{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-30", "title": "Fighting salt or enemies: shared perception and signaling strategies", "description": "Plants react to a myriad of biotic and abiotic environmental signals through specific cellular mechanisms required for survival under stress. Although pathogen perception has been widely studied and characterized, salt stress perception and signaling remain largely elusive. Recent observations, obtained in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, show that perception of specific features of pathogens also allows plants to mount salt stress resilience pathways, highlighting the possibility that salt sensing and pathogen perception mechanisms partially overlap. We discuss these overlapping strategies and examine the emerging role of A.\u00a0thaliana cell wall and plasma membrane components in activating both salt- and pathogen-induced responses, as part of exquisite mechanisms underlying perception of damage and danger. This knowledge helps understanding the complexity of plant responses to pathogens and salinity, leading to new hypotheses that could explain why plants evolved similar strategies to respond to these, at first sight, very different types of stimuli.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Salinity", "0303 health sciences", "Pathogen elicitors", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Arabidopsis", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Salt Stress", "03 medical and health sciences", "Cell wall sensing", "Plant immune responses", "Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Plant", "Stress", " Physiological", "Perception", "Danger signals"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Current%20Opinion%20in%20Plant%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-12", "title": "Interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen forms on plant growth, photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment in maize", "description": "To enhance crop productivity and minimize the harmful effects of various environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought, farmers often use mineral fertilizers. However, inadequate or excessive fertilization can reduce plant growth and nutritive quality and contribute to soil degradation and environmental pollution. This study investigated the effects of salinity (0, 100 or 150\u202fmM NaCl) and nitrogen form (sole NO3- or NH4+, or combined NO3-:NH4+ at 25:75 or 50:50) on growth, photosynthesis, and water and ion status of a commercial variety of maize (Zea mays SY Sincero). In the absence of NaCl, the media containing ammonium only or both nitrogen forms had higher aboveground growth rates than that containing nitrate only. Indeed, the maize growth, expressed as leaf dry matter, seen on NH4+ in the absence of salinity, was nearly double the biomass compared to that with NO3-treatment. Irrespective of N form, the presence of NaCl severely reduced leaf and roots growth; the presence of ammonium in the nutrient solution diminished these negative effects. Compared to the NH4+ only and combined treatments, the leaves of plants in the NO3--only medium showed signs of nitrogen deficiency (general chlorosis), which was more pronounced in the lower than upper leaves, indicating that nitrate is partly replaced by chloride during root uptake. NH4+ favored maize growth more than NO3-, especially when exposed to saline conditions, and may improve the plant's capacity to osmotically adjust to salinity by accumulating inorganic solutes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "Proline", "Nitrogen", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Salt Stress", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "03 medical and health sciences", "Osmoregulation", "Osmotic Pressure", "Ammonium Compounds", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Photosynthesis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/plcell/koac263", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-26", "title": "Burning questions for a warming and changing world: 15 unknowns in plant abiotic stress", "description": "Abstract

We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels; how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time); and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant diversity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges. Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), as anticipated. Notably, a specific cluster of genes responded uniquely to sodium (Na + ) ions and are not regulated by the known monovalent cation sensing mechanism MOCA1 . Surprisingly, expression of sodium-induced genes exhibited a negative correlation with the ABA response and preceded the activation of genes induced by the osmotic stress component of salt. Elevated exogenous ABA levels resulted in the complete abolition of sodium-induced responses. Consistently, the ABA insensitive snrk2.2/2.3 double mutant displayed prolonged sodium-induced gene expression, coupled with increased root cell damage and root swelling under high salinity conditions. Moreover, ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants were unable to redirect root growth to avoid high sodium concentrations and had increased sodium accumulation in the shoot. In summary, our findings unveil an unexpected and pivotal role for ABA signaling in mitigating cellular damage induced by salinity stress and modulating sodium-induced responses in plant roots. During salt stress, the root system architecture of a plant is important for survival. Different accessions ofArabidopsis thalianahave adopted different strategies in remodeling their root architecture during salt stress. Salt induces a multiphase growth response in roots, consisting of a stop phase, quiescent phase, recovery phase and eventually a new level of homeostasis. We explored natural variation in the length of and growth rate during these phases in both main and lateral roots and find that some accessions lack the quiescent phase. Using mathematical models and correlation-based network, allowed us to correlate dynamic traits to overall root architecture and discover that both the main root growth rate during homeostasis and lateral root appearance are the strongest determinants of overall root architecture. In addition, this approach revealed a trade-off between investing in main or lateral root length during salt stress. By studying natural variation in high-resolution temporal root growth using mathematical modeling, we gained new insights in the interactions between dynamic root growth traits and we identified key traits that modulate overall root architecture during salt stress.

Summary statement

By studying natural variation in salt-induced root growth phases inArabidopsis, we show that main root growth rate during homeostasis and lateral root appearance contribute most to root architecture and we reveal a trade-off between investing in main and lateral root growth during salt stress.

Acclimation of root growth is vital for plants to survive salt stress. Halophytes are great examples of plants that thrive even under severe salinity, but their salt tolerance mechanisms, especially those mediated by root responses, are still largely unknown.

We compared root growth responses of the halophyteSchrenkiella parvulawith its glycophytic relative speciesArabidopsis thalianaunder salt stress and performed transcriptomic analysis ofS.\uffc2\uffa0parvularoots to identify possible gene regulatory networks underlying their physiological responses.

Schrenkiella parvularoots do not avoid salt and experience less growth inhibition under salt stress. Salt\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced abscisic acid levels were higher inS.\uffc2\uffa0parvularoots compared with Arabidopsis. Root transcriptomic analysis ofS.\uffc2\uffa0parvularevealed the induction of sugar transporters and genes regulating cell expansion and suberization under salt stress.14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90labeled carbon partitioning analyses showed thatS.\uffc2\uffa0parvulacontinued allocating carbon to roots from shoots under salt stress while carbon barely allocated to Arabidopsis roots. Further physiological investigation revealed thatS.\uffc2\uffa0parvularoots maintained root cell expansion and enhanced suberization under severe salt stress.

In summary, roots ofS.\uffc2\uffa0parvuladeploy multiple physiological and developmental adjustments under salt stress to maintain growth, providing new avenues to improve salt tolerance of plants using root\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific strategies.

Owing to its detrimental effect on plant growth, salinity is an increasing worldwide problem for agriculture. To understand the molecular mechanisms activated in response to salt in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like family, which contains sensors that were previously shown to be involved in sensing the structural integrity of the cell walls. We found that herk1 the1-4 double mutants, lacking the function of HERKULES1 (HERK1) and combined with a gain-of-function allele of THESEUS1 (THE1), strongly respond to salt application, resulting in an intense activation of stress responses, similarly to plants lacking FERONIA (FER) function. We report that salt triggers pectin methyl esterase (PME) activation and show its requirement for the activation of several salt-dependent responses. Because chemical inhibition of PMEs alleviates these salt-induced responses, we hypothesize a model in which salt directly leads to cell wall modifications through the activation of PMEs. Responses to salt partly require the functionality of FER alone or HERK1/THE1 to attenuate salt effects, highlighting the complexity of the salt-sensing mechanisms that rely on cell wall integrity.Background: Technosoils in Inowroc\u0142aw, central Poland, are impacted by human activities and exhibit high salinity (ECe up to 70 dS/m) due to a soda lime repository. These saline environments pose challenges to plant growth and soil health. However, they also offer an opportunity for the evolution of microorganisms adapted to such conditions, including plant growth-promoting rhizospheric (PGPR) bacteria. The hypothesis tested here was that introducing PGPR bacteria from these environments could boost degraded soil performance, leading to better plant biomass and improved pathogen defense. Methods: Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii was isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) for its plant growth properties on wheat plants under salt stress. Results: Wheat seeds co-inoculated with A. chroococcum W4ii under 200 mM salt stress showed significant improvement in various growth parameters such as seeds germination (by 130%), shoot biomass (15%), chlorophyll b content (40%) compared to un-inoculated ones. Bacterial inoculation decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas it elevated the antioxidative enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD). The test isolate also enhanced the level of defense enzymes like \u03b2-1, 3-glucanase, which can protect plants from infection by pathogens. The bacterium could also successfully colonize the wheat plants. Conclusions: These results indicate that A. chroococcum isolated from the technosoils has the potential to promote wheat growth under salt stress and can be further used as a bioinoculant in the salt affected agricultural fields. ", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "PGPR", "Salt stress", "Technosoil", "Articles", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Triticum aestivum L.", "PGPR;Azotobacter chroococcum;Salt stress;Technosoil;Triticum aestivum L.", "Research Article", "Azotobacter chroococcum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Binod Kumar, Sweta, Kalwasi\u0144ska, Agnieszka, Swiontek Brzezinska, Maria, Wr\u00f3bel, Monika,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Open%20Research%20Europe", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-08-14", "title": "Application of halotolerant Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii isolated from technosoils to mitigate salt stress in wheat plant", "description": "Background: Technosoils in Inowroc\u0142aw, central Poland, are impacted by human activities and exhibit high salinity (ECe up to 70 dS/m) due to a soda lime repository. These saline environments pose challenges to plant growth and soil health. However, they also offer an opportunity for the evolution of microorganisms adapted to such conditions, including plant growth-promoting rhizospheric (PGPR) bacteria. The hypothesis tested here was that introducing PGPR bacteria from these environments could boost degraded soil performance, leading to better plant biomass and improved pathogen defense. Methods: Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii was isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for its plant growth properties on wheat plants under salt stress. Results: Wheat seeds co-inoculated with A. chroococcum W4ii under 200 mM salt stress showed significant improvement in various growth parameters such as seeds germination (by 130%), shoot biomass (15%), chlorophyll b content (40%) compared to un-inoculated ones. Bacterial inoculation decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas it elevated the antioxidative enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD). The test isolate also enhanced the level of defense enzymes like \u03b2-1, 3-glucanase, which can protect plants from infection by pathogens. The bacterium could also successfully colonize the wheat plants. Conclusions: These results indicate that A. chroococcum isolated from the technosoils has the potential to promote wheat growth under salt stress and can be further used as a bioinoculant in the salt affected agricultural fields.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "PGPR", "Salt stress", "Technosoil", "Articles", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "PGPR;Azotobacter chroococcum;Salt stress;Technosoil;Triticum aestivum L.", "Triticum aestivum L.", "Research Article", "Azotobacter chroococcum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Binod Kumar, Sweta, Kalwasi\u0144ska, Agnieszka, Swiontek Brzezinska, Maria, Wr\u00f3bel, Monika,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Open%20Research%20Europe", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.2", "name": "item", "description": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-09-09", "title": "Using halotolerant Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii from technosoils to mitigate wheat salt stress", "description": "Background Technosoils in Inowroc\u0142aw, central Poland, are impacted by human activities and exhibit high salinity (ECe up to 70 dS/m) due to a soda lime repository. These saline environments pose challenges to plant growth and soil health. However, they also offer an opportunity for the evolution of microorganisms adapted to such conditions, including plant growth-promoting rhizospheric (PGPR) bacteria. The hypothesis tested here was that introducing PGPR bacteria from these environments could boost degraded soil performance, leading to better plant biomass and improved pathogen defense. Methods Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii was isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for its plant growth properties on wheat plants under salt stress. Results Wheat seeds co-inoculated with A. chroococcum W4ii under 200 mM salt stress showed significant improvement in various growth parameters such as seeds germination (by 130%), shoot biomass (15%), chlorophyll b content (40%) compared to un-inoculated ones. Bacterial inoculation decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) by 55.5% (P<0.001), whereas it elevated the antioxidative enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD) by 33.69% (P<0.001). The test isolate also significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the level of defense enzymes like \u03b2-1,3-glucanase, which can protect plants from infection by pathogens. The bacterium could also successfully colonize the wheat plants. Conclusions These results indicate that A. chroococcum isolated from the technosoil has the potential to promote wheat growth under salt stress and can be further used as a bioinoculant in the salt affected agricultural fields.", "keywords": ["PGPR", "Salt stress", "Technosoil", "PGPR;Azotobacter chroococcum;Salt stress;Technosoil;Triticum aestivum L.", "Triticum aestivum L.", "Azotobacter chroococcum", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Binod Kumar, Sweta, Kalwasi\u0144ska, Agnieszka, Swiontek Brzezinska, Maria, Wr\u00f3bel, Monika,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Open%20Research%20Europe", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.4", "name": "item", "description": "10.12688/openreseurope.15821.4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.12688/openreseurope.15821.4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agriculture15060624", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:20:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-03-17", "title": "Exploring the Root-Associated Bacterial Community of Tomato Plants in Response to Salt Stress", "description": "

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses that limits plant growth. This study addressed how the composition and diversity of root-associated bacterial communities reacts over time to salt-induced stress conditions. To understand its adaptation to soil salinization, the microbiome was studied by total DNA extraction and sequencing, using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Additionally, we evaluated the plant metabolites associated with salt stress (oxylipins, fatty acids (FAs) and hormones) by mass spectrometry. Salinity reduced rhizosphere bacterial diversity in salt-treated plants at 7 and 14 days and triggered a progressive shift of the bacterial structure, starting 7 days after salt stress imposed. The bacterial rhizosphere community became enriched with specific bacteria associated with potential genes involved in the PGP trait and ion homeostasis. For these plants, metabolites that showed higher levels included 9-lipoxygenase (LOX) oxylipins, which were found at days 7 and 14. The results indicated that salinity seems to have induced changes in the rhizosphere bacterial community, with characteristics that may help the plant respond to the imposed stress. Furthermore, our study highlighted the role of 9-LOX oxylipins in responding to salinity stress, providing new insights into the complex plant\u2013microbe interactions under salt stress.

", "keywords": ["lipids", "oxylipins", "Agriculture (General)", "plant metabolome", "tomato plant", "bacterial community", "salt stress", "S1-972"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060624"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agriculture15060624", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agriculture15060624", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agriculture15060624"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2921715624", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-12", "title": "Interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen forms on plant growth, photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment in maize", "description": "To enhance crop productivity and minimize the harmful effects of various environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought, farmers often use mineral fertilizers. However, inadequate or excessive fertilization can reduce plant growth and nutritive quality and contribute to soil degradation and environmental pollution. This study investigated the effects of salinity (0, 100 or 150\u202fmM NaCl) and nitrogen form (sole NO3- or NH4+, or combined NO3-:NH4+ at 25:75 or 50:50) on growth, photosynthesis, and water and ion status of a commercial variety of maize (Zea mays SY Sincero). In the absence of NaCl, the media containing ammonium only or both nitrogen forms had higher aboveground growth rates than that containing nitrate only. Indeed, the maize growth, expressed as leaf dry matter, seen on NH4+ in the absence of salinity, was nearly double the biomass compared to that with NO3-treatment. Irrespective of N form, the presence of NaCl severely reduced leaf and roots growth; the presence of ammonium in the nutrient solution diminished these negative effects. Compared to the NH4+ only and combined treatments, the leaves of plants in the NO3--only medium showed signs of nitrogen deficiency (general chlorosis), which was more pronounced in the lower than upper leaves, indicating that nitrate is partly replaced by chloride during root uptake. NH4+ favored maize growth more than NO3-, especially when exposed to saline conditions, and may improve the plant's capacity to osmotically adjust to salinity by accumulating inorganic solutes.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Proline", "Nitrogen", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Salt Stress", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "03 medical and health sciences", "Osmoregulation", "Osmotic Pressure", "Ammonium Compounds", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Photosynthesis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2921715624"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2921715624", "name": "item", "description": "2921715624", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2921715624"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-01HDKBPVW8Y8ZFTAZJ3JZ2SX9M", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-29", "title": "The Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Halotolerant Bacteria Is Not Phylogenetically Determined: Evidence from Two Bacillus megaterium Strains Isolated from Saline Soils Used to Grow Wheat", "description": "

(1) Background: Increasing salinity, further potentiated by climate change and soil degradation, will jeopardize food security even more. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices capable of maintaining high crop yields despite adverse conditions. Here, we tested if wheat, a salt-sensitive crop, could be a good reservoir for halotolerant bacteria with plant growth-promoting (PGP) capabilities. (2) Methods: We used two agricultural soils from Algeria, which differ in salinity but are both used to grow wheat. Soil halotolerant bacterial strains were isolated and screened for 12 PGP traits related to phytohormone production, improved nitrogen and phosphorus availability, nutrient cycling, and plant defence. The four \u2018most promising\u2019 halotolerant PGPB strains were tested hydroponically on wheat by measuring their effect on germination, survival, and biomass along a salinity gradient. (3) Results: Two halotolerant bacterial strains with PGP traits were isolated from the non-saline soil and were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and another two halotolerant bacterial strains with PGP traits were isolated from the saline soil and identified as B. megaterium. When grown under 250 mM of NaCl, only the inoculated wheat seedlings survived. The halotolerant bacterial strain that displayed all 12 PGP traits and promoted seed germination and plant growth the most was one of the B. megaterium strains isolated from the saline soil. Although they both belonged to the B. megaterium clade and displayed a remarkable halotolerance, the two bacterial strains isolated from the saline soil differed in two PGP traits and had different effects on plant performance, which clearly shows that PGP potential is not phylogenetically determined. (4) Conclusions: Our data highlight that salt-sensitive plants and non-saline soils can be reservoirs for halotolerant microbes with the potential to become effective and sustainable strategies to improve plant tolerance to salinity. However, these strains need to be tested under field conditions and with more crops before being considered biofertilizer candidates.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture and Food Sciences", "PRODUCTIVITY", "DEFENSE", "QH301-705.5", "AUXIN", "15. Life on land", "plant growth promoting traits", "Article", "12. Responsible consumption", "salinity", "SALT STRESS", "NITROGEN", "halotolerant bacterial strains", "13. Climate action", "wheat", "biofertilizer", "ASSAY", "biofertilizer; halotolerant bacterial strains; plant growth promoting traits; salinity; wheat", "TOLERANCE", "Biology (General)", "ADAPTATION", "TRIGGER"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/7/1687/pdf"}, {"href": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/59751/1/Bessai%20et%20al%202023.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/7/1687/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-01HDKBPVW8Y8ZFTAZJ3JZ2SX9M"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microorganisms", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-01HDKBPVW8Y8ZFTAZJ3JZ2SX9M", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-01HDKBPVW8Y8ZFTAZJ3JZ2SX9M", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-01HDKBPVW8Y8ZFTAZJ3JZ2SX9M"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-06-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/607834", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-13", "title": "Effective root responses to salinity stress include maintained cell expansion and carbon allocation", "description": "Summary

Acclimation of root growth is vital for plants to survive salt stress. Halophytes are great examples of plants that thrive even under severe salinity, but their salt tolerance mechanisms, especially those mediated by root responses, are still largely unknown.

We compared root growth responses of the halophyte Schrenkiella parvula with its glycophytic relative species Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress and performed transcriptomic analysis of S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula roots to identify possible gene regulatory networks underlying their physiological responses.

Schrenkiella parvula roots do not avoid salt and experience less growth inhibition under salt stress. Salt\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced abscisic acid levels were higher in S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula roots compared with Arabidopsis. Root transcriptomic analysis of S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula revealed the induction of sugar transporters and genes regulating cell expansion and suberization under salt stress. 14 C\uffe2\uff80\uff90labeled carbon partitioning analyses showed that S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula continued allocating carbon to roots from shoots under salt stress while carbon barely allocated to Arabidopsis roots. Further physiological investigation revealed that S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula roots maintained root cell expansion and enhanced suberization under severe salt stress.

In summary, roots of S.\uffc2\uffa0parvula deploy multiple physiological and developmental adjustments under salt stress to maintain growth, providing new avenues to improve salt tolerance of plants using root\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific strategies.

We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels; how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time); and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant diversity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges.Owing to its detrimental effect on plant growth, salinity is an increasing worldwide problem for agriculture. To understand the molecular mechanisms activated in response to salt in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like family, which contains sensors that were previously shown to be involved in sensing the structural integrity of the cell walls. We found that herk1 the1-4 double mutants, lacking the function of HERKULES1 (HERK1) and combined with a gain-of-function allele of THESEUS1 (THE1), strongly respond to salt application, resulting in an intense activation of stress responses, similarly to plants lacking FERONIA (FER) function. We report that salt triggers pectin methyl esterase (PME) activation and show its requirement for the activation of several salt-dependent responses. Because chemical inhibition of PMEs alleviates these salt-induced responses, we hypothesize a model in which salt directly leads to cell wall modifications through the activation of PMEs. Responses to salt partly require the functionality of FER alone or HERK1/THE1 to attenuate salt effects, highlighting the complexity of the salt-sensing mechanisms that rely on cell wall integrity.During salt stress, the root system architecture of a plant is important for survival. Different accessions ofArabidopsis thalianahave adopted different strategies in remodeling their root architecture during salt stress. Salt induces a multiphase growth response in roots, consisting of a stop phase, quiescent phase, recovery phase and eventually a new level of homeostasis. We explored natural variation in the length of and growth rate during these phases in both main and lateral roots and find that some accessions lack the quiescent phase. Using mathematical models and correlation-based network, allowed us to correlate dynamic traits to overall root architecture and discover that both the main root growth rate during homeostasis and lateral root appearance are the strongest determinants of overall root architecture. In addition, this approach revealed a trade-off between investing in main or lateral root length during salt stress. By studying natural variation in high-resolution temporal root growth using mathematical modeling, we gained new insights in the interactions between dynamic root growth traits and we identified key traits that modulate overall root architecture during salt stress.

Summary statement

By studying natural variation in salt-induced root growth phases inArabidopsis, we show that main root growth rate during homeostasis and lateral root appearance contribute most to root architecture and we reveal a trade-off between investing in main and lateral root growth during salt stress.Background Technosoils in Inowroc\u0142aw, central Poland, are impacted by human activities and exhibit high salinity (ECe up to 70 dS/m) due to a soda lime repository. These saline environments pose challenges to plant growth and soil health. However, they also offer an opportunity for the evolution of microorganisms adapted to such conditions, including plant growth-promoting rhizospheric (PGPR) bacteria. The hypothesis tested here was that introducing PGPR bacteria from these environments could boost degraded soil performance, leading to better plant biomass and improved pathogen defense. Methods Azotobacter chroococcum W4ii was isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for its plant growth properties on wheat plants under salt stress. Results Wheat seeds co-inoculated with A. chroococcum W4ii under 200 mM salt stress showed significant improvement in various growth parameters such as seeds germination (by 130%), shoot biomass (15%), chlorophyll b content (40%) compared to un-inoculated ones. Bacterial inoculation decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) by 55.5% (P<0.001), whereas it elevated the antioxidative enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD) by 33.69% (P<0.001). The test isolate also significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the level of defense enzymes like \u03b2-1,3-glucanase, which can protect plants from infection by pathogens. The bacterium could also successfully colonize the wheat plants. Conclusions These results indicate that A. chroococcum isolated from the technosoil has the potential to promote wheat growth under salt stress and can be further used as a bioinoculant in the salt affected agricultural fields.", "keywords": ["PGPR;Azotobacter chroococcum;Salt stress;Technosoil;Triticum aestivum L.", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Binod Kumar, Sweta, Kalwasi\u0144ska, Agnieszka, Swiontek Brzezinska, Maria, Wr\u00f3bel, Monika,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/PMC11325138"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Open%20Research%20Europe", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC11325138", "name": "item", "description": "PMC11325138", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC11325138"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC11831169", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:28:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-05", "title": "Abscisic acid signaling gates salt-induced responses of plant roots", "description": "

Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), as anticipated. Notably, a specific cluster of genes responded uniquely to sodium (Na + ) ions and are not regulated by the known monovalent cation sensing mechanism MOCA1 . Surprisingly, expression of sodium-induced genes exhibited a negative correlation with the ABA response and preceded the activation of genes induced by the osmotic stress component of salt. Elevated exogenous ABA levels resulted in the complete abolition of sodium-induced responses. Consistently, the ABA insensitive snrk2.2/2.3 double mutant displayed prolonged sodium-induced gene expression, coupled with increased root cell damage and root swelling under high salinity conditions. Moreover, ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants were unable to redirect root growth to avoid high sodium concentrations and had increased sodium accumulation in the shoot. In summary, our findings unveil an unexpected and pivotal role for ABA signaling in mitigating cellular damage induced by salinity stress and modulating sodium-induced responses in plant roots. Owing to its detrimental effect on plant growth, salinity is an increasing worldwide problem for agriculture. To understand the molecular mechanisms activated in response to salt in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like family, which contains sensors that were previously shown to be involved in sensing the structural integrity of the cell walls. We found that herk1 the1-4 double mutants, lacking the function of HERKULES1 (HERK1) and combined with a gain-of-function allele of THESEUS1 (THE1), strongly respond to salt application, resulting in an intense activation of stress responses, similarly to plants lacking FERONIA (FER) function. We report that salt triggers pectin methyl esterase (PME) activation and show its requirement for the activation of several salt-dependent responses. Because chemical inhibition of PMEs alleviates these salt-induced responses, we hypothesize a model in which salt directly leads to cell wall modifications through the activation of PMEs. Responses to salt partly require the functionality of FER alone or HERK1/THE1 to attenuate salt effects, highlighting the complexity of the salt-sensing mechanisms that rely on cell wall integrity.