Forests in seasonally dry areas of eastern Amazonia near Paragominas, Par\uffc3\uffa1, Brazil, maintain an evergreen forest canopy through an extended dry season by taking up soil water through deep (>1 m) roots. Belowground allocation of C in these deep\uffe2\uff80\uff90rooting forests is very large (1900 g C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) relative to litterfall (460 g C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The presence of live roots drives an active carbon cycle deeper than l m in the soil. Although bulk C concentrations and 14C contents of soil organic matter at >l\uffe2\uff80\uff90m depths are low, estimates of turnover from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root inputs, CO2 production, and the 14C content of CO2 produced at depth show that up to 15% of the carbon inventory in the deep soil has turnover times of decades or less. Thus the amount of fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling soil carbon between 1 and 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90m depths (2\uffe2\uff80\uff933 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922, out of 17\uffe2\uff80\uff9318 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) is significant compared to the amount present in the upper meter of soil (3\uffe2\uff80\uff934 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 out of 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9311 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922). A model of belowground carbon cycling derived from measurements of carbon stocks and fluxes, and constrained using carbon isotopes, is used to predict C fluxes associated with conversion of deep\uffe2\uff80\uff90rooting forests to pasture and subsequent pasture management. The relative proportions and turnover times of active (including detrital plant material; 1\uffe2\uff80\uff933 year turnover), slow (decadal and shorter turnover), and passive (centennial to millennial turnover) soil organic matter pools are determined by depth for the forest soil, using constraints from measurements of C stocks, fluxes, and isotopic content. Reduced carbon inputs to the soil in degraded pastures, which are less productive than the forests they replace, lead to a reduction in soil carbon inventory and \uffce\uff9414C, in accord with observations. Managed pastures, which have been fertilized with phosphorous and planted with more productive grasses, show increases in C and 14C over forest values. Carbon inventory increases in the upper meter of managed pasture soils are partially offset by predicted carbon losses due to death and decomposition of fine forest roots at depths >1 m in the soil. The major adjustments in soil carbon inventory in response to land management changes occur within the first decade after conversion. Carbon isotopes are shown to be more sensitive indicators of recent accumulation or loss of soil organic matter than direct measurement of soil C inventories.
", "keywords": ["cycling", "decomposition", "model", "rooting", "carbon", "belowground carbon cycling", "carbon cycling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "South America", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "soil", "pasture", "forest", "Amazonia", "soil organic matter", "death", "tropical soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "phosphorus", "Brazil", "organic matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt1zb7d8kx/qt1zb7d8kx.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/95gb02148"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/95gb02148", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/95gb02148", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/95gb02148"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1128/aem.01126-09", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-22", "title": "Afforestation Alters The Composition Of Functional Genes In Soil And Biogeochemical Processes In South American Grasslands", "description": "ABSTRACTSoil microbes are highly diverse and control most soil biogeochemical reactions. We examined how microbial functional genes and biogeochemical pools responded to the altered chemical inputs accompanying land use change. We examined paired native grasslands and adjacentEucalyptusplantations (previously grassland) in Uruguay, a region that lacked forests before European settlement. Along with measurements of soil carbon, nitrogen, and bacterial diversity, we analyzed functional genes using the GeoChip 2.0 microarray, which simultaneously quantified several thousand genes involved in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. Plantations and grassland differed significantly in functional gene profiles, bacterial diversity, and biogeochemical pool sizes. Most grassland profiles were similar, but plantation profiles generally differed from those of grasslands due to differences in functional gene abundance across diverse taxa. Eucalypts decreased ammonification and N fixation functional genes by 11% and 7.9% (P< 0.01), which correlated with decreased microbial biomass N and more NH4+in plantation soils. Chitinase abundance decreased 7.8% in plantations compared to levels in grassland (P= 0.017), and C polymer-degrading genes decreased by 1.5% overall (P< 0.05), which likely contributed to 54% (P< 0.05) more C in undecomposed extractable soil pools and 27% less microbial C (P< 0.01) in plantation soils. In general, afforestation altered the abundance of many microbial functional genes, corresponding with changes in soil biogeochemistry, in part through altered abundance of overall functional gene types rather than simply through changes in specific taxa. Such changes in microbial functional genes correspond with altered C and N storage and have implications for long-term productivity in these soils.
", "keywords": ["Nitrogen", "Argentina", "Sequence Homology", "soil science", "Microbiology", "333", "Trees", "Soil", "afforestation", "Cluster Analysis", "Biology", "Soil Microbiology", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "2. Zero hunger", "Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology", "Bacteria", "Chitinases", "Biodiversity", "DNA", "Gene Pool", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "South America", "15. Life on land", "Microarray Analysis", "Carbon", "Uruguay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Eucalyptus plantation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01126-09"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.01126-09", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.01126-09", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.01126-09"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ecog.05478", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-07", "title": "Multi\u2010taxa colonisation along the foreland of a vanishing equatorial glacier", "description": "Retreating glaciers, icons of climate change, release new potential habitats for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. High\uffe2\uff80\uff90elevation species are threatened by temperature increases and the upward migration of lowlands species. Improving our understanding of successional processes after glacier retreat becomes urgent, especially in the tropics, where glacier shrinkage is particularly fast. We examined the successional patterns of aquatic invertebrates, ground beetles, terrestrial plants, soil eukaryotes (algae, invertebrates, plants) in an equatorial glacier foreland (Carihuairazo, Ecuador). Based on both taxonomical identification and eDNA metabarcoding, we analysed the effects of both environmental conditions and age of deglacierization on community composition. Except for algae, diversity increased with time since deglacierization, especially among passive dispersers, suggesting that dispersal was a key driver structuring the glacier foreland succession. Spatial \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90diversity was mainly attributed to nestedness for aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial plants and soil algae, likely linked to low environmental variability within the studied glacier foreland; and to turnover for soil invertebrates, suggesting competition exclusion at the oldest successional stage. Pioneer communities were dominated by species exhibiting flexible feeding strategies and high dispersal ability (mainly transported by wind), probably colonising from lower altitudes, or from the glacier in the case of algae. Overall, glacier foreland colonisation in the tropics exhibit common characteristics to higher latitudes. High\uffe2\uff80\uff90elevation species are nevertheless threatened, as the imminent extinction of many tropical glaciers will affect species associated to glacier\uffe2\uff80\uff90influenced habitats but also prevent cold\uffe2\uff80\uff90adapted and hygrophilous species from using these habitats as refuges in a warming world.
", "keywords": ["Colonization", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", "550", "Early succession", "glacier retreat", "Sociology", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Environmental DNA Sequencing", "Glacier", "Ecology", "Geography", "early succession", "Life Sciences", "Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "Biodiversity", "[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "Threatened species", "FOS: Sociology", "Multiple-taxa", "multiple-taxa", "Habitat", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Physical Sciences", "environment/Ecosystems", "570", "Physical geography", "Population", "Global Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes and Their Evolution", "[SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "Ecological succession", "Biochemistry", " Genetics and Molecular Biology", "Biological dispersal", "[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "equatorial glacier foreland", "Equatorial glacier foreland", "Glacier retreat", "Molecular Biology", "Biology", "Demography", "Marine Microbial Diversity and Biogeography", "Colonisation", "South America", "15. Life on land", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "Environmental Science", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "early succession; equatorial glacier foreland; glacier retreat; multiple-taxa", "Environmental DNA in Biodiversity Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/851699/2/rosero%202021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ecog.05478"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05478"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/ecog.05478", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/ecog.05478", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/ecog.05478"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1525/cond.2012.110186", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-30", "title": "Effects Of Cattle Grazing And Fire On The Abundance, Habitat Selection, And Nesting Success Of The Bay-Capped Wren-Spinetail (Spartonoica Maluroides) In Coastal Saltmarshes Of The Pampas Region", "description": "Abstract. The Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail (Spartonoica maluroides, Furnariidae) is the most specialized and threatened bird inhabiting Spartina-dominated saltmarshes in southeastern South America. These marshes are being modified at an increasing rate, primarily by cattle grazing and fire, which make this spinetail highly vulnerable. To assess how land use affects the Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail, we estimated its density under different intensities of fire and cattle grazing, studied selection of nesting habitat and nest success, and experimented with nest predation to determine predation rates and types of predators. We found similar population densities, nest microhabitats, and rates of nest predation in marshes with a low intensity of or no grazing. In contrast, the species was absent from marshes with a high intensity of grazing and fire. Nest height was the best predictor of daily survival rates. Nest-predation experiments demonstrated that nest height affects predation intensity and predator type. Our r...", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Spartina Densiflora", "Spartonoica Maluroides", "Furnariid", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Nest Predation", "Argentina", "South America", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Grassland", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Cardoni, Daniel Augusto, Isacch, Juan Pablo, Iribarne, Oscar Osvaldo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110186"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Condor", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1525/cond.2012.110186", "name": "item", "description": "10.1525/cond.2012.110186", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1525/cond.2012.110186"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.v15dv41vf", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:21:31Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil biogeochemistry across Central and South American tropical dry forests", "description": "Open AccessWe collected replicated\u00a0soil samples (0-10 cm of mineral soil) from multiple plots in four tropical dry forests in Costa Rica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Colombia in the wet and dry season.\u00a0 All samples were analyzed for the following variables in the same laboratory: particle-size distribution, pH, nitrogen mineralization, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass phosphorus, soil mineralogy via selective dissolution analyses, soil phosphorus fractionations via a modified Hedley procedure, extracellular enzyme activitities, phospholipid fatty acid profiles and other variables.\u00a0 This dataset reports data for all individual soil samples, i.e. 5 cores per plot, 4 plots per site, for four sites total, in both the wet and dry season.", "keywords": ["580", "550", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "Soil biogeochemistry across Central and South American tropical dry forests"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Waring, B, De Guzman, M, Du, D, Dupuy, J, Gei, M, Gutknecht, J, Hulshof, C, Jelinski, N, Margenot, A, Medvigy, D, Pizano, C, Salgado-Negret, B, Schwartz, N, Trierweiler, A, Van Bloem, S, Vargas G., G, Powers, J,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.v15dv41vf"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.v15dv41vf", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.v15dv41vf", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.v15dv41vf"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2905144705", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-07", "title": "Vineyards in transition: A global assessment of the adaptation needs of grape producing regions under climate change", "description": "This paper suggests how climate change may transform vineyards. We consider changes in agro-climatic indicators derived from climatic variables as drivers for adaptation needs. We use two climate scenarios, GCM GFL-ESM2M and HadGEM2-ES, with 0.5\u00b0 spatial resolution and daily time step forced by two emission scenarios, RCP2.6 and 6.0, to estimate the transition of potential vineyards in the major grape production world areas by the late 21st century. We present and discuss changes in three impact indicators - one drought indicator and two temperature ones - aimed at exploring the benefits of transition-based policies. The drought indicator provides insights to prepare adaptation for extreme events in probabilistic terms. The temperature indicators offer information on the transition towards suitable zones of production. Future projections suggest a lack of water to maintain current levels of production in all regions of the world. Furthermore, thermal suitability of grapevine may be greatly affected in China and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the possibility of quality wines is not altered within the regions with adequate suitability. Lastly, a portfolio of strategies to adapt to the future climate is presented.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "China", "Models", " Statistical", "Mediterranean Region", "Climate Change", "Oceania", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "South America", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Droughts", "South Africa", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "North America", "Vitis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2905144705"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2905144705", "name": "item", "description": "2905144705", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2905144705"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5683/SP2/2JRHBG", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:23:49Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil biogeochemistry across Central and South American tropical dry forests", "description": "Open AccessThe availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) controls the flow of carbon (C) among plants, soils, and the atmosphere,\u00a0thereby shaping terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change.\u00a0Soil\u00a0C, N, and P cycles are\u00a0linked by\u00a0drivers operating at\u00a0multiple spatial\u00a0and temporal\u00a0scales: landscape-level\u00a0variation\u00a0in\u00a0macroclimate,\u00a0seasonality,\u00a0and\u00a0soil geochemistry;\u00a0stand-scale\u00a0heterogeneity in\u00a0forest composition and\u00a0structure; and microbial community dynamics at the soil pore scale.\u00a0Yet\u00a0in many biomes, we do not know at which scales most of the biogeochemical variation emerges, nor which processes drive cross-scale feedbacks. Here, we examined\u00a0the drivers and spatial/temporal\u00a0scales\u00a0of variation in soil biogeochemistry across four tropical dry forests spanning\u00a0steep gradients of climate, soil parent material, and plant community structure.\u00a0To do so, we quantified soil C, N, and P pools, extracellular enzyme activities, and microbial community structure\u00a0across\u00a0wet and dry seasons\u00a0in sixteen plots located\u00a0in\u00a0Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Soil biogeochemistry\u00a0exhibited marked heterogeneity\u00a0across the sixteen plots, with total organic C, N, and P pools varying four-fold, and inorganic nutrient pools by an order of magnitude.\u00a0Most soil characteristics changed more across space (i.e., among sites and plots) than over time (between dry and wet season samplings). We observed stoichiometric decoupling\u00a0among C, N, and P cycles, which may reflect their divergent biogeochemical drivers. Organic C and N pool sizes were\u00a0positively correlated with\u00a0the relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal trees and legumes.\u00a0By contrast,\u00a0the distribution of\u00a0soil P pools was driven by soil\u00a0geochemistry, with\u00a0larger\u00a0inorganic P pools in soils with P-rich parent material. Most\u00a0earth system\u00a0models assume that\u00a0soils within a texture class\u00a0operate similarly,\u00a0and\u00a0ignore sub-grid cell variation in soil properties. Here we reveal that soil nutrient pools and fluxes\u00a0exhibit as much variation among four Neotropical dry forests as is observed across terrestrial ecosystems at the global scale.\u00a0Thus, the biogeochemical patterns we observed across the Neotropical dry forest biome challenge representation of soil processes in ecosystem models.", "keywords": ["580", "550", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "Soil biogeochemistry across Central and South American tropical dry forests"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Waring, B, De Guzman, M, Du, D, Dupuy, J, Gei, M, Gutknecht, J, Hulshof, C, Jelinski, N, Margenot, A, Medvigy, D, Pizano, C, Salgado-Negret, B, Schwartz, N, Trierweiler, A, Van Bloem, S, Vargas G., G, Powers, J,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/2JRHBG"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5683/SP2/2JRHBG", "name": "item", "description": "10.5683/SP2/2JRHBG", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5683/SP2/2JRHBG"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "30677949", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-26T16:26:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-07", "title": "Vineyards in transition: A global assessment of the adaptation needs of grape producing regions under climate change", "description": "This paper suggests how climate change may transform vineyards. We consider changes in agro-climatic indicators derived from climatic variables as drivers for adaptation needs. We use two climate scenarios, GCM GFL-ESM2M and HadGEM2-ES, with 0.5\u00b0 spatial resolution and daily time step forced by two emission scenarios, RCP2.6 and 6.0, to estimate the transition of potential vineyards in the major grape production world areas by the late 21st century. We present and discuss changes in three impact indicators - one drought indicator and two temperature ones - aimed at exploring the benefits of transition-based policies. The drought indicator provides insights to prepare adaptation for extreme events in probabilistic terms. The temperature indicators offer information on the transition towards suitable zones of production. Future projections suggest a lack of water to maintain current levels of production in all regions of the world. Furthermore, thermal suitability of grapevine may be greatly affected in China and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the possibility of quality wines is not altered within the regions with adequate suitability. Lastly, a portfolio of strategies to adapt to the future climate is presented.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Models", " Statistical", "Mediterranean Region", "Climate Change", "Oceania", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "South America", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Droughts", "South Africa", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "North America", "Vitis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/30677949"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "30677949", "name": "item", "description": "30677949", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/30677949"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3a9ed87d-affc-4f72-aa6e-72db4fefec40", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-118.5, -58.0], [-118.5, 32.7], [-34.8, 32.7], [-34.8, -58.0], [-118.5, -58.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "South America"}, {"id": "Latin America"}, {"id": "Caribbean"}, {"id": "Argentina"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Belize"}, {"id": "Bolivia"}, {"id": "Caribbean Islands"}, {"id": "Chile"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "El Salvador"}, {"id": "French Guiana"}, {"id": "Guatemala"}, {"id": "Guiana"}, {"id": "Honduras"}, {"id": "Mexico"}, {"id": "Nicaragua"}, {"id": "Panama"}, {"id": "Paraguay"}, {"id": "Peru"}, {"id": "Suriname"}, {"id": "Uruguay"}, {"id": "Venezuela"}, {"id": "Cuba"}, {"id": "Jamaica"}, {"id": "Dominican Republic"}, {"id": "Haiti"}, {"id": "Trinidad and Tobago"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0)", "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:05", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "SOTER-based soil parameter estimates (SOTWIS) for Latin America and the Caribbean", "description": "This harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Latin America and the Caribbean was derived from a revised version of the 1:5M Soil and Terrain Database for the region (SOTERLAC, ver. 2.0) and the ISRIC-WISE soil profile database.\n\nThe land surface of Latin America and the Caribbean has been characterized using 1585 unique SOTER units, corresponding with 5855 polygons. The major soils have been described using 1660 profiles, selected by national soil experts as being representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. These sources seldom hold all the physical and chemical attributes ideally required by SOTER. Gaps in the measured soil profile data have been filled using a step-wise procedure that uses taxotransfer rules, based on about 9600 soil profiles held in the WISE database, complemented with expert-rules.\n\nParameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminium saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments (less than 2 mm), and available water capacity (-33 to -1500 kPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change.\n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure. Taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the possible confidence in the derived data. Results are presented as summary files and can be linked to the 1:5M scale SOTERLAC map in a GIS, through the unique SOTER-unit code. The secondary data set is considered appropriate for studies at the continental scale (greater than 1:5M). Correlation of soil analytical data should be done more rigorously when more detailed scientific work is considered.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "South America", "Latin America", "Caribbean", "Argentina", "Brazil", "Belize", "Bolivia", "Caribbean Islands", "Chile", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "French Guiana", "Guatemala", "Guiana", "Honduras", "Mexico", "Nicaragua", "Panama", "Paraguay", "Peru", "Suriname", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Cuba", "Jamaica", "Dominican Republic", "Haiti", "Trinidad and Tobago"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "5000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/sotwis/SOTWIS_LAC.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/harmonized-continental-soter-derived-database-sotwis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2005_02.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/sotwis/SOTWIS_LAC.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3a9ed87d-affc-4f72-aa6e-72db4fefec40", "name": "item", "description": "3a9ed87d-affc-4f72-aa6e-72db4fefec40", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3a9ed87d-affc-4f72-aa6e-72db4fefec40"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1953-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1998-08-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "3ad5e3a0-5d5d-408c-b8bd-5b20858d551b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-73.9, -33.7], [-73.9, 5.3], [-34.8, 5.3], [-34.8, -33.7], [-73.9, -33.7]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "South America"}, {"id": "Latin America"}, {"id": "Brazil"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0)", "updated": "2021-07-14T11:51:56", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "SOTER-based soil parameter estimates (SOTWIS) for Brazil", "description": "This harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Brazil. The 1:5M scale Soil and Terrain Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (FAO et al. 1998), provided the basis for the current study. The data set has been prepared for the project on Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks and change at national scale (GEF-SOC), which has the Brazilian Amazon as one of its four case ... study areas.\n\nThe land surface of Brazil has been characterized using 299 unique SOTER units, corresponding with 839 polygons. The major soils have been described using 584 profiles, selected by national soil experts as being representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. Gaps in the measured soil profile data have been filled using a step-wise procedure which includes three main stages: (1) collating additional measured soil analytical data where available; (2) filling gaps using expert knowledge and common sense; (3) filling the remaining gaps using a scheme of taxotransfer rules. Parameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminum saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments (less than 2mm), and available water capacity (-33 to -1500 kPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change. \n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure. Taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the possible confidence in the derived data. Results are presented as summary files and can be linked to the 1:5 M scale SOTER map in a GIS, through the unique SOTER-unit code. The subset for the Amazon region, the Brazilian GEF-SOC case study area, has been clipped out of the national set using GIS. It includes 193 unique SOTER units, corresponding with 571 mapped polygons. The secondary data set is considered appropriate for studies at the national scale and regional scale (greater than1:5M). Correlation of soil analytical data, however, should be done more rigorously when more detailed scientific work is considered.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "South America", "Latin America", "Brazil"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "5000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/sotwis/SOTWIS_BR.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/harmonized-continental-soter-derived-database-sotwis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2004_03.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/sotwis/SOTWIS_BR.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3ad5e3a0-5d5d-408c-b8bd-5b20858d551b", "name": "item", "description": "3ad5e3a0-5d5d-408c-b8bd-5b20858d551b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3ad5e3a0-5d5d-408c-b8bd-5b20858d551b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1960-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1986-01-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "436bd4b0-7ffc-4272-be57-686b7d7eea7d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-118.5, -58.0], [-118.5, 32.7], [-34.8, 32.7], [-34.8, -58.0], [-118.5, -58.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "South America"}, {"id": "Latin America"}, {"id": "Caribbean"}, {"id": "Argentina"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Belize"}, {"id": "Bolivia"}, {"id": "Caribbean Islands"}, {"id": "Chile"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "El Salvador"}, {"id": "French Guiana"}, {"id": "Guatemala"}, {"id": "Guiana"}, {"id": "Honduras"}, {"id": "Mexico"}, {"id": "Nicaragua"}, {"id": "Panama"}, {"id": "Paraguay"}, {"id": "Peru"}, {"id": "Suriname"}, {"id": "Uruguay"}, {"id": "Venezuela"}, {"id": "Cuba"}, {"id": "Jamaica"}, {"id": "Dominican Republic"}, {"id": "Haiti"}, {"id": "Trinidad and Tobago"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0)", "updated": "2021-07-14T11:51:59", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil and Terrain Database (SOTER) for Latin America and the Caribbean (SOTERLAC), version 2.0", "description": "The Soil and Terrain database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SOTERLAC), version 2.0, at scale 1:5 million, replaces version 1.02. 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Contrary to the preceding, compact version, version 2.0 can accommodate all pedon attributes considered in a 1:1 million scale SOTER database. \n\nSOTERLAC forms a part of the ongoing activities of ISRIC, FAO and UNEP to update the world's baseline information on natural resources.The project involved collaboration with national soil institutes from the countries in the region as well as individual experts", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "South America", "Latin America", "Caribbean", "Argentina", "Brazil", "Belize", "Bolivia", "Caribbean Islands", "Chile", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "French Guiana", "Guatemala", "Guiana", "Honduras", "Mexico", "Nicaragua", "Panama", "Paraguay", "Peru", "Suriname", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Cuba", "Jamaica", "Dominican Republic", "Haiti", "Trinidad and Tobago"], "contacts": [{"name": "Bas Kempen", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Soil mapping specialist", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "bas.kempen@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "J.A. 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