Several studies have reported how tillage and cropping systems affect quantity, quality, and distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) along the profile. However, the effect of soil management on the chemical structure of SOM and on its hydrophobic and hydrophilic components has been little investigated. In this work, the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (19\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) effects of two cropping systems (wheat monoculture and wheat/faba bean rotation) and three tillage managements (conventional, reduced, and no tillage) on some chemical characteristics of SOM and their relationships with labile carbon (C) pools were evaluated. Soil samples were taken from the topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) of a Chromic Haploxerert (central Sicily, Italy). After 19\uffe2\uff80\uff89years of different tillage and cropping systems management, total organic C significantly differed among treatments with the labile organic C pools showing the greater amount in no till and in wheat/faba bean plots. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of SOM, determined by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, were mainly affected by cropping system, whereas aromatic components of SOM by tillage. Soil organic matter components and characteristics showed significant correlations with the soil biochemical parameters, confirming the expected synergism between chemical and biochemical properties. This study demonstrated that (i) no tillage and crop rotation improve the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM of Vertisols under semiarid environment; and (ii) tillage management and cropping systems have affected, after 19\uffe2\uff80\uff89years, more the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM than its quantity. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "3303 Development", "Soil Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Development", "6. Clean water", "2300 General Environmental Science", "10122 Institute of Geography", "13. Climate action", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "Environmental Chemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "910 Geography & travel", "1111 Soil Science", "General Environmental Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2293"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2293", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2293", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2293"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2025-02-05T10:34:26", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "A homogenized soil data file for global environmental research: A subset of FAO, ISRIC and NRCS profiles", "description": "A homogenized, global set of 1,125 soil profiles is presented. These profiles have been extracted from the database developed at ISRIC for a project on \"World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials\" (WISE), as a contribution to the activities of the Global Soils Data Task Group of IGBP-DIS. The subset consists of a selection of 665 profiles originating from digital data files released by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, Lincoln), 250 profiles obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Rome), and 210 profiles from the reference collection of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC, Wageningen). All profiles are georeferenced and classified in the FAO-Unesco Legend whereby they can be linked to the edited and digital version of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World. This data set is being released in the public domain for use by global modellers and other interested scientists. It is envisaged that the data set will be expanded by ISRIC when new, uniform soil profile data become available.\n\nNote: \na) A more recent version (some 10,000 profiles) of WISE profiles is available at: http://data.isric.org/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/a351682c-330a-4995-a5a1-57ad160e621c (2009)\nb) For a larger compilation see the WoSIS database: http://isric.org/explore/wosis (2017)", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic carbon", "bulk density", "soil classification", "soil depth", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "soil profiles", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "arc-second"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wise/ISRIC_report_1995_10b.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/documents/document-type/isric-report-199510b-homogenized-soil-data-file-global-environmental", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wise/ISRIC-WISE_Internat_Soil_Prof_Data_Set_c.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "name": "item", "description": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1002/ece3.10086", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:14:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-05-18", "title": "Fire severity as a key determinant of aboveground and belowground biological community recovery in managed even\u2010aged boreal forests", "description": "Abstract
Changes in fire regime of boreal forests in response to climate warming are expected to impact postfire recovery. However, quantitative data on how managed forests sustain and recover from recent fire disturbance are limited.
Two years after a large wildfire in managed even\uffe2\uff80\uff90aged boreal forests in Sweden, we investigated how recovery of aboveground and belowground communities, that is, understory vegetation and soil microbial and faunal communities, responded to variation in the severity of soil (i.e., consumption of soil organic matter) and canopy fires (i.e., tree mortality).
While fire overall enhanced diversity of understory vegetation through colonization of fire adapted plant species, it reduced the abundance and diversity of soil biota. We observed contrasting effects of tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related fire severity on survival and recovery of understory vegetation and soil biological communities. Severe fires that killed overstory Pinus sylvestris promoted a successional stage dominated by the mosses Ceratodon purpureus and Polytrichum juniperinum, but reduced regeneration of tree seedlings and disfavored the ericaceous dwarf\uffe2\uff80\uff90shrub Vaccinium vitis\uffe2\uff80\uff90idaea and the grass Deschampsia flexuosa. Moreover, high tree mortality from fire reduced fungal biomass and changed fungal community composition, in particular that of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and reduced the fungivorous soil Oribatida. In contrast, soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related fire severity had little impact on vegetation composition, fungal communities, and soil animals. Bacterial communities responded to both tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related fire severity.
Synthesis: Our results 2\uffe2\uff80\uff89years postfire suggest that a change in fire regime from a historically low\uffe2\uff80\uff90severity ground fire regime, with fires that mainly burns into the soil organic layer, to a stand\uffe2\uff80\uff90replacing fire regime with a high degree of tree mortality, as may be expected with climate change, is likely to impact the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term recovery of stand structure and above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground species composition of even\uffe2\uff80\uff90aged P.\uffe2\uff80\uff89sylvestris boreal forests.
The relationship between the spatial variability of soil multifunctionality (i.e., the capacity of soils to conduct multiple functions; SVM) and major climatic drivers, such as temperature and aridity, has never been assessed globally in terrestrial ecosystems. We surveyed 236 dryland ecosystems from six continents to evaluate the relative importance of aridity and mean annual temperature, and of other abiotic (e.g., texture) and biotic (e.g., plant cover) variables as drivers of SVM, calculated as the averaged coefficient of variation for multiple soil variables linked to nutrient stocks and cycling. We found that increases in temperature and aridity were globally correlated to increases in SVM. Some of these climatic effects on SVM were direct, but others were indirectly driven through reductions in the number of vegetation patches and increases in soil sand content. The predictive capacity of our structural equation\uffc2\uffa0modelling was clearly higher for the spatial variability of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90 than for C\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90related soil variables. In the case of N cycling, the effects of temperature and aridity were both direct and indirect via changes in soil properties. For C and P, the effect of climate was mainly indirect via changes in plant attributes. These results suggest that future changes in climate may decouple the spatial availability of these elements for plants and microbes in dryland soils. Our findings significantly advance our understanding of the patterns and mechanisms driving SVM in drylands across the globe, which is critical for predicting changes in ecosystem functioning in response to climate change.A calcareous and clayey xeric Chromic Haploxerept of a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimental site in Sicily (Italy) was sampled (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) under different land use management and cropping systems (CSs) to study their effect on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon (SOC). The experimental site had three tillage managements (no till [NT], dual\uffe2\uff80\uff90layer [DL] and conventional tillage [CT]) and two CSs (durum wheat monocropping [W] and durum wheat/faba bean rotation [WB]). The annually sequestered SOC with W was 2\uffc2\uffb775\uffe2\uff80\uff90times higher than with WB. SOC concentrations were also higher. Both NT and CT management systems were the most effective in SOC sequestration whereas with DL system no C was sequestered. The differences in SOC concentrations between NT and CT were surprisingly small. Cumulative C input of all cropping and tillage systems and the annually sequestered SOC indicated that a steady state occurred at a sequestration rate of 7\uffc2\uffb74\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89y\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Independent of the CSs, most of the SOC was stored in the silt and clay fraction. This fraction had a high N content which is typical for organic matter interacting with minerals. Macroaggregates (>250\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5m) and large microaggregates (75\uffe2\uff80\uff93250\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5m) were influenced by the treatments whereas the finest fractions were not. DL reduced the SOC in macroaggregates while NT and CT gave rise to higher SOC contents. In Mediterranean areas with Vertisols, agricultural strategies aimed at increasing the SOC contents should probably consider enhancing the proportion of coarser soil fractions so that, in the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, organic C can be accumulated. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "keywords": ["2300 General Environmental Science", "2. Zero hunger", "10122 Institute of Geography", "3303 Development", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910 Geography & travel", "15. Life on land", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1055"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.1055", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.1055", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.1055"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-10-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.2726", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:14:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-23", "title": "Conservation Agriculture Had A Poor Impact On The Soil Porosity Of Veneto Low-Lying Plain Silty Soils After A 5-Year Transition Period", "description": "AbstractConservation agriculture practices have been proposed as a set of techniques for improving soil structure properties and related ecosystem services. This study compared conservation agriculture (CA) practices (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, cover crop and residue retention) and conventional intensive tillage system in order to evaluate their effects on total porosity, pore size distribution, pore architecture and morphology. The experiment was set up in 2010 on four farms of the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90lying Veneto Region plain characterized by silty soils. Almost hundred soil samples were collected in 2015 at four depths down to 50\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layer and investigated for porosity from micrometre (0\uffc2\uffb70074\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm) to macrometre (2\uffc2\uffb75\uffc2\uffa0mm) by coupling mercury intrusion porosimetry and X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray computed microtomography (\uffce\uffbcCT). Indices of soil morphology and architecture were derived by analysing 3D images and mercury intrusion porosimetry pore size curves. Results suggested that silty soils of Veneto plain are microstructured because much (82%) of the porosity ranged between 0\uffc2\uffb70074 and 30\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm. CA practices positively influenced the ultramicroporosity class (0\uffc2\uffb71\uffe2\uff80\uff935\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm) (1\uffc2\uffb786E\uffe2\uff80\uff9001 vs 1\uffc2\uffb767E\uffe2\uff80\uff9001\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm3\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm\uffe2\uff88\uff923) that is strictly linked to soil organic carbon stabilization while no effects were observed in X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray \uffce\uffbcCT porosity domain (> 26\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm). Silty soils of Veneto plain showed a slow reaction to CA because of the poor aggregate stability and low soil organic carbon. However, the positive response of the ultramicropore fraction indicates that a virtuous cycle was initiated between soil organic carbon and porosity, hopefully leading to well\uffe2\uff80\uff90developed macropore systems and, in turn, enhanced soil functions and ecosystem services. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture; Mercury intrusion porosimetry; Pore morphology and architecture; Pore size distribution; X-ray computed microtomography; Environmental Chemistry; Development3304 Education; 2300; Soil Science", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2726"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2726", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2726", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2726"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.3006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:14:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-12", "title": "Impacts of climate change adaptation options on soil functions: A review of European case-studies", "description": "AbstractSoils are vital for supporting food security and other ecosystem services. Climate change can affect soil functions both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include temperature, precipitation, and moisture regime changes. Indirect effects include those that are induced by adaptations such as irrigation, crop rotation changes, and tillage practices. Although extensive knowledge is available on the direct effects, an understanding of the indirect effects of agricultural adaptation options is less complete. A review of 20 agricultural adaptation case\uffe2\uff80\uff90studies across Europe was conducted to assess implications to soil threats and soil functions and the link to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The major findings are as follows: (a) adaptation options reflect local conditions; (b) reduced soil erosion threats and increased soil organic carbon are expected, although compaction may increase in some areas; (c) most adaptation options are anticipated to improve the soil functions of food and biomass production, soil organic carbon storage, and storing, filtering, transforming, and recycling capacities, whereas possible implications for soil biodiversity are largely unknown; and (d) the linkage between soil functions and the SDGs implies improvements to SDG 2 (achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture) and SDG 13 (taking action on climate change), whereas the relationship to SDG 15 (using terrestrial ecosystems sustainably) is largely unknown. The conclusion is drawn that agricultural adaptation options, even when focused on increasing yields, have the potential to outweigh the negative direct effects of climate change on soil degradation in many European regions.
", "keywords": ["sol", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Sustainable Development Goals", "Sustainable development goals", "regional case studies", "adaptation", "Soil degradation", "01 natural sciences", "service \u00e9cosyst\u00e9mique", "630", "333", "soil", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil degradation", "Regional case-studies", "Agrucultural adaption", "DPSIR", "11. Sustainability", "regional case-studies", "Agricultural adaptation; DPSIR; Regional case-studies; Soil degradation; Sustainable Development Goals; Environmental Chemistry; Development3304 Education; 2300; Soil Science", "Climate change", "Research Articles", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900", "agricultural adaptation", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques", "13. Climate action"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3006"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.3006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.3006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.3006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:14:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-04", "title": "A framework for scaling sustainable land management options", "description": "AbstractImprovements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.Managing agricultural watersheds in an environmentally friendly manner necessitate the strategic implementation of well-targeted sustainable land management (SLM) practices that limit soil and nonpoint source pollution losses and translocation. Watershed-scale SLM-scenario modeling has the potential to identify efficient and effective management strategies from the field to the integrated landscape level. In a case study targeting a 66-hectare watershed in Petzenkirchen, Lower Austria, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to evaluate a variety of locally adoptable SLM practices. SWAT was calibrated and validated (monthly) at the catchment outlet for flow, sediment, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N), and mineralized phosphorus (PO4\uffe2\uff80\uff93P) using SWATplusR. Considering the locally existing agricultural practices and socioeconomic and environmental factors of the research area, four conservation practices were evaluated: baseline scenario, contour farming (CF), winter cover crops (CC), and a combination of no-till and cover crops (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89CC). The NT\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89CC SLM practice was found to be the most effective soil conservation practice in reducing soil loss by around 80%, whereas CF obtained the best results for decreasing the nutrient loads of NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N and PO4\uffe2\uff80\uff93P by 11% and 35%, respectively. The findings of this study imply that the setup SWAT model can serve the context-specific performance assessment and eventual promotion of SLM interventions that mitigate on-site land degradation and the consequential off-site environmental pollution resulting from agricultural nonpoint sources.Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important elements for soil biology and biogeochemistry worldwide. Yet, despite decades of research, important uncertainties persist about the drivers and changes in soil P forms during long-term soil formation. Here, we analyzed topsoils from nine globally distributed retrogressive soil chronosequences aiming to evaluate the relative contribution of key environmental factors (that is, soil age, substrate origin, climate, soil attributes, and vegetation) in explaining the long-term dynamics of primary, occluded, non-occluded, organic, and total P across different terrestrial ecosystems. We found that, rather than soil age, substrate origin was the main driver controlling the fate of different P fractions across contrasting environmental conditions. Moreover, our findings suggest that temporal patterns governing the long-term dynamics of different P forms as soils develop are not consistent among soil chronosequences, which is a result of contrasting environmental conditions, especially substrate origin. We further showed that topsoil total P was the greatest at intermediate soil development stage across the globe. Lastly, our results showed that P fractions were highly correlated with multiple surrogates of ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, plant productivity, and biodiversity. Together, our work provides new insights into the natural history of P availability, and further highlights that substrate origin, rather than soil age, is essential to predict changes in P availability in response to physical perturbation and climate change.Quantifying the upper limit of stable soil carbon storage is essential for guiding policies to increase soil carbon storage. One pool of carbon considered particularly stable across climate zones and soil types is formed when dissolved organic carbon sorbs to minerals. We quantified, for the first time, the potential of mineral soils to sorb additional dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for six soil orders. We compiled 402 laboratory sorption experiments to estimate the additional DOC sorption potential, that is the potential of excess DOC sorption in addition to the existing background level already sorbed in each soil sample. We estimated this potential using gridded climate and soil geochemical variables within a machine learning model. We find that mid- and low-latitude soils and subsoils have a greater capacity to store DOC by sorption compared to high-latitude soils and topsoils. The global additional DOC sorption potential for six soil orders is estimated to be 107 $$ pm$$ \uffc2\uffb1 13 Pg C to 1\uffc2\uffa0m depth. If this potential was realized, it would represent a 7% increase in the existing total carbon stock.Establishing parkland agroforestry on currently treeless cropland in the West African Sahel may help mitigate climate change. To evaluate its potential, we used climatically suitable ranges for parklands for 19 climate scenarios, derived by ecological niche modeling, for estimating potential carbon stocks in parkland and treeless cropland. A biocarbon business model was used to evaluate profitability of hypothetical Terrestrial Carbon Projects (TCPs), across a range of farm sizes, farm numbers, carbon prices and benefit sharing mechanisms. Using climate analogues, we explored potential climate change trajectories for selected locations. If mature parklands covered their maximum range, carbon stocks in Sahelian productive land would be about 1,284\uffc2\uffa0Tg, compared to 725\uffc2\uffa0Tg in a treeless scenario. Due to slow increase rates of total system carbon by 0.4\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 a\uffe2\uff88\uff921, most TCPs at carbon prices that seem realistic today were not feasible, or required the participation of large numbers of farmers. For small farms, few TCP scenarios were feasible, and low Net Present Values for farmers made it unlikely that carbon payments would motivate many to participate in TCPs, unless additional benefits were provided. Climate analogue locations indicated an uncertain climate trajectory for the Sahel, but most scenarios projected increasing aridity and reduced suitability for parklands. The potentially severe impacts of climate change on Sahelian ecosystems and the uncertain profitability of TCPs make the Sahel highly risky for carbon investments. Given the likelihood of degrading environmental conditions, the search for appropriate adaptation strategies should take precedence over promoting mitigation activities.
", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Carbon accounting", "Atmospheric Science", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Economics", "Profitability index", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "agroforestry", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Climate change mitigation", "Range (aeronautics)", "Rangeland Degradation", "Natural resource economics", "Soil water", "11. Sustainability", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "Carbon fibers", "Climate change", "Business", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Composite number", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Physical Sciences", "Composite material", "Atmospheric carbon cycle", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental science", "Global Forest Transition", "Agroforestry", "climate", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "Materials science", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-05-26", "title": "Biochar Amendment Increases Maize Root Surface Areas And Branching: A Shovelomics Study In Zambia", "description": "Positive crop yield effects from biochar are likely explained by chemical, physical and/or biological factors. However, studies describing plant allometric changes are scarcer, but may be crucial to understand the biochar effect. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of biochar on root architecture under field conditions in a tropical setting. The presented work describes a shovelomics (i.e., description of root traits in the field) study on the effect of biochar on maize root architecture. Four field experiments we carried out at two different locations in Zambia, exhibiting non-fertile to relatively fertile soils. Roots of maize crop (Zea mays L.) were sampled from treatments with fertilizer (control) and with a combination of fertilizer and 4\u00a0t.ha\u22121 maize biochar application incorporated in the soil. For the four sites, the average grain yield increase upon biochar addition was 45\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u00a0% relative to the fertilized control (from 2.1\u20136.0 to 3.1\u20139.1 ton ha\u22121). The root biomass was approximately twice as large for biochar-amended plots. More extensive root systems (especially characterized by a larger root opening angle (+14\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0%) and wider root systems (+20\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u00a0%)) were observed at all biochar-amended sites. Root systems exhibited significantly higher specific surface areas (+54\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u00a0%), branching and fine roots: +70\u2009\u00b1\u200956\u00a0%) in the presence of biochar. Biochar amendment resulted in more developed root systems and larger yields. The more extensive root systems may have contributed to the observed yield increases, e.g., by improving immobile nutrients uptake in soils that are unfertile or in areas with prolonged dry spells.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "10122 Institute of Geography", "UFSP13-8 Global Change and Biodiversity", "1110 Plant Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910 Geography & travel", "15. Life on land", "1111 Soil Science", "3. Good health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-26", "title": "Prescribed Fire Alters Foliar Stoichiometry And Nutrient Resorption In The Understorey Of A Subtropical Eucalypt Forest", "description": "Changes to soil nutrient concentrations following vegetation fire may affect biogeochemical cycling and foliar stoichiometry. Phosphorus (P)-limited plant communities are widespread and may be particularly sensitive to fire, but have received relatively little research attention in this context. We measured soil nutrient concentrations, foliar carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and P stoichiometry of understorey plants in a recently, frequently burned eucalyptus forest area in south-east Queensland, Australia, and compared these properties to an adjacent unburned area. Surface soils in the area subjected to relatively recent, frequent prescribed burning had higher P concentrations than those in the adjacent unburned area, although this did not include the \u2018available\u2019 forms of P. All plant species had high foliar N:P ratios, regardless of fire history, consistent with widespread P-limitation. Some species had lower foliar N:P ratios in the burned area, indicating interspecific variation in nutrient requirements and burning responses. The nutrient resorption proficiencies of a grasstree (Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Lee) were lower in the burned area, suggesting that the nutrient cycling of this species was made less conservative by burning. The stoichiometric patterns observed in the responses of plants to prescribed burning highlight the significance of fire in this P-impoverished plant community, and suggest the potential value of stoichiometric approaches in fire ecology.", "keywords": ["580", "Agricultural", "ecological stoichiometry", "Forest meteorology. Forest microclimatology", "FoR 07 (Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences)", "phosphorus limitation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Environmental sciences", "fire ecology", "Biological sciences", "Research. Experimentation", "veterinary and food sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soils. Soil science", "Other environmental sciences not elsewhere classified", "FoR 05 (Environmental Sciences)", "FoR 06 (Biological Sciences)", "forest fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-29", "title": "Responses Of Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities To Experimental Warming And Co2 Enrichment At The Alpine Treeline", "description": "Climate warming and elevated CO2 can modify nutrient cycling mediated by enzymes in soils, especially in cold-limited ecosystems with a low availability of nutrients and a high temperature sensitivity of decomposition and mineralization. We estimated responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) to 6\u00a0years of soil warming and 9\u00a0years of CO2 enrichment at an Alpine treeline site. EEAs were measured in the litter (L), fermentation (F) and humified (H) horizons under Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees. Soil warming indirectly affected EEAs through altered soil moisture, fine root biomass, and C:N ratio of the organic horizons. Warming increased \u03b2-glucosidase and \u03b2-xylosidase activities in the F horizon but led to reduced laccase activity in the L horizon, probably caused by drying of the litter horizon associated with the treatment. In the H horizon, previous CO2 enrichment altered the activity of leucine amino peptidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase. No interactive effects between warming and CO2 enrichment were detected. Warming affected the temperature sensitivity of \u03b2-xylosidase but not of the other enzymes. Altered EEAs after six years of soil warming indicate a sustained stimulation of carbon, nitrogen and nutrient cycling under climatic warming at the alpine treeline.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "High Temperature", "Nutrient Cycling", "Climate Change", "Larix Decidua", "Fine Root", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Alpine Environment", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Treeline", "Enzyme Activity", "10122 Institute of Geography", "Coniferous Tree", "Pinus Uncinata", "13. Climate action", "Fermentation", "1110 Plant Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Global Change", "Warming", "910 Geography & travel", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-006-9070-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-07-17", "title": "Crop Residue, Manure And Fertilizer In Dryland Maize Under Reduced Tillage In Northern China: Ii Nutrient Balances And Soil Fertility", "description": "A long-term experiment was carried out in the dryland of northern China to assess the effects of applications of maize stover, cattle manure and NP (1:0.44) fertilizer on partial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) balances, extractable soil N (SEN), P and K, and soil organic matter (SOM) in a spring maize cropping system, under reduced tillage conditions. The experiment was set-up according to an incomplete, optimal design, with three factors at five levels and 12 treatments, including a control with two replications. Statistical analyses using multiple regression models showed that the partial N, P and K balances were strongly influenced by annual variations in the amounts of soil water at seeding (SWS) and growing season rainfall (GSR). Most treatments had positive P but negative N and K balances. Cumulative P and K balances were reflected in extractable soil P (P-Olsen) and K (exchangeable K), but the weak relationships indicated that the sorption of P and buffering of K were strong. Cumulative balances of effective organic carbon (C) were weakly related to soil organic C (SOC) content after 12\u00a0years. Negative C balances were related to decreases in SOC, but positive C balances were not translated into increases in SOC. The analysis of nutrient balances and soil fertility indices revealed that nutrient inputs in most treatments were far from balanced. It is concluded that the concepts of \u2018ideal soil fertility level\u2019 and \u2018response nutrient management\u2019 provide practical guidelines for improving nutrient management under the variable rainfall conditions of dry land areas in northern China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "bench marks", "carbon", "potassium", "rice", "water", "Soil Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "phosphorus", "environment", "organic-matter", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9070-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-006-9070-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-006-9070-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-006-9070-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-05", "title": "Reduced Nitrate Concentrations In Shallow Ground Water Under A Non-Fertilised Grass Buffer Strip", "description": "In this paper the suitability of a buffer strip to reduce nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater was tested for a sandy arable soil in The Netherlands during two consecutive leaching seasons. The bufferstrip was a 3.5\u00a0m wide unfertilised grass strip adjacent to a ditch on an arable field. In total 24 groundwater wells were installed in 4 transects perpendicular to the ditch to determine Cl, NO3 and \u03b415N concentrations. Piezometers were installed to assess the groundwater flow, which was in the direction of the ditch with small downward leakage across a peat layer at about 3\u00a0m depth. Nitrogen was dominantly present as nitrate (NO3). The NO3-N concentrations under the bufferstrip were significantly lower than under the adjacent arable field. The lower concentrations were due to dilution, uptake by grass and denitrification. Nitrate was actively removed in the bufferstrip, since the Cl/NO3 ratios were higher in the bufferstrip than in the remainder of the field. Furthermore, \u03b415N data indicated that denitrification occurred in the groundwater and increased with decreasing distance to the ditch. NO3-N loads to the ditch were estimated at 8.5\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121yr\u22121, which is relatively low for this area. We can, however, not determine whether these relatively low NO3-N loads were causally related to the reduced NO3-N concentrations in the bufferstrip. Nevertheless, the results of the present study are promising and justify additional research on the efficiency of bufferstrips to reduce NO3 concentrations in shallow groundwater, and subsequently reduce NO3 loading of surface water, under Dutch conditions.", "keywords": ["coastal-plain", "Soil Science", "netherlands", "dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "riparian zone", "surface waters", "nitrogen removal", "quality", "sandy soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "movement", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-11-15", "title": "Long-Term Impact Of Chronosequential Land Use Change On Soil Carbon Stocks On A Swedish Farm", "description": "Agricultural practices and land use significantly influence soil carbon storage. The processes that are affected by land use and management are generally understood, but uncertainties in projections are high. In this paper, we investigate the long-term effects of chronosequential land use change from grassland to cropland and vice versa on soil carbon stock dynamics in four fields on a Swedish farm. Between 1850 and 1920, three of the fields were converted from grassland into cropland, and one was converted back to grassland in 1971. The fourth (control) field is a grassland that has never been ploughed. In 1937, the four fields were sampled at 111 points in a regular grid (25 or 50\u00a0m) and the dried soil samples were stored at our Department. In 1971 and 2002, the original grid points were revisited and re-sampled. Land use changes affected the soil C stock significantly. In 1937, carbon stocks were significantly smaller in the arable fields than in the grassland soil. In the field that was converted from arable back to grassland, soil C increased significantly at an average rate of about 0.4\u00a0Mg ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121. A soil C balance model (ICBM) driven by standard meteorological data and soil carbon input estimated from yield records described soil carbon dynamics reasonably well, although the range of simulated relative changes in C stocks between 1937 and 2002 in the four fields (from \u22127.4 to +8.8%) was narrower than those measured (from \u221219.5 to +16.5%). There are only few long-term studies in Northern Europe available for quantifying the effect of land use change on soil carbon stocks and the results presented here are therefore useful for improving predictions of changes in soil carbon driven by land use change.", "keywords": ["Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3434/1/Katterer_etal_20081125.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3434/1/Katterer_etal_20081125.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-008-9174-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-21", "title": "A Comparison Between Legume Technologies And Fallow, And Their Effects On Maize And Soil Traits, In Two Distinct Environments Of The West African Savannah", "description": "Legume\u2013maize rotation and maize nitrogen (N)-response trials were carried out simultaneously from 1998 to 2004 in two distinct agro-ecological environments of West Africa: the humid derived savannah (Ibadan) and the drier northern Guinea savannah (Zaria). In the N-response trial, maize was grown annually receiving urea N at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha\u22121. In Ibadan, maize production increased with N fertilization, but mean annual grain yield declined over the course of the trial. In Zaria, no response to N treatments was observed initially, and an increase in the phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) fertilizer application rate was required to increase yield across treatments and obtain a response to N applications, stressing the importance of non-N fertilizers in the savannah. In the rotation trial, a 2-year natural fallow\u2013maize rotation was compared with maize rotated with different legume types: green manure, forage, dual-purpose, and grain legumes. The cultivation of some legume types resulted in a greater annual maize production relative to the fallow\u2013maize combination and corresponding treatments in the N-response trial, while there was no gain in maize yield with other legume types. Large differences in the residual effects from legumes and fallow were also observed between sites, indicting a need for site-specific land management recommendations. In Ibadan, cultivation of maize after the forage legume (Stylosanthes guianensis) achieved the highest yield. The natural fallow\u2013maize rotation had improved soil characteristics (Bray-I P, exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium) at the end of the trial relative to legume\u2013maize rotations, and natural fallow resulted in higher maize yields than the green manure legume (Pueraria phaseoloides). In Zaria, maize following dual-purpose soybean achieved the highest mean yield. At both sites, variation in aboveground N and P dynamics of the legume and fallow vegetation could only partly explain the different residual effects on maize.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "forage legumes", "agropastoral systems", "northern guinea savanna", "livestock systems", "Soil Science", "biological nitrogen-fixation", "increased crop production", "continuous cultivation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farming systems", "fertility management", "organic-matter", "Agronomy and Crop Science"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Franke, A.C., Laberge, G., Oyewole, B.D., Schulz, S., Tobe, O.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9174-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-008-9174-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-008-9174-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-008-9174-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:17:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-08", "title": "Tillage, Mulch And Fertiliser Impacts On Soil Nitrogen Availability And Maize Production In Semi-Arid Zimbabwe", "description": "Conservation agriculture has been promoted widely in sub-Saharan African to cushion smallholder farmers against the adverse effects of soil fertility decline, stabilize crop yields and increase resilience to climate change and variability. Our study aimed to determine if aspects of CA, namely tillage and mulching with manure and fertiliser application, improved soil mineral N release, plant N uptake and maize yields in cropping systems on poor soils in semi-arid Matobo, Zimbabwe. The experiment, run for three seasons (2012/13\u20132014/15), was a split-split plot design with three replicates. Tillage (animal-drawn ploughing and ripping) was the main plot treatment and residue application was the sub plot treatment with two levels (100% residues removed or retained after harvest). Five fertility amendments (mineral fertiliser at 0, 20 and 40 kg N ha-1, 5 t ha-1 manure only and 5 t ha-1 manure + 20 kg N ha-1) were sub-sub plot treatments. Plough tillage stimulated N mineralisation by 4\u201319 kg N ha-1 and maize N uptake 13\u201323% more than the ripper tillage. When mulch was added to the plough tillage, mineralisation was slowed resulting in less crop N uptake (by 5\u201319%) compared with no mulch application. N uptake was highest in the manure treatments. N recovery and agronomic N efficiency by maize were highly variable over the three seasons, reflecting the uncertainty complicating farmers\u2019 decision making. Nitrogen recovery in the manure treatments was generally poor in the first season resulting in low grain yields in the range 100\u2013260 kg ha-1 regardless of tillage, though higher in subsequent seasons. In the second season manure application gave the largest grain yields under the ripper tillage, both with and without mulch averaging 1850 and 2228 kg ha-1 respectively. Under the plough tillage, the 40 kg N ha-1 treatment gave the highest grain yields of 1985 kg ha-1. In the third season yields were generally poor under all treatments due to low and poorly-distributed rainfall. The CA principles of minimum soil disturbance and maintenance of a permanent mulch cover resulted in reduced soil mineral N availability for crop uptake and poor maize yields. Nutrient inputs through mineral fertilisers and manure are key to ensuring production in such infertile, sandy soils which predominate in semi-arid regions of southern Africa.", "keywords": ["Zimbabwe", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil Science", "Crop residue retention", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Apparent N recovery", "African Agriculture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizer Applications", "Agronomic efficiency"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-012-9547-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-14", "title": "Soil N2o And Co2 Emissions From Cotton In Australia Under Varying Irrigation Management", "description": "Irrigation is known to stimulate soil microbial carbon and nitrogen turnover and potentially the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). We conducted a study to evaluate the effect of three different irrigation intensities on soil N2O and CO2 fluxes and to determine if irrigation management can be used to mitigate N2O emissions from irrigated cotton on black vertisols in South-Eastern Queensland, Australia. Fluxes were measured over the entire 2009/2010 cotton growing season with a fully automated chamber system that measured emissions on a sub-daily basis. Irrigation intensity had a significant effect on CO2 emission. More frequent irrigation stimulated soil respiration and seasonal CO2 fluxes ranged from 2.7 to 4.1 Mg-C ha\u22121 for the treatments with the lowest and highest irrigation frequency, respectively. N2O emission happened episodic with highest emissions when heavy rainfall or irrigation coincided with elevated soil mineral N levels and seasonal emissions ranged from 0.80 to 1.07 kg N2O-N ha\u22121 for the different treatments. Emission factors (EF = proportion of N fertilizer emitted as N2O) over the cotton cropping season, uncorrected for background emissions, ranged from 0.40 to 0.53 % of total N applied for the different treatments. There was no significant effect of the different irrigation treatments on soil N2O fluxes because highest emission happened in all treatments following heavy rainfall caused by a series of summer thunderstorms which overrode the effect of the irrigation treatment. However, higher irrigation intensity increased the cotton yield and therefore reduced the N2O intensity (N2O emission per lint yield) of this cropping system. Our data suggest that there is only limited scope to reduce absolute N2O emissions by different irrigation intensities in irrigated cotton systems with summer dominated rainfall. However, the significant impact of the irrigation treatments on the N2O intensity clearly shows that irrigation can easily be used to optimize the N2O intensity of such a system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "571", "550", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Fertilisation", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Irrigation management", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science", "1111 Soil Science", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/218966/1/Scheer_2013_FRES.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-012-9547-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-012-9547-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-012-9547-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-012-9547-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-014-9650-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-25", "title": "Nitrate Leaching From Organic And Conventional Arable Crop Farms In The Seine Basin (France)", "description": "In the Seine Basin, characterised by intensive arable crops, most of the surface and groundwater is contaminated by nitrate (NO3-). The goal of this study is to investigate nitrogen leaching on commercial arable crop farms in five organic and three conventional systems. In 2012-2013, a total of 37 fields are studied on eight arable crop rotations, for three different soil and climate conditions. Our results show a gradient of soil solution concentrations in function of crops, lower for alfalfa (mean 2.8 mg NO3-N l(-1)) and higher for crops fertilised after legumes (15 mg NO3-N l(-1)). Catch crops decrease nitrate soil solution concentrations, below 10 mg NO3-N l(-1). For a full rotation, the estimated mean concentrations is lower for organic farming, 12 +/- 5 mg NO3-N l(-1) than for conventional farming 24 +/- 11 mg NO3-N l(-1), with however a large range of variability. Overall, organic farming shows lower leaching rates (14-50 kg NO3-N ha(-1)) than conventional farms (32-77 kg NO3-N ha(-1)). Taking into account the slightly lower productivity of organic systems, we show that yield-scaled leaching values are also lower for organic (0.2 +/- 0.1 kg N kg(-1) N year(-1)) than for conventional systems (0.3 +/- 0.1 kg N kg(-1) N year(-1)). Overall, we show that organic farming systems have lower impact than conventional farming on N leaching, although there is still room for progress in both systems in commercial farms.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "2. Zero hunger", "Organic farming", "Soil Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Nitrate leaching", "Farmer-centred approach", "Arable crops", "13. Climate action", "Ceramic cups", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agronomy and Crop Science"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Benoit, Marie, Garnier, Josette, Anglade, Juliette, Billen, Gilles,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9650-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-014-9650-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-014-9650-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-014-9650-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-10-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-016-9801-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-09-27", "title": "Emissions Of Nitrous Oxide And Ammonia After Cauliflower Harvest Are Influenced By Soil Type And Crop Residue Management", "description": "The decomposition of vegetable crop residues, e.g. from Brassica species, can cause substantial nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions due to their high nutrient and water contents. One promising approach to reduce these harmful emissions is optimizing post-harvest crop residue management. So far published results on the effects of different crop residue placement techniques on N2O and NH3 emissions do not give a consistent picture. One of the key issues is the diverse experimental conditions, in particular with respect to soil characteristics. Therefore, we studied the effects of cauliflower residue management, i.e. no residues (control), surface application (mulch), incorporation by mixing (mix), incorporation by ploughing (plough), on N2O and NH3 emissions in a 7.5-months field study, using a unique open-air facility featuring three different soils with contrasting soil texture (loamy sand, silt loam, sandy clay loam). Cauliflower residues caused the highest N2O emissions after ploughing (2.3\u20133.4\u00a0kg N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121, 1.5\u20132.2 % of residue-N), irrespective of the soil type. In contrast, ammonia emissions were only affected by the residue placement technique in loamy sand, which exhibited the highest emissions in the mulch treatment (1.9\u00a0kg NH3\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121, 1.2 % of residue-N). In conclusion, under the given conditions incorporating crop residues by ploughing appears to produce the highest N2O emissions in a range of soils, whereas surface application may primarily increase NH3 emissions in coarse-textured soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Soil Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9801-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-016-9801-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-016-9801-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-016-9801-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-005-7459-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-24", "title": "Crop Yields, Internal Nutrient Efficiency, And Changes In Soil Properties In Rice\u2013Wheat Rotations Under Non-Flooded Mulching Cultivation", "description": "A field experiment was conducted for 5 years to examine the effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation on crop yield, internal nutrient efficiency and soil properties in rice\u2013wheat (R\u2013W) rotations of the Chengdu Plain, southwest China. Compared with traditional flooding (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM) resulted in 12 and 11% higher average rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and system productivity (combined rice and wheat yields), and the trends in rice and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields under PM were stable over time. However, non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM) decreased average rice yield by 11% compared with TF, although no significant difference in system productivity was found between SM and TF. Uptakes of N and K by rice under PM were higher than those under TF and SM, but internal nutrient efficiency was significantly lower (N) or similar (K) under PM compared to SM and TF. This implies that more N and K accumulated in rice straw under PM. After 5-year rice\u2013wheat rotation, apparent P balances (112\u2013160 kg ha\u22121) were positive under all three cultivation systems. However, the K balances were negative under PM (\u2212419 kg ha\u22121) and TF (\u221290 kg ha\u22121) compared with SM (45 kg ha\u22121). This suggests that higher K inputs from fertilizer, straw or manure may be necessary, especially under PM. After five rice seasons and four wheat seasons, non-flooded mulching cultivation led to similar (PM) or higher (SM) soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN) and alkali hydrolyzable N (AH-N) in the top 0\u20135 and 5\u201312 cm layers compared with TF. SOC, TN, AH-N and Olsen-P (OP) in the sub-surface layer (12\u201324 cm) were significantly higher under PM or SM than under TF, indicating that rice under non-flooded mulching conditions may fail to make use of nutrients from the subsoil. Thus, the risk of decline in soil fertility under non-flooded mulching cultivation could be very low if input levels match crop requirements. Our data indicate that PM and SM may be alternative options for farmers using R\u2013W rotations for enhancement or maintenance of system productivity and soil fertility.", "keywords": ["/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1111", "2. Zero hunger", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1102", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1110", "Soil Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-7459-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-005-7459-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-005-7459-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-005-7459-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-008-9679-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-07-10", "title": "Influence Of Root Zone Nitrogen Management And A Summer Catch Crop On Cucumber Yield And Soil Mineral Nitrogen Dynamics In Intensive Production Systems", "description": "Nutrient and water management is crucially important in shallow-rooted vegetable production systems characterized by high input and high environmental risk. A 2-year field experiment on greenhouse cucumber double-cropping systems examined the effects of root zone nitrogen management and planting of sweet corn as a catch crop in the summer fallow period on cucumber yield and soil Nmin dynamics compared to conventional practices. Cucumber fruit yields were not significantly affected by root zone N management and catch crop planting despite a decrease in N fertilizer application of 53% compared to conventional N management. Soil Nmin content to a depth of 0.9\u00a0m decreased markedly and root zone (0\u20130.3\u00a0m) soil Nmin content was maintained at about 200\u00a0kg N ha\u22121. Root zone N management efficiently and directly reduced apparent N losses by 44% and 45% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Sweet corn, the summer catch crop, depleted Nmin residue in the soil profile of 1.8\u00a0m at harvest of winter\u2013spring season cucumber by 304\u2013333\u00a0kg N ha\u22121, which contributed 19\u201322% reduction in N loss. Compared to conventional N management, N loss was reduced by 56% under root zone N management and catch crop planting.", "keywords": ["/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1111", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1110", "Soil Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9679-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-008-9679-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-008-9679-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-008-9679-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-02T16:15:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-11", "title": "Does the combined application of organic and mineral nutrient sources influence maize productivity? A meta-analysis", "description": "The combined application of organic resources (ORs) and mineral fertilizers is increasingly gaining recognition as a viable approach to address soil fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We conducted a meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive and quantitative synthesis of conditions under which ORs, N fertilizers, and combined ORs with N fertilizers positively or negatively influence Zea mays (maize) yields, agronomic N use efficiency and soil organic C (SOC) in SSA. Four OR quality classes were assessed; classes I (high quality) and II (intermediate quality) had >2.5% N while classes III (intermediate quality) and IV (low quality) had <2.5% N and classes I and III had <4% polyphenol and <15% lignin. On the average, yield responses over the control were 60%, 84% and 114% following the addition of ORs, N fertilizers and ORs + N fertilizers, respectively. There was a general increase in yield responses with increasing OR quality and OR-N quantity, both when ORs were added alone or with N fertilizers. Surprisingly, greater OR residual effects were observed with high quality ORs and declined with decreasing OR quality. The greater yield responses with ORs + N fertilizers than either resource alone were mostly due to extra N added and not improved N utilization efficiency because negative interactive effects were, most often, observed when combining ORs with N fertilizers. Additionally, their agronomic N use efficiency was not different from sole added ORs but lower than N fertilizers added alone. Nevertheless, positive interactive effects were observed in sandy soils with low quality ORs whereas agronomic use efficiency was greater when smaller quantities of N were added in all soils. Compared to sole added ORs, yield responses for the combined treatment increased with decreasing OR quality and greater yield increases were observed in sandy (68%) than clayey soils (25%). While ORs and ORs + N fertilizer additions increased SOC by at least 12% compared to the control, N fertilizer additions were not different from control suggesting that ORs are needed to increase SOC. Thus, the addition of ORs will likely improve nutrient storage while crop yields are increased and more so for high quality ORs. Furthermore, interactive effects are seldom occurring, but agronomic N use efficiency of ORs + N fertilizers were greater with low quantities of N added, offering potential for increasing crop productivity.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "Soil management", "Soil Science", "Plant Science", "fertilidad del suelo", "maize", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "Agronomic n use efficiency", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "ma\u00edz", "Soil", "abonos npk", "npk fertilizers", "Field Scale", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "soil fertility", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Interactive effects", "15. Life on land", "Organic resource quality", "Yield response", "Integrated soil fertility management", "Meta-analysis", "Zea maize", "Soil conservation", "Fertilization", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-12T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+science&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+science&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+science&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+science&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 733, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-03T08:25:22.653227Z"}