fdb-53c7-47c3-abf1-66e250a252e6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-19", "description": "We collected soil samples from 27 study sites across North Central United States to compare the soil carbon of short rotation poplar plantations to adjacent agricultural crops and woodlots. Soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from 20 to more than 160 Mg/ha across the sampled sites. Lowest SOC levels were found in uplands and highest levels in riparian soils. We attributed differences in bulk density and SOC among cover types to the inclusion of woodlot soils in the analysis. Paired comparison found few differences between poplar and agricultural crops. Sites with significant comparisons varied in magnitude and direction. Relatively greater SOC was often observed in poplar when native soil carbon was low, but there were important exceptions. Woodlots consistently contained greater SOC than the other crops, especially at depth. We observed little difference between paired poplar and switchgrass, both promising bioenergy crops. There was no evidence of changes in poplar SOC relative to adjacent agricultural soils when considered for stand ages up to 12 years. Highly variable native SOC levels and subtle changes over time make verification of soil carbon sequestration among land cover types difficult. In addition to soil carbon storage potential, it is therefore important to consider opportunities offered by long-term sequestration of carbon in solid wood products and carbon-offset through production of bioenergy crops. Furthermore, short rotation poplars and switchgrass offer additional carbon sequestration and other environmental benefits such as soil erosion control, runoff abatement, and wildlife habitat improvement.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Fossil Fuels", "Switchgrass", "Rotation", "Climate Change", "Crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Soils Carbon Sequestration", "7. Clean energy", "Carbon", "Manufacturing", "60 Applied Life Sciences", "Hybrid Poplar", "Poplars", "Cements", "Soil Bulk Density", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Bioenergy", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-007-0254-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-12-10", "title": "Soil Organic Phosphorus And Microbial Community Composition As Affected By 26 Years Of Different Management Strategies", "description": "Open AccessBiology and Fertility of Soils, 44 (5)", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "crop rotation; FAME; microbial community composition; solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy; soil organic phosphorus", "microbial community composition", "Solution 31P NMR spectroscopy", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "solution P-31 NMR spectroscopy", "15. Life on land", "soil organic phosphorus", "630", "6. Clean water", "FAME", "Microbial community composition", "crop rotation", "Crop rotation", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil organic phosphorus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0254-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-007-0254-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-007-0254-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-007-0254-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10311-013-0420-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-07", "title": "Soil Microbial Diversity And C Turnover Modified By Tillage And Cropping In Laos Tropical Grassland", "description": "Agricultural practices should modify the diversity of soil microbes. However, the precise relationships between soil properties and microbial diversity are poorly known. Here, we study the effect of agricultural management on soil microbial diversity and C turnover in tropical grassland of north-eastern Laos. Three years after native grassland conversion into agricultural land, we compared soils from five land use management systems: one till versus two no-till rotational cropping systems, one no-till improved pasture and the natural grassland. Soils were incubated in microcosms during 64 days at optimum temperature and humidity. Bacterial and fungal diversity were evaluated by metagenomic 454-pyrosequencing of 16S and 18SrRNA genes, respectively. Changes in soil respiration patterns were evaluated by monitoring 12C- and 13C-CO2 release after soil amendment with 13C-labelled wheat residues. Results show that residue mineralization increased with bacterial richness and diversity in the tilled treatment 7 days after soil amendment. Native soil organic C mineralization and priming effect increased with fungal richness and diversity in improved pasture and natural grassland. No-till cropping systems represented intermediate situations between tillage and pasture systems. Our findings evidence the potential of controlling soil microbial diversity by agricultural practices to improve soil biological properties. We suggest the promotion of no-till systems as a fair compromise between the need for agriculture intensification and soil ecological processes preservation.", "keywords": ["P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "cycle du carbone", "Microbial diversity", "Conservation agriculture", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "agro\u00e9cologie", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7172", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "630", "Tillage", "biodiversit\u00e9", "labour", "Acid savannah", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "biologie du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33990", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "sol acide", "Priming effect", "savane", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6154", "pratique culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511", "F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "2. Zero hunger", "flore du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33949", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "prairie", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7160", "P34 - Biologie du sol", "Carbon cycle", "non-travail du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "travail du sol", "rotation culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92381", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "exp\u00e9rimentation au champ", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6825", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_17299", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6021", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_89", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7771", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0420-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Chemistry%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10311-013-0420-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10311-013-0420-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10311-013-0420-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-06-28", "title": "Poplar (Populus Spp) Growth And Crop Yields In A Silvoarable Experiment At Three Lowland Sites In England", "description": "In early 1992, a silvoarable experiment, comprising four poplar (Populus spp.) hybrids (at a spacing of 10 m x 6.4 m) and four arable treatments, was established at three contrasting lowland sites in England. By the end of 1998, seven years after planting, the height of the poplar hybrid Beaupre (11.9 m) was greater than those of the hybrids Gibecq, Robusta and Trichobel (8.9-9.8 m). The trees at the most exposed site had the shortest height (9.2 m) and the greatest diameter at breast height (173\u00a0mm). Tree growth was also affected by the arable treatments. The height (9.5 m) and diameter (143\u00a0mm) of the trees bordered on both sides by a continuous rotation of arable crops were 89% and 79%, respectively, of those bordered on both sides by a regularly cultivated fallow. This result could be explained by competition for water. Across the three sites, in the presence of the trees the yield per unit cropped area, relative to that in the control areas, was an average of 4% less in the first three years and an average of 10% less between years four and six. However the specific responses were dependent on the arable crop. The experiment also included an alternately-cropped arable treatment, where the crop was alternated with a one-year bare fallow. The benefits of a preceding fallow, rather than a cereal crop, for yield were greatest for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and least for field beans (Vicia faba L.),peas(Pisum sativum L.) and mustard (Brassica alba L.).", "keywords": ["Melampsora larici-populina", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "571", "Timber volume", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "Tree-crop interaction", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems%20%28in%20cooperation%20with%20ICRAF%29", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-012-9572-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-26", "title": "Growing Woody Biomass For Bioenergy In A Tree-Based Intercropping System In Southern Ontario, Canada", "description": "During the spring of 2006, three willow varieties (SV1, SX67 and 9882-41) were established on marginal land in an agroforestry tree-intercropping arrangement where plots of short rotation willows were planted between rows (spaced 15\u00a0m apart) of 21-year-old mixed tree species. As a control, the same varieties were established on an adjacent piece of land without established trees (conventional willow system). This study investigated the magnitude of carbon pools, fine root and leaf biomass inputs and clone yields in both the tree-based intercropping (agroforestry) and conventional monocropping systems. Willow biomass yield was significantly higher in the agroforestry field (4.86\u00a0odt\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0y\u22121) compared to the conventional field (3.02\u00a0odt\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0y\u22121). In both fields, varieties SV1 and SX67 produced higher yields than the variety 9882-41. Willow fine root biomass in the top 20\u00a0cm of soil was significantly higher in the intercropping system (3,062\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121) than in the conventional system (2,536\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121). Differences in fine root biomass between clones were similar to that observed for differences in biomass yield: SV1\u00a0>\u00a0SX67\u00a0>\u00a09882-41. Leaf input was higher in the intercropping system (1,961\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121) than in the conventional system (1,673\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121). Clonal differences in leaf inputs followed the same trends as those for root biomass and yield: SV1\u00a0>\u00a0SX67\u00a0>\u00a09882-41. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher in the agroforestry field (1.94\u00a0%) than in the conventional field (1.82\u00a0%). A significant difference in soil organic carbon was found between the three clones: soils under clone 9882-41 had the lowest soil organic carbon at 1.80\u00a0%.", "keywords": ["F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "culture associ\u00e9e", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28066", "production foresti\u00e8re", "Juglans nigra", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24367", "rotation de coupe", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6754", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3086", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33452", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3061", "m\u00e9thode statistique", "biomasse", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3048", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4059", "agroforesterie", "clone", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35927", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24696", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1678", "Salix", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "plantation foresti\u00e8re", "Quercus rubra", "croissance", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394", "Fraxinus", "Robinia pseudoacacia", "culture en couloirs", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6625", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1236", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Salix dasyclados", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7377"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9572-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-012-9572-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-012-9572-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-012-9572-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-11-02", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics Of Improved Fallow-Maize Rotation Systems Under Conventional And No-Tillage In Central Zimbabwe", "description": "Fallowing increases soil organic carbon (SOC) during the fallowing phase. However, this benefit is lost quickly during the cropping phase. The objective of this study was to evaluate SOC dynamics of an improved fallow-maize rotation under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) from time of fallow termination, through the next two cropping seasons. The treatments studied were improved fallows of Acacia angustissima (A. angustissima) and Sesbania sesban (S. sesban), natural fallow and continuous maize. Our hypothesis is that fallowing maintained higher SOC and lower soil bulk densities through the cropping phase when compared with continuous maize system and that NT maintained higher SOC when compared with CT. Soil organic carbon was significantly greater under fallows than under continuous maize from fallow termination to the end of the second cropping season. Soil organic carbon for the 0\u20135 cm depths was 11.0, 10.0, 9.4 and 6.6 g kg\u22121 for A. angustissima, S. sesban, natural fallow and continuous maize, respectively at fallow termination. After two cropping seasons SOC for the same depth was 8.0, 7.0, 6.1, 5.9 g kg\u22121 under CT and 9.1, 9.0, 8.0, 6.0 g kg\u22121 under NT for A. angustissima, S. sesban, natural fallow and continuous maize, respectively. Total SOC stocks were also higher under fallows when compared with continuous maize at fallow termination and after two cropping seasons. Soil bulk densities were lower under fallows when compared with continuous maize during the period of study. We concluded that fallows maintained greater SOC and NT sequestered more SOC than CT. Acacia angustissima was the better tree legume fallow for SOC sequestration when compared with S. sesban or natural fallow because it maintained higher SOC and lower bulk densities after two seasons of maize cropping.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop-rotation", "aggregation", "sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "stability", "15. Life on land", "matter", "nitrogen", "tropical alfisol", "conservation tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "physical-properties", "management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-01", "title": "Leaching Losses Of Nitrate Nitrogen And Dissolved Organic Nitrogen From A Yearly Two Crops System, Wheat-Maize, Under Monsoon Situations", "description": "A large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) contributes largely to N leaching to the groundwater. A series of field experiments were carried out during October 2004 and September 2007 in a lysimeter field to reveal the temporal changes of N leaching losses below 2-m depth from this land system as well as the effects of N fertilizer application rates on N leaching. Four N rates (0, 180, 260, and 360 kg N ha(-1) as urea) were applied in the study area. Seasonal leachate volumes were 87 and 72 mm in the first and second maize season, respectively, and 13 and 4 mm during the winter wheat and maize season in the third rotational year, respectively. The average seasonal flow-weighted NO(3)-N concentrations in leachate for the four N fertilizer application rates ranged from 8.1 to 103.7 mg N l(-1), and seasonal flow-weighted dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in leachate varied from 0.8 to 6.0 mg N l(-1). Total amounts of NO(3)-N leaching lost throughout the 3 years were in the range of 14.6 to 177.8 kg ha(-1) for the four N application rates, corresponding to N leaching losses in the range of 4.0-7.6% of the fertilizers applied. DON losses throughout the 3 years were 1.4, 2.1, 3.6, and 6.3 kg N ha(-1) for the four corresponding fertilization rates. The application rate of 180 kg N ha(-1) was recommended based on the balance between reducing N leaching and maintaining crop yields. The results indicated that there is a potential risk of N leaching during the winter wheat season, and over-fertilization of chemical N can result in substantial N leaching losses by high-intensity rainfalls in summer.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "winter-wheat", "north china plain", "nitrate nitrogen", "in-field lysimeters", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "dissolved organic nitrogen", "rotation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "corn", "leaching losses", "fertilization", "13. Climate action", "management strategies", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "double-cropping system", "agricultural soils", "accumulation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-19", "title": "Effects Of Landscape Segregation On Livelihood Vulnerability: Moving From Extensive Shifting Cultivation To Rotational Agriculture And Natural Forests In Northern Laos", "description": "This study investigates four decades of socio-economic and environmental change in a shifting cultivation landscape in the northern uplands of Laos. Historical changes in land cover and land use were analyzed using a chronological series of remote sensing data. Impacts of landscape change on local livelihoods were investigated in seven villages through interviews with various stakeholders. The study reveals that the complex mosaics of agriculture and forest patches observed in the study area have long constituted key assets for the resilience of local livelihood systems in the face of environmental and socio-economic risks. However, over the past 20 years, a process of segregating agricultural and forest spaces has increased the vulnerability of local land users. This process is a direct outcome of policies aimed at increasing national forest cover, eradicating shifting cultivation and fostering the emergence of more intensive and commercial agricultural practices. We argue that agriculture-forest segregation should be buffered in such a way that a diversity of livelihood opportunities and economic development pathways can be maintained.", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_195", "550", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "2739 Public Health", "910", "630", "couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "conservation des for\u00eats", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "11. Sustainability", "910 Geography & travel", "intensification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6498", "2. Zero hunger", "landscape mosaics", "resettlement", "sustainability", "Livelihood vulnerability", "Southeast Asia", "rotation culturale", "330 Economics", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "moyens d'existence durables", "2307 Health", "Laos", "protection de la for\u00eat", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25409", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "ecology", "3306 Health (social science)", "Multifunctional landscapes", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "culture itin\u00e9rante", "gestion des ressources naturelles", "utilisation des terres", "politique fonci\u00e8re", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "Ecosystem services", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28075", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "Toxicology and Mutagenesis", "Environmental and Occupational Health", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7038", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000157", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000115", "Land sparing", "Shifting cultivation", "impact sur l'environnement", "ecosystem services", "2303 Ecology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/17755/1/Castella2013_Article_EffectsOfLandscapeSegregationO.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Human%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-28", "title": "Annual Emissions Of Nitrous Oxide And Nitric Oxide From Rice-Wheat Rotation And Vegetable Fields: A Case Study In The Tai-Lake Region, China", "description": "Background and aims Knowledge on nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from typical cropping systems in the Tai-Lake region is important for estimating regional inventory and proposing effective N2O and NO mitigation options. This study aimed at a) characterizing the seasonal and annual emissions of both gases from the major cropping systems, and b) determining their direct emission factors (EFds) as the key parameters for inventory compilation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "Nitric oxide", "Vegetable", "15. Life on land", "Emission factor", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "Rice-wheat rotation", "11. Sustainability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-012-1251-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-30", "title": "Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Willows In Short-Rotation Coppice Established On Abandoned Farm Lands", "description": "Aims We carried out a paired-site study (Melanic Brunisol) to assess the impact on soil carbon stocks of land-use change following establishment and multiple rotations of willows (Salix miyabeana SX67) in short-rotation coppice (SRWC).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Alfalfa; C sequestration; Carbon sink; Cropping systems; Salix; SRWC;", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Short rotation forestry", " Willow", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1251-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-012-1251-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-012-1251-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-012-1251-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-15", "title": "Winter Legumes In Rice Crop Rotations Reduces Nitrogen Loss, And Improves Rice Yield And Soil Nitrogen Supply", "description": "Intensive irrigated rice-wheat crop systems have caused serious soil depletion and nitrogen loss in the Tai Lake region of China. A possible solution is the incorporation of legumes in rice because legumes are a source of nitrogen. There is actually little knowledge on the impact of legumes on rotation, soil fertility, and nitrogen loss. Therefore, we studied the effect of five rice-based rotations, including rice-wheat, rice-rape, rice-fallow, rice-bean, and rice-vetch, on soil nitrogen, rice yield, and runoff loss. A field experiment was conducted in the Tai Lake region from 2009 to 2012. Crop residues from rape, bean, and vetch were used to partially replace chemical fertilizer in rice. Results show that replacing 9.5\u201321.4\u00a0% of mineral nitrogen fertilizer by residues maintained rice yields of rice-rape, rice-bean, and rice-vetch rotations, compared to the rice-wheat reference. Moreover, using legumes as a winter crop in rice-bean and rice-vetch combinations increased rice grain yield over 5\u00a0%, and increased rice residue nitrogen content by 9.7\u201320.5\u00a0%. Nitrogen runoff decreased 30\u201360\u00a0% in rice-rape, rice-bean, and rice-vetch compared with rice-wheat. Soil mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen content were also improved by application of leguminous residues.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Runoff nitrogen loss", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Non-point pollution", "Crop rotations", "Legumes", "16. Peace & justice", "6. Clean water", "Soil nitrogen supply capacity", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Chemical nitrogen fertilizer reduction", "Rice yield"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yingliang Yu, Lihong Xue, Linzhang Yang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13593-013-0173-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-023-00911-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-09-04", "title": "The role of conservation agriculture practices in mitigating N2O emissions: A meta-analysis", "description": "Abstract\uffc2\uffa0Conservation agriculture is often assumed to reduce soil N2O emissions. Yet, studies analyzing the specific effect of conservation agriculture practices on N2O emissions give contradictory results. Herein, we synthesized a comprehensive database on the three main conservation agriculture practices (cover crops, diversified crop rotations, and no-till and/or reduced tillage (NT/RT)) to elucidate the role of conservation practices on N2O emissions. Further, we used a random meta-forest approach to identify the most important predictors of the effects of these practices on soil N2O emissions. Averaged across all comparisons, NT/RT significantly decreased soil N2O emissions by 11% (95% CI: \uffe2\uff80\uff9319 to \uffe2\uff80\uff931%) compared to conventional tillage. The reductions due to NT/RT were more commonly observed in humid climates and in soils with an initial carbon content < 20 g kg\uffe2\uff80\uff931. The implementation of cover crops and diversified crop rotations led to variable effects on soil N2O emissions. Cover crops were more likely to reduce soil N2O emissions at neutral soil pH, and in soils with intermediate carbon (~20 g kg\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and nitrogen (~3 g kg\uffe2\uff80\uff931) contents. Diversified crop rotations tended to increase soil N2O emissions in temperate regions and neutral to alkaline soils. Our results provide a comprehensive predictive framework to understand the conditions in which the adoption of various conservation agriculture practices can contribute to climate change mitigation. Combining these results with a similar mechanistic understanding of conservation agriculture impacts on ecosystem services and crop production will pave the way for a wider adoption globally of these management practices.0.25\u00a0mm) were higher under NTB and NTF and lower in the CTF system. Similarly, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was higher under NTF and NTB compared to CTF. The study reveals that NTB and NTF systems could be more viable options for MWS in order to save input costs and enhance profitability; however, the long-term effects of these alternative technologies need to be studied under varying agro-ecologies.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop rotation", "13. Climate action", "wheats", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "crop yield", "15. Life on land", "maize", "climate", "6. Clean water", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-06", "title": "Unravelling The Causes Of Variability In Crop Yields And Treatment Responses For Better Tailoring Of Options For Sustainable Intensification In Southern Mali", "description": "Options that contribute to sustainable intensification offer an avenue to improve crop yields and farmers\u2019 livelihoods. However, insufficient knowledge on the performance of various options in the context of smallholder farm systems impedes local adaptation and adoption. Therefore, together with farmers in southern Mali we tested a range of options for sustainable intensification including intensification of cereal (maize and sorghum) and legume (groundnut, soyabean and cowpea) sole crops and cereal-legume intercropping during three years on on-farm trials. There was huge variability among fields in crop yields of unamended control plots: maize yielded from 0.20 to 5.24 t ha\u22121, sorghum from 0 to 3.53 t ha\u22121, groundnut from 0.10 to 1.16 t ha\u22121, soyabean from 0 to 2.48 t ha\u22121 and cowpea from 0 to 1.02 t ha\u22121. This variability was partly explained by (i) soil type and water holding capacity, (ii) previous crop, its management and the nutrient carry-over and (iii) inter-annual weather variability. Farmers recognized three soil types: gravelly soils, sandy soils and black soils. Yields were very poor on gravelly soils and two to three times greater (depending on the crop) on black soils. Yields were also poor at the end of the typical crop rotation, i.e., after sorghum and millet, and 1.3\u20131.7 times greater (depending on the crop) after the fertilized crops maize and cotton. We diagnosed a number of cases of technology failure where no improvement in yield was observed with hybrid varieties of maize and sorghum and rhizobial inoculation of soyabean. Regardless of soil type and previous crop, mineral fertilizer improved yields by 34\u2013126% depending on the crop. Targeting options to a given soil type and/or place in the rotation enhanced their agronomic performance: (i) the biomass production of the cowpea fodder variety was doubled on black soils compared with gravelly soils, (ii) the additive maize/cowpea intercropping option after cotton or maize resulted in an average overall LER of 1.47, no maize grain penalty, and 1.38 t ha\u22121 more cowpea fodder production compared with sole maize. Soil type and position in the rotation, two indicators easy to assess by farmers and extension workers, allowed the identification of specific niches for enhanced agronomic performance of legume sole cropping and/or intercropping.", "keywords": ["F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Rotation", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil type", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4540", "Intercropping", "F01 - Culture des plantes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-11", "title": "Investing In Energy Forestry Under Uncertainty", "description": "Abstract Farmer's decisions to invest in renewable energy sources can contribute to lower greenhouse gas and mitigate climate change. However, it remains unclear how associated high sunk establishment costs, long-term commitment, highly uncertain net returns, and policy induced incentives could drive farmer's decision to afforest agricultural land. A real option model is used to theoretically frame the decision to switch from agriculture to energy forestry. Optimal investment timing is modeled and the functioning of government subsidies offered to speed up the switch to energy forestry is analyzed. The empirical analysis examines the establishment of new short-rotation coppice willow stands in Central East Sweden. It is shown that in the presence of volatile agricultural profits and high establishment costs, subsidies are needed to accelerate investment. We then examine the case of the municipality of Enkoping and show that the combination of governmental subsidies for energy forestry with compensation for sewage sludge treatment provides an effective stimulus to investment in new willow stands which also has environmental benefits.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Economics and Econometric", "Monitoring", "Policy and Law", "Sociology and Political Science", "05 social sciences", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Short-rotation willow coppice", "Management", "12. Responsible consumption", "Bioenergy policy", "13. Climate action", "0502 economics and business", "Investment analysi", "Real option", "Bioenergy policy; Investment analysis; Real options; Short-rotation willow coppice; Forestry; Economics and Econometrics; Management; Monitoring; Policy and Law; Sociology and Political Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Policy%20and%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117290", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-04-11", "title": "Soil structural indicators as predictors of biological activity under various soil management practices", "description": "Soil structure is a key feature in controlling the turnover of organic matter in soils. The spatial arrangement of solids and pores in agricultural topsoil can be actively influenced by management practices, such as tillage and cropping systems, which in turn can affect the resident microbial communities and their activities. However, carbon mineralisation and microbial activity are usually measured in sieved samples, which provides information on gross potentials under optimal conditions. Under these conditions, the spatial heterogeneities that are specific to different management practices are reduced or totally removed. In this study, we combined X-ray computer tomography (X-ray CT) and isothermal calorimetry to investigate the effect of soil structure on heat dissipation, as an indicator of biological activity. Samples were collected from the topsoil of a long-term field experiment (12\u00a0years) that included four different land uses: conventional vs. reduced tillage, each with either maize or winter wheat as the main crop in the rotation. We compared the response of undisturbed soil cores (3\u00a0cm in height, 2.7\u00a0cm in diameter) to the addition of water and glucose in specific pore sizes, ranging in radii of 15 to 75\u00a0\u00b5m or 3 to 75\u00a0\u00b5m. The pore structure and indicators of particulate organic material were quantified using X-ray CT with a voxel resolution of 15\u00a0\u00b5m. This allowed us to distinguish between the effects of crop rotation and tillage regime on biological activity, soil structure and the feedback between the two. Heat dissipation correlated significantly with X-ray CT derived porosity, pore surface density and soil matrix grey value, all of which were affected by both tillage regime and crop rotation. Heat dissipation in maize plots after glucose addition to the pore size range with radii of 3 to 75\u00a0\u00b5m was greater than in the winter wheat systems, but not when added to the pore size range with radii of 15 to 75\u00a0\u00b5m. The study showed that structural indicators can explain up to 81\u00a0% and 95\u00a0% of the variance in total heat dissipation after glucose and water addition, respectively, but only 60\u00a0% of the heat dynamics, here defined as the time taken for 50\u00a0% of total heat to be dissipated. The results emphasise the importance of soil structure in regulating microbial decomposition of soil organic matter and warrants further investigations.", "keywords": ["X-ray CT", "Crop rotation", "Biological activity", "Science", "Soil structure", "Q", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Soil Science", "Tillage regime", "Micro-habitat", "Calorimetry"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/37077/1/leuther-f-et-al-20250508.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117290"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117290", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117290", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117290"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.04.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-12", "title": "Rangeland Management Effects On Soil Properties In The Savanna Biome, South Africa: A Case Study Along Grazing Gradients In Communal And Commercial Farms", "description": "Although the savanna biome of South Africa is a major resource for rangeland management, little is known about how differences in rangeland management systems affect soil properties in such biomes. Near to Kuruman, commercial farms have practiced rotational grazing for decades. In communal areas of former homeland Bophuthatswana, similar strategies were used prior to 1994. Nowadays, a continuous grazing system is common. We hypothesized that these changes in management affected soil properties. To test this, we sampled soils at communal and commercial land along a gradient with increasing distance to water points. The results revealed that communal systems with continuous grazing showed enlarged spatial gradients. The soils were depleted in most nutrients close to the water relative to those of commercial systems. In contrast, as the distance to the water increased, the nutrient stocks of these communal systems were higher. Changes in soil nutrient stocks were related to a zone of increased bush encroachment (up to 25%). Specific analyses (phosphorus fractions, particulate organic carbon, \u03b413C) confirmed that the soils of the communal grazing systems benefited from the shift of grass-dominated to bush-dominated system with woody Acacia vegetation, while the rangeland degraded in the sense that it lost palatable grass species.", "keywords": ["Continuous grazing", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Rotational grazing", "Soil organic carbon", "Isotopic composition", "Rangeland management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Plant nutrients", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Bush encroachment", "Phosphorus fractions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.04.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Arid%20Environments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.04.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.04.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.04.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-11", "title": "Effect Of Tillage And Crop Rotations On Pore Size Distribution And Soil Hydraulic Conductivity In Sandy Clay Loam Soil Of The Indian Himalayas", "description": "Abstract Tillage management can affect crop growth by altering the pore size distribution, pore geometry and hydraulic properties of soil. In the present communication, the effect of different tillage management viz., conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero-tillage (ZT) and different crop rotations viz. [(soybean\u2013wheat (S\u2013W), soybean\u2013lentil (S\u2013L) and soybean\u2013pea (S\u2013P)] on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivities [saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K sat ) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity { k ( h )}] of a sandy clay loam soil was studied after 4 years prior to the experiment. Soil cores were collected after 4 year of the experiment at an interval of 75\u00a0mm up to 300\u00a0mm soil depth for measuring soil bulk density, soil water retention constant ( b ), pore size distribution, K sat and k ( h ). Nine pressure levels (from 2 to 1500\u00a0kPa) were used to calculate pore size distribution and k ( h ). It was observed that b values at all the studied soil depths were higher under ZT than those observed under CT irrespective of the crop rotations. The values of soil bulk density observed under ZT were higher in 0\u201375\u00a0mm soil depth in all the crop rotations. But, among the crop rotations, soils under S\u2013P and S\u2013L rotations showed relatively lower bulk density values than S\u2013W rotation. Average values of the volume fraction of total porosity with pores 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under CT, MT and ZT; and 0.592, 0.610 and 0.626\u00a0m 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under S\u2013W, S\u2013L and S\u2013P, respectively. In contrast, the average values of the volume fraction of total porosity with pores >150\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter (pores draining freely with gravity) were 0.124, 0.096 and 0.095\u00a0m 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under CT, MT and ZT; and 0.110, 0.104 and 0.101\u00a0m 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under S\u2013W, S\u2013L and S\u2013P, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values in all the studied soil depths were significantly greater under ZT than those under CT (range from 300 to 344\u00a0mm\u00a0day \u22121 ). The observed k ( h ) values at 0\u201375\u00a0mm soil depth under ZT were significantly higher than those computed under CT at all the suction levels, except at \u221210, \u2212100 and \u2212400\u00a0kPa suction. Among the crop rotations, S\u2013P rotation recorded significantly higher k ( h ) values than those under S\u2013W and S\u2013L rotations up to \u221240\u00a0kPa suction. The interaction effects of tillage and crop rotations affecting the k ( h ) values were found significant at all the soil water suctions. Both S\u2013L and S\u2013P rotations resulted in better soil water retention and transmission properties under ZT.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tillage management", "Loamy sand", "Sandy soils", "550", "Soil hydraulic conductivity", "Soybean based cropping system", "India", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Pore size distribution", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "630", "6. Clean water", "Crop rotation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-09", "title": "Tillage And Crop Rotation Effects On Barley Yield And Soil Nutrients On A Calciortidic Haploxeralf", "description": "Reduced tillage with appropriate crop rotation could increase the viability of dry land agriculture in semiarid zones. The effects of tillage and crop rotation on soil physico-chemical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) and N have been studied widely in long and short-term experiments. However, their effects on nutrient levels and fertility losses have not been extensively studied in Mediterranean soils. We determined SOC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn distribution in the soil profile and in plant uptake, on a Calciortidic Haploxeralf in Spain. Three tillage systems [CT, conventional tillage (mouldboard plow); MT, minimum tillage and NT, no tillage] and three crop rotations [BB, continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare v. Tipper), FB, fallow-barley and VB, vetch (Vicia sativa v. Muza)-barley] were compared. SOC and N were higher for CT than for MT and NT in the first year, but higher for NT and MT than CT in the next years. In the 0-15 cm depth, SOC and N in NT also became higher than in MT for the fourth crop season. In the 15-30 depths, NT and MT had also higher SOC than CT since the second year. However, NT had only higher N than MT after three crop seasons. The increase in SOC was 75% for NT and MT while CT had a decrease of 17% in the 0-15 cm layer. The increase in N was 154% for NT, 108% for MT and 30% for CT in the upper 15 cm. NT had higher P, K and Cu than MT and higher P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn than CT in the upper layers due to the higher SOC level and to the fact that these systems maintain surface-applied K and P fertilizer. On the other hand, neither SOC nor N were affected by crop rotation. Tillage and rotation interactions were not significant for SOC, N and, in general, nutrient levels in the different soil depths. In general, the main factor that affected SOC, N and nutrients was tillage, which had reduced influence with depth. Highest yield was for CT-FB and CT-VB, but not different from NT-FB and NT-VB, meanwhile highest nutrient levels were obtained for interactions that included NT. These results suggest that NT, and to a lesser extend MT, preserved SOC and nutrient levels in the upper layers and, with NT-VB and NT-FB interaction, could also obtain high yields and keep soil fertility in the upper depths during the first 4 years. \u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Crop rotation", "Soil organic carbon", "Nitrogen", "Potassium", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Phosphorus", "Micronutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12293", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-20", "title": "The Priming Potential Of Environmentally Weathered Pyrogenic Carbon During Land-Use Transition To Biomass Crop Production", "description": "Abstract
Since land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change (LUC) to lignocellulosic biomass crops often causes a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC), at least in the short term, this study investigated the potential for pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to ameliorate this effect. Although negative priming has been observed in many studies, most of these are long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term incubation experiments which do not account for the interactions between environmentally weathered PyC and native SOC. Here, the aim was to assess the impact of environmentally weathered PyC on native SOC mineralization at different time points in LUC from arable crops to short rotation coppice (SRC) willow. At eight SRC willow plantations in England, with ages of 3\uffe2\uff80\uff9322\uffc2\uffa0years, soil amended 18\uffe2\uff80\uff9322\uffc2\uffa0months previously with PyC was compared with unamended control soil. Cumulative CO2 flux was measured weekly from incubated soil at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935\uffc2\uffa0cm depth, and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface CO2 flux was also measured in the field. For the incubated soil, cumulative CO2 flux was significantly higher from soil containing weathered PyC than the control soil for seven of the eight sites. Across all sites, the mean cumulative CO2 flux was 21% higher from soil incubated with weathered PyC than the control soil. These results indicate the potential for positive priming in the surface 5\uffc2\uffa0cm of soil independent of changes in soil properties following LUC to SRC willow production. However, no net effect on CO2 flux was observed in the field, suggesting this increase in CO2 is offset by a contrasting PyC\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced effect at a different soil depth or that different effects were observed under laboratory and field conditions. Although the mechanisms for these contrasting effects remain unclear, results presented here suggest that PyC does not reduce LUC\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced SOC losses through negative priming, at least for this PyC type and application rate.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biomass crops", "Short rotation coppice willow", "Soil organic carbon", "Land-use change", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "Pyrogenic carbon", "Carbon dioxide", "Priming", "13. Climate action", "biomass crops", " carbon dioxide", " land-use change", " priming", " pyrogenic carbon", " short rotation coppice willow", " soilorganic carbon", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "SB"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75744/1/WRAP_McClean_et_al-2015-GCB_Bioenergy.pdf"}, {"href": "https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/796269/1/GCB%20Bioenergy%20-%20Biochar.pdf"}, {"href": "http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34392/1/GCB%20Bioenergy%20-%20Biochar.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12293"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12293", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12293", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12293"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2007.06.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-07-10", "title": "Improved Legume Tree Fallows And Tillage Effects On Structural Stability And Infiltration Rates Of A Kaolinitic Sandy Soil From Central Zimbabwe", "description": "Improved legume tree fallows have great potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability and soil infiltration rates during the fallowing phase. However, persistence of the residual effects of improved fallowing on SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration rates, under different tillage systems in Zimbabwe is not well documented. The relationships between SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration in fallow-maize rotation systems are also not well documented. We therefore evaluated effects of tillage on SOC. aggregate stability and infiltration rates of a kaolinitic sandy soil during the cropping phase of an improved fallow-maize rotation system. Plots that were under legume tree fallows (Sesbania sesban; Acacia angustissitna), natural fallow (NF) and under continuous maize during the previous 2 years were divided into conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) subplots soon after fallow termination. and maize was cropped in all plots during the following two seasons. Aggregate stability was investigated using water stable macroaggregation index (I-ma) water dispersible clay (WDC) and using the mean weight diameter (MWD) after different wetting procedures. Infiltration rates were determined using simulated rainfall at intensity of 35 mm h(-1) on 1 m(2) Plots. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher (P <0.05) under fallows than continuous maize. For the 0-5 cm depth SOC was 11.0, 10.0, 9.4 and 6.6 g kg(-1) for A.angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively, at fallow termination. After 2 years of cropping SOC was 8.0. 7.0. 6.1 and 5.9 g kg(-1) under CT and 9.1 9.0, 8.0 and 6.0 g kg-1 under NT for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. Aggregate stability was significantly greater (P <0.05) under fallows than under continuous maize and also higher under NT than under CT. The macroaggregation index (I-ma) for the 0-5 cm depth was 466, 416, 515 and 301 for A. angustissima. S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively at fallow termination, decreasing to 385, 274, 286 and 255 under CT and 438, 300. 325 and 270 under NT, for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively, after 2 years of cropping. Percent WDC was also significantly lower (P <0.05) in fallows than in continuous maize, and for the 0-5 cm it was 11, 10, 8 and 17 for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively at fallow termination. After 2 years of cropping WDC (%) was 12, 14 15 and 17 under CT and 10, 12, 12 and 16 under NT for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. MWD also showed significantly higher (P <0.05) aggregate stability in fallows than in continuous maize. Water infiltration rates were significantly greater under fallows than continuous maize but these declined significantly during the cropping phase in plots that had been fallowed. In October 2000, infiltration rates in the A. angustissitna and NF plots were above 35 mm h(-1) as no runoff was observed. Steady-state infiltration rates were 24 mm h-1 in S. sesban and 5 rum h-1 for continuous maize after 30 min of rainfall simulations. After 2 years of cropping infiltration rates remained above 35 mm h-1 in A. angustissima plots, but declined to 18 and 8 mm h(-1) for NF, CT and NT respectively and 12 rum h(-1) for S. sesban, CT and NT. It is concluded that legume tree fallows improved SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration rates, but these benefits accrued during fallowing dereased significantly after 2 years of cropping following the termination of fallows. The decrease in SOC and aggregate stability was higher under CT than NT. Coppicing fallows of A. angustissima were the best long-term fallow species when integrated with NT as improved soil physical properties were maintained beyond 2 years of post-fallow cropping. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop-rotation", "water", "no-tillage", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "maize", "aggregate-associated carbon", "6. Clean water", "conventional-tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "physical-properties", "fertility management", "organic-matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.06.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2007.06.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2007.06.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2007.06.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-12-31", "title": "Carbon And Nitrogen Stocks In A Brazilian Clayey Oxisol: 13-Year Effects Of Integrated Crop-Livestock Management Systems", "description": "Abstract Integrated crop\u2013livestock management systems (ICLS) have been increasingly recommended in Brazilian agroecosystems. However, knowledge of their effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and stocks is still limited. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ICLS under two tillage and fertilization regimes on SOC and TN concentrations and stocks in the 0\u201330\u00a0cm soil layer, in comparison with continuous crops or pasture. The following soil management systems were studied: continuous pasture; continuous crop; 4 years\u2019 crop followed by 4 years\u2019 pasture and vice-versa. The adjacent native Cerrado area was used as a control. Under the rotation and continuous crop systems there were two levels of soil tillage (conventional and no-tillage) and fertility (maintenance and corrective fertility). The stock calculations were done using the equivalent soil mass approach. The land use systems had a significant effect on the concentrations of SOC and TN in the soil, but no effect was observed for the soil tillage and fertilizer regimes. For these two latter, some significant discrepancies appeared in the distribution of SOC and TN concentrations in the 0\u201330\u00a0cm layer. Carbon storage was 60.87\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 under Cerrado, and ranged from 52.21\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 under the ICLS rotation to 59.89\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 with continuous cropping. The decrease in SOC stocks was approximately 8.5 and 7.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 , or 14 and 12%, for continuous pasture and ICLS respectively. No-tillage for 10 years after the conversion of conventional tillage to no-tillage under the continuous crop system, and 13 years of conventional tillage in continuous cropping did not result in significant changes in SOC stocks. The SOC and TN stocks in surface layers, using the equivalent soil mass approach rather than the equivalent depth, stress the differences induced by the calculation method. As soil compaction is the principal feature of variability of stocks determinations, the thickness should be avoid in these types of studies.", "keywords": ["Carbon and nitrogen sequestration", "Crop-pasture rotation", "2. Zero hunger", "Brazilian Cerrado", "No-tillage", "NIR spectroscopy", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marchao, R. L., /Becquer, Thierry, /Brunet, Didier, Balbino, L. C., Vilela, L., /Brossard, Michel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.11.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2008.11.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2011.06.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-23", "title": "Effect Of Shallow Tillage, Moldboard Plowing, Straw Management And Compost Addition On Soil Organic Matter And Nitrogen In A Dryland Barley/Wheat-Vetch Rotation", "description": "Abstract Sustainability of dryland cropping is a major issue in the typical Mediterranean climatic environment of West Asia and North Africa. Management of crop residues and soil organic matter (SOM) and its interrelationship with tillage and crop rotation is of central importance for maintaining soil quality and sustaining crop yields. We examined the medium-term influence of conventional moldboard plowing compared with shallow tillage, under barley-vetch and barley-vetch\u2013wheat-vetch rotation, with different levels of straw management (burned, removed, or incorporated) and compost addition (10\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 every 2 or 4 years) on the distribution with soil depth (0\u201330\u00a0cm) of SOM, total organic nitrogen (N tot ), and labile as well as microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Shallow tillage increased SOM in 0\u201320\u00a0cm across all residue management treatments by on average 2.7\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 . Compost addition every 2 years instead of burning or removing residues significantly increased N tot in 0\u201320\u00a0cm by 0.22\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 , doubled labile N and C in 0\u20135\u00a0\u00a0cm depth, and increased the ratio of labile N to N tot in 0\u201320\u00a0cm by 4%. Consequently, SOM accumulated in the labile pool, which reacts readily to changes in soil management practice, but which may also be depleted as quickly. Thus, shallow tillage in combination with compost addition can help build-up of SOM, and therefore soil quality. Under conditions of intensive cultivation, where crop residues are not in demand for livestock fodder, the system assessed constitutes a new agronomic direction under dryland agriculture in the Mediterranean region.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Straw and stubble management", "Microbial carbon", "Dryland farming", "Labile carbon", "Reduced tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "Conservation tillage", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sommer, R., Ryan, J., Masri, S., Singh, M., Diekmann, J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.06.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2011.06.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2011.06.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2011.06.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2012.02.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-04", "title": "Long-Term Rotation And Tillage Effects On Soil Structure And Crop Yield", "description": "Tillage and rotation are fundamental factors influencing soil quality and thus the sustainability of cropping systems. Many studies have focused on the effects of either tillage or rotation, but few have quantified the long term integrated effects of both. We studied the issue using a 30-year old long-term rotation and tillage treatment experiment on a Canadian silt loam soil. Topsoil measurements were carried out for three different rotations: R1, (C\u2013C\u2013C\u2013C) continuous corn (Zea mays L.), R6, (C\u2013C\u2013O(RC), B(RC)) corn, corn, oats (Avena fatua L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and R8, (C\u2013C\u2013S\u2013S) corn, corn, soybean (Glycine max L.), soybean. A red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) cover crop was under seeded in oats and spring barley in R6. In 2010, first year corn was grown in R6 and R8. The tillage treatments included no tillage, NT and mouldboard ploughing, MP. Topsoil structural quality was visually evaluated in early June and mid October. Minimal disturbed soil cores collected in early June were used for X-ray CT scanning and to quantify water content and porosity. Soil friability was determined on the soil samples using a drop shatter test. Crop yield was determined and correlated to the soil quality estimates. We found significant effect of both rotation and tillage on visual soil structure at both times of assessment. Poor soil structure was found for NT except when combined with a diverse crop rotation (R6). The soil core pore characteristics data also displayed a significant effect of tillage but only a weak insignificant effect of rotation. The drop shatter results were in accordance with the visual assessment data. Crop yield correlated significantly with the visual soil structure scores. We conclude that a diverse crop rotation was needed for an optimal performance of NT for the studied soil.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "X-ray CT", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "yield", "rotation", "visual soil structure evaluation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.02.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2012.02.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2012.02.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2012.02.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-24", "title": "Grain Legume-Based Rotations Managed Under Conventional Tillage Need Cover Crops To Mitigate Soil Organic Matter Losses", "description": "Inserting legumes in low-input innovative cropping systems can represent a good strategy to reduce current N fertilizer dependency while enhancing ecosystem services. However, although the impact of the use of legumes as cover crops has been broadly studied, very little is known about the effects of grain legume-based rotations on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON). A cropping system experiment with three 3-year rotations with different levels of inclusion of grain legumes: GL0, GL1 and GL2 (none, one, and two grain legumes, respectively), with (CC) or without (BF, bare fallow) cover crops was established in SW France (Auzeville) under temperate climate. Durum wheat was present in all the rotations to act as an indicator of their performance. Soil organic C and SON were quantified before the beginning of the experiment and after 3 and 6 years (i.e. after one and two complete 3-yr rotations). Aboveground C and N inputs to the soil, and C and N harvest indexes and grain yield of the cash crops were also measured. Inserting grain legumes in the rotations significantly affected the amount of C and N inputs and consequently SOC and SON. After two cycles of the 3-yr rotation, the GL1 and GL2 treatments showed a greater decrease in SOC and SON when compared to GL0. However, the inclusion of cover crops in the rotations led to mitigate this loss. Durum wheat produced significantly greater grain yields in GL1 when compared to GL0, while GL2 presented intermediate values. In turn, the incorporation of cover crops did not reduce C and N harvest indexes or the grain yield of the different cash crops. We concluded that, in such conventionally-tilled grain legume-based rotations, the use of cover crops was efficient to mitigate SOC and SON losses and then increase N use efficiency at the cropping system level without reducing productivity. The constructive suggestions of an anonymous Reviewer greatly improved this manuscript. We acknowledge the field and laboratory assistance of Didier Chesneau, Andr\u00e9 Gavaland and Eric Bazerthe. This research was supported by the FP6 Grain Legumes Integrated Project (Food-CT-2004-506223) and INRA. We also acknowledge the French Ministry of Agriculture for funding the CASDAR Leg-N-GES project coordinated by Jean-Pierre Cohan (Arvalis Institut du Vegetal).", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Rotation", "grain legumes", "Grain legumes", "Soil organic carbon", "cover crop", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "rotation", "630", "soil organic carbon", "13. 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