{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:08Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-06-24", "title": "Physical topsoil  properties in Murugusi, Western Kenya", "description": "Open Access&lt;b&gt;General:&lt;/b&gt; Lab determined topsoil bulk density, contents of sand, clay and organic carbon in Murugusi, W. Kenya, together with spatial coordinates of where the soil samples were taken (rounded to the closest center point of a 250 m \u00d7 250 m raster). All lab analyses were carried out at the ILRI/CIAT lab in Nairob, Kenya.  &lt;br&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Soil sampling:&lt;/b&gt; At each sample location, one composite topsoil sample was taken; three cores of 7 cm in diameter taken within an area of one square meter. The soil was taken from 0-0.2 m depth below any organic (O) horizon.   &lt;br&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Determination of soil properties:&lt;/b&gt; The bulk density of the soil was determined by taking two undisturbed soil samples (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth) of known volume (100 cm2) and weighting them after air drying. Soil fractions of clay (&lt;0.002 mm) and sand (0.05-2 mm) were determined by the hydrometer method (Estefan et al., 2014), using 10% sodium hexametaphosphate as the dispersing agent. Soil pH was determined potentiometrically on a soil suspension of 1:2 (soil: water). Total carbon was measured after dry combustion using an elemental analyser (Elementar Vario max cube; ISO 10694, first edition 1995-03-01)  &lt;br&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Reference: &lt;/b&gt;Estefan G., Sommer R., Ryan J. (2014) Analytical Methods for Soil-Plant and Water in Dry Areas. A Manual of Relevance to the West Asia and North Africa Region. 3rd Edition, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, 255 pp. Available online at: http://repo.mel.cgiar.org:8080/handle/20.500.11766/7512?show=full. Verified: October 9, 2018.  &lt;br&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Acknowledgements: &lt;/b&gt; We are deeply thankful for the good services provided by John Mukulama (soil sampling), John Yumbya Mutua (soil sampling) and Francis Mungthu Njenga (lab analyses) The project was carried out within the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).", "keywords": ["Soil organic matter", "Agricultural Sciences", "Soil organic carbon", "sand", "Kenya", "Carbon", "Latin America and the Caribbean", "soil", "Soil", "Soil bulk density", "Sand", "soil organic matter", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Soil texture", "Murugusi", "Africa", "Clay", "Texture", "Western Kenya", "Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes - ASL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Piikki, Kristin, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Mats, Sommer, Rolf, Da Silva, Mayesse,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:14:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-19", "description": "We collected soil samples from 27 study sites across North Central United States to compare the soil carbon of short rotation poplar plantations to adjacent agricultural crops and woodlots. Soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from 20 to more than 160 Mg/ha across the sampled sites. Lowest SOC levels were found in uplands and highest levels in riparian soils. We attributed differences in bulk density and SOC among cover types to the inclusion of woodlot soils in the analysis. Paired comparison found few differences between poplar and agricultural crops. Sites with significant comparisons varied in magnitude and direction. Relatively greater SOC was often observed in poplar when native soil carbon was low, but there were important exceptions. Woodlots consistently contained greater SOC than the other crops, especially at depth. We observed little difference between paired poplar and switchgrass, both promising bioenergy crops. There was no evidence of changes in poplar SOC relative to adjacent agricultural soils when considered for stand ages up to 12 years. Highly variable native SOC levels and subtle changes over time make verification of soil carbon sequestration among land cover types difficult. In addition to soil carbon storage potential, it is therefore important to consider opportunities offered by long-term sequestration of carbon in solid wood products and carbon-offset through production of bioenergy crops. Furthermore, short rotation poplars and switchgrass offer additional carbon sequestration and other environmental benefits such as soil erosion control, runoff abatement, and wildlife habitat improvement.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Fossil Fuels", "Switchgrass", "Rotation", "Climate Change", "Crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Soils Carbon Sequestration", "7. Clean energy", "Carbon", "Manufacturing", "60 Applied Life Sciences", "Hybrid Poplar", "Poplars", "Cements", "Soil Bulk Density", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Bioenergy", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00267-003-9139-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.14214/sf.10050", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-15", "title": "Modelling soil moisture \u2013 soil strength relationship of fine-grained upland forest soils", "description": "<ja:p>The strength of soil is known to be dependent on water content but the relationship is strongly affected by the type of soil. Accurate moisture content \u00e2\u0080\u0093 soil strength models will provide forest managers with the improved ability to reduce soil disturbances and increase annual forest machine utilization rates. The aim of this study was to examine soil strength and how it is connected to the physical properties of fine-grained forest soils; and develop models that could be applied in practical forestry to make predictions on rutting induced by forest machines. Field studies were conducted on two separate forests in Southern Finland. The data consisted of parallel measurements of dry soil bulk density (BD), volumetric water content (VWC) and penetration resistance (PR). The model performance was logical, and the results were in harmony with earlier findings. The accuracy of the models created was tested with independent data. The models may be regarded rather trustworthy, since no significant bias was found. Mean absolute error of roughly 20% was found which may be regarded as acceptable taken into account the character of the penetrometer tool. The models can be linked with mobility models predicting either risks of rutting, compaction or rolling resistance.</ja:p>", "keywords": ["WATER-CONTENT", "cone index", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "SD1-669.5", "15. Life on land", "ta4112", "COMPACTION", "soil bulk density", "DENSITY", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "penetration resistance", "shear strength", "PENETRATION RESISTANCE", "VWC", "CONE INDEX"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ala-Ilom\u00e4ki, Jari, Lindeman, Harri, Toivio, Jenny, Siren, Matti, Uusitalo, Jori,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10050"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Silva%20Fennica", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.14214/sf.10050", "name": "item", "description": "10.14214/sf.10050", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.14214/sf.10050"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00560", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-07", "title": "Estimating organic carbon stocks of mineral soils in Denmark: Impact of bulk density and content of rock fragments", "description": "<p>Management measures to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage need verification, e.g., by periodic sampling of soils to estimate resulting changes in SOC stock. Estimates of SOC stocks are affected by content of rock fragments (systematic bias) and soil bulk density (random but significant effect), both of which may vary significantly between soils. We investigated the importance of using site-specific bulk density and correcting for rock fragment content on estimates of SOC stock in 0\u201350 cm depth of agricultural minerals soils, collected in 2019 in the Danish National Square Grid. We found that use of an average bulk density value for a given soil type category produced valid estimates of SOC stocks for regional/national inventories. However, large variations in bulk density were found within a given soil type category, which can result in over- or under-estimation at local sites. This calls for measurement of site-specific bulk density and rock fragment content to produce valid estimates of field-scale SOC stock, e.g., to be used in farm carbon credit schemes.</p>", "keywords": ["Rock fragment content", "Soil bulk density", "13. Climate action", "National soil carbon inventory", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agricultural mineral soil", "Soil organic carbon stock", "01 natural sciences", "Soil bulk density", " Rock fragment content", " Soil organic carbon stock", " National soil carbon inventory", " Agricultural mineral soil", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00560"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma%20Regional", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00560", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00560", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00560"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-10", "title": "Variation In Soil Carbon Stocks And Their Determinants Across A Precipitation Gradient In West Africa", "description": "Abstract<p>We examine the influence of climate, soil properties and vegetation characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) along a transect of West African ecosystems sampled across a precipitation gradient on contrasting soil types stretching from Ghana (15\uffc2\uffb0N) to Mali (7\uffc2\uffb0N). Our findings derive from a total of 1108 soil cores sampled over 14 permanent plots. The observed pattern in SOC stocks reflects the very different climatic conditions and contrasting soil properties existing along the latitudinal transect. The combined effects of these factors strongly influence vegetation structure. SOC stocks in the first 2\uffc2\uffa0m of soil ranged from 20\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a Sahelian savanna in Mali to over 120\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a transitional forest in Ghana. The degree of interdependence between soil bulk density (SBD) and soil properties is highlighted by the strong negative relationships observed between SBD and SOC (r2\uffc2\uffa0&gt;\uffc2\uffa00.84). A simple predictive function capable of encompassing the effect of climate, soil properties and vegetation type on SOC stocks showed that available water and sand content taken together could explain 0.84 and 0.86 of the total variability in SOC stocks observed to 0.3 and 1.0\uffc2\uffa0m depth respectively. Used in combination with a suitable climatic parameter, sand content is a good predictor of SOC stored in highly weathered dry tropical ecosystems with arguably less confounding effects than provided by clay content. There was an increased contribution of resistant SOC to the total SOC pool for lower rainfall soils, this likely being the result of more frequent fire events in the grassier savannas of the more arid regions. This work provides new insights into the mechanisms determining the distribution of carbon storage in tropical soils and should contribute significantly to the development of robust predictive models of biogeochemical cycling and vegetation dynamics in tropical regions.</p>", "keywords": ["550", "Tropical ecosystems", "biotic controls", "West africa", "01 natural sciences", "forest soils", "land-use change", "Precipitation gradient", "Soil bulk density", "senegal", "cycle feedback", "Life Science", "Resistant organic carbon", "organic-matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "savanna soils", "ddc:550", "Soil organic carbon", "sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "stabilization", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "texture", "Soil carbon stocks"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/sum.12176", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-04", "title": "Impact Of Cattle Grazing On Temperate Coastal Salt Marsh Soils", "description": "Abstract<p>Over the last two decades, grazing intensity has increased in the temperate salt marshes of Samboromb\uffc3\uffb3n Bay (Argentina) due to agricultural expansion and the displacement of domestic livestock to these areas. We investigated the effect of cattle grazing on soil chemical and physical properties in the higher (HE), medium (ME) and lower (LE) elevation levels of this temperate salt marsh. Soil data were collected from both a National Park, where cattle grazing has been excluded for more than 35\uffc2\uffa0yrs, and an adjacent commercial livestock farm continuously grazed by cattle. We found that soil salinity was greater on the grazed than on the ungrazed sites, especially those in theMEandLE. This could be related to the upward flow of salts from the saline groundwater, driven by the increase in the proportion of bare soil on grazed sites. The increase in soil salinity changed the plant community structure through the increase of salt\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90palatable species and the decrease of palatable species. Soil physical variables (soil bulk density and soil bearing capacity) were also higher on the grazed than on the ungrazed sites, which can be related to the decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), and suggest an incipient compaction process; however, the values were still lower than those considered critical for plant growth in clay soils. These results suggest that continuous grazing management in this temperate salt marsh might have negative consequences for animal production and ecosystem conservation, mainly related to the increased soil salinity. Further research will be necessary to evaluate the suitability of switching to intermittent grazing management.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Salinity", "Bearing Capacity", "Compaction", "Cattle Grazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.5", "13. Climate action", "Salt Marsh Soils", "Soil Bulk Density", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4", "14. Life underwater"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12176"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/sum.12176", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/sum.12176", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/sum.12176"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/846/2012-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Returning Wheat Straw To Croplands On Soil Compaction And Nutrient Availability Under Conventional Tillage", "description": "To investigate the effects of returning wheat straw to croplands on soil compaction and nutrient availability, this trial was designed: (1) planted crops without fertilization (NF); (2) natural land without human activities (CT); (3) applied mineral fertilizers in combination with 7500 kg/ha wheat straw (WS-NPK); (4) applied mineral fertilizers in combination with 3750 kg/ha wheat straw (1/2WS-NPK); and (5) applied mineral fertilizers alone (NPK). It is found that, compared with NPK, the soil bulk density in 1/2WS-NPK and WS-NPK both decreased by more than 10% in the 0 cm to 15 cm layer, and by 6.93% and 9.14% in the 15 cm to 20 cm, respectively. Furthermore, in contrast to NPK, the soil available nitrogen in the 0 cm to 25 cm layer in 1/2WS-NPK and WS-NPK were higher by 17.43% and 35.19%, and the soil available potassium were higher by 7.66% and 17.47%, respectively. For soil available phosphorus in the depth of 5 cm to 25 cm, it was higher by 18.51% in 1/2WS-NPK and by 56.97% in WS-NPK, respectively. Therefore, returning wheat straw to croplands effectively improves soil compaction and nutrients availability, and the improvement in soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability is closely related to the amount of wheat straw.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic matter", "soil nitrogen", "soil phosphorus", "Plant culture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil water content", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "soil bulk density", "SB1-1110"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D. Z. Wang, Z. Guo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/846/2012-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/846/2012-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/846/2012-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/846/2012-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/245/2014-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Impact Of Tillage On Physical Characteristics In A Mollisol Of Northeast China", "description": "Soil management is aimed at the maintenance of optimal soil physical quality for crop production. In order to explore the effects of tillage practices on soil physical properties, a study was conducted to compare the effects of no tillage (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT) on soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil water content (SWC), soil macroporosity (MAC) and soil air-filled porosity (AFP) in Northeast China. Results showed that both NT and RT led to significant BD increment than MP at 0-20 cm (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with MP, NT and RT increased SPR at the depths of 2.5-17.5 cm (P &lt; 0.05). SWC of 0-10 cm layer was significantly higher in NT and RT than MP soils (P &lt; 0.05). NT showed a significantly lower MAC than MP and RT at 0-20 cm soil depths (P &lt; 0.05). All AFP values were above the limit of 0.10 cm3/cm3 under all tillage treatments. RT improved the soil physical quality as evidenced by decreased BD and SPR, and increased SWC, MAC and AFP relative to NT.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil air-filled porosity", "Plant culture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil water content", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "soil macroporosity", "6. Clean water", "soil bulk density", "soil penetration resistance", "SB1-1110"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wei Shuangshi, Xuewen Chen, Shuxia Jia, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Aizhen Liang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/245/2014-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/245/2014-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/245/2014-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/245/2014-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land11050645", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-27", "title": "Soil Compaction Prevention, Amelioration and Alleviation Measures Are Effective in Mechanized and Smallholder Agriculture: A Meta-Analysis", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Background: The compaction of subsoils in agriculture is a threat to soil functioning. Measures aimed at the prevention, amelioration, and/or impact alleviation of compacted subsoils have been studied for more than a century, but less in smallholder agriculture. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively examine the effects of the prevention, amelioration, and impact alleviation measures in mechanized and small-holder agriculture countries, using studies published during 2000~2019/2020. Results: Mean effect sizes of crop yields were large for controlled traffic (+34%) and irrigation (+51%), modest for subsoiling, deep ploughing, and residue return (+10%), and negative for no-tillage (\u22126%). Mean effect sizes of soil bulk density were small (&lt;10%), suggesting bulk density is not a sensitive \u2018state\u2019 indicator. Mean effect sizes of penetration resistance were relatively large, with large variations. Controlled traffic had a larger effect in small-holder farming than mechanized agriculture. Conclusion: We found no fundamental differences between mechanized and smallholder agriculture in the mean effect sizes of the prevention, amelioration, and impact alleviation measures. Measures that prevent soil compaction are commonly preferred, but amelioration and alleviation are often equally needed and effective, depending on site-specific conditions. A toolbox of soil compaction prevention, amelioration, and alleviation measures is needed, for both mechanized and smallholder agriculture.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "crop yield", "15. Life on land", "compacted subsoils", "mechanized agriculture", "smallholder agriculture", "soil bulk density", "soil penetration resistance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050645"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land11050645", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land11050645", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land11050645"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4141/cjss81-026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-03-24", "description": "<p> The amounts of organic matter in native prairie and in an adjacent cultivated field were compared with the output from a simulation model describing organic matter dynamics. The effects of past and possible future soil management practices, and the loss of organic C through rainfall erosion were incorporated into the simulation study. Seventy years of cultivation increased the bulk density of the A horizon by an average of 16% along the catena of a Black Chernozemic soil. Organic C had decreased by 36% in the soil profile at the mid-slope position. Losses of organic N were 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9310% less. Depletion of organic C and N from the Ah horizon accounted for &gt;\uffe2\uff80\uff8290% of the total loss from the soil profile. Therefore, extrapolation of data from surface soil, based solely on changes in the concentration of organic C and N, could result in an overestimation of organic matter losses from soils. Microbial biomass in the Ap horizon of the crop-summer-fallow site was 30% less than in the Ah horizon of the native prairie. The model predicted an immediate rise in microbial biomass C upon cultivation of the native prairie due to a large initial input of grassland litter and roots. Subsequently, the microbial biomass C decreased and approached a steady-state level which was 25% less than in the native prairie. The model indicates that large quantities of N released during the initial years of cultivation would not have been totally utilized by the cultivated crops, therefore resulting in major losses to the environment. However, now the organic matter is reaching a steady-state level and only small net release of N can be expected; external N sources are required for optimum crop production. Management practices such as straw removal and cropping sequence have short-term effects on the rate of depletion of soil organic C. Similar equilibrium levels of soil organic matter were predicted after 100\uffe2\uff80\uff82yr of cultivation in simulation studies that did not consider erosion losses. The inclusion of rainfall erosion losses indicated that major organic C and other nutrient losses will occur in management practices that include significant portions of fallow in the cropping sequence. </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "soil organic matter", "soil organic C", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "N", "15. Life on land", "soil bulk density"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Paul, E. A., author, Voroney, R. P., author, Van Veen, J. A., author, Agricultural Institute of Canada, publisher,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss81-026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4141/cjss81-026", "name": "item", "description": "10.4141/cjss81-026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4141/cjss81-026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1981-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6574829", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:09Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil bulk density [10x kg/m3] for continental Europe at 30 m spatial resolution for period 2000-2020: Open Soil Data Cube for Europe", "description": "Predictions are based on the 3D Ensemble Machine Learning framework, as implemented in the R environment for statistical computing (Hengl &amp; MacMillan, 2019; Hengl, et al., 2021). For each pixel we provide prediction errors as 1 standard deviation in either log or the original variable scale. The short description of currently available soil properties: db_od = bulk density over dry [kg/m3 \u2a09 10]; Soil properties were predicted at fixed depths: Surface soil = s0..0cm,<br> Subsoil 1 = s30..30cm,<br> Subsoil 2 = s60..60cm,<br> Subsoil 3 = s100..100cm. To produce estimates for depth intervals e.g. 0\u201330 cm, 0\u2013100 cm best use the trapezoidal rule formula. Periods: 2000 (2000\u20132003), 2004 (2004\u20132007), 2008 (2008\u20132011), 2012 (2012\u20132015), 2016 (2016\u20132019), 2020; The bulk density maps are also provided in 10 kg / m-cubic to reduce total data size; to convert values to kg / m-cubic multiply by 10 e.g. 120 = 1200 kg / m-cubic = 1.2 t / m-cubic.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Europe", "15. Life on land", "pedometrics", "soil bulk density"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hengl, T., Parente, L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6574829"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6574829", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6574829", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6574829"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7075158", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:14Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Global Soil Bulk Density DataBase (GSBDDB)", "description": "We complied the Global Soil Bulk Density DataBase (GSBDDB). This database inlcudes 162,470 soil samples (35,805 sampling sites) with bulk density (BD) and soil organic cabron (SOC) for the globle. Among them, 96,705 soil samples have soil particle size fractions (i.e. clay, silt and sand) as well. In addtion, this dataset also records spatial coordinates, elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, potential evapotranspiration and aridity index. This dataset is asscoated to the 'Towards improved pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density using the global soil bulk density database (DSBDDB)' by Chen et al. (in preparation). Manuscript citation: Chen, S., Dai, L, Shuai Q., Xue, J., Zhang, X., Xiao, Y., et al. Towards improved pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density using the global soil bulk density database (DSBDDB). In preparation. When using the data, please cite repositories as well as the original manuscript. For any questions on the data, please contact Dr. Songchao Chen (chensongchao@zju.edu.cn).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "environmental covariates", "soil depth", "soil particle size fractions", "15. Life on land", "6. 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