{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/gea.70004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:14:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-03-15", "title": "Unearthing the Histories of Agrarian Landscapes: A Research Framework for Terraces as Sustainable Environments", "description": "ABSTRACT<p>This article presents an interdisciplinary programme for research on historic landscapes that has emerged since 2020 in the framework of the project Terraces as Sustainable Agricultural Environments (\uffe2\uff80\uff98TerraSAgE\uffe2\uff80\uff99). While the methodology has been tested in specific Mediterranean case studies, it is also applicable in other locations and regions. Our integrated approach provides new insights into the development of terraced agrarian landscapes and the changing dynamics in land management. It can provide knowledge of the extent to which past change has influenced present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day landscapes and has implications for the development of sustainable landscape practices. The research framework proposed here has been tested through case studies in different landscape types across southern Europe, including small\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale mixed farming landscapes of the Aegean islands (Naxos, Greece); terraces for vines and olives (Pelje\uffc5\uffa1ac, Croatia); a landscape of dairy production (northern Apennines, Italy), which was until quite recently agroforestry; modern cereal cultivation (around Els Prats de Rei, Catalonia, Spain); upland irrigated landscapes on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Andalucia, Spain) and mixed farming in a wooded Atlantic environment (Galicia, Spain).</p", "keywords": ["MCC", "earthworks; sustainable agricultural environments; terraces", "Earthworks", "T-NDAS", "Sustainable agricultural environments", "Terraces"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tim C. Kinnaird, Jos\u00e9 Abell\u00e1n Santisteban, Filippo Brandolini, Richard Carlton, Francesco Carrer, Jos\u00e9 Maria Mart\u00edn Civantos, Maria Duggan, Justin A. Holcomb, Stelios Lekakis, Blas Ramos Rodr\u00edguez, Natalia Salazar Ortiz, Jos\u00e9 Carlos S\u00e1nchez\u2010Pardo, Christopher Sevara, Jack R. Snyder, Lisa\u2010Marie Shillito, Noem\u00ed Silva Sanchez, Aayush Srivastava, Alex Turner, Sam Turner,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/1157155/2/Geoarchaeology%20-%202025%20-%20Kinnaird%20-%20Unearthing%20the%20Histories%20of%20Agrarian%20Landscapes%20%20A%20Research%20Framework%20for%20Terraces%20as.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.70004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoarchaeology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/gea.70004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/gea.70004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/gea.70004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/b978-0-444-64177-9.00006-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:15:36Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2020-04-16", "title": "SfM photogrammetry for GeoArchaeology", "description": "Geoarchaeological studies have benefits from new technological developments in remote-sensing technologies that have become an integral and important part of the archeological researches. In particular, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is one of the most successful emerging techniques in high-resolution topography (HRT) and provides exceptionally fast, low-cost, and easy three-dimensional (3D) survey for geoscience applications. In this chapter, we present an example of SfM application for geoarchaeology. The purpose is to realize HRT digital terrain models (DTMs) of an area of prehistoric agricultural terracing together with a geoarchaeological excavation trench in the Ingram Valley, Northumberland National Park, NE England. The study area is one of the six pilot case studies of TerrACE archeological research project (ERC-2017-ADG: 787790, 2018\u20132023; https://www.terrace.no/), a 5-year European Research Council grant funded by the European Union. An integrated approach utilizing ground-based and UAV (nadir and oblique) images was used to preserve fine-grained topographic detail and permit the accurate survey of highly vegetated areas and steep or subvertical surfaces (e.g., vertical walls of terraces), while also allowing for the capture of large spatial datasets. The SfM-DTM provided an accurate and high level of detail of the terrace landscape, the archeological features, and the soil and sediment stratigraphy along the excavation trench. An additional terrace was identified that had not been recognized before due to the HRT study bringing out a level of detail that had not been previously observable in this area. The SfM 3D outputs allowed the extraction of profiles, sections, scaled plans, and orthomosaics of the terrace complex and the excavation trench, simplifying and speeding the archeologist's field and laboratory work. SfM has shown it to be a rapid, cost effective, and highly accurate technique for surveying archeological sites at both a landscape and localized scale and adding new and more accurate information in nationally important landscapes and beyond.", "keywords": ["Archeological sites; Digital terrain models; Prehistoric agricultural terraces; Structure from motion; TerrACE project; Unmanned aerial vehicles", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64177-9.00006-0"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/b978-0-444-64177-9.00006-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/b978-0-444-64177-9.00006-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/b978-0-444-64177-9.00006-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.050", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:17:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-05-21", "title": "The capability of rare earth elements geochemistry to interpret complex archaeological stratigraphy", "description": "In this study rare earth elements (REE) signatures (REE ratios, cerium and europium anomalies) are applied to a complex soil stratigraphic sequence from the site of Konso, Ethiopia, with the aim of determining whether REE can distinguish the strata observed in the field. Forty soil samples were taken from a depositional sequence that includes overlapping human induced and \u2018natural\u2019 erosional and depositional processes. The samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine trace elements and REE, with concentrations of major elements determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Cluster Analyses (CA) were used to observe differences between strata. The mechanisms that influenced REE values and fractionations were related to OM accumulation, pyrogenic SOM, redox, secondary CaCO3 precipitation, suggesting the addition of proxies to the REE, Sc and Y data processing. This produced a clustering of samples that more accurately reflected the stratigraphic field observations. It is expected that this approach, combining the analysis of REE concentrations with an understanding of the mechanisms driving them in a given site or profile, will be replicable for other stratigraphic sequences. The results demonstrate that REE signatures are not just able to detect stratigraphic differences defined through field observations but also highlight variations within the same deposits. REE analysis could therefore become a powerful geoarchaeological tool, even for studies of complex stratigraphies.", "keywords": ["2300", "1200", "stratigraphy", "rare earth elements", "agricultural terraces", "anthropogenic deposits", "01 natural sciences", "Konso", "organic matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.050"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microchemical%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.050", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.050", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.050"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10023/31652", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:25:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-03-15", "title": "Unearthing the Histories of Agrarian Landscapes: A Research Framework for Terraces as Sustainable Environments", "description": "ABSTRACT<p>This article presents an interdisciplinary programme for research on historic landscapes that has emerged since 2020 in the framework of the project Terraces as Sustainable Agricultural Environments (\uffe2\uff80\uff98TerraSAgE\uffe2\uff80\uff99). While the methodology has been tested in specific Mediterranean case studies, it is also applicable in other locations and regions. Our integrated approach provides new insights into the development of terraced agrarian landscapes and the changing dynamics in land management. It can provide knowledge of the extent to which past change has influenced present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day landscapes and has implications for the development of sustainable landscape practices. The research framework proposed here has been tested through case studies in different landscape types across southern Europe, including small\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale mixed farming landscapes of the Aegean islands (Naxos, Greece); terraces for vines and olives (Pelje\uffc5\uffa1ac, Croatia); a landscape of dairy production (northern Apennines, Italy), which was until quite recently agroforestry; modern cereal cultivation (around Els Prats de Rei, Catalonia, Spain); upland irrigated landscapes on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Andalucia, Spain) and mixed farming in a wooded Atlantic environment (Galicia, Spain).</p", "keywords": ["MCC", "earthworks; sustainable agricultural environments; terraces", "T-NDAS", "Earthworks", "Sustainable agricultural environments", "Terraces"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/1157155/2/Geoarchaeology%20-%202025%20-%20Kinnaird%20-%20Unearthing%20the%20Histories%20of%20Agrarian%20Landscapes%20%20A%20Research%20Framework%20for%20Terraces%20as.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/gea.70004"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10023/31652"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoarchaeology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10023/31652", "name": "item", "description": "10023/31652", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10023/31652"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "28139267", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:27:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-28", "title": "When is a terrace not a terrace? The importance of understanding landscape evolution in studies of terraced agriculture", "description": "Before the invention of modern, large-scale engineering projects, terrace systems were rarely built in single phases of construction, but instead developed gradually, and could even be said to have evolved. Understanding this process of landscape change is therefore important in order to fully appreciate how terrace systems were built and functioned, and is also pivotal to understanding how the communities that farmed these systems responded to changes; whether these are changes to the landscape brought about by the farming practices themselves, or changes to social, economic or climatic conditions. Combining archaeological stratigraphy, soil micromorphology and geochemistry, this paper presents a case-study from the historic and extensive terraced landscape at Konso, southwest Ethiopia, and demonstrates - in one important river valley at least - that the original topsoil and much of the subsoil was lost prior to the construction of hillside terraces. Moreover, the study shows that alluvial sediment traps that were built adjacent to rivers relied on widespread hillside soil erosion for their construction, and strongly suggests that these irrigated riverside fields were formerly a higher economic priority than the hillside terraces themselves; a possibility that was not recognised by numerous observational studies of farming in this landscape. Research that takes into account how terrace systems change through time can thus provide important details of whether the function of the system has changed, and can help assess how the legacies of former practices impact current or future cultivation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "2311", "2305", "Agriculture", "06 humanities and the arts", "15. Life on land", "Landscape evolution", "01 natural sciences", "Terraces", "Soil", "Archaeology", "Rivers", "Land management", "0601 history and archaeology", "Ethiopia", "2308", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112206/1/Ferro_Vazquez_et_al_JEMA_2017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/28139267"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "28139267", "name": "item", "description": "28139267", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/28139267"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Terraces&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Terraces&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Terraces&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Terraces&offset=5", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 5, "numberReturned": 5, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-27T18:02:47.948338Z"}