{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-15", "title": "Earthworms, Soil Fertility And Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter Dynamics In The Quesungual Agroforestry System", "description": "Abstract   Issues of food security, environmental degradation and global climate change underscore the need for the improved understanding of sustainable agricultural systems around the globe. The Quesungual slash-and-mulch agroforestry system (QSMAS) of western Honduras offers a promising alternative to traditional slash-and-burn (SB) agriculture for the mountainous tropical dry forest zones of Central America, but the overall influence of this system on soils is not fully understood. We examined earthworm populations, soil fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics under QSMAS and SB agriculture, with secondary forest (SF) as a reference. Both QSMAS and SB consisted of treatments with and without inorganic fertilizer (N\u2013P\u2013K) additions, resulting in five management treatments, each present on three replicate farms. Baseline soil samples (0\u201315\u00a0cm) were collected prior to forest clearing and establishment of QSMAS plots in 2003 and in SB and SF plots in 2005 to determine initial soil concentrations of C and N. Soils were sampled in 2006 and 2007 for bulk soil C and N and P availability, as well as for aggregate fractionation and determination of C and N within the different aggregate size fractions. Earthworm populations were assessed in July 2007. Earthworm numbers and biomass were higher under QSMAS than under SB (13.4 vs. 0.8\u00a0g fresh biomass m \u2212\u00a02 ; respectively). Significant interactions between cropping system and fertilization suggest that QSMAS increased the availability of added inorganic P, 3 times more under QSMAS than for SB. Comparisons with SF, indicated that both cropping systems resulted in a dramatic loss of C (average 5\u00a0g\u00a0C\u00a0kg \u2212\u00a01  soil) since treatment implementation, and that this loss was mainly associated with the disruption of C rich large macroaggregates (>\u00a02000\u00a0\u00b5m). After taking into account baseline soil C differences between plots, no major differences in total SOM losses were found between QSMAS and SB management. However, earlier establishment of QSMAS plots suggests that the overall rate of C loss since treatment establishment was lower for QSMAS than for SB. Results from this study suggest that the Quesungual agroforestry system offers great potential to improve soil fertility and biological health in the region relative to traditional slash-and-burn agriculture.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "cultivo migratorio", "6. Clean water", "agroforestry", "unidades estructurales de suelos", "oligochaeta", "13. Climate action", "manejo del suelo", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "phosphorus", "fosforo", "soil management", "agroforesteria", "soil structural units"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-15", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Fallow Systems And Lengths On Crop Production And Soil Fertility Maintenance In West Africa", "description": "In the development of short fallow systems as alternatives to shifting cultivation in West Africa, a long-term trial was established at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on an Alfisol in the forest-savanna transitional zone of southwestern Nigeria, comparing three fallow systems; natural regrowth fallow, cover crop fallow and alley cropping on soil productivity and crop yield sustainability. The natural fallow system consisted of natural regrowth of mainly Chromolaena odorata shrub as fallow vegetation. The cover crop fallow system consisted of Pueraria phaseoloides, a herbaceous legume as fallow vegetation. The alley cropping system consisted of woody hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala as fallow vegetation. The fallow lengths were 0 (continuous cropping), 1, 2 and 3 years after 1 year of maize/cassava intercropping. Biomass produced from natural fallow and cover crop fallow was burnt during the land preparation. Fertilizer was not applied throughout the study. Without fertilizer application, maize yield declined from above 3.0 t ha\u22121 to below 0.5 t ha\u22121 during 12 years of cultivation (1989\u20132000) on a land cleared from a 23-year old secondary forest. Temporal change in cassava tuber yield was erratic. Mean maize grain yields from 1993\u20132000 except for 1999 were higher in cover crop fallow system (1.89 t ha\u22121) than in natural fallow system (1.73 t ha\u22121), while natural fallow system outperformed alley cropping system (1.46 t ha\u22121). During the above 7 years, mean cassava tuber yield in cover crop system (7.7 t ha\u22121) did not differ from natural fallow system (8.2 t ha\u22121), and both systems showed higher cassava tuber than the alley cropping system (5.7 t ha\u22121). The positive effect of fallowing on crop yields was observed for both crops in the three systems, however, insignificant effects were seen when fallow length exceeded 1 year for cover crop and alley cropping, and 2 years for natural fallow. Soil pH, organic carbon, available P and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K decreased considerably after 12 years of cultivation, even in a 3-year fallow subplot. After 12 years, soil organic carbon (SOC) within 0\u20135 cm depth in alley cropping (13.9 g kg\u22121) and natural fallow (13.7 g kg\u22121) was higher than in cover crop fallow (11.6 g kg\u22121). Whereas significant increase in SOC with either natural fallow or alley cropping was observed only after 2 or 3 years of fallow, the SOC in the 1-year fallow alley cropping subplot was higher than that in continuous cropping natural fallow subplot. It can be concluded from our study that in transforming shifting cultivation to a permanent cropping, fallow with natural vegetation (natural fallow), herbaceous legumes (cover crop fallow) and woody legumes (alley cropping) can contribute to the maintenance of crop production and soil fertility, however, length of fallow period does not need to exceed 2 years. When the fallow length is reduced to 1 year, a better alternative to natural regrowth fallow would be the cover crop for higher maize yield and alley cropping for higher soil organic matter. For fallow length of 2 years, West African farmers would be better off with the natural fallow system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Crop yields", "Conservation agriculture", "Cover crops", "Nigeria", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "Woody species", "Long-term trial", "West Africa", "Shifting cultivation", "Fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Guanglong Tian, Guanglong Tian, B. T. Kang, F. K. Salako, P. Idinoba, G.O. Kolawole,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-19", "title": "Effects Of Landscape Segregation On Livelihood Vulnerability: Moving From Extensive Shifting Cultivation To Rotational Agriculture And Natural Forests In Northern Laos", "description": "This study investigates four decades of socio-economic and environmental change in a shifting cultivation landscape in the northern uplands of Laos. Historical changes in land cover and land use were analyzed using a chronological series of remote sensing data. Impacts of landscape change on local livelihoods were investigated in seven villages through interviews with various stakeholders. The study reveals that the complex mosaics of agriculture and forest patches observed in the study area have long constituted key assets for the resilience of local livelihood systems in the face of environmental and socio-economic risks. However, over the past 20 years, a process of segregating agricultural and forest spaces has increased the vulnerability of local land users. This process is a direct outcome of policies aimed at increasing national forest cover, eradicating shifting cultivation and fostering the emergence of more intensive and commercial agricultural practices. We argue that agriculture-forest segregation should be buffered in such a way that a diversity of livelihood opportunities and economic development pathways can be maintained.", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_195", "550", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "2739 Public Health", "910", "630", "couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale", "conservation des for\u00eats", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "11. Sustainability", "910 Geography & travel", "intensification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6498", "2. Zero hunger", "landscape mosaics", "resettlement", "sustainability", "Livelihood vulnerability", "Southeast Asia", "rotation culturale", "330 Economics", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "moyens d'existence durables", "2307 Health", "Laos", "protection de la for\u00eat", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25409", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "ecology", "3306 Health (social science)", "Multifunctional landscapes", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "culture itin\u00e9rante", "gestion des ressources naturelles", "utilisation des terres", "politique fonci\u00e8re", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "Ecosystem services", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28075", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "Toxicology and Mutagenesis", "Environmental and Occupational Health", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7038", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000157", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000115", "Land sparing", "Shifting cultivation", "impact sur l'environnement", "ecosystem services", "2303 Ecology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/17755/1/Castella2013_Article_EffectsOfLandscapeSegregationO.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Human%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10745-012-9538-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-17", "title": "The impact of swidden decline on livelihoods and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia: A review of the evidence from 1990 to 2015", "description": "Open AccessEl cambio econ\u00f3mico global y las intervenciones pol\u00edticas est\u00e1n impulsando las transiciones de los sistemas de golondrina larga (EPA) a usos alternativos de la tierra en las tierras altas del sudeste asi\u00e1tico. Este estudio presenta una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de c\u00f3mo estas transiciones impactan en los medios de vida y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos en la regi\u00f3n. M\u00e1s de 17 000 estudios publicados entre 1950 y 2015 se redujeron, en funci\u00f3n de la relevancia y la calidad, a 93 estudios para su posterior an\u00e1lisis. Nuestro an\u00e1lisis de las transiciones del uso de la tierra de los sistemas de cultivo sucios a los intensificados mostr\u00f3 varios resultados: m\u00e1s hogares hab\u00edan aumentado los ingresos generales, pero estos beneficios tuvieron un costo significativo, como la reducci\u00f3n de las pr\u00e1cticas consuetudinarias, el bienestar socioecon\u00f3mico, las opciones de medios de vida y los rendimientos de los productos b\u00e1sicos. El examen de los efectos de las transiciones en las propiedades del suelo revel\u00f3 impactos negativos en el carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo, la capacidad de intercambio cati\u00f3nico y el carbono sobre el suelo. En conjunto, los impulsores inmediatos y subyacentes de las transiciones de la EPA a los usos alternativos de la tierra, especialmente la intensificaci\u00f3n de los cultivos comerciales perennes y anuales, condujeron a disminuciones significativas en la seguridad de los medios de vida preexistentes y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que respaldan esta seguridad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las pol\u00edticas que imponen transiciones en el uso de la tierra a los agricultores de las tierras altas para mejorar los medios de vida y los entornos han sido err\u00f3neas; en el contexto de los diversos usos de la tierra, la agricultura sucia puede apoyar los medios de vida y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que ayudar\u00e1n a amortiguar los impactos del cambio clim\u00e1tico en el sudeste asi\u00e1tico.", "keywords": ["Economics", "Cropping", "Geography", " Planning and Development", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Optimal Operation of Water Resources Systems", "Review", "02 engineering and technology", "livelihoods", "910", "630", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "land-use change", "Livelihood", "Engineering", "Context (archaeology)", "Natural resource economics", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Asia", " Southeastern", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Payments for Ecosystem Services", "Geography", "Ecology", "1. No poverty", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Southeast Asia", "swidden agriculture", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Programming language", "Archaeology", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "Physical Sciences", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "330", "Climate Change", "Soil Science", "Ocean Engineering", "Environmental science", "Livelihood security", "Environmental Chemistry", "Ecosystem services", "Alternative land uses", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Land use", " land-use change and forestry", "Ecosystem", "Planning and Development", "3305 Geography", "land use", "Food security", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "Computer science", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "Shifting cultivation", "ecosystem services", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "2303 Ecology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/248831/3/01_Dressler_The_impact_of_swidden_decline_2017.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ambio", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-27", "title": "Analysis Of The Effects Of Rotational Woodlots On The Nutrition And Yield Of Maize Following Trees In Western Tanzania", "description": "Farmers in western Tanzania are establishing rotations of trees and crops in an attempt to overcome the shortage of wood, reverse deforestation of natural forests and improve soil fertility for food security enhancement. We compared fallows of Acacia crassicarpa, A. julifera, A. leptocarpa, Leucaena pallida and Senna siamea, with traditional bush fallow and continuous sole maize (Zea mays L.). The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness offallow types in terms of N, Pand K use by maize. Trees were intercropped with maize for the first 3 years. After 5 years, trees were harvested, wood components were removed, and leaves, twigs and grasses were incorporated into the soil. Factorial N,P,Ktrialswere carriedoutwithmaizegrown afterthefallowtypes. Parameters studiedweregrainyield,uptakeof N,PandK,and nutrient use efficiency. The effects offertiliser were much stronger than the effects offallow types. Therewas no clear effect of tree fallows on nutrient use efficiency of the following maize. Non-fertilized maize yielded more after acacia than after the other trees and natural fallow. Upon fertiliser application the influences of fallow types became weaker. Fertiliser N improved maize yields more than fertiliser P, and there was a positive NP interaction. Fertilizer K did not bring about clear effects. N recovery efficiency was improved by the application of P and vice versa. When fertilisers were applied, differences in average maize grain yields between tree fallows and natural fallow varied from 300 kg ha 1 (for A. julifera) to minus 250 kg ha 1 (for S. siamea). A yield increase of 300 kg maize grain could also be obtained by application of 10 kg fertiliser N or 8 kg fertiliser P. The best fallow type for soil fertility improvement was Acacia juliferasuggesting that this acacia is mining the soil for P and K. In conclusion, benefits of rotational woodlots seem larger in terms of wood production than in terms of soil fertility restoration. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "soil fertility", "quefts", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "agroforestry", "africa", "nutrients", "vegetation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nyadzi, G.I., Janssen, B.H., Oenema, O.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-17", "title": "Linking Yields Of Upland Rice In Shifting Cultivation To Fallow Length And Soil Properties", "description": "Abstract   In many tropical cultivation systems, fallowing is a prerequisite for maintaining long-term plant-available nutrient pools and crop yields. This study examines the relationships between length of fallows, soil nutrient levels and yields of upland rice in a shifting cultivation system in Sarawak, Malaysia. A farmer managed field trial included 12 fields cultivated by means of slash and burn. Sites had been fallowed between 5 and 38 years or cropped for two successive years. Volume and horizon specific soil samples were analysed for nutrient contents including plant-available N and P. Yields from the test plots were measured and related to land use factors and soil properties. The stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper 30\u00a0cm of the soil profile ranged from 38 to 61\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 and the stock of plant-available N ranged from 13.3 to 84.7\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. The stock of plant-available P was in the range of 0.6\u201323.0\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. Plant-available N stocks were positively correlated with fallow length. A weaker correlation was found between plant-available P and fallow length. Stocks of SOC, total N and exchangeable base cations were not related to yields, fallow length or cropping intensity. A positive correlation was observed between length of fallow and subsequent rice yields, which has not been well documented for shifting cultivation systems before. Although shorter fallow periods may reduce the availability of N and P, the results do not point towards a long term degradation of the SOC as a result of decreasing fallow periods.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Yields", "Soil organic carbon", "Shifting cultivation", "Plant-available N and P", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fallow periods", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-07-14", "title": "Runoff And Sediment Losses From 27 Upland Catchments In Southeast Asia: Impact Of Rapid Land Use Changes And Conservation Practices", "description": "Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and 'market forces' have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers' income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h(-1)) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (I year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.", "keywords": ["550", "runoff", "sloping land", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "910", "maize", "01 natural sciences", "cassava", "630", "upland rice", "catchment areas", "farming systems", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Cassava", "land use", "Upland rice", "soil conservation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "erosion", "shifting cultivation", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Steep slopes", "13. Climate action", "Soil erosion", "Shifting cultivation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "sedimentation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-28", "title": "Soil Macrofauna As Indicators Of Soil Quality And Land Use Impacts In Smallholder Agroecosystems Of Western Nicaragua", "description": "Abstract   The tropical dry forest region along the western slope of Central America represents a biodiverse and fragile area that is under increasing pressure from agricultural production, thus threatening the provision of ecosystem services, the integrity of these landscapes, and the rural communities who depend on them. To address this issue, we evaluated the influence of common agricultural management practices (cropping and livestock systems) vs. the Quesungual slash-and-mulch agroforestry system (QSMAS) on diverse parameters of soil quality and function. We then used this information to identify soil invertebrate bioindicators that represent key aspects of soil quality (chemical fertility, physical properties, aggregate morphology, and biological functioning). In February of 2011 soil sampling was conducted on six hillside farms near the town of Somotillo in western Nicaragua to assess soil properties and the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna within four management systems: (1) QSMAS, based on maize production, (2) traditional maize cropping system with few trees (TC), (3) silvopastoral system with low tree density (SP), and (4) secondary forest (SF), used as a reference. The conversion of forest to agriculture demonstrated the greatest impact of management in this study. For example, SF presented significantly higher diversity of soil invertebrate taxonomic groups than either TC or SP ( P  P", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "utilizaci\u00f3n de la tierra", "Forest conversion", "Soil invertebrates", "soil fertility", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "fertilidad del suelo", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "Quesungual slash-and-mulch agroforestry system", "Indicator Value Index", "630", "cultivo migratorio", "agroforestry", "Soil ecosystem services", "Bioindicators", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fauna del suelo", "agroforesteria", "soil fauna"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Indicators", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-28", "title": "Expansion of olive orchards and their impact on the cultivation and landscape through a case study in the countryside of Cordoba (Spain)", "description": "Open Access\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.", "keywords": ["Period (music)", "Soil Degradation", "Vascular Flora of Mediterranean Europe and North Africa", "Soil Science", "Orchard", "Plant Science", "Mediterranean", "Horticulture", "Genetic and Environmental Factors in Grapevine Cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Pathology", "Ecosystem services", "Landscape elements", "Agroforestry", "Irrigation", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Geography", "Ecology", "Physics", "Common agricultural policy", "Olive groves", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "Acoustics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability", "Olive trees", "Agronomy", "Sustainability", "Archaeology", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Shifting cultivation", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Vegetation (pathology)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Use%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-12-17", "title": "Assessment Of Tillage Erosion Rates On Steep Slopes In Northern Laos", "description": "Abstract   In the hills of south-east Asia shifting cultivation is developing towards more permanent cropping systems. In association with short fallow periods, fields suffer from weed pressure and this, in turn, leads to more frequent and deeper manual tillage. Due to steep slopes these operations induce tillage erosion. Measurements of such soil losses under on-farm conditions are still scarce. In this study tillage erosion was assessed and a predictive model of tillage erosion was established based on slope angle and contact cover, i.e. basal crop area and weed cover. The experiments were conducted in the Houay Pano, Northern Laos. The farmers cultivate annual crops in rotation with 1\u20133 year fallow periods without external inputs and using only hand tools. Tillage erosion was assessed using the tracer method across nine slope classes (0.30\u20131.10\u00a0m\u00a0m \u22121 ) for two crops, upland rice and Job's tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi  L.). Soil movement due to land preparation and weeding were assessed separately because different tools are used, a medium size hoe and a small curved hoe. A multivariate regression showed a highly significant relation ( R  2 \u00a0=\u00a00.83) between soil losses due to land preparation, slope gradient and contact cover. Predicting models of soil losses due to weeding were also highly significant ( R  2 \u00a0=\u00a00.79 for upland rice,  R  2 \u00a0=\u00a00.88 for Job's tears), confirming the importance of tillage erosion on steep slopes (4, 6 and 11\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121  on slopes with gradients of 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90\u00a0m\u00a0m \u22121 , respectively). Tillage erosion has increased exponentially over the last 40 years because of weed invasion associated with short fallow periods; the initially no-till system has changed into a system heavily dependent on tillage to control weeds and this greatly contributes to soil degradation.", "keywords": ["subsistence farming", "2. Zero hunger", "weed control", "Upland rice", "sloping land", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "erosion", "shifting cultivation", "Weed pressure", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Tillage erosion", "Steep slopes", "upland rice", "Job's tears", "tillage", "Shifting cultivation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farming systems", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/9780851994512.0367", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:39Z", "created": "2009-11-16", "title": "The Impact Of Rubber On The Forest Landscape In Borneo.", "description": "Rubber is the most widespread smallholder tree crop in Southeast Asia. Some analysts have blamed the expansion of rubber for greatly contributing to the conversion of mature tropical forest in both Indonesia and Malaysia. The paper critically examines to what extent smallholder rubber production actually led to forest conversion in West Kalimantan (Indonesia) and neighbouring Sarawak (Malaysia). The paper concludes that the introduction of rubber in West Kalimantan contributed little to encroachment into primary forest. Rather, it apparently favoured the restoration of forests in areas where land use became less intensive. This happens only where specific conditions in the local context allowed this to take place. The findings suggest that tree technologies should be preferred when trying to improve local agriculture. Incorporation of local resource management technologies, especially tree planting or forest management technologies, may enhance positive outcomes in terms of increased income and forest preservation.", "keywords": ["small farms", "2. Zero hunger", "rubber plants", "afforestation", "technology", "15. Life on land", "plantations", "shifting cultivation", "forest trees"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jong, W. de", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994512.0367"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/9780851994512.0367", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/9780851994512.0367", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/9780851994512.0367"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/00167223.2007.10801374", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-03", "title": "Farming System Changes In The Vietnamese Uplands\u2014Using Fallow Length And Farmers' Adoption Of Sloping Agricultural Land Technologies As Indicators Of Environmental Sustainability", "description": "AbstractThe environmental sustainability of the farming system changes during the 1990s of two villages in the northwestern Vietnamese uplands was assessed by an analysis of changing fallow length practice and farmers' adoption of Sloping Agricultural Land Technologies (SALT) in relation to slope steepness. The fallow length change detection involved an identification of the vegetation succession stage of the fallow vegetation at the time of clearance and was based on high resolution satellite image classifications. The use of SALT was surveyed by ground registration and overlaid with a digital elevation model. The results were coupled with an assessment of farmers' ability and willingness to adopt SALT in order to detect changes in attitude and perceptions amongst the farmers regarding their future agricultural strategies, and a discussion of the level of livelihood diversification in the villages. The study illustrates the complexity of the development situation in the Vietnamese uplands and emphasises ...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "ethnic upland communities", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "livelihood diversification", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Faculty of Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/TheFacultyOfScience", "Fallow length", "change detection", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Folving, Rikke Louise, Christensen, Henriette,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2007.10801374"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geografisk%20Tidsskrift-Danish%20Journal%20of%20Geography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/00167223.2007.10801374", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/00167223.2007.10801374", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/00167223.2007.10801374"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4000/moussons.1887", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-18", "description": "Shifting cultivation is often described as \u201ctraditional\u201d, inflexible and outdated, in contrast with \u201cmodern\u201d, mechanised and chemical agriculture. This belief leads to overlooking farmer know-how, accumulated over generations to exploit natural resources while adapting itself to the mutations of the physical, social and economic environment.Research conducted in Phongsaly provides an idea about how complex and consistent a shifting cultivation system can be and how farmers optimise family labour but also limit their risks. External interventions\u2014policies, projects, etc.\u2014are aimed at improving the farmers\u2019 livelihood by converting their farming practices. When these interventions overlook how diversified slash-and-burn agriculture is, they often lead to oversimplifying the farming systems, impoverishing people and exposing them to natural and economic risks. These actions are then counterproductive. In the interest of the Lao nation, as a community, the policies and their implementation should be rethought so as to hold highland farmers of ethnic minorities in higher esteem and to widen the viewpoint, currently limited to a caricature of the mountains and forest, upheld by the culturally and politically dominant lowland inhabitants.", "keywords": ["Social Sciences", "culture de rente", "DS1-937", "01 natural sciences", "savoir-faire des agriculteurs", "utilisation des terres", "forest", "H", "deforestation", "agricultural policy", "farming systems", "0101 mathematics", "d\u00e9veloppement rural", "agriculture sur br\u00fblis", "politique agricole", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "d\u00e9forestation", "cash crop", "History of Asia", "1. No poverty", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "environnement", "slash-and-burn", "swidden agriculture", "for\u00eats", "agriculture itin\u00e9rante", "Laos", "farmer know-how", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "environment", "syst\u00e8mes agricoles", "rural development"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ducourtieux, Olivier", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4000/moussons.1887"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Moussons", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4000/moussons.1887", "name": "item", "description": "10.4000/moussons.1887", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4000/moussons.1887"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/271651", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:25:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-28", "title": "Expansion of olive orchards and their impact on the cultivation and landscape through a case study in the countryside of Cordoba (Spain)", "description": "Open Access\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.", "keywords": ["Period (music)", "Soil Degradation", "Vascular Flora of Mediterranean Europe and North Africa", "Soil Science", "Orchard", "Plant Science", "Mediterranean", "Horticulture", "Genetic and Environmental Factors in Grapevine Cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Pathology", "Ecosystem services", "Landscape elements", "Agroforestry", "Irrigation", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Geography", "Ecology", "Physics", "Common agricultural policy", "Olive groves", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "Acoustics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. 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