{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166925", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:18:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-09-09", "title": "Micro- and nanoplastics in soil: Linking sources to damage on soil ecosystem services in life cycle assessment", "description": "Soil ecosystems are crucial for providing vital ecosystem services (ES), and are increasingly pressured by the intensification and expansion of human activities, leading to potentially harmful consequences for their related ES provision. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), associated with releases from various human activities, have become prevalent in various soil ecosystems and pose a global threat. 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E.G. acknowledges funding from Generalitat Valenciana and Europen Social Fund (grant number APOSTD/2021/188). F.T.M. also acknowledges support from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and the KAUST Climate and Livability Initiative. T.S.-S., A.G. and M.D.-B. are supported by grant number TED2021-130908B-C41 (URBANCHANGE). M.D.-B. was also supported by the European Research Council (ERC) grant number 647038 (BIODESERT), BES grant agreement number LRB17 1019 (MUSGONET), the innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 702057 (CLIMIFUN), Ram\u00f3n y Cajal grant number RYC2018-025483-I, a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number PID2020-115813RA-I00; SOIL4GROWTH) and project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (grant number P20_00879). 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Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), associated with releases from various human activities, have become prevalent in various soil ecosystems and pose a global threat. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a tool for evaluating environmental performance of product and technology life cycles, has yet to adequately include MNPs-related damage to soil ES, owing to factors like uncertainties in MNPs environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects, and characterizing related damage on soil species loss, functional diversity, and ES. This study aims to address this gap by providing as a first step an overview of the current understanding of MNPs in soil ecosystems and proposing a conceptual approach to link MNPs impacts to soil ES damage. We find that MNPs pervade soil ecosystems worldwide, introduced through various pathways, including wastewater discharge, urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, and degradation of larger plastic debris. 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