{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.3390/rs10111720", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:19:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-31", "title": "Towards Estimating Land Evaporation at Field Scales Using GLEAM", "description": "

The evaporation of water from land into the atmosphere is a key component of the hydrological cycle. Accurate estimates of this flux are essential for proper water management and irrigation scheduling. However, continuous and qualitative information on land evaporation is currently not available at the required spatio-temporal scales for agricultural applications and regional-scale water management. Here, we apply the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) at 100 m spatial resolution and daily time steps to provide estimates of land evaporation over The Netherlands, Flanders, and western Germany for the period 2013\uffe2\uff80\uff932017. By making extensive use of microwave-based geophysical observations, we are able to provide data under all weather conditions. The soil moisture estimates from GLEAM at high resolution compare well with in situ measurements of surface soil moisture, resulting in a median temporal correlation coefficient of 0.76 across 29 sites. Estimates of terrestrial evaporation are also evaluated using in situ eddy-covariance measurements from five sites, and compared to estimates from the coarse-scale GLEAM v3.2b, land evaporation from the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF), and reference grass evaporation based on Makkink\uffe2\uff80\uff99s equation. All datasets compare similarly with in situ measurements and differences in the temporal statistics are small, with correlation coefficients against in situ data ranging from 0.65 to 0.95, depending on the site. Evaporation estimates from GLEAM-HR are typically bounded by the high values of the Makkink evaporation and the low values from LSA-SAF. While GLEAM-HR and LSA-SAF show the highest spatial detail, their geographical patterns diverge strongly due to differences in model assumptions, model parameterizations, and forcing data. The separate consideration of rainfall interception loss by tall vegetation in GLEAM-HR is a key cause of this divergence: while LSA-SAF reports maximum annual evaporation volumes in the Green Heart of The Netherlands, an area dominated by shrubs and grasses, GLEAM-HR shows its maximum in the national parks of the Veluwe and Heuvelrug, both densely-forested regions where rainfall interception loss is a dominant process. The pioneering dataset presented here is unique in that it provides observational-based estimates at high resolution under all weather conditions, and represents a viable alternative to traditional visible and infrared models to retrieve evaporation at field scales.

", "keywords": ["microwave remote sensing", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "WACMOS-ET PROJECT", "Science", "FLUXNET", "Q", "LSA-SAF", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "MODEL", "CARBON", "VARIABILITY", "terrestrial evaporation", "root-zone soil moisture", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "GLOBAL DATABASE", "WATER", "SOIL-MOISTURE RETRIEVALS", "terrestrial evaporation; root-zone soil moisture; microwave remote sensing; GLEAM; LSA-SAF", "GLEAM", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1720/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111720"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs10111720", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs10111720", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs10111720"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nyas.13912", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:17:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-26", "title": "Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges", "description": "Abstract

Droughts and heatwaves cause agricultural loss, forest mortality, and drinking water scarcity, especially when they occur simultaneously as combined events. Their predicted increase in recurrence and intensity poses serious threats to future food security. Still today, the knowledge of how droughts and heatwaves start and evolve remains limited, and so does our understanding of how climate change may affect them. Droughts and heatwaves have been suggested to intensify and propagate via land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere feedbacks. However, a global capacity to observe these processes is still lacking, and climate and forecast models are immature when it comes to representing the influences of land on temperature and rainfall. Key open questions remain in our goal to uncover the real importance of these feedbacks: What is the impact of the extreme meteorological conditions on ecosystem evaporation? How do these anomalies regulate the atmospheric boundary layer state (event self\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensification) and contribute to the inflow of heat and moisture to other regions (event self\uffe2\uff80\uff90propagation)? Can this knowledge on the role of land feedbacks, when available, be exploited to develop geo\uffe2\uff80\uff90engineering mitigation strategies that prevent these events from aggravating during their early stages? The goal of our perspective is not to present a convincing answer to these questions, but to assess the scientific progress to date, while highlighting new and innovative avenues to keep advancing our understanding in the future.

", "keywords": ["Hot Temperature", "Climate Change", "drought", "SOIL-MOISTURE", "01 natural sciences", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "heatwave", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "CLIMATE EXTREMES", "Humans", "drought; heatwave; land feedback; land\u2013atmospheric interactions", "land feedback", "land\u2013atmospheric interactions", "SAHEL CLIMATE", "Ecosystem", "HEAT-WAVE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "SUMMER", "WATER-VAPOR", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "land-atmospheric interactions", "GRASSLAND ENERGY-EXCHANGE", "Perspectives"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nyas.13912"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20the%20New%20York%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nyas.13912", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nyas.13912", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nyas.13912"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:17:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-08", "title": "Atmospheric heat and moisture transport to energy\u2010 and water\u2010limited ecosystems", "description": "Abstract

The land biosphere is a crucial component of the Earth system that interacts with the atmosphere in a complex manner through manifold feedback processes. These relationships are bidirectional, as climate affects our terrestrial ecosystems, which, in turn, influence climate. Great progress has been made in understanding the local interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and climate, but influences from remote regions through energy and water influxes to downwind ecosystems remain less explored. Using a Lagrangian trajectory model driven by atmospheric reanalysis data, we show how heat and moisture advection affect gross carbon production at interannual scales and in different ecoregions across the globe. For water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited regions, results show a detrimental effect on ecosystem productivity during periods of enhanced heat and reduced moisture advection. These periods are typically associated with winds that disproportionately come from continental source regions, as well as positive sensible heat flux and negative latent heat flux anomalies in those upwind locations. Our results underline the vulnerability of ecosystems to the occurrence of upwind climatic extremes and highlight the importance of the latter for the spatiotemporal propagation of ecosystem disturbances.

", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "LAND", "DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART", "atmospheric advection", "Climate Change", "drought", "01 natural sciences", "CARBON", "ENTRAINMENT", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Atmosphere", "Water", "Original Articles", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "PART I", "13. Climate action", "PRECIPITATION", "EUROPE-WIDE REDUCTION", "land-atmosphere interactions", "Seasons", "ecosystems", "terrestrial carbon cycle", "PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14357"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20the%20New%20York%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nyas.14357"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:17:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-07", "title": "Soil drought can mitigate deadly heat stress thanks to a reduction of air humidity", "description": "

Soil drought can mitigate deadly heat stress thanks to a reduction of air humidity.

", "keywords": ["Multidisciplinary", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Earth", " Environmental", " Ecological", " and Space Sciences", "FEEDBACK", "0207 environmental engineering", "AMPLIFICATION", "02 engineering and technology", "MOISTURE", "15. Life on land", "SUMMER RAINFALL", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "MODEL", "EXCEED", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "TEMPERATURES", "Life Science", "HEATWAVES", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe6653"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20Advances", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/sciadv.abe6653", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/sciadv.abe6653"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-12-2139-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:19:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-05-29", "title": "Atmospheric boundary layer dynamics from balloon soundings worldwide: CLASS4GL v1.0", "description": "

Abstract. The coupling between soil, vegetation and atmosphere is thought to be crucial in the development and intensification of weather extremes, especially meteorological droughts, heat waves and severe storms. Therefore, understanding the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the role of land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere feedbacks is necessary for earlier warnings, better climate projection and timely societal adaptation. However, this understanding is hampered by the difficulties of attributing cause\uffe2\uff80\uff93effect relationships from complex coupled models and the irregular space\uffe2\uff80\uff93time distribution of in situ observations of the land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere system. As such, there is a need for simple deterministic appraisals that systematically discriminate land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere interactions from observed weather phenomena over large domains and climatological time spans. Here, we present a new interactive data platform to study the behavior of the ABL and land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere interactions based on worldwide weather balloon soundings and an ABL model. This software tool \uffe2\uff80\uff93 referred to as CLASS4GL (http://class4gl.eu, last access: 27\uffc2\uffa0May\uffc2\uffa02018) \uffe2\uff80\uff93 is developed with the objectives of (a)\uffc2\uffa0mining appropriate global observational data from \uffe2\uff88\uffbc15\uffc2\uffa0million weather balloon soundings since 1981 and combining them with satellite and reanalysis data and (b)\uffc2\uffa0constraining and initializing a numerical model of the daytime evolution of the ABL that serves as a tool to interpret these observations mechanistically and deterministically. As a result, it fully automizes extensive global model experiments to assess the effects of land and atmospheric conditions on the ABL evolution as observed in different climate regions around the world. The suitability of the set of observations, model formulations and global parameters employed by CLASS4GL is extensively validated. In most cases, the framework is able to realistically reproduce the observed daytime response of the mixed-layer height, potential temperature and specific humidity from the balloon soundings. In this extensive global validation exercise, a bias of 10.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, \uffe2\uff88\uff920.036\uffe2\uff80\uff89K\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 0.06\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 is found for the morning-to-afternoon evolution of the mixed-layer height, potential temperature and specific humidity. The virtual tool is in continuous development and aims to foster a better process understanding of the drivers of the ABL evolution and their global distribution, particularly during the onset and amplification of weather extremes. Finally, it can also be used to scrutinize the representation of land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere feedbacks and ABL dynamics in Earth system models, numerical weather prediction models, atmospheric reanalysis and satellite retrievals, with the ultimate goal of improving local climate projections, providing earlier warning of extreme weather and fostering a more effective development of climate adaptation strategies. The tool can be easily downloaded via http://class4gl.eu (last access: 27\uffc2\uffa0May\uffc2\uffa02018) and is open source.

", "keywords": ["PARAMETRIZATION", "LAND", "PARAMETERIZATION", "QE1-996.5", "COUPLING EXPERIMENT", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "01 natural sciences", "PART I", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "PRECIPITATION", "Life Science", "TEMPERATURE", "DROUGHT", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/12/2139/2019/gmd-12-2139-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2139-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-12-2139-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-12-2139-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-12-2139-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-06T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=SURFACE+EVAPORATION&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=SURFACE+EVAPORATION&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=SURFACE+EVAPORATION&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=SURFACE+EVAPORATION&offset=5", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 5, "numberReturned": 5, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-20T21:00:38.625954Z"}