{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-06-03", "title": "Small peptide signaling pathways modulating macronutrient utilization in plants", "description": "Root system architecture (RSA) and physiological functions define macronutrient uptake efficiency. Small signaling peptides (SSPs), that act in manners similar to hormones, and their cognate receptors transmit signals both locally and systemically. Several SSPs controlling morphological and physiological traits of roots have been identified to be associated with macronutrient uptake. Recent development in plant genome research has provided an avenue toward systems-based identification and prediction of additional SSPs. This review highlights recent studies on SSP pathways important for optimization of macronutrient uptake and provides new insights into the diversity of SSPs regulated in response to changes in macronutrient availabilities.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Nitrogen", "Gene Expression", "Plants", "Peptides", "Plant Root Nodulation", "Plant Roots", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Current%20Opinion%20in%20Plant%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-15", "title": "Out of Shape During Stress: A Key Role for Auxin", "description": "In most abiotic stress conditions, including salinity and water deficit, the developmental plasticity of the plant root is regulated by the phytohormone auxin. Changes in auxin concentration are often attributed to changes in shoot-derived long-distance auxin flow. However, recent evidence suggests important contributions by short-distance auxin transport from local storage and local auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, and oxidation during abiotic stress. We discuss here current knowledge on long-distance auxin transport in stress responses, and subsequently debate how short-distance auxin transport and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism play a role in influencing eventual auxin accumulation and signaling patterns. Our analysis stresses the importance of considering all these components together and highlights the use of mathematical modeling for predictions of plant physiological responses.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "abiotic stress", "Indoleacetic Acids", "auxin transport", "mathematical modeling", "Biological Transport", "IAA homeostasis", "Models", " Theoretical", "Plants", "Plant Roots", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "Plant Growth Regulators", "root phenotypic plasticity", "Stress", " Physiological", "auxin", "Plant Physiological Phenomena", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trends%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/nature02051", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-10-29", "title": "Motor Neuron Columnar Fate Imposed By Sequential Phases Of Hox-C Activity", "description": "The organization of neurons into columns is a prominent feature of central nervous system structure and function. In many regions of the central nervous system the grouping of neurons into columns links cell-body position to axonal trajectory, thus contributing to the establishment of topographic neural maps. This link is prominent in the developing spinal cord, where columnar sets of motor neurons innervate distinct targets in the periphery. We show here that sequential phases of Hox-c protein expression and activity control the columnar differentiation of spinal motor neurons. Hox expression in neural progenitors is established by graded fibroblast growth factor signalling and translated into a distinct motor neuron Hox pattern. Motor neuron columnar fate then emerges through cell autonomous repressor and activator functions of Hox proteins. Hox proteins also direct the expression of genes that establish motor topographic projections, thus implicating Hox proteins as critical determinants of spinal motor neuron identity and organization.", "keywords": ["Homeodomain Proteins", "Motor Neurons", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Fibroblast Growth Factor 8", "Stem Cells", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Developmental", "Mitosis", "Cell Differentiation", "Chick Embryo", "Neoplasm Proteins", "3. Good health", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Fibroblast Growth Factors", "Mice", "03 medical and health sciences", "Spinal Cord", "Animals", "RNA", " Messenger", "Body Patterning", "Signal Transduction"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas M. Jessell, Jeh-Ping Liu, Jeremy S. Dasen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02051"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/nature02051", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/nature02051", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/nature02051"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-21", "title": "Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses", "description": "Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Mycorrhizae", "15. Life on land", "Symbiosis", "Biological Evolution", "Phylogeny", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1758325/1/NatRevpreprint.pdf"}, {"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-0402-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Reviews%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.2406373122", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-05", "title": "Abscisic acid signaling gates salt-induced responses of plant roots", "description": "

Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), as anticipated. Notably, a specific cluster of genes responded uniquely to sodium (Na + ) ions and are not regulated by the known monovalent cation sensing mechanism MOCA1 . Surprisingly, expression of sodium-induced genes exhibited a negative correlation with the ABA response and preceded the activation of genes induced by the osmotic stress component of salt. Elevated exogenous ABA levels resulted in the complete abolition of sodium-induced responses. Consistently, the ABA insensitive snrk2.2/2.3 double mutant displayed prolonged sodium-induced gene expression, coupled with increased root cell damage and root swelling under high salinity conditions. Moreover, ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants were unable to redirect root growth to avoid high sodium concentrations and had increased sodium accumulation in the shoot. In summary, our findings unveil an unexpected and pivotal role for ABA signaling in mitigating cellular damage induced by salinity stress and modulating sodium-induced responses in plant roots. Rhizobial infection of legume roots during development of nitrogen fixing root nodules occurs either intracellularly though plant derived infection threads traversing the epidermal and cortical cell layers to deliver the bacteria or intercellularly via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although, around 25% of all legume genera are postulated to be intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process has remained virtually unexplored due to lack of genetically amenable legumes that have this infection mode. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 and demonstrate that the resources available in Lotus enable insight into the genetic requirements and the fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection. Inoculation of Lotus mutants shows that Ern1 and RinRK1 are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including Nfr5, SymRK, CCaMK, Epr3, Cyclops, Nin, Nsp1, Nsp2, Cbs and Vpy1 are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared to intracellular colonization. In particular, a number of cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74 while lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants did not form any nodules. These results indicate that a differential requirement for cytokinin signalling conditions intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight the distinct modalities of the inter- and intra-cellular infection mechanisms.Rhizobial infection of legume roots during development of nitrogen fixing root nodules occurs either intracellularly though plant derived infection threads traversing the epidermal and cortical cell layers to deliver the bacteria or intercellularly via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although, around 25% of all legume genera are postulated to be intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process has remained virtually unexplored due to lack of genetically amenable legumes that have this infection mode. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 and demonstrate that the resources available in Lotus enable insight into the genetic requirements and the fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection. Inoculation of Lotus mutants shows that Ern1 and RinRK1 are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including Nfr5, SymRK, CCaMK, Epr3, Cyclops, Nin, Nsp1, Nsp2, Cbs and Vpy1 are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared to intracellular colonization. In particular, a number of cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74 while lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants did not form any nodules. These results indicate that a differential requirement for cytokinin signalling conditions intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight the distinct modalities of the inter- and intra-cellular infection mechanisms.

", "keywords": ["name=Physiology", "580", "0301 basic medicine", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1300/1314", "0303 health sciences", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1300/1311", "571", "Regular Issue", "name=Genetics", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1110", "Plant Roots", "03 medical and health sciences", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Plant", "Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases", "Lotus", "name=Plant Science", "Root Nodules", " Plant", "Plant Proteins", "Rhizobium", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://academic.oup.com/plphys/article-pdf/185/3/1131/37166752/kiaa049.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa049"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/plphys/kiaa049", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/plphys/kiaa049", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/plphys/kiaa049"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/tps029", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-13", "title": "Physiological Response To Drought In Radiata Pine: Phytohormone Implication At Leaf Level", "description": "Pinus radiata D. Don is one of the most abundant species in the north of Spain. Knowledge of drought response mechanisms is essential to guarantee plantation survival under reduced water supply as predicted in the future. Tolerance mechanisms are being studied in breeding programs, because information on such mechanisms can be used for genotype selection. In this paper, we analyze the changes of leaf water potential, hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)), stomatal conductance and phytohormones under drought in P. radiata breeds (O1, O2, O3, O4, O5 and O6) from different climatology areas, hypothesizing that they could show variable drought tolerance. As a primary signal, drought decreased cytokinin (zeatin and zeatin riboside-Z\u2009+\u2009ZR) levels in needles parallel to K(leaf) and gas exchange. When Z\u2009+\u2009ZR decreased by 65%, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation started as a second signal and increments were higher for IAA than for ABA. When plants decreased by 80%, Z\u2009+\u2009ZR and K(leaf) doubled their ABA and IAA levels, the photosystem II yield decreased and the electrolyte leakage increased. At the end of the drought period, less tolerant breeds increased IAA over 10-fold compared with controls. External damage also induced jasmonic acid accumulation in all breeds except in O5 (P. radiata var. radiata\u2009\u00d7\u2009var. cedrosensis), which accumulated salicylic acid as a defense mechanism. After rewatering, only the most tolerant plants recovered their K(leaf,) perhaps due to an IAA decrease and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid maintenance. From all phytohormones, IAA was the most representative 'water deficit signal' in P. radiata.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Genotype", "Indoleacetic Acids", "Climate", "Amino Acids", " Cyclic", "Photosystem II Protein Complex", "Cyclopentanes", "Breeding", "15. Life on land", "Pinus", "Adaptation", " Physiological", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Plant Leaves", "Electrolytes", "Isopentenyladenosine", "03 medical and health sciences", "Plant Growth Regulators", "Plant Stomata", "Oxylipins", "Photosynthesis", "Salicylic Acid", "Abscisic Acid", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps029"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/tps029", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/tps029", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/tps029"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1104/pp.19.00818", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-30", "title": "SnRK2 Protein Kinases and mRNA Decapping Machinery Control Root Development and Response to Salt", "description": "SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES 2 (SnRK2) are important components of early osmotic and salt stress signaling pathways in plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SnRK2 family comprises the abscisic acid (ABA)-activated protein kinases SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, SnRK2.6, SnRK2.7, and SnRK2.8, and the ABA-independent subclass 1 protein kinases SnRK2.1, SnRK2.4, SnRK2.5, SnRK2.9, and SnRK2.10. ABA-independent SnRK2s act at the posttranscriptional level via phosphorylation of VARICOSE (VCS), a member of the mRNA decapping complex, that catalyzes the first step of 5'mRNA decay. Here, we identified VCS and VARICOSE RELATED (VCR) as interactors and phosphorylation targets of SnRK2.5, SnRK2.6, and SnRK2.10. All three protein kinases phosphorylated Ser-645 and Ser-1156 of VCS, whereas SnRK2.6 and SnRK2.10 also phosphorylated VCS Ser-692 and Ser-680 of VCR. We showed that subclass 1 SnRK2s, VCS, and 5' EXORIBONUCLEASE 4 (XRN4) are involved in regulating root growth under control conditions as well as modulating root system architecture in response to salt stress. Our results suggest interesting patterns of redundancy within subclass 1 SnRK2 protein kinases, with SnRK2.1, SnRK2.5, and SnRK2.9 controlling root growth under nonstress conditions and SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 acting mostly in response to salinity. We propose that subclass 1 SnRK2s function in root development under salt stress by affecting the transcript levels of aquaporins, as well as CYP79B2, an enzyme involved in auxin biosynthesis.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "570", "Arabidopsis", "Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases", "03 medical and health sciences", "HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS", "Life Science", "RNA", " Messenger", "TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.", "Phosphorylation", "DIFFERENT PHOSPHORYLATION MECHANISMS", "Plant Proteins", "580", "0303 health sciences", "IDENTIFICATION", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Biology and Life Sciences", "ABSCISIC-ACID", "ARABIDOPSIS", "GENE", "FAMILY", "OSMOTIC STRESSES", "Exoribonucleases", "Salts", "DECAY", "Protein Kinases", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00818"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1104/pp.19.00818", "name": "item", "description": "10.1104/pp.19.00818", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1104/pp.19.00818"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1104/pp.19.01464", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-04", "title": "How Plants Sense and Respond to Stressful Environments", "description": "Plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment to which they have to adjust accordingly. Their response is tightly regulated by complex signaling pathways that all start with stimulus perception. Here, we give an overview of the latest developments in the perception of various abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, flooding, and temperature stress. We discuss whether proposed perception mechanisms are true sensors, which is well established for some abiotic factors but not yet fully elucidated for others. In addition, we review the downstream cellular responses, many of which are shared by various stresses but result in stress-specific physiological and developmental output. New sensing mechanisms have been identified, including heat sensing by the photoreceptor phytochrome B, salt sensing by glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids, and drought sensing by the specific calcium influx channel OSCA1. The simultaneous occurrence of multiple stress conditions shows characteristic downstream signaling signatures that were previously considered general signaling responses. The integration of sensing of multiple stress conditions and subsequent signaling responses is a promising venue for future research to improve the understanding of plant abiotic stress perception.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Stress", " Physiological", "Life Science", "Calcium", "Environment", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.01464"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1104/pp.19.01464", "name": "item", "description": "10.1104/pp.19.01464", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1104/pp.19.01464"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.ade9204", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-19", "title": "Nanobody-driven signaling reveals the core receptor complex in root nodule symbiosis", "description": "

Understanding the composition and activation of multicomponent receptor complexes is a challenge in biology. To address this, we developed a synthetic approach based on nanobodies to drive assembly and activation of cell surface receptors and apply the concept by manipulating receptors that govern plant symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We show that the Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptors NFR1 and NFR5 constitute the core receptor complex initiating the cortical root nodule organogenesis program as well as the epidermal program controlling infection. We find that organogenesis signaling is mediated by the intracellular kinase domains whereas infection requires functional ectodomains. Finally, we identify evolutionarily distant barley receptors that activate root nodule organogenesis, which could enable engineering of biological nitrogen-fixation into cereals.

Alterations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels have a profound impact on numerous signaling cascades orchestrating plant growth, development, and stress signaling, including programmed cell death. To expand the repertoire of known molecular mechanisms implicated in H2O2 signaling, we performed a forward chemical screen to identify small molecules that could alleviate the photorespiratory-induced cell death phenotype of Arabidopsisthaliana mutants lacking H2O2-scavenging capacity by peroxisomal catalase2. Here, we report the characterization of pakerine, an m-sulfamoyl benzamide from the sulfonamide family. Pakerine alleviates the cell death phenotype of cat2 mutants exposed to photorespiration-promoting conditions and delays dark-induced senescence in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves. By using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and affinity purification, we identified abnormal inflorescence meristem 1 (AIM1) as a putative protein target of pakerine. AIM1 is a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase involved in fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation that contributes to jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Whereas intact JA biosynthesis was not required for pakerine bioactivity, our results point toward a role for \u03b2-oxidation-dependent SA production in the execution of H2O2-mediated cell death.

", "keywords": ["EXPRESSION", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "photorespiration", "Cell Respiration", "Meristem", "Arabidopsis", "Cyclopentanes", "catalase2-deficient Arabidopsis", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "ACTIVATION", "catalase2-deficient Arabidopsis", "03 medical and health sciences", "HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE", "Hydroponics", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Plant", "Multienzyme Complexes", "Stress", " Physiological", "Plant Cells", "SALICYLIC-ACID BIOSYNTHESIS", "H2O2 signaling", "Medicine and Health Sciences", "abnormal inflorescence meristem 1", "LEAF SENESCENCE", "Oxylipins", "Photosynthesis", "2. Zero hunger", "QH573-671", "Cell Death", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Biology and Life Sciences", "Computational Biology", "Hydrogen Peroxide", "ARABIDOPSIS", "MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN", "3. Good health", "PEROXISOMAL BETA-OXIDATION", "Plant Leaves", "chemical genetics", "CELL-DEATH", "PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE", "Seeds", "Cytology", "Salicylic Acid", "H2O2 signaling", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/9/2026/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Cells", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/cells9092026", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/cells9092026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/cells9092026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11343/246714", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:24:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-14", "title": "Exclusive dependence of IL-10R\u03b1 signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection", "description": "The whipworm Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth that dwells in the epithelium of the caecum and proximal colon of their hosts causing the human disease, trichuriasis. Trichuriasis is characterized by colitis attributed to the inflammatory response elicited by the parasite while tunnelling through intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The IL-10 family of receptors, comprising combinations of subunits IL-10R\u03b1, IL-10R\u03b2, IL-22R\u03b1 and IL-28R\u03b1, modulates intestinal inflammatory responses. Here we carefully dissected the role of these subunits in the resistance of mice to infection with T. muris, a mouse model of the human whipworm T. trichiura. Our findings demonstrate that whilst IL-22R\u03b1 and IL-28R\u03b1 are dispensable in the host response to whipworms, IL-10 signalling through IL-10R\u03b1 and IL-10R\u03b2 is essential to control caecal pathology, worm expulsion and survival during T. muris infections. We show that deficiency of IL-10, IL-10R\u03b1 and IL-10R\u03b2 results in dysbiosis of the caecal microbiota characterised by expanded populations of opportunistic bacteria of the families Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, breakdown of the epithelial barrier after whipworm infection in IL-10, IL-10R\u03b1 and IL-10R\u03b2-deficient mice, allows the translocation of these opportunistic pathogens or their excretory products to the liver causing organ failure and lethal disease. Importantly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that signalling through IL-10R\u03b1 and IL-10R\u03b2 in haematopoietic cells, but not IECs, is crucial to control worm expulsion and immunopathology. These findings are supported by worm expulsion upon infection of conditional mutant mice for the IL-10R\u03b1 on IECs. Our findings emphasize the pivotal and complex role of systemic IL-10R\u03b1 signalling on immune cells in promoting microbiota homeostasis and maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, thus preventing immunopathology during whipworm infections.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Lydia Becker Institute", "QH301-705.5", "610", "Interleukin-22", "Mice", "03 medical and health sciences", "Animals", "Homeostasis", "Receptors", " Interleukin-10", "Trichuriasis", "Biology (General)", "Interleukins", "RC581-607", "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "Interleukin-10", "3. Good health", "Intestines", "Mice", " Inbred C57BL", "Disease Models", " Animal", "Trichuris", "Cytokines", "Immunologic diseases. Allergy", "ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/lydia_becker_institute_of_immunology_and_inflammation; name=Lydia Becker Institute", "Research Article", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11343/246714"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20Pathogens", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11343/246714", "name": "item", "description": "11343/246714", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11343/246714"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7554/elife.83361", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:24:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-20", "title": "Why did glutamate, GABA, and melatonin become intercellular signalling molecules in plants?", "description": "

Intercellular signalling is an indispensable part of multicellular life. Understanding the commonalities and differences in how signalling molecules function in two remote branches of the tree of life may shed light on the reasons these molecules were originally recruited for intercellular signalling. Here we review the plant function of three highly studied animal intercellular signalling molecules, namely glutamate, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and melatonin. By considering both their signalling function in plants and their broader physiological function, we suggest that molecules with an original function as key metabolites or active participants in reactive ion species scavenging have a high chance of becoming intercellular signalling molecules. Naturally, the evolution of machinery to transduce a message across the plasma membrane is necessary. This fact is demonstrated by three other well-studied animal intercellular signalling molecules, namely serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine, for which there is currently no evidence that they act as intercellular signalling molecules in plants.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "signalling molecules", "plant physiology", "QH301-705.5", "Science", "Q", "R", "Plant Biology", "Glutamic Acid", "Plants", "03 medical and health sciences", "Journal Article", "reactive ion species", "Medicine", "Animals", "comparative biology", "Biology (General)", "metabolism", "gamma-Aminobutyric Acid", "Melatonin", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.83361"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/eLife", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7554/elife.83361", "name": "item", "description": "10.7554/elife.83361", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7554/elife.83361"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-06-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11877426", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:24:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-26", "title": "Nerve Growth Factor-dependent Activation of the Small GTPase Rin", "description": "The Rit and Rin proteins comprise a distinct and evolutionarily conserved subfamily of Ras-related small GTPases. Although we have defined a role for Rit-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of cell proliferation and transformation, the function of Rin remains largely unknown. Because we demonstrate that Rin is developmentally regulated and expressed in adult neurons, we examined its role in neuronal signaling. In this study, we show that stimulation of PC6 cells with either epidermal growth factor or nerve growth factor (NGF) results in rapid activation of Rin. This activation correlates with the onset of Ras activation, and dominant-negative Ras completely inhibits Rin activation induced by NGF. Further examination of Ras-mediated Rin activation suggests that this process is dependent upon neuronally expressed regulatory factors. Expression of mutationally activated H-Ras fails to activate Rin in non-neuronal cells, but results in potent stimulation of Rin-GTP levels in a variety of neuronal cell lines. Furthermore, although constitutively activated Rin does not induce neurite outgrowth on its own, both NGF-induced and oncogenic Ras-induced neurite outgrowth were inhibited by the expression of dominant-negative Rin. Together, these studies indicate that Rin activation is a direct downstream effect of growth factor-dependent signaling in neuronal cells and suggest that Rin may function to transduce signals within the mature nervous system.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Adrenal Gland Neoplasms", "3T3 Cells", "Pheochromocytoma", "Transfection", "PC12 Cells", "Rats", "Enzyme Activation", "Mice", "03 medical and health sciences", "Genes", " ras", "Culture Techniques", "Nerve Growth Factor", "Neurites", "ras Proteins", "Animals", "RNA", " Messenger", "Signal Transduction"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Michael L, Spencer, Haipeng, Shao, H Michael, Tucker, Douglas A, Andres,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11877426"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Biological%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11877426", "name": "item", "description": "11877426", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11877426"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8632050", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:25:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-30", "title": "SnRK2 Protein Kinases and mRNA Decapping Machinery Control Root Development and Response to Salt", "description": "SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES 2 (SnRK2) are important components of early osmotic and salt stress signaling pathways in plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SnRK2 family comprises the abscisic acid (ABA)-activated protein kinases SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, SnRK2.6, SnRK2.7, and SnRK2.8, and the ABA-independent subclass 1 protein kinases SnRK2.1, SnRK2.4, SnRK2.5, SnRK2.9, and SnRK2.10. ABA-independent SnRK2s act at the posttranscriptional level via phosphorylation of VARICOSE (VCS), a member of the mRNA decapping complex, that catalyzes the first step of 5'mRNA decay. Here, we identified VCS and VARICOSE RELATED (VCR) as interactors and phosphorylation targets of SnRK2.5, SnRK2.6, and SnRK2.10. All three protein kinases phosphorylated Ser-645 and Ser-1156 of VCS, whereas SnRK2.6 and SnRK2.10 also phosphorylated VCS Ser-692 and Ser-680 of VCR. We showed that subclass 1 SnRK2s, VCS, and 5' EXORIBONUCLEASE 4 (XRN4) are involved in regulating root growth under control conditions as well as modulating root system architecture in response to salt stress. Our results suggest interesting patterns of redundancy within subclass 1 SnRK2 protein kinases, with SnRK2.1, SnRK2.5, and SnRK2.9 controlling root growth under nonstress conditions and SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 acting mostly in response to salinity. We propose that subclass 1 SnRK2s function in root development under salt stress by affecting the transcript levels of aquaporins, as well as CYP79B2, an enzyme involved in auxin biosynthesis.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "570", "Arabidopsis", "Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases", "03 medical and health sciences", "HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS", "Life Science", "RNA", " Messenger", "TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.", "Phosphorylation", "DIFFERENT PHOSPHORYLATION MECHANISMS", "Plant Proteins", "580", "0303 health sciences", "IDENTIFICATION", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Biology and Life Sciences", "ABSCISIC-ACID", "ARABIDOPSIS", "GENE", "FAMILY", "OSMOTIC STRESSES", "Exoribonucleases", "Salts", "DECAY", "Protein Kinases", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8632050"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8632050", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8632050", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8632050"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8674409", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:25:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-03", "title": "Chemical Genetics Approach Identifies Abnormal Inflorescence Meristem 1 as a Putative Target of a Novel Sulfonamide That Protects Catalase2-Deficient Arabidopsis against Photorespiratory Stress", "description": "

Alterations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels have a profound impact on numerous signaling cascades orchestrating plant growth, development, and stress signaling, including programmed cell death. To expand the repertoire of known molecular mechanisms implicated in H2O2 signaling, we performed a forward chemical screen to identify small molecules that could alleviate the photorespiratory-induced cell death phenotype of Arabidopsisthaliana mutants lacking H2O2-scavenging capacity by peroxisomal catalase2. Here, we report the characterization of pakerine, an m-sulfamoyl benzamide from the sulfonamide family. Pakerine alleviates the cell death phenotype of cat2 mutants exposed to photorespiration-promoting conditions and delays dark-induced senescence in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves. By using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and affinity purification, we identified abnormal inflorescence meristem 1 (AIM1) as a putative protein target of pakerine. AIM1 is a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase involved in fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation that contributes to jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Whereas intact JA biosynthesis was not required for pakerine bioactivity, our results point toward a role for \u03b2-oxidation-dependent SA production in the execution of H2O2-mediated cell death.

", "keywords": ["EXPRESSION", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "photorespiration", "Cell Respiration", "Meristem", "Arabidopsis", "Cyclopentanes", "catalase2-deficient Arabidopsis", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "ACTIVATION", "catalase2-deficient Arabidopsis", "03 medical and health sciences", "HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE", "Hydroponics", "Gene Expression Regulation", " Plant", "Multienzyme Complexes", "Stress", " Physiological", "Plant Cells", "SALICYLIC-ACID BIOSYNTHESIS", "H2O2 signaling", "Medicine and Health Sciences", "abnormal inflorescence meristem 1", "LEAF SENESCENCE", "Oxylipins", "Photosynthesis", "2. Zero hunger", "QH573-671", "Cell Death", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Biology and Life Sciences", "Computational Biology", "Hydrogen Peroxide", "ARABIDOPSIS", "MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN", "3. Good health", "PEROXISOMAL BETA-OXIDATION", "Plant Leaves", "chemical genetics", "CELL-DEATH", "PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE", "Seeds", "Cytology", "Salicylic Acid", "H2O2 signaling", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/9/2026/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8674409"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Cells", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8674409", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8674409", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8674409"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2808068377", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:25:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-15", "title": "Out of Shape During Stress: A Key Role for Auxin", "description": "In most abiotic stress conditions, including salinity and water deficit, the developmental plasticity of the plant root is regulated by the phytohormone auxin. Changes in auxin concentration are often attributed to changes in shoot-derived long-distance auxin flow. However, recent evidence suggests important contributions by short-distance auxin transport from local storage and local auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, and oxidation during abiotic stress. We discuss here current knowledge on long-distance auxin transport in stress responses, and subsequently debate how short-distance auxin transport and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism play a role in influencing eventual auxin accumulation and signaling patterns. Our analysis stresses the importance of considering all these components together and highlights the use of mathematical modeling for predictions of plant physiological responses.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "abiotic stress", "Indoleacetic Acids", "auxin transport", "mathematical modeling", "Biological Transport", "IAA homeostasis", "Models", " Theoretical", "Plants", "Plant Roots", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "Plant Growth Regulators", "root phenotypic plasticity", "Stress", " Physiological", "auxin", "Plant Physiological Phenomena", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2808068377"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trends%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2808068377", "name": "item", "description": "2808068377", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2808068377"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3009444041", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:25:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-04", "title": "How Plants Sense and Respond to Stressful Environments", "description": "Plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment to which they have to adjust accordingly. Their response is tightly regulated by complex signaling pathways that all start with stimulus perception. Here, we give an overview of the latest developments in the perception of various abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, flooding, and temperature stress. We discuss whether proposed perception mechanisms are true sensors, which is well established for some abiotic factors but not yet fully elucidated for others. In addition, we review the downstream cellular responses, many of which are shared by various stresses but result in stress-specific physiological and developmental output. New sensing mechanisms have been identified, including heat sensing by the photoreceptor phytochrome B, salt sensing by glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids, and drought sensing by the specific calcium influx channel OSCA1. The simultaneous occurrence of multiple stress conditions shows characteristic downstream signaling signatures that were previously considered general signaling responses. The integration of sensing of multiple stress conditions and subsequent signaling responses is a promising venue for future research to improve the understanding of plant abiotic stress perception.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Stress", " Physiological", "Life Science", "Calcium", "Environment", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3009444041"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3009444041", "name": "item", "description": "3009444041", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3009444041"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3147315065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:26:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-31", "title": "Distinct signalling routes mediates intercellular and intracellular rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus", "description": "Abstract

Rhizobial infection of legume roots during development of nitrogen fixing root nodules occurs either intracellularly though plant derived infection threads traversing the epidermal and cortical cell layers to deliver the bacteria or intercellularly via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although, around 25% of all legume genera are postulated to be intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process has remained virtually unexplored due to lack of genetically amenable legumes that have this infection mode. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 and demonstrate that the resources available in Lotus enable insight into the genetic requirements and the fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection. Inoculation of Lotus mutants shows that Ern1 and RinRK1 are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including Nfr5, SymRK, CCaMK, Epr3, Cyclops, Nin, Nsp1, Nsp2, Cbs and Vpy1 are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared to intracellular colonization. In particular, a number of cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74 while lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants did not form any nodules. These results indicate that a differential requirement for cytokinin signalling conditions intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight the distinct modalities of the inter- and intra-cellular infection mechanisms. Understanding the composition and activation of multicomponent receptor complexes is a challenge in biology. To address this, we developed a synthetic approach based on nanobodies to drive assembly and activation of cell surface receptors and apply the concept by manipulating receptors that govern plant symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We show that the Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptors NFR1 and NFR5 constitute the core receptor complex initiating the cortical root nodule organogenesis program as well as the epidermal program controlling infection. We find that organogenesis signaling is mediated by the intracellular kinase domains whereas infection requires functional ectodomains. Finally, we identify evolutionarily distant barley receptors that activate root nodule organogenesis, which could enable engineering of biological nitrogen-fixation into cereals. Plants developed sophisticated mechanisms to perceive environmental stimuli and generate appropriate signals to maintain optimal growth and stress responses. A fascinating strategy employed by plants is the use of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90distance mobile signals which can trigger local and distant responses across the entire plant. Some metabolites play a central role as long\uffe2\uff80\uff90distance mobile signals allowing plants to communicate across tissues and mount robust stress responses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the various long\uffe2\uff80\uff90distance mobile metabolites and their functions in stress response and signaling pathways. We also raise questions with respect to how we can identify new mobile metabolites and engineer them to improve plant health and resilience.

Intercellular signalling is an indispensable part of multicellular life. Understanding the commonalities and differences in how signalling molecules function in two remote branches of the tree of life may shed light on the reasons these molecules were originally recruited for intercellular signalling. Here we review the plant function of three highly studied animal intercellular signalling molecules, namely glutamate, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and melatonin. By considering both their signalling function in plants and their broader physiological function, we suggest that molecules with an original function as key metabolites or active participants in reactive ion species scavenging have a high chance of becoming intercellular signalling molecules. Naturally, the evolution of machinery to transduce a message across the plasma membrane is necessary. This fact is demonstrated by three other well-studied animal intercellular signalling molecules, namely serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine, for which there is currently no evidence that they act as intercellular signalling molecules in plants.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "signalling molecules", "plant physiology", "QH301-705.5", "Science", "Q", "R", "Plant Biology", "Glutamic Acid", "Plants", "03 medical and health sciences", "Journal Article", "reactive ion species", "Medicine", "Animals", "comparative biology", "Biology (General)", "metabolism", "gamma-Aminobutyric Acid", "Melatonin", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/PMC10281673"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/eLife", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC10281673", "name": "item", "description": "PMC10281673", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC10281673"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-06-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC11831169", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:28:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-05", "title": "Abscisic acid signaling gates salt-induced responses of plant roots", "description": "

Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA), as anticipated. Notably, a specific cluster of genes responded uniquely to sodium (Na + ) ions and are not regulated by the known monovalent cation sensing mechanism MOCA1 . Surprisingly, expression of sodium-induced genes exhibited a negative correlation with the ABA response and preceded the activation of genes induced by the osmotic stress component of salt. Elevated exogenous ABA levels resulted in the complete abolition of sodium-induced responses. Consistently, the ABA insensitive snrk2.2/2.3 double mutant displayed prolonged sodium-induced gene expression, coupled with increased root cell damage and root swelling under high salinity conditions. Moreover, ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants were unable to redirect root growth to avoid high sodium concentrations and had increased sodium accumulation in the shoot. In summary, our findings unveil an unexpected and pivotal role for ABA signaling in mitigating cellular damage induced by salinity stress and modulating sodium-induced responses in plant roots. Abstract.\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Objectives: Previously, we characterized human islet\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived precursor cells (hIPCs) as mesenchymal stem cells that migrate out from islets in vitro and can differentiate into functional islet\uffe2\uff80\uff90like structures following proliferative expansion. Here, we investigate the role of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin signalling in derivation and proliferation of hIPCs. Materials and methods: Localization of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin was performed using confocal microscopy. Expression levels of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin target genes were measured by quantitative real\uffe2\uff80\uff90time polymerase chain reaction. Loss\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90function studies were performed using specific short interfering RNAs. Results: Immunostaining of islet outgrowths revealed translocation of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin from plasma membranes in intact islets to the nucleus in cells migrating out. There were no nuclear \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin\uffe2\uff80\uff90positive cells in intact islets whereas between 35% and 70% of cells in established hIPC cultures exhibited nuclear \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin. Transcripts for \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin target genes were increased in hIPCs compared to those in islets. \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90Catenin translocated to the cell membrane when hIPCs formed epithelial cell clusters. In proliferating hIPCs, there was a strong correlation between markers of proliferation and nuclear \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin. Treatment of hIPCs with the glycogen synthase kinase\uffe2\uff80\uff903\uffce\uffb2 inhibitor (2\uffe2\uff80\uffb2Z,3\uffe2\uff80\uffb2E)\uffe2\uff80\uff906\uffe2\uff80\uff90Bromoindirubin\uffe2\uff80\uff903\uffe2\uff80\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxime increased intracellular \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin but reduced nuclear \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin, and was associated with reduced cell proliferation. Finally, knockdown of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin decreased \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin target gene expression and hIPC proliferation. Conclusions: These results support a functional role for \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin during proliferation of hIPCs and suggest that activated \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90catenin signalling may also be important during hIPC derivation from islets.Cytokinins play crucial roles in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. Spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive cytokinins is finely regulated by metabolic enzymes. LONELY GUY (LOG) was previously identified as a cytokinin-activating enzyme that works in the direct activation pathway in rice (Oryza sativa) shoot meristems. In this work, nine Arabidopsis thaliana LOG genes (At LOG1 to LOG9) were predicted as homologs of rice LOG. Seven At LOGs, which are localized in the cytosol and nuclei, had enzymatic activities equivalent to that of rice LOG. Conditional overexpression of At LOGs in transgenic Arabidopsis reduced the content of N6-(\uffce\uff942-isopentenyl)adenine (iP) riboside 5\uffe2\uff80\uffb2-phosphates and increased the levels of iP and the glucosides. Multiple mutants of At LOGs showed a lower sensitivity to iP riboside in terms of lateral root formation and altered root and shoot morphology. Analyses of At LOG promoter:\uffce\uffb2-glucuronidase fusion genes revealed differential expression of LOGs in various tissues during plant development. Ectopic overexpression showed pleiotropic phenotypes, such as promotion of cell division in embryos and leaf vascular tissues, reduced apical dominance, and a delay of leaf senescence. Our results strongly suggest that the direct activation pathway via LOGs plays a pivotal role in regulating cytokinin activity during normal growth and development in Arabidopsis.Rhizobial infection of legume roots during development of nitrogen fixing root nodules occurs either intracellularly though plant derived infection threads traversing the epidermal and cortical cell layers to deliver the bacteria or intercellularly via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although, around 25% of all legume genera are postulated to be intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process has remained virtually unexplored due to lack of genetically amenable legumes that have this infection mode. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 and demonstrate that the resources available in Lotus enable insight into the genetic requirements and the fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection. Inoculation of Lotus mutants shows that Ern1 and RinRK1 are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including Nfr5, SymRK, CCaMK, Epr3, Cyclops, Nin, Nsp1, Nsp2, Cbs and Vpy1 are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared to intracellular colonization. In particular, a number of cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74 while lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants did not form any nodules. These results indicate that a differential requirement for cytokinin signalling conditions intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight the distinct modalities of the inter- and intra-cellular infection mechanisms.