Orbital observation has revealed a rich record of fluvial landforms on Mars, with much of this record dating 3.6\uffe2\uff80\uff933.0 Ga. Despite widespread geomorphic evidence, few analyses of Mars\uffe2\uff80\uff99 alluvial sedimentary-stratigraphic record exist, with detailed studies of alluvium largely limited to smaller sand-bodies amenable to study in-situ by rovers. These typically metre-scale outcrop dimensions have prevented interpretation of larger scale channel-morphology and long-term basin evolution, vital for understanding the past Martian climate. Here we give an interpretation of a large sedimentary succession at Izola mensa within the NW Hellas Basin rim. The succession comprises channel and barform packages which together demonstrate that river deposition was already well established >3.7 Ga. The deposits mirror terrestrial analogues subject to low-peak discharge variation, implying that river deposition at Izola was subject to sustained, potentially perennial, fluvial flow. Such conditions would require an environment capable of maintaining large volumes of water for extensive time-periods, necessitating a precipitation-driven hydrological cycle.
", "keywords": ["550", "Science", "General Biochemistry", "Genetics and Molecular Biology", "Q", "500", "General Physics and Astronomy", "Geomorphology", "General Chemistry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "12. Responsible consumption", "Sedimentology", " Stratigraphy", " Fluvial Deposits", " Mars", " Sedimentary Deposits", "[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "13. Climate action", "Inner planets", "[SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://oro.open.ac.uk/70442/1/70442.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15622-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15622-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-020-15622-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-020-15622-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-020-15622-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2018je005802", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-22", "title": "Geological Evidence of Planet\u2010Wide Groundwater System on Mars", "description": "AbstractThe scale of groundwater upwelling on Mars, as well as its relation to sedimentary systems, remains an ongoing debate. Several deep craters (basins) in the northern equatorial regions show compelling signs that large amounts of water once existed on Mars at a planet\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide scale. The presence of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90formed features, including fluvial Gilbert and sapping deltas fed by sapping valleys, constitute strong evidence of groundwater upwelling resulting in long term standing bodies of water inside the basins. Terrestrial field evidence shows that sapping valleys can occur in basalt bedrock and not only in unconsolidated sediments. A hypothesis that considers the elevation differences between the observed morphologies and the assumed basal groundwater level is presented and described as the \uffe2\uff80\uff9cdike\uffe2\uff80\uff90confined water\uffe2\uff80\uff9d model, already present on Earth and introduced for the first time in the Martian geological literature. Only the deepest basins considered in this study, those with bases deeper than \uffe2\uff88\uff924000\uffc2\uffa0m in elevation below the Mars datum, intercepted the water\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated zone and exhibit evidence of groundwater fluctuations. The discovery of these groundwater discharge sites on a planet\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide scale strongly suggests a link between the putative Martian ocean and various configurations of sedimentary deposits that were formed as a result of groundwater fluctuations during the Hesperian period. This newly recognized evidence of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90formed features significantly increases the chance that biosignatures could be buried in the sediment. These deep basins (groundwater\uffe2\uff80\uff90fed lakes) will be of interest to future exploration missions as they might provide evidence of geological conditions suitable for life.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "Gilbert Delta; Mars; groundwater; lakes; sapping valley; sedimentology.", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Research Articles", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ricerca.unich.it/bitstream/11564/702001/1/Salese_et_al-2019-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Planets-print.pdf"}, {"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JE005802"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005802"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Planets", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2018je005802", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2018je005802", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2018je005802"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41561-019-0407-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-26", "title": "An oceanic subduction origin for Archaean granitoids revealed by silicon isotopes", "description": "Modern oceanic crust is constantly produced at oceanic ridges and recycled back into the mantle at subduction zones via plate tectonics. An outstanding question in geology is whether the Earth started in a non-plate tectonic regime, and if it did, when the transition to the modern regime occurred. This is a complicated question to address because Archaean rocks lack modern equivalents to anchor interpretations. Here, we present a silicon isotopic study of 4.0\u20132.8-Gyr-old tonalite\u2013trondhjemite\u2013granodiorites, as well as Palaeozoic granites and modern adakites. We show that Archaean granitoids have heavier silicon isotopic compositions than granites and adakites, regardless of melting pressure. This is best explained if Archaean granitoids were formed by melting of subducted basaltic crust enriched in sedimentary silica through interaction with seawater. Before the appearance of silica-forming organisms 0.5\u20130.6\u2009billion years ago, the oceans were close to silicon saturation, which led to extensive precipitation of cherts on the seafloor. This is in contrast to modern oceans, where silica biomineralization maintains dissolved silicon at low concentration. The unique heavy silicon isotope signature of cherts has been transferred to Archaean granitoids during an oceanic subduction process, which was probably responsible for the formation of felsic rocks on Archaean emerged lands. Archaean granitic rocks formed by melting of silica-enriched subducted basaltic crust through interaction with seawater, according to heavy silicon isotopes measured in Archaean samples.", "keywords": ["Geochemistry", "13. Climate action", "Precambrian geology", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "14. Life underwater", "Sedimentology", "Geodynamics", "01 natural sciences", "Petrology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0407-6.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0407-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41561-019-0407-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41561-019-0407-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41561-019-0407-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1089/ast.2019.2132", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-29", "title": "Fluvial Regimes, Morphometry, and Age of Jezero Crater Paleolake Inlet Valleys and Their Exobiological Significance for the 2020 Rover Mission Landing Site", "description": "Jezero crater has been selected as the landing site for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, because it contains a paleolake with two fan-deltas, inlet and outlet valleys. Using the data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), we conducted a quantitative geomorphological study of the inlet valleys of the Jezero paleolake. Results show that the strongest erosion is related to a network of deep valleys that cut into the highland bedrock well upstream of the Jezero crater and likely formed before the formation of the regional olivine-rich unit. In contrast, the lower sections of valleys display poor bedrock erosion and a lack of tributaries but are characterized by the presence of pristine landforms interpreted as fluvial bars from preserved channels, the discharge rates of which have been estimated at 103-104 m3s-1. The valleys' lower sections postdate the olivine-rich unit, are linked directly to the fan-deltas, and are thus formed in an energetic, late stage of activity. Although a Late Noachian age for the fan-deltas' formation is not excluded based on crosscutting relationships and crater counts, this indicates evidence of a Hesperian age with significant implications for exobiology.", "keywords": ["Geologic Sediments", "550", "landing site", "Extraterrestrial Environment", "Datasets as Topic", "Magnesium Compounds", "Mars", "01 natural sciences", "HRSC", "HiRISE", "[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "Taverne", "Exobiology", "0103 physical sciences", "Perseverance rover", "Off-Road Motor Vehicles", "Spacecraft", "fluvial landforms", "Fluvial deposits", " Sedimentology", " Landing site", " Mars", " Perseverance rover", "", "Landing site", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Silicates", "500", "15. Life on land", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)", "Fluvial landforms", "Lakes", "Space and Planetary Science", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "Iron Compounds"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ast.2019.2132"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2132"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Astrobiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1089/ast.2019.2132", "name": "item", "description": "10.1089/ast.2019.2132", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1089/ast.2019.2132"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1089/ast.2020.2228", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-21", "title": "Estimated Minimum Life Span of the Jezero Fluvial Delta (Mars)", "description": "The paleo-lake floor at the edge of the Jezero delta has been selected as the NASA 2020 rover landing site. In this article, we demonstrate the sequences of lake filling and delta formation and constrain the minimum life span of the Jezero paleo-lake from sedimentological and hydrological analyses. Two main phases of delta evolution can be recognized by utilizing imagery provided by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) and High Resolution Stereo Camera (ESA Mars Express): (1) basin infilling before the breaching of the Jezero rim and (2) the delta formation itself. Our results suggest that delta formation occurred over a minimum period of 90-550 years of hydrological activity. Breaching of the Jezero rim occurred in at least three distinct episodes, which spanned a far longer time-period than overall delta formation. This evolutionary history implies that the Jezero-lake floor would have been a haven for fine-grained sediment accumulation and hosted an active environment of significant astrobiological importance.", "keywords": ["Geologic Sediments", "Evolution", " Chemical", "550", "Extraterrestrial Environment", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Mars", "Neretva Vallis", "15. Life on land", "Jezero fan-delta", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)", "01 natural sciences", "Fluvial activity", "Lake", "Lakes", "[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "Space and Planetary Science", "13. Climate action", "Taverne", "Exobiology", "0103 physical sciences", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Sedimentology", " Fluvial activity", " Jezero fan-delta", " Lake", " Landing site", " Mars", " Neretva Vallis", "[SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "Landing site", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ast.2020.2228"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2228"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Astrobiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1089/ast.2020.2228", "name": "item", "description": "10.1089/ast.2020.2228", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1089/ast.2020.2228"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-25", "title": "Smoothed millennial-scale palaeoclimatic reference data as unconventional comparison targets: Application to European loess records", "description": "AbstractMillennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of \uffce\uffb418O data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last ~15 ka and between ~50\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 ka. Between ~30\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
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