This paper presents an autonomous robotic system, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), for in-field soil sampling and analysis of nitrates. Compared to standard methods of soil analysis it has several advantages: each sample is individually analyzed compared to average sample analysis in standard methods; each sample is georeferenced, providing a map for precision base fertilizing; the process is fully autonomous; samples are analyzed in real-time, approximately 30 min per sample; and lightweight for less soil compaction. The robotic system has several modules: commercial robotic platform, anchoring module, sampling module, sample preparation module, sample analysis module, and communication module. The system is augmented with an in-house developed cloud-based platform. This platform uses satellite images, and an artificial intelligence (AI) proprietary algorithm to divide the target field into representative zones for sampling, thus, reducing and optimizing the number and locations of the samples. Based on this, a task is created for the robot to automatically sample at those locations. The user is provided with an in-house developed smartphone app enabling overview and monitoring of the task, changing the positions, removing and adding of the sampling points. The results of the measurements are uploaded to the cloud for further analysis and the creation of prescription maps for variable rate base fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "precision agriculture", "Nitrates", "Chemical technology", "soil sampling", "TP1-1185", "Robotics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "artificial intelligence", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "UGV; precision agriculture; artificial intelligence; soil nutrient analysis; soil sampling", "Soil", "soil nutrient analysis", "Robotic Surgical Procedures", "Artificial Intelligence", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "UGV"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4207/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114207"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/s22114207", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/s22114207", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/s22114207"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13951110", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:27:30Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "D2.2 ProbeField datasets metadata", "description": "Deliverable 2.2 (ProbeField SSL Metadata) consists of several sampling campaigns conducted by institutes in ten European countries including Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. 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The columns include institute, country, contact person(s), contact person(s) e-mail, beneficiary or linked partner or SSL outside EJP, name of SSL, location, SSL form, format, link, conditions, geographical coverage, number of sites, number of samples, sample representation, increment, spectrophotometer, state of soil sample, organic carbon, texture, models, sharing, sample availability and georeferenced field site(s).", "keywords": ["EJP SOIL", "ProbeField", "Soil Organic Carbon", "Lab and field spectroscopy", "EJPSOIL", "Soil sampling", "Life Science", "SOC", "Proximal sensing", "Soil Spectral Library (SSL)"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Stenberg, Bo, Bor\u016fvka, Lubo\u0161, Fantappi\u00e8, Maria, Sanden, Taru, Van Egmond, Fenny, Koganti, Triven, Klumpp, Katja, Debaene, Guillaume, Liebisch, Frank, Castaldi, Fabio, Cayuela S\u00e1nchez, Jos\u00e9 Antonio, Barbetti, Roberto, Madeno\u011flu, Sevin\u00e7,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14019130"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14019130", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14019130", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14019130"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14134736", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:27:41Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil grid dataset of agricultural sites in the Czech Republic", "description": "The current dataset includes 320 topsoil samples (0\u201320\u202fcm depth) collected from four agricultural sites in the Czech Republic. 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For Flanders region, we conducted a double-double sampling study on 166 LUCAS points that were selected as representative for cropland, grassland and woodland soils.\u00a0 Each of these LUCAS points were sampled according to the LUCAS sampling scheme and the national (Cmon) scheme by our national surveyors (double sampling type 1) , and sampled by LUCAS surveyors (COBA group) for analysis by the LUCAS central lab so that also the laboratory results could be compared for the LUCAS 2022 campaign (double sampling type 2).\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 The LUCAS 2022 campaign selected also for Belgium 11 LUCAS Biopoints: 5 in Flanders, 1 in Brussels region and 5 in Wallonia. At the EJP National HUB we agreed to sample all 11 Belgian biopoints both for physico-chemical soil properties (this study) as for soil biodiversity assessment through eDNA metabarcoding (Lambrechts et al., 2025). The dataset comprises 3 CSV files: (1) list of sampling points with LUCAS pointID, coordinates and metadata, (2) the physico-chemical soil data of each point according to the LUCAS and Cmon sampling scheme, (3) the soil bulk density data according to the Cmon sampling scheme. Samples were collected between 15 June 2022 and 23 May 2023. Variables and units Variable Description Unit Method Thickness Layer thickness cm \u00a0 Depth Depth of layer (negative for forest floor) cm \u00a0 Sand Sand fraction by Laser Diffraction (LD) vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 Silt Silt fraction by LD vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 Clay Clay fraction by LD vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 TC Total carbon g/kg ISO 10694 TIC Total inorganic carbon g/kg ISO 10694 TOC Total organic carbon (TC-TIC) g/kg ISO 10694 TN Total nitrogen g/kg ISO 13878 pH_KCl_v_v pH KCl 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 EC_m_v Electric conductivity m/v \u00b5S/cm ISO 11265 EC_v_v Electric conductivity v/v \u00b5S/cm ISO 11265 pH_H20_m_v pH H2O 1:5 m/v - ISO 10390 pH_H20_v_v pH H2O 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 pH_KCl_v_v pH KCl 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 pH_CaCl2_m_v pH CaCl2 1:5 m/v - ISO 10390 pH_CaCl2_v_v pH CaCl2 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 BD_mean Bulk density mean of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 ISO 11272 BD_sd Bulk density stdev of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 \u00a0 BD_CV Bulk density CV of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 \u00a0 SWC_volp_mean Volumetric moisture content mean of 4 rep vol% \u00a0 SWC_volp_sd Volumetric moisture content sd of 4 rep vol% \u00a0 \u00a0 The data are evaluated in the report: De Vos, B. & Lambrechts, S. 2025. Comparing LUCAS and Cmon sampling schemes and survey data on 166 LUCAS 2022 points in Flanders, Belgium. EJP Soil Deliverable 6.3. Horizon 2020 EJP Soil grant agreement 862695. 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The dataset comprises 3 CSV files: (1) list of sampling points with LUCAS pointID, coordinates and metadata, (2) the physico-chemical soil data of each point according to the LUCAS and Cmon sampling scheme, (3) the soil bulk density data according to the Cmon sampling scheme. Samples were collected between 15 June 2022 and 23 May 2023. Variables and units Variable Description Unit Method Thickness Layer thickness cm \u00a0 Depth Depth of layer (negative for forest floor) cm \u00a0 Sand Sand fraction by Laser Diffraction (LD) vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 Silt Silt fraction by LD vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 Clay Clay fraction by LD vol% ISO11277 & ISO13320 TC Total carbon g/kg ISO 10694 TIC Total inorganic carbon g/kg ISO 10694 TOC Total organic carbon (TC-TIC) g/kg ISO 10694 TN Total nitrogen g/kg ISO 13878 pH_KCl_v_v pH KCl 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 EC_m_v Electric conductivity m/v \u00b5S/cm ISO 11265 EC_v_v Electric conductivity v/v \u00b5S/cm ISO 11265 pH_H20_m_v pH H2O 1:5 m/v - ISO 10390 pH_H20_v_v pH H2O 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 pH_KCl_v_v pH KCl 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 pH_CaCl2_m_v pH CaCl2 1:5 m/v - ISO 10390 pH_CaCl2_v_v pH CaCl2 1:5 v/v - ISO 10390 BD_mean Bulk density mean of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 ISO 11272 BD_sd Bulk density stdev of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 \u00a0 BD_CV Bulk density CV of 4 rep g/cm\u00b3 \u00a0 SWC_volp_mean Volumetric moisture content mean of 4 rep vol% \u00a0 SWC_volp_sd Volumetric moisture content sd of 4 rep vol% \u00a0 \u00a0 The data are evaluated in the report: De Vos, B. & Lambrechts, S. 2025. Comparing LUCAS and Cmon sampling schemes and survey data on 166 LUCAS 2022 points in Flanders, Belgium. EJP Soil Deliverable 6.3. Horizon 2020 EJP Soil grant agreement 862695. (to be published on Zenodo after Embargo period of 6 months).", "keywords": ["Soil", "soil sampling", "Soil fertility"], "contacts": [{"organization": "De Vos, Bruno, Lambrechts, Sam,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15114209"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15114209", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15114209", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15114209"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.15019338", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-25T16:28:10Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil sampling, pre-treatment, storage and shipment procedure for soil health monitoring", "description": "Soil sampling, pre-treatment, storage and shipment procedure for soil health monitoring used in BIOservicES project, agreed under a paticipatory approach with international projects, organisations and initiatives. Soil sampling strategy defined to collect, store and ship soil to assess different types of soil properties: i) physicochemical, related to soil fertility, carbon sequestration, pollution; ii) soil structure, by measures of soil aggregate stability, porosity and bulk density; iii) soil microorganisms; iv) microfauna; v) mesofauna; and vi) macrofauna.", "keywords": ["Fauna", "soil shipment", "soil health", "Microbiota", "soil sampling", "Methods", "soil storage", "Analysis", "biodiversity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, University of Vigo, LGI Sustainable Innovation, Instituut voor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek, Johann Heinrich von Th\u00fcnen-Institut, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Zabala Innovation Consulting (Spain), CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, CSIC, Central Organisation, Frauenklinik der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Wageningen University & Research, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava ', Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia, JUNE COMMUNICATIONS SRL, SOLUCIONES AGRICOLAS CULTIVATE, FUNDACION JUANA DE VEGA, FLACHENAGENTUR RHEINLAND GMBH, SIA RIGAS MEZI, Forschungsinstitut f\u00fcr Biologischen Landbau, Scotland's Rural College, University of Sussex, Northern Arizona University,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15019338"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15019338", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15019338", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15019338"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1ce8f933-3214-4f04-8e88-65364d00de67", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.63, 50.55], [8.63, 50.64], [8.74, 50.64], [8.74, 50.55], [8.63, 50.55]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Subsoil"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}, {"id": "Bodenprofil"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Coordinates"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}], "scheme": "individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non-scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of Soil3 research activities\". Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, Soil3 and BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does Soil3 and BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Soil3 and Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2025-06-24", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-07-17", "language": "eng", "title": "BonaRes Soil3 Drilling locations for core sampling to 1m depth", "description": "In BonaRes project \"Soil3 - Sustainable Subsoil Management\" long-term arable field experiments were sampled by soil coring to 100 cm depth. This datasheet provides coordinates of the drilling locations of individual cores for the long-term field experiment on biological N fixation located at the University of Gie\u00dfen (Germany). The field experiment test the factors precrop and mineral fertilisation. Four field replicates of treatments \"precrop clover, no mineral fertilisation\", \"precrop clover, PK-fertilisation\", \"precrop clover, NPK-fertilisation\", \"precrop fava bean, no mineral fertilisation\", \"precrop fava bean, PK-fertilisation\", \"precrop fava bean, NPK-fertilisation\", \"precrop maize, no mineral fertilisation\", \"precrop maize, PK-fertilisation\", \"precrop maize, NPK-fertilisation\" were sampled with two soil cores per field replicate. Soil samples of the two cores per field experiment were pooled for each sampling depth and distributed within the consortium for analyses.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "Subsoil", "Boden", "Bodenprofil", "Coordinates", "Soil sampling", "Boden", "opendata"], "contacts": [{"name": "Sara L. Bauke", "organization": "University of Bonn - INRES Soil Science and Soil Ecology", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 228 732965"}], "emails": [{"value": "sarabauke@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Nussallee 13"], "city": "Bonn", "administrativeArea": "North-Rhine Westphalia", "postalCode": "53115", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Wulf Amelung", "organization": "University of Bonn", "position": "Professor", "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 228 732780"}], "emails": [{"value": "wulf.amelung@uni-bonn.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Nussallee 13"], "city": "Bonn", "administrativeArea": "North-Rhine Westphalia", "postalCode": "53115", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Bonn - INRES Soil Science and Soil Ecology", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=1ce8f933-3214-4f04-8e88-65364d00de67", "rel": null}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/5cc34bf0-657a-49c7-8198-57ad9ad8341f", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1ce8f933-3214-4f04-8e88-65364d00de67", "name": "item", "description": "1ce8f933-3214-4f04-8e88-65364d00de67", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1ce8f933-3214-4f04-8e88-65364d00de67"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-06-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "d1cdbca9-3f3e-4995-a79e-b5b464e97b04", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[9.9, 51.98], [9.9, 52.01], [9.96, 52.01], [9.96, 51.98], [9.9, 51.98]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Top soil"}, {"id": "Subsoil"}, {"id": "soil compaction"}, {"id": "Soil pore system"}, {"id": "Soil porosity"}, {"id": "Soil macropores"}, {"id": "Field capacity"}, {"id": "Wilting point"}, {"id": "Hydraulic conductivity"}, {"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "Vehicles"}, {"id": "Harvesters"}, {"id": "Tillage"}, {"id": "Conservation tillage"}, {"id": "Conventional tillage"}, {"id": "Ploughing"}, {"id": "management"}, {"id": "Management techniques"}, {"id": "On-farm research"}, {"id": "Field experimentation"}, {"id": "Traffic"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Bodenfunktion"}, {"id": "Bodenstruktur"}, {"id": "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung"}, {"id": "Bodenwasser"}, {"id": "Bodenschutz"}, {"id": "Bodenuntersuchung"}, {"id": "Probenahme"}, {"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Soil physical parameters"}, {"id": "Soil density"}, {"id": "Dry bulk density"}, {"id": "Soil water content"}, {"id": "Soil deformation"}, {"id": "Soil hydraulic properties"}, {"id": "Soil water retention"}, {"id": "Air capaciy"}, {"id": "Plant available water"}, {"id": "Agricultural machineries"}, {"id": "Agricultural management"}, {"id": "Soil management"}, {"id": "Field experiment"}, {"id": "Wheeling experiment"}, {"id": "Field traffic"}, {"id": "Soil conserving traffic"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-07-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-05-13", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil pressure, deformation, and changes in soil physical parameters caused by combine harvester wheeling", "description": "In recent years, agricultural machinery became steadily larger and heavier. Especially under wet soil conditions, when soil is susceptible to compaction, heavy wheel load field traffic can lead to harmful soil compaction. This data set contains soil data from a wheeling experiment with an agricultural vehicle (2-axle combine harvester with bunker; total weight: 17 t). The experiment was conducted in 2016 on an agricultural test field in Adenstedt (Hildesheim district, Lower Saxony, Germany) during the harvest campaign. The soil type is Stagnic Luvisol derived from Loess and was conventionally tilled with a plough up to a depth of 28 cm. The cultivated crop was winter wheat. For the wheeling experiment, a combine harvester with full bunker volume passed defined plots in the field. In the inner field area, the number of wheel passes were 2 and in the headlands the number of wheel passes were 6. The sampling sites were both located in the inner field area and in the headlands. To investigate changes in soil physical parameters, soil structure, and soil functions caused by combine harvester driving, undisturbed soil cores (100 cm\u00b3) were taken before (unwheeled) and after wheeling (wheeled). The unwheeled soil samples were taken in 22, 35, and 50 depth and the wheeled soil samples in 20, 35, and 50 cm depth. In the inner field area, two soil pits were sampled per wheeling variant and in the headlands, one soil pit was sampled per wheeling variant. Additionally, the soil biopores were counted in every one of the three soil depths. A total of 30 undisturbed soil samples were taken per each soil pit, 10 per each soil depth.5 of the 10 undisturbed sampling rings were used to investigate soil water retention and the other 5 for saturated hydraulic conductivity. The determination of pF values was conducted in the soil laboratory using sand and clay boxes as well as pressure pots according to DIN ISO 11274. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was analyzed using a soil water permeameter (open system) according to ISO / FDIS 17312. The soil parameters total pore volume, air capacity, field capacity, usable field capacity, permanent wilting point, dry bulk density, and current water content during soil sampling were derived from the soil laboratory results.\n\nResearch domain: Soil Sciences", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "Top soil", "Subsoil", "soil compaction", "Soil pore system", "Soil porosity", "Soil macropores", "Field capacity", "Wilting point", "Hydraulic conductivity", "agriculture", "Vehicles", "Harvesters", "Tillage", "Conservation tillage", "Conventional tillage", "Ploughing", "management", "Management techniques", "On-farm research", "Field experimentation", "Traffic", "Soil sampling", "Bodenfunktion", "Bodenstruktur", "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung", "Bodenwasser", "Bodenschutz", "Bodenuntersuchung", "Probenahme", "Boden", "opendata", "Soil physical parameters", "Soil density", "Dry bulk density", "Soil water content", "Soil deformation", "Soil hydraulic properties", "Soil water retention", "Air capaciy", "Plant available water", "Agricultural machineries", "Agricultural management", "Soil management", "Field experiment", "Wheeling experiment", "Field traffic", "Soil conserving traffic"], "contacts": [{"name": "Weise, Maike", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "maike.weise@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ortmeier, Berthold", "organization": "-", "position": null, "roles": ["other"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "-"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Brunotte, Joachim", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "joachim.brunotte@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectManager"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Thomas, Celina", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["dataCurator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "celina.thomas@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Changes of soil physical and soil functional parameters caused by driving of a combine harvester on arable land"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=d1cdbca9-3f3e-4995-a79e-b5b464e97b04", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "d1cdbca9-3f3e-4995-a79e-b5b464e97b04", "name": "item", "description": "d1cdbca9-3f3e-4995-a79e-b5b464e97b04", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/d1cdbca9-3f3e-4995-a79e-b5b464e97b04"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC9185546", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:37:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-01", "title": "Agrobot Lala\u2014An Autonomous Robotic System for Real-Time, In-Field Soil Sampling, and Analysis of Nitrates", "description": "This paper presents an autonomous robotic system, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), for in-field soil sampling and analysis of nitrates. Compared to standard methods of soil analysis it has several advantages: each sample is individually analyzed compared to average sample analysis in standard methods; each sample is georeferenced, providing a map for precision base fertilizing; the process is fully autonomous; samples are analyzed in real-time, approximately 30 min per sample; and lightweight for less soil compaction. The robotic system has several modules: commercial robotic platform, anchoring module, sampling module, sample preparation module, sample analysis module, and communication module. The system is augmented with an in-house developed cloud-based platform. This platform uses satellite images, and an artificial intelligence (AI) proprietary algorithm to divide the target field into representative zones for sampling, thus, reducing and optimizing the number and locations of the samples. Based on this, a task is created for the robot to automatically sample at those locations. The user is provided with an in-house developed smartphone app enabling overview and monitoring of the task, changing the positions, removing and adding of the sampling points. The results of the measurements are uploaded to the cloud for further analysis and the creation of prescription maps for variable rate base fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "precision agriculture", "Nitrates", "Chemical technology", "soil sampling", "TP1-1185", "Robotics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "artificial intelligence", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "UGV; precision agriculture; artificial intelligence; soil nutrient analysis; soil sampling", "Soil", "soil nutrient analysis", "Robotic Surgical Procedures", "Artificial Intelligence", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "UGV"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4207/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/PMC9185546"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC9185546", "name": "item", "description": "PMC9185546", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC9185546"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "265cf378-9e1d-457b-920b-364e4f92c97d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.5, 49.78], [8.5, 49.96], [8.78, 49.96], [8.78, 49.78], [8.5, 49.78]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}, {"id": "Langzeitversuch"}, {"id": "Landwirtschaft"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Versuchsanlage"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "Field experimentation"}, {"id": "Agricultural research"}, {"id": "Research methods"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Field size"}, {"id": "Field shape"}, {"id": "plot design"}, {"id": "Geodesy"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}, {"id": "Sampling"}, {"id": "methodology"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Dauerfeldversuch"}, {"id": "Dauerversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitfeldversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitversuch"}, {"id": "Dauerd\u00fcngungversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitd\u00fcngungsversuch"}, {"id": "DFV"}, {"id": "DDV"}, {"id": "DV"}, {"id": "Long-Term Field Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Trial"}, {"id": "Long-Term Field Trial"}, {"id": "Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Soil Experiment"}, {"id": "LTFE"}, {"id": "LTE"}, {"id": "LTSE"}, {"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Forschungsring e.V. 's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Forschungsring e.V. and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Forschungsring e.V. and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Forschungsring e.V. and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2022-06-07", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-07-15", "language": "eng", "title": "Long-term fertilization field experiment Darmstadt (Feld A) from 1981 to 2009 - Soil sampling (Data collection)", "description": "Child table of \u201cLong-term fertilization field experiment Darmstadt (Feld A) from 1981 to 2009\u201d. Table with information about soil sampling. General description can be found in the parent table - Plot information. More information about database schema, assorted literature overview, the detailed location plan, etc.can be found in the supplemental material.\n\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Boden", "Langzeitversuch", "Landwirtschaft", "Versuchsanlage", "agriculture", "Field experimentation", "Agricultural research", "Research methods", "Field size", "Field shape", "plot design", "Geodesy", "Soil sampling", "Sampling", "methodology", "Dauerfeldversuch", "Dauerversuch", "Langzeitfeldversuch", "Langzeitversuch", "Dauerd\u00fcngungversuch", "Langzeitd\u00fcngungsversuch", "DFV", "DDV", "DV", "Long-Term Field Experiment", "Long-Term Experiment", "Long-Term Trial", "Long-Term Field Trial", "Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment", "Long-Term Soil Experiment", "LTFE", "LTE", "LTSE", "opendata", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "Dr. Christopher Brock", "organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 (0) 6155 8421 12"}], "emails": [{"value": "brock@forschungsring.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Brandschneise 5"], "city": "Darmstadt", "administrativeArea": "Hessen", "postalCode": "64295", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": null, "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Meike Oltmanns", "organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 (0) 6155 8421 13"}], "emails": [{"value": "oltmanns@forschungsring.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Brandschneise 5"], "city": "Darmstadt", "administrativeArea": "Hessen", "postalCode": "64295", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=265cf378-9e1d-457b-920b-364e4f92c97d", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/7f667e39-7f6a-40a9-8e1e-4efda1ecbfe3", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "265cf378-9e1d-457b-920b-364e4f92c97d", "name": "item", "description": "265cf378-9e1d-457b-920b-364e4f92c97d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/265cf378-9e1d-457b-920b-364e4f92c97d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1981-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2009-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "973b20a8-bd62-4f02-bdf7-d5a2cbd91735", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[8.5, 49.78], [8.5, 49.96], [8.78, 49.96], [8.78, 49.78], [8.5, 49.78]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}, {"id": "Langzeitversuch"}, {"id": "Landwirtschaft"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Versuchsanlage"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "Field experimentation"}, {"id": "Agricultural research"}, {"id": "Research methods"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Field size"}, {"id": "Field shape"}, {"id": "plot design"}, {"id": "Geodesy"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}, {"id": "Sampling"}, {"id": "methodology"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Dauerfeldversuch"}, {"id": "Dauerversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitfeldversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitversuch"}, {"id": "Dauerd\u00fcngungversuch"}, {"id": "Langzeitd\u00fcngungsversuch"}, {"id": "DFV"}, {"id": "DDV"}, {"id": "DV"}, {"id": "Long-Term Field Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Trial"}, {"id": "Long-Term Field Trial"}, {"id": "Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment"}, {"id": "Long-Term Soil Experiment"}, {"id": "LTFE"}, {"id": "LTE"}, {"id": "LTSE"}, {"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Forschungsring e.V. 's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Forschungsring e.V. and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does theForschungsring e.V. and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Forschungsring e.V. and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2022-06-01", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-08-13", "language": "eng", "title": "Long-term fertilization field experiment Darmstadt (Feld E) from 1996 to 2009 - Soil sampling (Data collection)", "description": "Child table of \u201cLong-term fertilization field experiment Darmstadt (Feld E) from 1996 to 2009\u201d. Table with information about soil sampling. General description can be found in the parent table - Plot information. More information about database schema, assorted literature overview, the detailed location plan, etc.can be found in the supplemental material.\n\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Boden", "Langzeitversuch", "Landwirtschaft", "Versuchsanlage", "agriculture", "Field experimentation", "Agricultural research", "Research methods", "Field size", "Field shape", "plot design", "Geodesy", "Soil sampling", "Sampling", "methodology", "Dauerfeldversuch", "Dauerversuch", "Langzeitfeldversuch", "Langzeitversuch", "Dauerd\u00fcngungversuch", "Langzeitd\u00fcngungsversuch", "DFV", "DDV", "DV", "Long-Term Field Experiment", "Long-Term Experiment", "Long-Term Trial", "Long-Term Field Trial", "Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment", "Long-Term Soil Experiment", "LTFE", "LTE", "LTSE", "opendata", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "Dr. Christopher Brock", "organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 (0) 6155 8421 12"}], "emails": [{"value": "brock@forschungsring.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Brandschneise 5"], "city": "Darmstadt", "administrativeArea": "Hessen", "postalCode": "64295", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": null, "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Meike Oltmanns", "organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 (0) 6155 8421 13"}], "emails": [{"value": "oltmanns@forschungsring.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Brandschneise 5"], "city": "Darmstadt", "administrativeArea": "Hessen", "postalCode": "64295", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Forschungsring e.V.", "roles": ["contributor"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=973b20a8-bd62-4f02-bdf7-d5a2cbd91735", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/54d3aeca-8fe7-4166-932f-736c1c906d1d", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "973b20a8-bd62-4f02-bdf7-d5a2cbd91735", "name": "item", "description": "973b20a8-bd62-4f02-bdf7-d5a2cbd91735", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/973b20a8-bd62-4f02-bdf7-d5a2cbd91735"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1996-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2009-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "c0096e15-df0d-4ba9-9b46-bafa414cd14b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[9.9, 51.98], [9.9, 52.01], [9.96, 52.01], [9.96, 51.98], [9.9, 51.98]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Top soil"}, {"id": "Subsoil"}, {"id": "soil compaction"}, {"id": "Soil pore system"}, {"id": "Soil porosity"}, {"id": "Soil macropores"}, {"id": "Field capacity"}, {"id": "Wilting point"}, {"id": "Hydraulic conductivity"}, {"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "Vehicles"}, {"id": "Harvesters"}, {"id": "Tillage"}, {"id": "Conservation tillage"}, {"id": "Conventional tillage"}, {"id": "Ploughing"}, {"id": "management"}, {"id": "Management techniques"}, {"id": "On-farm research"}, {"id": "Field experimentation"}, {"id": "Traffic"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Bodenfunktion"}, {"id": "Bodenstruktur"}, {"id": "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung"}, {"id": "Bodenwasser"}, {"id": "Bodenschutz"}, {"id": "Bodenuntersuchung"}, {"id": "Probenahme"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-07-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-05-13", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil pressure, deformation, and changes in soil physical parameters caused by silage maize harvest chain", "description": "In recent years, agricultural machinery became steadily larger and heavier. Especially under wet soil conditions, when soil is susceptible to compaction, heavy wheel load field traffic can lead to harmful soil compaction. This data set contains soil data from a wheeling experiment with agricultural vehicles from the silage maize harvest chain (maize chopper (total weight: 20 t), tractor with mulcher (total weight: 75 t), and tractor with silage trailer (total weight: 32 t)). The experiment was conducted in 2016 on an agricultural test field in Adenstedt (Hildesheim district, Lower Saxony, Germany). The soil type is Stagnic Luvisol derived from Loess and was tilled with a cultivator up to a depth of 25 cm (reduced tillage). For the wheeling experiment, the harvest chain vehicles passed defined plots in the inner field area one after another (8 wheel passes). Maximum soil pressure und plastic soil deformation evoked by vehicle passing was measured simultaneously with a multi-channel device consisting of Bolling probes (Bolling, 1987) and hydrostatic measuring hoses (Nolting et al., 2006). Maximum soil pressure and plastic soil deformation was measured in 20, 35, and 50 cm depth directly below the center of the tires. To investigate changes in soil physical parameters, soil structure, and soil functions caused by harvest chain vehicles driving, undisturbed soil cores (100 cm\u00b3) were taken before (unwheeled) and after wheeling (wheeled). The sampling sites were located in the inner field area. Two soil pits were sampled per wheeling variant. A total of 30 undisturbed soil samples were taken per each soil pit, 10 per each soil depth (20, 35, 50 cm). The soil biopores were counted in every one of the three soil depths. 5 of the 10 undisturbed sampling rings were used to investigate soil water retention and the other 5 for saturated hydraulic conductivity. The determination of pF values was conducted in the soil laboratory using sand and clay boxes as well as pressure pots according to DIN ISO 11274. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was analyzed using a soil water permeameter (open system) according to ISO / FDIS 17312. The soil parameters total pore volume, air capacity, field capacity, usable field capacity, permanent wilting point, dry bulk density, and current water content during soil sampling were derived from the soil laboratory results.\n\nResearch domain: Soil Sciences", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "Top soil", "Subsoil", "soil compaction", "Soil pore system", "Soil porosity", "Soil macropores", "Field capacity", "Wilting point", "Hydraulic conductivity", "agriculture", "Vehicles", "Harvesters", "Tillage", "Conservation tillage", "Conventional tillage", "Ploughing", "management", "Management techniques", "On-farm research", "Field experimentation", "Traffic", "Soil sampling", "Bodenfunktion", "Bodenstruktur", "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung", "Bodenwasser", "Bodenschutz", "Bodenuntersuchung", "Probenahme", "opendata", "Boden"], "contacts": [{"name": "Weise, Maike", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "maike.weise@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ortmeier, Berthold", "organization": "-", "position": null, "roles": ["other"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "-"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Brunotte, Joachim", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "joachim.brunotte@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectManager"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Thomas, Celina", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["dataCurator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "celina.thomas@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Changes of soil physical and soil functional parameters caused by driving of a silage maize harvest chain on arable land and measuring of soil pressure and soil deformation"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=c0096e15-df0d-4ba9-9b46-bafa414cd14b", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "c0096e15-df0d-4ba9-9b46-bafa414cd14b", "name": "item", "description": "c0096e15-df0d-4ba9-9b46-bafa414cd14b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/c0096e15-df0d-4ba9-9b46-bafa414cd14b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "65c50647-b035-43a5-b1aa-1f03c6f8ee2e", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[9.9, 51.98], [9.9, 52.01], [9.96, 52.01], [9.96, 51.98], [9.9, 51.98]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Top soil"}, {"id": "Subsoil"}, {"id": "soil compaction"}, {"id": "Soil pore system"}, {"id": "Soil porosity"}, {"id": "Soil macropores"}, {"id": "Field capacity"}, {"id": "Wilting point"}, {"id": "Hydraulic conductivity"}, {"id": "agriculture"}, {"id": "Vehicles"}, {"id": "Harvesters"}, {"id": "Tillage"}, {"id": "Conservation tillage"}, {"id": "Conventional tillage"}, {"id": "Ploughing"}, {"id": "management"}, {"id": "Management techniques"}, {"id": "On-farm research"}, {"id": "Field experimentation"}, {"id": "Traffic"}, {"id": "Soil sampling"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Bodenfunktion"}, {"id": "Bodenstruktur"}, {"id": "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung"}, {"id": "Bodenwasser"}, {"id": "Bodenschutz"}, {"id": "Bodenuntersuchung"}, {"id": "Probenahme"}, {"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Soil physical parameters"}, {"id": "Soil density"}, {"id": "Dry bulk density"}, {"id": "Soil water content"}, {"id": "Soil deformation"}, {"id": "Soil hydraulic properties"}, {"id": "Soil water retention"}, {"id": "Air capacity"}, {"id": "Plant available water"}, {"id": "Agricultural machineries"}, {"id": "Agricultural management"}, {"id": "Soil management"}, {"id": "Field experiment"}, {"id": "Wheeling experiment"}, {"id": "Field traffic"}, {"id": "Soil conserving traffic"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The BonaRes Module A-Project - SOILAssist and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-07-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-05-13", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil pressure, deformation, and changes in soil physical parameters caused by beet harvester wheeling", "description": "In recent years, agricultural machinery became steadily larger and heavier. Especially under wet soil conditions, when soil is susceptible to compaction, heavy wheel load field traffic can lead to harmful soil compaction. This data set contains soil data from a wheeling experiment with an agricultural vehicle (3-axle sugar beet harvester). The experiment was conducted in 2016 on an agricultural test field in Adenstedt (Hildesheim district, Lower Saxony, Germany). The soil type is Stagnic Luvisol derived from Loess and was tilled with a cultivator up to a depth of 25 cm (reduced tillage). For the wheeling experiment, the harvester passed defined plots in the field with a full bunker (total weight: 62 t) and a half full bunker (total weight: 49 t). Maximum soil pressure and plastic soil deformation evoked by harvester passing was measured simultaneously with a multi-channel device consisting of Bolling probes (Bolling, 1987) and hydrostatic measuring hoses (Nolting et al., 2006). Maximum soil pressure and plastic soil deformation was measured in 20, 35, and 50 cm depth directly below the center of the tires. To investigate changes in soil physical parameters, soil structure, and soil functions caused by harvester driving, undisturbed soil cores (100 cm\u00b3) were taken before (unwheeled) and after wheeling (wheeled). Wheeling variants in the inner field area were sugar beet harvester with half full bunker and full bunker volume driving with all wheels in the same track (3 wheel passes). The wheeling variant of the headland area was sugar beet harvester with full bunker volume and multiple wheel passes in front of the sugar beet clamp. The sampling sites were located both in the inner field area and in the headlands. Two soil pits were sampled per wheeling variant in the inner field area and one soil pit in the headlands. A total of 30 undisturbed soil samples were taken per each soil pit, 10 per each soil depth (20, 35, 50 cm). The soil biopores were counted in every one of the three soil depths. 5 of the 10 undisturbed sampling rings were used to investigate soil water retention and the other 5 for saturated hydraulic conductivity. The determination of pF values was conducted in the soil laboratory using sand and clay boxes as well as pressure pots according to DIN ISO 11274. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was analyzed using a soil water permeameter (open system) according to ISO / FDIS 17312. The soil parameters, total pore volume, air capacity, field capacity, usable field capacity, permanent wilting point, dry bulk density, and current water content during soil sampling were derived from the soil laboratory results.\n\nResearch domain: Soil Sciences", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "Top soil", "Subsoil", "soil compaction", "Soil pore system", "Soil porosity", "Soil macropores", "Field capacity", "Wilting point", "Hydraulic conductivity", "agriculture", "Vehicles", "Harvesters", "Tillage", "Conservation tillage", "Conventional tillage", "Ploughing", "management", "Management techniques", "On-farm research", "Field experimentation", "Traffic", "Soil sampling", "Bodenfunktion", "Bodenstruktur", "Physikalische Ver\u00e4nderung", "Bodenwasser", "Bodenschutz", "Bodenuntersuchung", "Probenahme", "Boden", "opendata", "Soil physical parameters", "Soil density", "Dry bulk density", "Soil water content", "Soil deformation", "Soil hydraulic properties", "Soil water retention", "Air capacity", "Plant available water", "Agricultural machineries", "Agricultural management", "Soil management", "Field experiment", "Wheeling experiment", "Field traffic", "Soil conserving traffic"], "contacts": [{"name": "Weise, Maike", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "maike.weise@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ortmeier, Berthold", "organization": "-", "position": null, "roles": ["other"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "-"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Brunotte, Joachim", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "joachim.brunotte@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Lorenz, Marco", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["projectManager"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "marco.lorenz@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Thomas, Celina", "organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "position": "Research associate", "roles": ["dataCurator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "celina.thomas@thuenen.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Bundesallee 47"], "city": "Braunschweig", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "38116", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Th\u00fcnen Institute of Agricultural Technology", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Changes of soil physical and soil functional parameters caused by driving of a sugar beet harvester on arable land and measuring of soil pressure and soil deformation"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=65c50647-b035-43a5-b1aa-1f03c6f8ee2e", "rel": "download"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "65c50647-b035-43a5-b1aa-1f03c6f8ee2e", "name": "item", "description": "65c50647-b035-43a5-b1aa-1f03c6f8ee2e", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/65c50647-b035-43a5-b1aa-1f03c6f8ee2e"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-17T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+sampling&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+sampling&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+sampling&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+sampling&offset=18", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 18, "numberReturned": 18, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-25T20:36:30.611429Z"}